Bài viết nghiên cứu thực trạng sở hữu ruộng đất về ruộng đất công và ruộng đất tư ở Tiền Hải (Thái Bình) cuối thế kỷ XIX, đầu thế kỷ XX.
TinlC TRANG s d llCu RUdlVG DXT d TM^ HAI (TiiAi Bii\ii) cud'i mft' K Y X I X , BAU THC' K Y XX NGUYEN THI MY HANH* C d thd ndi ljch sfl c$n dgi Vidt Nam, vfi'n dd rudng dfi't c6 sy thay dfi'i rfi't ldn Dd lfi thyc trgng cfldp dogt rudng dfi't cua thyc dfln Phflp, sfl hlnh thfinh chd dp sd hflu Idn vd rudng dfi't cua dia chu thye dfin Phflp vfi dia chu ban xfl RiSng huyfin Tien Hai (Thfli Binh) - m^t huydn dfl^e thfinh Iflp vflo niia ddu thd ky XDC (1828) tfl cdng cupe kh&i hoang eua nhfi Nguydn li^u tinh hinh ed dien nhfl v^y hay khdng? Vfi ne'u c6 thi dien d mflc dd nfio? Rupng da't cong Trong nghien cflu tinh hinh sd hflu rudng dfl't d Tidn Hai (Thfli Binh) tfl thflnh Iflp ddn nfla sau thd ky XIX eac nhfl nghien cflu ddu da di den kS't lu^n rfing: rudng dfi't cdng nhin chung chiS'm ty 1^ cao bdn ru^ng dfl't tfl (tfl't nhiSn cd ngogi Ig hofin canh lich sijl tflng Iflng chi phdi nhfl trfldng b^p Iflng Thanh Giflm - huydn Tidn Hai) D^n cuoi thd ky XIX dfiu thd ky XX sfl ehuydn biS'n rudng dfi't efing vfl tfl d cfle lfing xa Thai Binh ndi chung vfi d Tien Hai ndi riSng tidp tyc didn rfi't phflc tgp vfl da dgng Song theo cac nhfl nghiSn cflu thi ehidu hfldng ehung lfi edng didn suy giam, sd hflu tfl didn tfing len vfi chidm ty 1$ ldn Ndi rflng edng didn ed chidu hfldng suy giSm khfing ed nghia lfi edng didn luc nfiy chi cdn chidm ty Id nho mfl trfin thyc ti: d Thfii Binh, d$e bidt lfi d Tidn Hai, rudng dfi't cfing cdn tdn tgi vdi sd" Iflyng vfl ty 1§ khfi ldn Didu nfiy dflOe t h l hidn qua sy ki^n nfim 1894, ngfldi Phflp ddn, hp v&n vo cflng ngge nhidn vl khfle vdi nhidu lfing xa d Bfie Bp luc bdy gid thi d Tidn Hai luc nfly rupng dfi't chil ydu v3n lfi rupng dfl't ciia Iflng xa edng hflu (1) Hay cuon "Kinh tindng nghiip Ddng Duang" xufl't ban nfim 1932, Yvd Hfingry (Yves Henry) - Tong tra ndng nghidp Ddng Dfldng cho bidt: vflo diiu thd ky XX ad ru^ng cdng d Th&i Binh Ifi khoang 100.000 m&u, dd di^n tieh eanh tflc khoang 300.000 mSu (2) Tfl d6 suy ty 1§ % edng difi'n lfi: khoang 32% tdng so' didn tich ru^ng lua cua tinh Ndu di vfio tflng phu, huydn thl ty Id edng didn cdn cao hfln Didn hinh Ifi h u y ^ Tidn Hai, vdo ddu thiky XX, ty li edng diin Id 59% (trong theo P.Gourou, cudn "NgUdi ndng ddn chdu thd Bde K^' thi vdo ndm Minh M^nh thd 13, sd rugng edng d ddy chiim 75% tdng di^n tich) Cung theo so li$u thdng ke dfiu thd ky XX, 51 hflong flde cua c&c lfing d Tidn Hai dflyc cfle nhfi nghiSn cflu * ThS Khoa Ijch sfl - Trfldng Dgi hoc Sfl phgm Hfi Ndi Thye h-^g sd hOii rupng ait tim hieu thi so lfing xa ed rupng d&t edng qufln efi'p lfi (M)CQC) 51 (3) (Xem bang 1, Z) Nhfl vfly Ifl nhin chung hfiu nhfl lfing nfio cung ton tgi cdng didn, Trong cdng didn thd fiiy, tuy^t dgi bd ph§n Ifl didn, thd' khdng ed bao nhieu - chi chiS'm ed khoang 8% (4) Cdng chflu thd hfiu nhfl khdng dfing kd V&y lfi, 80 vdi mia dfiu thd ky XIX thi sd Iflqing rupng dfi't cdng cd giam sflt theo khuynh hfldng chung cua efie tinh Bfie K^ Song ndu so vdi cfic tinh khfic, d$c bi^t Ifl xfit tfldng quan vdi cfic huydn khfle tinh Thfli Binh thi ty Id cfing didn vfl so* Iflyng Iflng cd rudng dfl't cdng qufin cfi'p eua huydn Tidn Hai Ifl ldn hdn (Xem bang 3) Hi^n tflpng nfiy cd thd I^ giai b^ng nhidu nguySn nhfln khfic Trfldc hdt, didu dl nh^n th&'y Ifi: d&y Ifi mpt huydn nfim d midn ven bidn, Ifl mpt vflng dfi't tre, mdi dxiifc khai khiln chfla Iflu Ban dfiu sau dfl^ khai kh&i, ban thfin huy^n Tidn Hai dfl dflpe mdnh danh Ifl "Tidn Hai tofln thi qufin cfi'p" Hdn thd, thdi gian tfl dd ddn thdi didm nfiy cung ehfla du dfii dl tfl didn du sfle l&'n fit hofln tofin edng didn Song mpt nguySn nhfin chii ydu phai kl ddn Ifl ehfnh sflch rupng dfi't eua thye dfin Phfip Kd tfl dfiu thd ky XX, Nghi dinh ngfiy 8-3-1906 dd cflp ddn vi§c quan Iy tfli san cua efie Ifing xa Bfle K^, chi'nh quydn LiSn bang Ddng Dfldng da I$nh cfl'm k^ mye cfle Iflng xa khdng dflpc baji edng didn cong tho (nhfl lufit Ip Gia Long da quy dinh tfl nfim 1803), Vd sau, eac vfln ban "Cai Ifldng hfldng ehinh", thfle dfin Phfip ed eho phfip thue, linh canh, thflm chi Bang 1: Bing tinh hlnh mfing cfing quin dp ocic ling xfl Thil Binh diu thlSky XX Ten phu huyfn Ti«nH^ Thuy Anh Duy&iHi K i ^ Xoang, Tliii Nmh Tiftn Hung DfinRQuan Phv Due HrniRNhan Thi Tri Cing Sd hirong irdc diroc nghifn clhi 51 32 70 58 73 60 53 42 443 SI ling xa kh6ng ghi RDCQC 12 10 0 SO SI ling xfl kh&ng c6 RDCQC 0 3 10 18 I 38 (Ngudn; S6 lifu lil cuAi "Kinh li" ndng nghidp Hdng Ouang" (Sconomie AgncoU de Ilndochme) SI ling xfl c6 RDCQC 51 28 61 49 58 47 40 18 3SS l u i l ban 1932 ci Hangny v i i6 lieu cua SA Dia chfnh bdo cio ciia COng (H d c U'nh Btc K^ (luu gift lu Tning Um l>ni UO Qa6c gia Hi NOi) B a n g : B a n g t j 1( c n | d\in m ^ s6 l i n g t h u p c h u y ^ Ti^n H a l ( T h i l B i n h ) d i u t h £ ky XX U n g thu6c h u y ^ T l ^ Hal NhoLflm Thanh Giim Done Cao Tdnf* s£ ni^ng (miu) 350 510 798 C6ngdi6n(mAu) 90 200 125 (NguAn: Ding Lao DOng V i « Nam, Ban chip hinh linh TWi Eftnh H6 wt'Tulifa 1925.194S" Ty l« % c«ng d i ^ 25,7 39,2 15,7 Itch sU phong trdo cdch mang huyfn Titn Hdi Hd so sd 21/SD - F6 quydn t6 30-01 Tii lieu lini frit lai phdng tuu dit Unh uy Thii Blub) Rghian cflu Ljch aii- aH 4.2011 Bing 3: Bing phin btf ru^ng ctfng d cic phii, huyfn d Thif Binh l)l(n Ifch canh lie (miu) Dlfn Ifch c6ng dl^n (miu) T^ If % cOng d l ^ Tl^n Hii 31.166 19.841 63,6 Thvy Anh 22.761 12.710 53,8 Kiffn Xifong 30.833 16.967 35,0 Thir Trt 25.833 11.766 43.3 Tliii Ninh 30.555 13,616 44,5 Duyen Hi 25,833 8.814 34.1 Vil Tien 16.944 7.185 26,6 Htfng Nhan 20.000 4,135 20.6 QuJnhCdi 22.761 4.212 18.5 Tien Hung 25.000 589 14.3 PhyDi^c 19.444 2.090 10,7 Ddng Quan 25,276 1.956 7.7 Ttn phiJ, huy^n (Ngufln Sdli^u lilcufin Kink ifnOng nghifp 06ng Duong(^conomie Agricolede I'Indochine), l u l i bin 1932dia YvoHingny vi td lieu cit Sd Dia chfnh, bio cio ciia COng lit cic llnh Bic K^ (luu gift lai Trung Um Jim UQ Qufic gia HI NOI)) cho ban rupng cong eua Iflng xa d^ chi dflng vfio efing vi§c cila Ifing, nhflng chi dfl^ thi^e hi^n nhfliig trflcing hifp dfie bi^t vfi phai dfldc afl dong f cua cua chinh quy^n cfi'p tinh hofic cfi'p xfl (5) Hay th6ng tfl ngfiy 25-3-1915, Thong afl Bfle K^ c6n I?nh cho eae quan chu tinh bfit bu$c cfle Iflng xa thfle hi$n vi$c chia di^n cfing th^ theo dinh k^ nfim m^t lAn (6) Chflng ta deu bi^t ring: cdng di^n Ifi eh hflu chung cua lfing xa, Ifi cd sd kinh ti cua tS chflc lfing xa vfi moi Iflng xa Ifi m^t ddn vi hflnh chfnh rieng bi^t bpn efldng hflo dflng diu dfiy, d^ qu6c Phfip khfing x6a bo cong diin mfl l^i tri ch^f d$ cdng di^n tfle Ifl trt hinh thfle tS chflc thon xfi, Ipi di^ng chfnh to chflc thon xfl dfl c6 sSn fi'y, thong qua bpn cflcfng hfio ly djeh di bdc Ipt ndng dfin Sflu, thu^, phu dfli t^p dich, chflng chi vi^c phfln phoi theo ddn vj Ifing xa vfl bpn efldng hfio I^ djch, I ^ c6 nhi§m vv b^ vfio ddu ndng dan Ifing xfi Chfnh sfieh nfly da dflpc th\fc dfin Phflp fip dung cfle tinh, huy^n Bfie K^, d6 Ti^n Hai (Thfli Binh) lfi m$t di^n hinh Ru^ng dlTt tvi M$c dfl thi^c dan Phap vfi tri^u dinh nhfi NguySn sflc trt ch^ dp cdng di& d dfiy vfi trfin tht^c ti da thu dfl^c mpt sfi* k^t qua nhfit dinh Song chiing cung khdng th^ nflo phu n h ^ dflpc B^f tdn t^i ciia eh^ dd tfl diln th^ nghidp d t^t ca cac lfing xfi ndi nfiy TrSn thxfc ti nhfin dan cfie Ifing xa ven biln Tiln Hai vfl ndng dfin nghfio Iflu vong tfl khfip efic ndi khfle da quy t\i v l dfiy, hp hi^p tfic lao d$ng t$p thl, quai de I& biln, dxfng Ifing I$p ^p, biln vflng dfi^t hoang vu chua m$n thfinh di^n tfch canh tfie phi nhidu Do v$.y sau khai hoang moi sufi't dinh diu dflpc chia tU diin thi nghiip ngang Si^ phfin p h ^ ru^ng d&t dd phai chfing phan anh si^ ddng gdp edng sfle lao ddng ngang qufi trinh khai khin diy gian k h i cua hp Hdn thl, tinh hinh xfi h^i b nuta d i u t h l ky XIX nfiy, d l giai quylt yfiu ciu ru$ng dfl't gay gflt, bfle thilt ctta ddng dao ndng phieu tfin bfing phfldng thfle khfin hoang, thi c h i d$ Thye fryig sd hflru niQng diit dd vi^c khai khdn thi khdng dUdc tranh chdp Ngudi ndo nhdn mdy sdo, ti^i xd dong ndo, diu ghi rd ddng tdy td ehl vd ki nh^n d dudi Kinh xin quan Tri huy^n kiim chdc Doanh diin sd bdn huy^n tra xet, phi chudn eho ldm bdng chdng di ddn mon chdng tdi dupe nhdn khu ddt hoang dd ldm tu diin thi nghi4p Mudn ngdn hy vpng, Nay kinh trinh" Cung cuon "Diln so b?" d6 cdn ghi ti mi ring: tofln bd s l rudng khai khin dflpc Ifl 96 mSu chia thflnh 153 Din cull t h l ky XIX, d$c bi§t vflo diu phin cho 122 sufi't dinh Moi phin dfli?c t h l ky XX, c h i dp tfl diln t h l nghidp v5n Bfio khfi'u (mfii khfi'u lfi 36m''); a l 95 tilp tue dUffc m5 rdng kit qua ciia vide ngfldi (tfle 77% so dinh Iflng) dflpe khai hoang khdng ngifiig diln Song dilu nh§n phin, 23 ngfldi dflpe nhfln phin, dfing chd ^ lfi phfldng thfle phfin phdi rudng ngflcti dflpe nh^n phin Nhfl v^y, ehi mpt khai hoang gid dfiy khdng cdn Ifl efich chia a l ft ngfldi thi dflpe flu dai n h ^ hay diu nhfl hdi t h l ky XDC mfi mang tfnh ehfi't phin, tuy§t d^i da so (77%) chi bfi't binh d ^ g r5 r§t Cudn "Diln hp b?" dflpc nhfln phin (7) hi^n Iflu trfl t^i phdng truyen thing xa Hdn thl, eudl t h l ky XIX, mdt vfii Ddng Lfim dfiy 21 trang, cudi sfi' c6 chfl 1^ ciia sfic mue, d i u tripn cua Ly trflflng, diu tong cl Tien Hai da cd bi^n tfldng ehuyin tri$n chflng thfle eua quan huy^n vfi d p mpt phin cdng diln thflnh tfl diln dl Iflm rupng ghi nhd cdng lao I^p ly,fi'p,trai, giflp tren cd chip l^i nhfl sau: "Tinh Thdi Binh phii Kiin XUdng, Trong dd phai ke din trfldng hpp tfl diln huyin Tien Hdi tdng Tdn Phong, ldng cua trai Nhufln 6e (tong Tfln Dinh) ed 305 Thanh Gidm Nhdng diin hd chung tdi mSu rupng dit, tong s l dfln dinh aau kinh trinh vi^e sda ddi addiin bg Ddn ldng l^p trpi lfi 15 ngfldi Trfl tho cfl dflpe phfin chdng tdi nguySn ed mdt khu ddt hoang 96 theo dung quy dinh cua nhfi nfldc (moi aufi't mdu, phia Ddng gidp vdi de Bgch Long, dinh mSu), phin tfl diln dfldc chia cho phia Tdy gidp vdi sdng NgU Dung, phia hp den khai phfl, I^p trgi diu tien, tfnh Nam gidp gidi ldng Nho Ldm, phia Bdc theo dinh, m6i suit sfio Cfle hp: Do, Tfi, gidp gidi ldng Ddc Ca, thUdng bi nUdc mdn Bfli, Vu, Dfldng, Ngd, Nguyen da nh^n ehdy qua nin chiia thi khai khdn Thdng dfl^c phin dfl't nfly Trong so hp neu tren, trUdc tidn chung tdi dd ldm dan xin trUng, hp Ngd xuong aau (3 sufl't dinh) dflpe ehia chd thdnh thtie diin se nhdn ldm tU 1,5 m§u, nhflng phai d phia ngofii Iflng diin tfli nghidp hang rudng loai ba Mdi Cdn hp din sau khfing dflpc nh|in phin tfl may dUpc y cho ldi xin Nay vdng linh diln nfly (8) tfl diln t h l ngiii^p chi efi the xufi't hi$n dfldi hinh thfle tu hihi nho, theo nguyen tfic binh qufin Vfi tfi't nhien cflng vdi dd Ifl B\f xufl't hi$n mpt t i n g Idp ndng dfin mang tfnh chfi't nfing dan tilu tfl hflu Vdi nhflng ngflcti ndng dan nfly, rudng dfl't edn dflpe phfin chia h^n ehl, song nd da t^o dpng Ii^e ldn khuyin khieh ndng dfin tilp ti^e edng euOc khin hoang dang nhilu triln vpng cl phfa trfldc sUta ddi sd ba, ddn chung tdi xin nhdn khu ddt hoang dd, ph&n chia rd rdng, moi phdn Id bao nhiiu sdo thUde, mdi mdi nhdn ldm tam dang tU diin thi nghiip de truyin cho chdu Td vi sau, ngUdi ndo khdng Sl? phat triln cua tfl diln t h l nghipp dflpc t h l hi§n ro n i t d nhilu ly, Ip, trai, gifip khfle huy^n Tiln Hai vflo cudi t h l ky XIX, d i u the ky XX Vf nhfl: d Ip Tfin Xuan, tfi'ng Tfin Boi Iflfi'pmdi Iflp, dflpc Rghlto ciJru Ljch siir stf 4.8011 dflng rifing thfinh ddn vi hfinh ehfnh cfl'p ed sd chfnh thfle vfio nflm 1901 Cuin dia b? euafi'pTfin Xufin dflpe I|p nflm Thfinh Thfii thfl 18 (1906) cho bilt: luc nfly ting s i d i l n , t h l ndi dfiy Ifi 45 mlu vfl dflpc phfln ehia nhfl sau: Tfl diln: 21 mlu (ehilm 46,6% tfi'ng di§n tfeh rudng dfl't); Cdng diln: 20 mlu (ehilm 44,5% td'ng di$n tfch rudng dfi't); Tfl thl: mfiu (ehilm 8,9% td'ng di|n tieh ru0ng dfi't) (9) Rd rfing, d Tfln Xufln thl ty Id tu diln trdi hdn so vdi cdng diln Cfich fi'p Tfln Xufin khdng xa Ifi tr^i Thifin Kilu, dflpe thfinh I$p nflm 1828 Dia b^ Thien kilu nidn d^i Thfinh Thfli thfl 12 (1900) cho bilt s l Iflpng tfl diln nhilu gfi'p ddi so vdi Iflpng edng diln Trong td'ng s l 299 mlu diln, tho thi cdng diln Ifl 74 mfiu sfio (chiim 25 % tong di^n tfeh); tfl diln 168 mlu sfio (ehiem 53 % tong S); tho 66 mlu (ehilm 22%) (10) Tinh hinh cung diln tfldng ti;t d thdn Dai Phong, xa Nghia Phong (td'ng Tfln Boi) theo dia ba thdn D ^ Phong nidn d ^ Thflnh Thai thfl 12 (1900) thl td'ng a l d i l n tho Ifl: 140 mfiu, dd edng dien 60 mSu (ehilm ty 1$ 42,9% td'ng so diln t h l ) ; tfl diln; 30 mfiu (chiim 21,4% td'ng s i d i l n thl); thd': 50 mfiu (ehilm 35,7% ting so diln thd') Qua dfiy cho ta thfl'y: e h l dp tfl hflu, d$c bi^t lfi tfl diln t h l nghidp tilp tyc dflpc xfie Iflp, phat triln vfl cd ndi edn fip dao ca cdng diln Cd nhilu hinh thfle phfit triln tfl diln t h l nghidp, nhidn hinh thfle khin hoang v&n lfi m | t nhflng hinh thfle quan trpng Vfl hdn t h l ai? phfln phli ru^ng dfi't aau khin hoang ro rfing dfi cd svt ehuyin bien hofln tofln khfic so vdi trfldc day Tinh chfi't binh ding phfin phoi ru|ng dfi't sau k h i n hoang gid dfly da hi nhfldng cho eho tfnh bfl't binh dflng Song ililu dflng ndi Ifi chfnh si? ddi vfl phfit triln ciia c h i dp tfl hflu nhd ndi trfin l^i t^o dilu ki$n cho si? phflt triln nhanh chdng ciia hinh thfle tfl hflu ldn hdn eua dia chu ndi dfiy vflo culi t h l ky XDC, dfiu t h l ky XX Difiu nfiy b i t nguin tfl nhilu nguyin nhfin khfie nhau: Chflng ta bilt, qufi trinh khai hoang, ban t h i n nhflng dia chu phfl hfio cd t h l lflc dli dfio cung dflng ehifiu m | nhfin cdng, tiln hflnh khai hoang dfldi hlnh thfle "tl? khin" vfi t^o hinh thfle tfl hflu Idn eua nhflng diln chu, cd quy m l phi biln khoang chflng vfii chi?c mfiu cd din vfli trfim mfiu m$t nghidp ehu Qfla trtnh khai hoang gin mdt t h l ky da t^o khdng ft nhflng diln chii nhfl vfiy Them vfio dd, nan kiem tinh rupng dit l^i ed dilu ki^n phflt triln ndi nfiy Nhflng thflnh qua khin hoang ciia nhan dfin ludn dflng trflde nguy cd bi chiim do^t nghiem trpng Lfi mpt miln ven bien hoang vu, t r | t tl? xa hpi d Tiln Hai thfit sfl khdng on djnh Nhflng "I cfldp", "gi$c co thfldng hay ty t | p d dfiy" D6 Ifi ndi t h ^ cflch ndi ciia cfle nhfl chdp B\t phong kiln vdi hfim ^ fim ehi nhflng ngfldi ndng dfln nghfio ddi thfldng tu t^p bgio dpng d dfiy Khdng nhflng thl, bpn gi$c biln mfl nhfin dfin quen gpi Ifi gi^c Tfiu tfl ven biln Trung Qudc I^i thfldng trfin vfio cfldp phfi nhfin dfln Tinh hlnh xfl h | i thilu In djnh nhfl v$y khiln cho nhfl nfldc phong kiln NguySn, vtfn da thilu nilm tin ndi dfin chflng Bfle Kf, 1^ ddng dd t^n kinh thfinh H u l xa xdi, cflng khd b l kilm aofit khong c h i tinh hlnh M | t nhfi nfldc trung fldng efing budng Idng bao nhieu thi cfing tpo dilu ki$n thu^n Ipi cho t h l Iflc cfldi^ hfio phong kiln dja phfldng liing d o ^ vfi kilm tinh r u | n g d i t biy nhieu Thfle dfin Phfip mfi tn?c tilp Ifl bpn quan cai tr) d d p tinh thl tham nhung sflu mpt, dung dfldng tilp tay cho bpn dia ehii efldng hflo d cfic Thyc h-gng adr hthi niQng a£t Ifing xa ndi dfiy Qua trinh tflp trung rupng dfi't theo d6 dflpc diy m^nh La mpt mien chfiu tho ven biln, Tiln Hai khdng nhflng dflpc thidn nhidn flu dai nhflng tflng phim qu^ gifl nhfl nhflng vflng dfl't dai mfiu md, nhflng Iflng xfi trfl m^t mfl thien nhien cdn dem din eho Tiln Hai nhflng tai hpa khiing khilp nhfl: bfio biSn, thiiy trilu rli vd dd lu lyt cfldp di ciia hp nhijng lfing fl'p, nhflng dd, nhflng cfinh ddng mfi nhfin dfin d l bilt bao cdng aflc gay di?ng nen Thien tai dfl ddi vfi khfie nghiet bao nhieu thi nan b i n cflng phfl san, nan ddi kim Iflu vong cfing p h i biln biy nhieu Vfi dfiy mdt Iln nfla I ^ t^o cd hpi cho giai d p dia chu phong kid'n kiem tinh rupng dfi't, gdp phin phat triln hdn nfla chd' dp sd hflu rupng dfl't Idn eiia dia ehu Ro rfing vflo euli t h l ky XDC, dfiu t h l ky XX, d Tiln Hai, che dp tfl hflu rudng dfi't dang dien sfl phan hda ngfiy eflng sfiu sfic Dflc bi^t, khoang thdi gian nfiy, yeu to tu ban chu nghia ngfiy cfijig tham nhfip aflu vflo ndng thdn khiln eho afl phan hda dd dien ngfiy cfing gfit Si? thflm nhfip ciia ylu to tfl ban chu nghia dd dflpc bilu hipn ro ndt d th