Bài viết giới thiệu kết quả nghiên cứu về sự hình thành và những nội dung chính của bản hương ước cải lương huyện Hàn Long được biên soạn trong bốn thập kỷ đầu thế kỷ XX. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu.
M O T VAI NET VE HI/ffNG UlOfC CAI LUVNG CUA HUYEN HOAN LONG, TINH HA D O N G NGUYfiN LAN DUNG* H oin Long hien dien vai tro l i mgt ddn vi h i n h chinh cap huyen cua tinh H i Deng mgt khoang thdi gian tfldng ddi ngin (tfl nim 1915 den nam 1942) (1) Trong qui trinh do, cflng vdi tinh Hi Ddng, huyen Hoan Long da trai qua ba ddt cai Ifldng hfldng chinh chinh quyen bao hg de va mgt nhflng ngi dung quan trgng cua nd l i cai Ifldng hfldng fldc, Cho den nay, so' Ifldng hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cdn dfldc lflu gifl cua huyen Hoin Long khong nhieu (chiem 61% so vdi tdng so'xa), Trong bii viet niy, chflng toi xin gidi thieu ket qua nghien cflu cua minh ve sfl hinh thinh va nhflng ngi dung chinh cua nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng huy^n Hoin Long dfldc bien sdan trdng bon t h i p ky dau the kyXX 1915 den nam 1919 (2) Tuy vin mang nhflng net die trflng ciia hfldng fldc cu nhflng nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng niy d i it nhieu hi nha nfldc chi phdi, dieu niy the hien tfl ten ggi ciia chflng Ddng Tdc cdi luang hUcfng Udc (nim 1915), Thd Quan tu bd cdi lU&ng hUcfng bg (1919), Ddng Mai tii tri tdn Udc (1918) va HUcfng Udc cdi lUOng KhUdng Trung xd (nam 1919) Hfldng fldc gdm hai phin: Phdn Chinh tri (hoac Viec cai tri) va Phdn Phong tuc (hoac Viec Ll nghia) Qua khao sit, cd the thi'y, trfldc n i m 1920, chinh quyen dfldng nhfl chi yeu ciu cic ling dfla them hai muc Tba hgi ddng, Sd chi thu vio hfldng fldc mdi, cdn ngi dung cu the ciia tflng muc dd nhfl the nio, ling dfldc phep tfl ke khai theo tinh hinh thflc te Do dd, I VAI NET NGUON TAI LIEU H U O N G nhflng thong tin thu dfldc ve sinh heat ling Udc CAI LUdNG HUYEN HOAN LONG xa d huyen Hdin Ldng qua nhflng ban hfldng fldc n i y k h i da dang, phdng phfl, Hien nay, kho hfldng fldc tai Vien Thdng die biet la P h i n Phong tuc tin Khda hgc xi hgi dang lflu gifl 38 ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng (dfldc lip tfl nam Bg p h i n hfldng fldc dfldc bien sean tfl 1915 den n i m 1938) ciia 37/62 xa thugc n i m 1920 cd 33 ban, gdm 10 ban chfl Ndm huyen Hoin Long Nhfl viy, viec bien soan v i 23 ban chfl Quo'c ngfl, dfldc viet tay hoic nhflng ban hfldng fldc niy tfldng dfldng vdi dinh miy Hfldng fldc Phflc Xi (nim 1935) giai ddan tien cai Ifldng (trfldc nim 1921) l i cud'n hfldng fldc nhi't dfldc in t h i n h vi hai ddt cai Ifldng hfldng chinh vao cac sach (day 32 trang), gdm hai p h i n Tuc le nim 1921, 1927 ldng Phuc Xd, tdng Phuc Ldm, huyen Hodn Trong so' 38 hfldng fldc niy, cd hfldng Long, tinh Hd Ddng lap thdnh ngdy 15 Mai fldc viet bing chfl Nom dfldc lip tfl n i m 1923 v i Huang Udc tdng bd ngdy 13 Th.S Vien Sfl hoc 46 Novembre 1934 H a u h e t nhflng ban hfldng fldc n i y dfldc lai vad n i m 1942, Trong so' do, hfldng fldc l i n g N a m Ddng va l a n g Ngi C h a u cd n i e n dai bien soan sdm nha't n a m 1920 Dieu dd d i n den mgt n h i n dinh la tfl n a m 1920, t i n h H i Ddng da tien h i n h cai Ifldng l a n g x i (tflc l i mgt n a m trfldc cd Nghi dinh chinh ddn lgi hUcfng hdi cdc xd Bdc Ky cua Tho'ng sfl B i c Ky vao 12-8-1921) Vao thdi ky cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, chinh quyen thflc d a n da de r a mgt m l u hfldng fldc c h u n g ddi vdi ti't ca cac lang Hfldng fldc thfldng dfldc md d i u b i n g doan "Khodn le cua mgt ldng lUu truyin td xUa chi cd khdu truyen md khdng cd minh vdn vd khdng hop vdi thdi the vgy nen cdn cdi lUcfng Suy xet hien tinh thdi so sdnh khodn le trUdc diiu ndo hgi thi ddi, diiu ndo Icfi thi theo, muc dich ldm cho gia tgc dugc thinh gidu, ddn ldng cd trgt tii, sau ndy se theo trinh tien hod md cdi cdch them" Hfldng fldc cai Ifldng dfldc bd' cue t h i n h hai p h i n ro ret: Phdn Chinh tri va Phdn Tuc le Cudi mdi ban hfldng fldc la dieu quy dinh ve viec thflc hien hfldng fldc "Ke ta ngdy thi hdnh khodn Udc ndy, dieu gi cu trdi vdi hUc/ng Udc thdi bo di Trong ldng cd trdi vdi nhdng khodn Udc tren ndy thi Hgi ddng trinh Ly trUdng ndng nhe md phgt De nien ddn ngdy vdo ddm te thdn, ThU ky phdi dem huang Udc ndy dgc cho ddn cung nghe" Phia dfldi ciia hfldng fldc la chfl ky ciia t h a n h vien Hgi ddng Tgc bieu, q u a n sd tai, Tdng do'c va C h a n h cdng sfl p h e duyet Nhflng b a n cdn cd t h e m chfl ky v i di'u trien cua Tien chi, C h a n h tdng v i Tdng dd'c H i Dong Hoang Trgng P h u Sfl xui't hien cua C h a n h tdng, Tdng do'c v i Cong sfl nhflng b a n hfldng fldc cai Ifldng l i da'u hieu the hien sfl can thiep cua n h a nfldc vao b a n l u i t tuc Rghien ciru Lich sir, sd 10,2010 cua l i n g - dieu n a y khdng he tha'y nhflng hfldng fldc l i p trfldc n i m 1920, T r u n g b i n h mdi b a n hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cd 25 t r a n g va 116 dieu ( g i n b i n g vdi g i i tri t r u n g b i n h ciia hfldng fldc cai Ifldng t m h H i Ddng la 24 t r a n g , 117 dieu (3) va nhieu hdn hfldng fldc m l u 38 dieu), Hfldng fldc l i n g My Dflc k h d n g chi cd s6' t r a n g k h i e m td'n nhi't (9 t r a n g ) m i cdn cd so' dieu quy dinh it n h a t (45 dieu) Gifla b a n hfldng fldc m a u va hfldng fldc c i c lang lap it nhieu cd sfl gio'ng n h a u ve bd' cue cung nhfl ngi dung Ve Phdn Chinh tri, hfldng fldc cic l i n g deu gan nhfl ghi lai ngi d u n g c i c muc Ly phd trUdng, Sd chi thu, Bd sUu thue, Su kien cdo, Sii cap cdu theo hfldng fldc m i u Ddi vdi Phdn tuc le, b a n hfldng fldc m i u chi dfla r a nhflng ngi d u n g c i n cd, nhflng t r e n thflc te, gifla cac hfldng fldc v i n cd mgt sfl dinh d a n g tfldng tfl n h a u ve muc Hien tfldng t r e n d i e biet d u n g vdi bg p h i n hfldng fldc dfldc lap trfldc cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh n i m 1921 Vi vay, ngi dung p h a n a n h t r o n g thfldng cflng n h i c , khdng s i n g tad, l a m cho ddi sd'ng sinh hoat lang xa k h o n g cd dieu kien bgc 16, Sfl gid'ng n h a u gifla cac hfldng fldc cai Ifldng da khie'n Tho'ng sfl Monguillot p h a i p h i n n a n "Trong nhiiu ldng cdi luang dd lap quyen tuc le, nhUng thUdng Id theo mgt cdch nhdt dinh Id theo quyen tuc le mdu dd in sdn, cdc ldng cd phdi chep quyen mdu dy nhUng sdo qud U Id bdt dich" (4) Day la hien tfldng dien r a phd bien khdng chi d h u y e n H d i n Long v i ma t r e n nhieu dia phfldng k h i c , IL MOT SO NOI DUNG CHINH TRONG HUONG U6C CAI LUONG HUYEN HOAN LONG Ve cd ban, c i c ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng deu cd 21 muc gid'ng n h a u , Sau day, b i i ^ t vai n^t ve huong ucfc c£i luang vie't se gidi thieu mgt s6' ngi dung chinh nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng ciia huyen Hein Long: Bg may quan ly ling xa, Ngin sich ling xa, Va'n de an ninh - trat tfl, Rugng da't cong lang xa va Sinh hoat van hoi, xa hgi, phong tuc, tin ngfldng Bo may q u a n ly lang xa Ngi dung quan trgng nhi't cua cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh l i lip Hgi ddng Tgc bieu thay the cho Hgi ddng Ky muc lim chflc ning dieu h i n h cong viec ling xi Theo chinh phu bao hg "Cdc hg hc/p lgi md thdnh mgt ldng, bdi the viec ldng cdc hg ca ngUdi thay mat demd trdng coi ggi la tgc bieu" (5) Trich nhiem chinh cua Hgi ddng Toe bieu l i coi mgi viec xa, thi hinh lenh cua chinh quyen ci'p tren; lip cic khoin le, sd dfl toin chi thu, bd sflu cung cic thue khic; quan ly tai san c5ng, thi hanh cic khoin le ve viec tuIn phdng, ngin ci'm viec buon b i n liu, viec dinh bac, tu t i p trii phep Tgc bieu dfldc b i u theo hg "hg to hai hay la ba ngUdi, hg nhd cd mgt ngUdi, hg nhd qud chi vdi ba xuat thdi hgp hai hay ba, bdn hg ca chung ldy mgt ngudi" (6) Ngfldi gifl chflc tgc bieu phai dam bao yeu ciu l i cong dan ling xa tfl 25 tuoi trd len, cd gia san, hieu biet v i khong pham tgi Nhiem ky ciia tgc bieu l i nam (tfl nam 1927 la nam) Trong sdcac vien cua Hgi ddng Tgc bieu se chgn hai ngfldi gifl chflc Chinh hfldng hgi va Phd hfldng hgi Ngoai ra, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu cd nhiem vu Ifla chgn bg p h i n chflc dich thi hinh cong viec ling xi, nhfl Thfl ky, Thii ky Nhfl viy, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu dfldc lap da hoin toan thay the nhiem vu va chflc nang ciia Hgi ddng Ky muc Hgi ddng Tgc bieu trd cd quan vfla dai dien cho hg vfla dai dien cho ling, vdi chflc n i n g va quyen han rong ldn: quan tri moi m i t cua 47 ling xa Nhflng chi n i m sau bi loai bd khdi ddi sd'ng ling xa - ve mat danh nghia, Hgi ddng Ky muc da dfldc tii lap Theo hfldng fldc lang Nghi Tim, t h i n h phin nhflng ngfldi dfldc phep tham gia dfl Hgi ddng Ky muc k h i da dang, bao gdm thu quy, thfl ky, hg lai, chfldng ba, hoic tgc bieu het han n i m da nop khao lang 10 ddng; tuan tring, phu dich len lao 50 nop vgng ddng Nhfl viy, thflc te d ling xa, cd mgt xu hfldng md rdng ddi tfldng gia n h i p Hgi ddng Ky muc Vi quy m6 cua Hgi ddng Ky muc n i y cd xu hfldng xich lai gin hdn va tien tdi trflng khdp vdi t h i n h phan cua Hgi ddng Ky muc truyen th6'ng Chflc n i n g chinh cua Hgi ddng niy l i co' vi'n, nhflng thflc te hoat dgng cua Hgi ddng cdn vfldt q u i chflc n i n g tren, can thiep vio ddi sd'ng ling x i manh me va sau sic hdn Dieu 15 hfldng fldc Khfldng Thfldng quy dinh: Hgi ddng Ky muc l i de kiem soit viec t i i chinh, khoan fldc, tuc le ling Mgi viec deu phai dfldc sfl ddng y cua Hgi ddng Ky muc mdi dfldc thi hinh Dieu dd cho thi'y, Hgi ddng Ky muc v i n l i mgt td chflc cd quyen Iflc ri't ldn d ndng thdn Vdi nhflng thong tin k h i it di, chflng ta khd cd the hinh dung mgt cich ro r i n g ve Hgi ddng Ky muc mgt giai doan mdi Trong bg p h i n l i m nhiem vu thflc hien cac quyet dinh cua Hgi ddng, ly trfldng l i ngfldi dflng diu, ddng thdi "Id ngUdi mdi gidi cho Chinh phu vdi hdng xd" (7) Ly trfldng phai gifl trien, ceng vin, dia ba, sd thue cua ling Ly trfldng cung ddng thdi la ngfldi chiu trich nhiem viec thu - nop thue, theo doi viec thi h i n h luit le, nghi dinh cua nha nfldc, viec t u I n phdng, ve sinh chung Sau man nhiem, Ly trfldng dfldc ling flu tien chd mgt s6' quyen ldi, nhfl dfldc thfldng ngoi hfldng luan Oang Nghi Tam, ling Quang Bi), ng6i ly dich (ling 4S Rghien cuu Lich sit s6' 10.2010 Phuc Xi), hoic dfldc cap mgt khoan tien Oang Ngi Chau) Nhflng bien p h i p nhfl viy thflc chi't la cich thflc de khuyen khich Ly trfldng lam viec cd trich nhiem hdn vdi viec ling giao phd Ngan sach lang xa So chi thu la mgt hai ngi dung chinh ciia viec cai Ifldng hfldng chinh "Mud'n cho ldng chi tieu cd chang miic de khdi tdn ddn thi phdi ldm sd chi thu" (8) Vio 1-11 h i n g nam, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu cic lang se hgp de b i n dinh cac khoan chi thu ciia n i m sau vdi mflc tieu han dinh la 2,000 ddng, v i nop "sd dfl trfl chi thu" len chinh quyen ci'p tren Chi sau dfldc Cong sfl phe duyet, tfl 1-1 n i m sau, ling xa mdi dfldc thflc hien chi thu thee s6 de trinh d ci'p ling, ngfldi cd quyen quyet dinh vdi viec chi, thu l i Chanh hfldng hgi Mgi hoat dgng lien quan den ngin sich cua ling deu phai n i m khudn khd nhflng muc da dfldc ghi sd Cic khoan chi thu p h i t sinh chi dfldc thflc hien sau Hgi ddng Tgc bieu hgp va lam ddn giii Tdng ddc phe duyet Ngoai ra, ngin quy ling xa luon phai tri mgt khoan tien nhi't dinh, ggi la tien lflu trfl, de dflng vao nhflng viec dot xui't hoic de "sinh ldi", Hinh thflc sinh ldi ma h i u het cic ling i p dung l i dem tien cdng quy cho vay li'y lai vdi thdi han nam, Tgc bieu v i gia dinh tgc bieu khong dfldc phep tham gia vie viec vaj' tien cdng quy So chi thu la mgt cich thflc de chinh quyen ci'p tren cd the can thiep vio ddi sd'ng ling xa, thong qua viec kiem soit hoat dgng ngan sich cua ling, Ndi cich khac, bi't ky mgt khoan chi thu nio mud'n thflc hien deu phai dat dfldc sfl thoa thuan gifla ling xi v i chinh quyen ci'p huyen, tinh, Viec lip sd chi thu chi han dinh d nhflng x i cd tfl 500 dinh trd len v i cd ngudn thu hing n i m ldn hdn 2.000 ddng (theo nghi dinh n i m 1921), nhflng thflc te toin bg cic hfldng fldc lip trfldc va ddt cai Ifldng n i m 1921 deu de cap den sd chi thu, chi CO l i n g Giang Vo thda m i n dieu kien lap sd (chi xet rieng tieu chuin ve so d i n dinh) (9) Trong so' cac ngudn thu ciia ling xa, ngudn thu tfl thue chiem ty trgng ldn nhi't Hing nim, cin cfl vao mflc thue chinh quyen ca'p tren thong bio, Hgi ddng Tgc bieu se p h i n bd thue cho tflng hg So p h i n bd thue phai ghi r5 so' ngfldi cua tflng hg, dien tich di't dai, sd' sflu dinh v i s6' tien thue tfldng flng phai ngp Theo quy dinh, ngfldi dan phai chiu hai Idai thue, l i thue thUdng v i thue bdt thudng Thue thudng cd hai loai la thue b i t huge phai thu (gdm sflu dinh, thue cong dien, thue' thd trach, thue tfl dien, thue tfl th6') v i thue cd the y thu - ngoai phu Th5ng thfldng, ngudn thu ngoai phu gdm thue triu, bd; thue phu thu theo thue chinh ngach (dfldc phep d i n h tfl 10% trd len) v i ling dfldc tfl quyet dinh khoan thu niy, Hfldng fldc ling Khfldng Thfldng cd ke them mgt danh muc nhflng khoan thu ngoai phu de "ldm viec cdng cua ldng" va "giao cho hai gidp phdn thu, hogc giao Ly trUdng phdn thu", nhfl thue n h i gach, n h i li, tien sfldng tuc (bi't ke la rugng c6ng hay tfl), tien dinh nam treng ling khdng phai chflc dich, khong mua nhieu (10) Cdn ddi vdi thue bdt thUdng, lang chi dfldc ph6p thu cd trfldng hdp cin thiet Ben canh de, ling xa cung cd chinh sich miin thue cho mgt sd doi tfldng, nhfl phfldng b i t im, phien tuIn, Ddi tiidng niy chi chiem mgt bg p h i n ri't nhd sd nhflng ngfldi phai ddng thue cua ling S6t vai n6t ve huang udc c ^ iuung An n i n h t r a t tii, ve sinh Ve viec canh phdng ling xa, ti't ca d i n dinh tfl 18 den 50 tudi (ngoai trfl nhflng ngfldi dd dat, phim him, chflc sic, tdng ly, phd hfldng hio, nhflng ngfldi dang di linh, di hgc, ngfldi tan tit) deu phai lam nhiem vu canh phdng Tuy theo dia vflc, dien tich cung nhfl sd Ifldng tuan tring ma dgi canh phdng ciia cic ling chia t h i n h so' Ifldng cic ban khic Mdi ban tfl 7-8 ngfldi trd len, mgt ngfldi dfldc cvl l i m trfldng tuIn, hoic Ly trfldng kiem luon trfldng tuln Nhflng ban tuIn niy se thay lam nhiem vu canh phdng lang xa, mdi nim mgt ban Dgi 'canh ling Nggc H i chia lim 12 ban, moi ban canh thing Con tai ling Nghi Tim, mdi nam lang lap mgt dgi gdm ta't ca n h i n dinh den tuoi di canh phdng Tuln dinh xdm nao canh phdng xdm Tinh die trflng ve dia vflc ciia ling xdm Viet Nam la sfl phin chia rd ring gifla khu vflc cfl tru vi khu vflc san xui't Vi viy, viec canh phdng thfldng dfldc chia lim hai loai, ngi tuln (dam bao cho viec t u l n phdng bao ve tinh mang va tii san ling) va ngoai t u l n (bao ve viec ddng ing) Mdi nim, cic ling deu ca'p cho tuan phien mgt khoan tien Ifldng hdac rugng de thu hoa ldi Hfldng fldc cung ghi ro quy dinh thfldng phat ddi vdi viec canh phdng, nhfl thfldng chd tuan phien tfl den 10 dong neu b i t dfldc trdm cfldp, ngdii qui trinh lim viec, neu t u l n thflc hien to't cdng viec cua minh, ling cdn thfldng cho mgt ngdi ky muc Nhflng neu ling xay trgm cfldp m i t u l n phien khdng b i t dfldc, tuan phien se phai chiu phat v i bdi thfldng cho n h i mi't trgm Trong trfldng hdp t u l n phdng vi viec b i t trgm cfldp ma bi thfldng, "ling cho tien chfla thuoc va cho ngdi trfldng tuan Neu 49 chet, ling ci'p cho vd 20$ v i cho mgt sui't nhieu, m i ca hfldng hgi ly dich di dfla dim ma" (11) Hfldng fldc cung cd nhflng quy dinh n h i m bao ve, tri quan he gia dinh, ling xdm Nhflng ngfldi pham tgi bi't hieu vdi cha me, ling ma anh em se hi lang nghiem khic trich mIng Neu ngfldi pham tgi l i phu nfl, ngfldi chdng cung phai chiu tgi lien ddi vi khdng bie't day vd (ling Xa Din) hdic bi phat hio Gang Lang Yen) Viec gifl gin an ninh t r i t tfl v i danh gii h i n g ngu chflc sic cung l i dieu die biet dfldc coi trgng, bdi diy dfldc coi l i bg mit ciia ling xa Ngfldi nio vi pham se hi phat hio v i phai xin ldi cdng khai Vdi "ddn em dgi hg", neu cung mic vao nhflng ldi nhfl viy, Hgi ddng se "bdt phgt chdp tay ddng dudi thim md xin ldi" (12), bo' me phai dflng bao lanh; trfldng hdp t i i pham lan thfl se bi phe ngdi hfldng im Neu ngfldi nio ling bi ket an se bi phat tien, trui't quyen b i u cii v i dfl hfldng am (13) Nhflng ngfldi vi pham dieu nghiem ci'm nhfl ni'u rfldu lau, thuoc liu, md sdng bac deu phai chiu hinh phat thich ding Ly dich, t u l n phien co' tinh bao che cung hi trflng phat nhfl ngfldi pham tgi R u o n g d a t cong l a n g xa a Cdng diin cdng thd qudn phdn Vio dau the ky XX, dien tich cong dien cdng thd ciia huyen Hoan Long chiem khoang hdn 60% (14) tdng dien tich di't dai ciia huyen Tuy nhien, dien tich cong dien cong th6 gifla cic lang xa khdng deu, t h i m chi cd sfl chenh lech k h i ldn Nhflng ling cdn hdn t r i m mau cong dien khong nhieu Dien tich cong dien cdng thd cua lang Nam Ddng trfldc l i 138 mlu, nhflng den thdi diem lip hfldng fldc (nim 1920) 50 chi cdn 51 m i u (15), tflc l i chi cdn khoang 36% Thdi han chia rugng da't thfldng la nam mgt lin, rieng ling Ngi Chiu thdi gian l i n i m Ve cd ban, cd each thflc p h i n chia rugng di't, phd bien nha't la cich chia deu cho d i n dinh ling Lang Phuc Xa, ddi tfldng dfldc ci'p rugng di't cdn md rdng den t i n nhflng c6 nhi, qua phu, nhflng ngfldi t i n tat khong lam dfldc gi, m6i ngfldi dfldc n h i n sad (mflc chia binh quin chd dinh nam l i sid) Viec phan chia rugng di't cung cd sfl phan biet kha ldn gifla cic do! tfldng l i n g xa, gifla dinh nam, gifla chflc dich, gifla cic Ifla tudi Trong tong so' dien tich rugng di't thflc canh la 51 m l u sao, ling Nam Ddng da d i n h rieng cho chflc dich miu, sao, thfldc (16) Vdi nhflng ling cd tinh trgng xi nhfl Thinh Quang, viec p h i n ci'p rugng da't lai d i n h flu tien cho nhflng ngfldi cao tudi "Rugng cdng mdi ndm mgt ldn hodn cdp cho nhdn dinh detrg sUu thue, nhUng chieu sd ngUdi h&n tudi nhdn phdn tren, kem tudi nhdn phdn dudi" (17) Cich thfl hai la cho gip thim, dd viec gIp tham lai tien hanh theo cic hinh thflc cu the Vi du tai ling Ngi Chau, viec gIp t h i m n h i n di't dfldc tien hanh gifla cac hg "Hg ndo gdp dugc phdn ddt xd ndo he nhiiu ngUdi dUgc nhieu phdn, it ngUdi dugc it phdn" (18) Nhflng d ling N h i t Tan, viec gIp t h i m lai tien h i n h theo giap "nguyen tuc le ldng ta chia ldm 36 phdn ddn, chia ldm gidp, gidp nhdn nho nhdn nhiiu phdn hay it phdn, cd gidp nhdn phdn, cd gidp nhdn phdn, cd gidp nhgn phdn, cd gidp nhgn phdn" (19) Vdi nhflng ling ven sdng, ngoii cdng dien cdng thd quan phan thi cdn cd mgt loai di't khic - cdng chiu thd Tuy nhien, dien tich cdng chau thd chi chiem mgt so' Ifldng Rghien cuu Lich siir s6" 10.2010 han che, vi viy hinh thflc khai thic chinh v i n l i bd t h I u de li'y tien trd vid quy cua lang Mua ban rugng di't cong ling xa d i trd t h i n h mgt viec phd bien d huyen Phan ldn cic ling x i deu co' ging han che tdi da viec rugng di't ling minh rdi vio tay ngfldi ngoii ling, Viec mua b i n rugng di't neu cd chi dfldc phep gidi han gifla nhflng ngfldi cflng hg, cflng l i n g vdi b Cdng diin cdng thd bdn xd Ban xa cdng dien cdng thd gdm nhieu loai hinh khic nhau, nhfl rugng than tfl, rugng p h i t tfl, rugng tfl vin, rugng hfldng lad, rugng kinh lio, rugng nhac cdng, rugng dang cai, rugng tfl sfl Cd ling d huyen Hoin Long cdn rugng di't tin ngfldng Hfldng fldc l i n g Khfldng Thfldng da ghi chep lai mgt cich k h i cu the nhflng loai rugng di't cdng cua xa tdn tai cho den thdi diem 1933: rugng t h i n tfl miu sid, rugng p h i t tfl sio, rugng tfl vin sao, rugng hfldng lao sio, rugng kinh lio mlu, rugng kinh thg sao/ngfldi, rugng nhac c6ng mlu, rugng cho chflc dich m i u sio, rugng ca'y de nien (cho giip lo ky gid hiu) m l u sio, rugng tfl sfl 24 m l u (20) Tai ling khic, dien tich ban xa thd lai cung khong nhieu, chi khoang 56 miu Nhflng loai rugng l i cua chung ling xi, nhflng lai dfldc giao cho nhflng ci nhan hay td chflc nhi't dinh quan ly v i san xui't Hoa ldi tfl nhflng dien tfch dd l i de phuc vu cho nhu ciu sinh hoat ddi so'ng tinh t h i n ciia d i n cfl ban xa, nhfl l i viec te ll, dinh dim Sinh hoat van hoa, xa hoi, phong tuc, tin ngiiofng a Hdn li, tang ma ffl6t vai net ve huang ucfc c£i luong So vdi sd Ifldng cic dieu khoan quy dinh ve cac tuc le hfldng fldc, viec cfldi hdi cd so'dieu quy dinh it nha't (2 dieu) Do tudi thich hdp chd viec dflng vd ga chdng la 18 tuoi vdi nam gidi va 15 tudi vdi nfl gidi, Nhin chung cic hfldng fldc deu khuyen khich td chflc mgt le cfldi ggn nhe, Le nop cheo cho ling - mgt yeu t6' die trflng ciia hdn le truyen th6'ng, gin nhfl dfldc de cap toin bg cic ban hfldng fldc Thong thfldng, cd sfl khic gifla nop cheo ngi vi cheo ngoai va mflc cheo ngoai bao gid cung gap doi cheo ngi Ngoii ra, viec nop cheo cdn cd tinh b i t huge giip, xdm, ngd mi ngfldi gii dd sinh sd'ng 51 vu di dfla ma Dgi chia theo ban sinh hoat giap Thfldng, ba ban dau cua giip lim nhiem vu cha'p hieu Cdn viec hg tang l i trach nhiem tfl ban thfl tfl trd xuong va quay vdng, Giap hg tang vong, tang chu phai cd mgt chut tien cam On doi vdi hang giap, ggi la tien giat ao, ngfldi chi'p hieu va ngfldi khieng, moi ngfldi dfldc xu, ngfldi cam cd trang nghi dfldc xu Neu ngfldi mi't l i ngfldi d hai giip thfldng ban, ngfldi chi'p hieu va nhflng ngfldi giip di hg t i n g phai ll ta ll de the hien sfl kmh lao (22) Cdn vdi nhflng lang td chflc sinh hoat theo hinh thflc xdm, viec hg tang Hgi ddng quye't dinh v i cit cii Ling Phuc Xa Trfldc xui't gii, ngfldi cdn gii cflng quy dinh, "le cdt dd thi cd chieu sd'ta 18 vdi ngfldi chdng se phai dinh trinh dien cho din 49 tudi phdi vdo vai khieng, cdc vdi Hgi ddng, Ly trfldng, v i cd mgt mim ll bd Ido, chdc sdc, khoa trUdng, vdn bdng, tgc gdm "mgt cdi thu Ign, mgt mdm xdi, mgt biiu duang thd thi viic dUa ddm vd trdng trdm vdng dgi, mgt phong phdo, 120 khdu nom viec ma chay cho cd trgt tii" (23) Neu gidu, hai chai rUcfu" Khi ll xong, sau ban ngfldi nio khdng di dfldc phai cid 16i v i nhd thugc giap cd ngfldi gii li'y chdng "cung ngfldi di thay, hoac ddng tien phat cho Chdnh hgi, Hg lgi, Ly phd trUdng thu phuc" lang Cung nhfl viec hg tang theo hang (21), Khong chi khuyen khich, cho phep giip, tang chu cflng phai nop mgt khoan le tri viec chang day ddi tien, thich ll vit mang tinh ta din, mflc ciia khoan ldn, ling Khfldng Thfldng cdn cho phep nha thugc vio s6' d6 ma tang chii xin cd dim cfldi dfldc phdp md tiec linh dinh, Hgi ddng Ne'u lay 100 trd len tlii Trong viec hieu, cac hfldng fldc deu cd nop 15 ddng, 200 trIu, chai rfldu, 50 dd quy dinh r5 ring, cu the, Khi gia dinh cd l i 10 ddng, 100 trIu v i chai rfldu, tfl tang, tang chii phai dem ll ding v i nhd ly 20 ngfldi l i ddng, 40 mieng trIu, chai trfldng vi hgi ddng de bio tin cho din ling, rfldu Vdi nhflng ngfldi qua ngheo khe, hau Viec tang ma chi dfldc tien hanh het cic ling deu cho miin va cflng cii 10 ngiy ngfldi den giflp (24) Diy ggi l i trd tang Viec dinh mflc trd tang mdx chi xua't Viec phuc vu tang ll l i nhiem vu hien d mgt so' lang xa vio cudi the ky XIX, ciia xdm, hoic ciia giip Vdi nhflng ling m i td chflc giip dfldc tri, giip lam nhiem nhflng de'n nhflng n i m 20 the ky XX thi nd vu hg tang, tflc la khieng quan t i i v i mang da trd mgt hien tfldng phd bien cic dd tang nghi nhfl di'y la sfl tra dn lin Tang chu cd the ddng vio quy cong lang Theo quy dinh ciia giip ling Khfldng mgt s6' tien ggi l i "de danh dii cho ngUdi Thfldng, ne'u giip cd ngfldi qua ddi, thdc" Hfldng fldc lang Nhat T i n viet mgi vien cua giip deu phai cd nghia "nguyen trUdc li ldng ta, md chi't thdi 52 Rghien curu Lich siir s610.2010 kinh ddn d ngodi dinh mdt bdn xdi, cdi thu lan, chai rUOu, vd ddu cau nda, lgi a gidp minh, xdm minh cdng thi', phi tdn Udc 10 dong, ddn chi dinh ldy ddng, thay vdo tiin dy, md ggi la tiin ky niem" (25) Dd la nhflng dieu chung nhi't ve viec to chflc mgt le tang tai ling b Tha vi Vi thfl tren dinh la mgt sfl phan i n h chin thflc v i sinh dgng ve t r i t tfl, ding ci'p xa hgi thon que Vi thfl dinh trung gifla cic l i n g cd sfl khic nhau, phu thugc vio ddi tfldng dfldc de cao, chu yeu l i sfl khic gifla xu hfldng trgng thien tfldc va xu hfldng trgng vfldng tfldc Tai lang Nam Ddng, viec p h i n chia chd ngdi tai dinh dfldc tien h i n h theo nguyen t i c trgng tfldc: chieu thfl nhi't: hoang giip, tien si, phd bang, cii nhin, tfl tai, chflc sic pham, cao ding, v i n b i n g t h i n h chung; chieu thfl hai: lao 70, 80, chanh tdng, vien chflc, thdng ky; chieu 3: sic binh, sd hgc, trfldng t u l n , lid 50, tgc bieu; chieu 4: dinh tring, ngfldi 18 tudi da vio hfldng am (26) Ling N h i t Tan, Nggc Xuyen cung cd cich s i p xep tfldng tfl: cii nhin, tien si, chieu thfl nhi't Cdn lai: gidng 1: chflc sic, giong 2, ky muc, ly dich; gidng 3, cic cu hing giip, ngfldi cd chin hfldng im; giong 4, ngfldi linh man khdi (27) Ngoai Chiu l i mgt so' it nhflng ling d huyen cdn td chflc chd ngdi sinh hoat ling xa theo hinh thflc truyen thd'ng, la ngdi theo thfl tfl tfl gia de^n tre Lang Phuc Xi cd the coi l i trfldng hdp dae biet treng sd' cic ling thugc huyen Hoan Long p h i n chia vi thfl ndi dinh trung thed each thflc: ben ta la chd ngdi cua nhflng bic chflc sic, khoa trfldng; cdn ben hflu l i cho ngdi ciia cic vi bo lao Mgt chieu nhi't d gifla dinh ggi l i "Danh dfl tich" danh cho nhflng ngfldi cd cong lao ldn vdi dan, d i dflgc ghi ten vio "Danh dfl sach" v i nhflng ngfldi dd dai khoa trfldng Ngoai ra, "cdc bd tii't phu cd thu hodng dn tinh bieu, cung cdc bd cd cdng ddc ldn lao vdi ddn vd cdc bd va cdc dng dd cd ngdi thd ddn" cung dfldc quyen tham dfl nhflng dip sinh hoat chung tai dinh v i ngdi tai chieu thfl ben ta (28), Khi h i n h ll tai dinh, hg dfldc tham dfl d chieu thfl nhi't, trai dinh ngdi chieu thfl 5, T r i t tfl ndi dinh trung cflng se quy dinh mflc Cd bieu cua mdi ngfldi, theo dd chflc sic ludn dfldc flu tien p h i n ngon trfldc, sau dd mdi de'n Ifldt bach dinh, nhieu nam Nhfl d ling Tiy Hd, nhflng ngiy te thin cd giet ldn hoic bd, nhflng ngfldi dd dai khoa hoac dang quan tfl pham dfldc bieu mgt cii thu ldn; nhflng ngfldi cd khoa sic, cd khao vgng dfldc bieu mdi ngfldi cii chin ldn hoic cii b i p bd; ly dich, thu tfl mdi ngfldi mgt cin Nhflng ngfldi hgi ddng, thfldng lio, lio mdi ngfldi mgt khau gilu (29) Cdn tai ling Nggc Xuyen "Khi dgi tii't, cd khoa muc phdm hdm, hogc 1, 2, 3, ngUdi, ldng cung chi bii'u mdt cdi canh lan; bdn vien bdn di nhdt bdn cdi chdn lOn; tiin tha chi, ky muc, ly dich duang tha thdi bieu mdi ngUdi mgt miing thit, mgt dia xdi, mgt qud cau, cbn chu te diin vdn, thii ta vd quan viin viin cha te thdi biiu cd theo nhU cd qudn phdn" (30) Trong s6' nhflng hfldng fldc ciia huyen Hdin Ldng, khdng cd ban hfldng fldc nad de cap den viec flu tien kinh bieu p h i n cd nhieu nha't, ngon nhi't cho ngfldi cao tudi nhi't ling Dieu n i y cflng vdi t r i t tfl ndi dinh trung n h i m phan ldn tdn vinh ngfldi khoa bang va chflc dich d i cho thi'y sfl trgng lio khdng cdn dfldc de cao nhfl trfldc nfla g a t vai n^t ve huang u6c cii luang c Sinh hogt tin ngUdng Hgi lang l i mgt net sinh hoat khdng the thie'u dfldc ddi sd'ng sinh hoat tinh thin cua lang xi Viec chuan hi ll nhflng ngiy dai tiec Hfldng trfldng dam nhin Ll cflng thfldng cd ldn, mim xdi gi, binh oan, rfldu, ving ma, trau cau Ngiy hgi ling bao gid cung chiem mflc chi phi ldn nhi't Ling Phflc Xi chi 200 ddng bac cho ngiy vao dim (tfldng dfldng vdi khdlng t r i u luc bi'y gid) Tai ling Lfldng Yen, Phuc Xi, nhflng ngiy dien dai ll, nam dinh ling tfl 18 de'n 25 tudi theo Hfldng trfldng lim ll va sip xep cd ban Ba ban 12 ngfldi tfl 49 tudi trd xuo'ng cd nhiem vu giup Hfldng trfldng siia le Vi tien chi cua lang dfldc chi dinh vad vi tri chu te', chflc sic hoac phu lao lim bdi te cdn cic t h i n h vien ciia Hgi tfl v i n lo chi'p sfl, dgc chflc vin Nhflng ngfldi tham gia te tfl phai an mac chinh te, khdng dfldc mac quan io tham vio dinh Sau p h i n te ll, cic ling deu md tiec Chi nhflng ngiy dai ll, d i n ling mdi dfldc tham dfl va dfldc chia phin Hing nam, ling xa deu td chflc chuan hi hfldng hoa, ll qua lim gio hau cho nhflng ngfldi cdn song d i c6'ng hien mgt p h i n gia san cho ling, hoic cd cong tu sufa dinh chua, xiy dflng dfldng xi, hoic la nhflng ngfldi khdng cd gia dinh xin dfldc mua hau d chfla Ben canh dd, hgi tfl v i n hang nam cdn td chflc le tien hien Ngoii hgi ling, mgt n i m n h i n din cdn td chflc nhieu dip te le khic, md diu bing Te't nguyen din Vio dip tet niy d ling Nghi Tam, hfldng trfldng cii mgt ngfldi cd phim tfldc hoic cd chd ngdi d chie'u thfl nhi't hoic thfl hai, c6 vd chdng hanh phflc, chiu de hue lim chu te^, bieu thi fldc mong mgt n i m mdi cd nhieu 16c cho 53 dan lang Tai l i n g Khfldng Thfldng, mdi nim, d i n ling to chflc 24 ky te le, trai deu ti't ca cic t h i n g cua nim Td chflc dflng ding cai chu tri nhflng ngiy chu yeu la cic giip, mgt so' hgi tfl v i n dfla tren ngudn di't cdng ling x i da ci'p cho cac td chflc niy Trong ngiy n h i p tich (1215/2), ling lOifldng Thfldng td chflc le tai dinh v i mieu Tai dinh, viec s^a cd thd d trung dinh l i tfl vin, h i n g giip, hfldng lao, n h i n dinh dam nhan Tai mieu, lang biy CO h i t thd, mdi c6 ga, dia xdi, trau, rfldu De'n te ta, hai giip chuan hi ll, moi le 20 ddng; cd hgi tfl vin sip dat khoang 15 ddng Sang nhap tich, hgi ddng ly dich trich tfl c6ng quy mua 200 qua cau, 200 phim oan te thin Cdn dip t h i n g xuan te, mdi giip mua mgt trau hoic mgt bd Ngay te tien hien, ngfldi dang chiu cd phai siia soan ldn 30 cin, cii thii ldn, gi thien 10 cin, can xdi, chai rfldu, 30 qua cau, ving, phio Nhfl viy, hang n i m mgt phan ri't ldn ngin quy ling x i d i dfldc dem chi phi cho nhflng ngiy ll tie^t nhfl the Diy chic chin chfla phai la nhflng thdng ke diy du, nhflng nhflng thong tin nhfl viy d i phin nao phan i n h ring, ll te't da trd t h i n h mgt p h i n kh6ng the thie'u sinh hoat cua cong ddng III NHAN XET L i mgt bg p h i n ciia cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng fldc tai huyen Hein Long d i dfldc tien hanh treng hdn 25 nim, dfldi sfl giim s i t chit che cua ca chinh quyen ci'p cd sd l i n chinh quyen ci'p tren Tfl nhflng ngi dung da dfldc phan anh qua hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cua huyen Hoan Long, cd the rut mgt so n h i n xet nhfl sau: Tha nhdt, thong qua nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cdn lai cho de'n hign nay, bflc 54 Rghien ciru Lich siir s610.2010 tranh sinh hoat ling xa Hoan Long tren nhieu phfldng dien, tfl thie't che td chflc bg may quan ly ling xa, cac t6 chflc x i hgi, phfldng thflc san xua't den cic yeii t6' thugc ve ddi sd'ng tinh than ciia cfl d i n da p h i n nao dfldc t i i hien Dfldi tic dgng ciia qua trinh dd thi hoi tai Ha Ngi, Hoan Long vdi tfl each la mgt v i n h dai quanh phd' da cd nhflng bien chuyen khong nhd ve dien mao, it nhieu da mang ding dap ciia mgt vung di't ven dd Tuy nhien, ti't ca nhflng dieu mdi chi hien dien d mflc han che, le te Tren het, huyen Hoin Long van mang minh nhflng net die trflng tieu bieu cua ling xa ddng bing Bic Bg tren cic phfldng dien kinh te, xa hgi, van hoa v i ca chinh tri, Tha hai, tfl viec phan tich nhflng ngi dung dfldc de cap hfldng fldc cai Ifldng ciia huyen Hoan Long noi rieng cung nhfl tfl thflc te ciia hoat dgng cai Ifldng hfldng chfnh tai tinh H i Dong ndi chung, cd the tha'y r i n g cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh ciia thflc din P h i p d i dat dfldc hieu qua tren m.gt so'khia canh, Mic dfl chinh phu bao hg luc diu cdn td k h i de dat chi tien hanh cai Ifldng hfldng chinh "thf diem" d mgt so' huyen thugc tinh Ha Dong (trong dd cd huyen Hoan Long), nhflng tinh hieu qua cua cuoc cai Ifldng d cic dia phfldng da lim cho nha d m quyen nhan thi'y kha ning thflc thi ciia m6 hinh niy tren mgt dia ban rdng ldn hdn - tren tean bg xfl Bic Ky Sfl c6ng cua H i Dong tren mgt phfldng dien nao dfldc dam bao chinh l i nhd sfl thflc ep va kiem soit chit che tfl phia chinh quyen cap tinh, dae biet la ciia tdng dd'c tinh Ha Dong bay gid la Hoang Trgng Phu, Nhfl viy, bing cuoc cai Ifldng nay, thflc d i n Phap da can thiep dfldc vid td chflc cd ket ci'u chit che va ben vflng ciia x i hgi Viet Nam - dd l i ling xi, thdng qua viec kiem soat dfldc bg miy linh dao cua nd, ngin quy v i phap che hoi hfldng fldc thee y dd cua chinh quyen bao hg, Tha ba, nghien cflu ve ling xa Ha Ngi nhflng n i m dau the ky 20 ne'u chi thong qua hfldng fldc cai Ifldng se la mgt cich tiep can cd han che Bdi tfl cuoc cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, hfldng fldc khong cdn ddn thuIn la san pham cua rieng ling xi m i d i trd t h i n h mgt ban ngi quy ve sinh hoat lang xa chinh quyen ci'p tren chi dao theo mgt mau chung thd'ng nhi't, tfl ngi dung de'n cich thflc bien soan Ngay qua trinh tien h i n h cai Ifldng hfldng chinh, Thd'ng sfl BIC Ky Robin da cho ring phin nhieu nhflng hfldng fldc cai Ifldng dfldc soan thao l i "khdng phu hop vdi tap tuc truyin thdng ldng" v i gii tri cu the nhi't ciia nd chi l i de "ddi phd" mgt cich hdp ly vdi nhflng chu trfldng cai Ifldng ciia chinh quyen thugc dia (31), Hfldng fldc cai Ifldng dfldc danh gii nhfl mgt loai vin ban cd p h i n xa rdi vdi cuoc sd'ng thflc te dang dien d ndi thon que Do dd, doi vdi viec nghien cflu ling x i Bic Ky ndi chung v i ling xa Ha Ngi ndi rieng, ben canh ngudn tai lieu hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cin cd sfl bd sung ciia nhieu ngudn t i i lieu khic CHU THICH (1), Hien nay, toan bo huyen Hoan Long thuoc ve bd'n quan ndi t h a n h Ha Ndi \k: Hai Ba TrUng, Dd'ng Da, Tay Ho va Ba Dinh, (2), Lang Thd' Quan ed hai ban hUdng ude cai lUdng lap vao cac nfim 1916 va 1919 g o t vai net ve huong uoc c& luong 55 (3), (4), Cao Van Bien: Kho hUOng Udc cdi lUOng huang chinh d Bdc Ky, Tap chf Nghien ciiu Lich (14) Nguyin The Long (2000), Hd Ngi xUa qua huong Udc, Nxb Ha Ndi, Ha Ndi, tr 129, sii, so" 8-1998, tr, 74, 74 (15) Huong Udc Nam Bong (1920), tr 20 (5), Hudng Udc Tay Ho (1920), tr, (16) Huong Udc Nam Bong (1920), tr 20 (6) HUdng udc Noi Chau (1920), tr, 3, (17), Huong Udc Thinh Quang (1921), tr 19 • (7), HUdng Udc thdn Hao Nam, xa Thinh Hao (18) Huong Udc Ngi Chdu (1920), tr 28, (1924), tr 4, (19) Huong Udc Nhdt Tdn (1920), tr 23 (8) Huong Udc Qudng Bd (1921), tr (9), Theo each tinh cua Phillipe Papin, vdi (20), Huong Udc Khuong ThUOng (1933), tr 22- (21), Huong Udc Khuong ThUOng (1933), tr 40- 24, trudng hdp Ha Ndi, cut mdt dan dinh ndi tich dUdc k6m thed ngUdi, Ifi mdt vd, hai con, mot cha, mot me, Vi vay, so lUdng dan dinh trung binh cua mdt 41, lang b i n g 1/6 td'ng so' dan lang Xem Philippe (22) Huang Udc KhUOng ThUOng (1933), tr 42, Papin: Su thay ddi hUdng nghien ctiu lich sd ldng (23), Huong Udc PhucXd (1923), tr 16, (24), Huong Udc PhucXd (1923), tr 16 xd (ta vl md de'n vi md) - Mgt so' ggi y, Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sd, so' 6, 1996, chu thich 17, tr (25) Huang Udc Nhdt Tdn, 1920, tr 26 66 Theo each tinh dd, Giang Vu \k IJing n h a t cd s d d a n dinh hdn 500 ngudi (td'ng so dan cua lang (26) Huong Udc Nam Bong (1920), tr 24 (27) Huong Udc Nhdt Tdn (1920), tr 30 Giang Vu n i m 1927 la 4185 ngUdi - Theo Nguyin (28), Huang Udc PhucXd Vfin U l n : Hd Ngi niia ddu the ky XX, Tap 1, Tap (29) Huong Udc Thinh Quang (1921), tr 18 3, Nxb, Hfi Ndi, 1995), (30) Huong Udc Nggc Xuyen (1924), tr 25, (10), HUdng Udc KhUdng ThUdng (1933), tr, 8, (11), HUdng Udc Xa Dfin (1933), tr, 7, (1923), tr 27, (31), Thdng tU so' 281 26-2-1927 eua Thd'ng sii Bfie Ky, Vien s i hoc, Ndng dd vd ndng (12) Hudng Udc Lang Yen (1938), tr, 18 thon Viet Nam thdi can dgi, T l , Nxb, Khoa hoc xa (13) HUdng ude Lang Yon (i938), tr 18, 19 hdi, Ha Ndi, 1990, tr, 277, ... quyen ci'p tren Tfl nhflng ngi dung da dfldc phan anh qua hfldng fldc cai Ifldng cua huyen Hoan Long, cd the rut mgt so n h i n xet nhfl sau: Tha nhdt, thong qua nhflng ban hfldng fldc cai Ifldng