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Bài viết nghiên cứu nền chuyên chính dân chủ cách mạng Jacobin thông qua nghiên cứu tính triệt để và tiến bộ của cách mạng Tư sản Pháp được thể hiện rõ nét ở việc giải quyết các nhiệm vụ dân tộc và dân chủ suốt tiến trình của cách mạng từ 1789 đến 1799.
NEN CHUYEN CHINH DAN CHL) CACH MANG JACOBIN DINH CAO CUA CACH MANG PHAP DO THANH BINH NGUVilN THI HUYEN SAM" C ach m a n g tU s a n P h a p cuo'i the' ki XVIII da de lai da'u an sau sac lich sil the' gidi t r o n g suo't the ki XIX, dau the ki XX va da thiic tinh liJc lUdng dan chu, tien be diing len chong che phong kien c h u y e n che va che thiic dan Day la cuoc each m a n g tU san co a n h hUdng rong 16n, co y n g h i a quo'c te 16n lao Anh huong duoc t a o r a hai chinh tinh triet de va tien bo cua no ma khong mot cuoc each m a n g tu s a n n a o dien trvr6c va sau CO the d a t dUdc T i n h triet de va tien bo ciia Cach m;ing t u s a n P h a p dUdc the hien ro net cl viec giai quyet cac n h i e m vu dan toe va d a n chii t r o n g suo't lien t r i n h ciia each m a n g tii 1789 den 1799, dac biet la giai doan ciim quyen ciia p h a i Jacobin (tii 2-6-1793 den n g a y 27-7-1794) Ke tii sau each m a n g b u n g no 14-7-1789 don tru6c 2-6-1793, Cach mang P h a p da t r a i q u a hai giai doan gan lien v6i vai tro cua p h a i dai tU s a n lap hien va phai Gironde O t r o n g h a i giai doan nay, nhOng n h i e m vu cO b a n cua mgt cu(5c each m a n g t u s a n da dUdc giai quye't Do la viec t h u tieu che phong kien chuyen che', dac quyen ciia giao hgi, n h a thd, thiet lap nen q u a n chu lap hien (Hien ph,ap 1791) va nen cong hoa (Tuyen bo' ciia Hiep hgi Dan tgc 21-9-1792), xoa bo che sci hUu ruong da't phong kien, thiet lap che tU hUu ruong da't cho giai cap tU san Nguy cd xam lUdc ciia cac the liic p h o n g kien ben ngoai bu6c dau bi day liii (cuo'i n a m 1792) Tuy nhien, vice giai quyet nhUng nhiem vu dan tgc va dan chti neu tren van chifa thoa man yeu cau ciia cac t a n g 16p qufin c h u n g nhtin dan P h a p Van de ruong da't chUa dUdc giai quyet cho nong dan, gia ca cac mat h a n g n h u ye'u p h a m gia t a n g (1) a n h hUdng triic tiep den ddi song kho k h a n cua nong dan va binh d a n t h a n h thi T h e m vao do, each m a n g P h a p va chu quyen cua nUtfic P h a p bi lam nguy lien m i n h cho'ng P h a p dUdc h i n h t h a n h (dau n a m 1793) (2) Trong h o a n canh do, q u a n chiing d Paris da noi day khoi nghia 31-5-1793, doi bat nhUng ngUdi ciia phai Girondc va bao • GS, TS, Khoa Lich sti - TrUdng Dai hoc Su pham Ha Ngi '" TS Khoa Lich sii - TrUting Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi 32 vay Hiep hgi Dan toe 2-6-1793, bat giam cac nghi si va bo trUdng thugc phai Gironde Sau hai sU kien nay, chinh quyen each mang chuyen vao tay phai Jacobin Len nam chinh quyen tinh hinh kho khan nhu vay, phai Jacobin da thiic hien hang loat cac chinh sach de thie't lap va giU vOng nen chuyen chinh ciia minh Thd nhdt, phdi Jacobin dd gidi quyet vdn de rudng ddt cho nong ddn, dn dinh ddi sd'ng eua tdng Idp binh ddn d thdnh thi Thiic te nam 1789, d Phap nong dan chiem 80% dan so', nhUng chi chiem khoang 30% ruong da't (3) Tuy nhien, len nfim quyen sau sU kien pha nguc Bastille, phai dai tu san lap hien m6i chi thong qua cac phap Ipnh xoa bo dac quyen phong kien, budc ddu giai quyet van de ruong dat, song khong CO Idi cho nong dan TiX de'n 11-8-1789, Quo'c hgi lap hien thong qua phap lenh xoa bo tap thue, dia to phong kien do'i vdi nong dan, nhung vdi dieu kien nong dan phai bo tien chugc mdi dUdc hudng nhQng quyen Idi do, ngUdc lai ne'u nong dan khong cd tien chugc van tiep tuc phai nop thue va chiu cac nghia vu phong kien (4) Dong thdi, Quo'c hgi lap hien ciing quyet dinh tich thu ruong da't ciia nha thd chia nhung manh Idn gan nd cho cac nha tu ban tai chinh (5) Khi phai Gironde cam quyen, nong dan van khong cd ruong da't Thang 8-1792, Hiep hgi Dan tgc da thong qua sac lenh chia da't dai ciia qui tgc di cU ban cho nong dan, nhUng tat ca deu khong dUdc thUc hien (6) Xuat phat til nhan thiic vai trd quan trgng cua quan chiing, nha't la nong dan do'i vdi each mang, phai Jacobin da van dgng, tap hdp hg bang viec ban hanh cac sac lenh lien quan den van de ruong da't Chi hai sau len nam quyen, phai Jacobin c6 anh hUdng Idn Hiep hgi Dan tgc da thdng qua sac Rghien ciJru Lich sii' so 12.2009 lenh 3-6-1793, qui dinh chia da't tich thu cua qui tgc di cU, ciia hoang gia va cua giao hgi, nhieu manh nhd va ban cho nong dan khong cd hoac cd ra't it ruong da't theo phUdng thiic tra dan 10 nam (7) Sac lenh cdn qui dinh chia cho moi ban ndng mgt acpen (gan niia ha) so' dat dai ciia qui tgc di cU ne'u ndi dd khong cd cong dien Sac lenh 10-6-1793 qui dinh nhiing ruong da't cong da bi qui tgc cUdp doat vdng 20 nam trd lai deu dUdc la'y lai va chia cho ndng dan va dieu chinh de moi ngUdi cd mgt manh rudng bang (8) Ben canh dd, phai Jacobin cdn ban hanh sSc lenh 17-7-1793, xda bd cac dac quyen phong kien, ndng dan dUdc giai phdng khdi mgi thii thue ddng gdp cho qui tgc ma khong phai boi thUdng Cac khe Udc cac van tU phong kien bi dd't, viec tang trii cac giay td dd bi coi la tgi nang, cd the bi tii khd' sai (9) Ngoai ra, phai Jacobin cdn thiic hien qui dinh gia to'i da dd'i vdi cac mat hang thie't yeu, nham han che gian thudng dau cd va d'n dinh ddi sd'ng cho binh dan thi Ta't ca nhiing chinh sach dUdc thdng qua hai thang va chi mgt thdi gian ngan Jacobin da lam dUdc mgt viec ma may nam cac phai dai tU san lap hien va Gironde khdng lam dUdc nen da dUa each mang Phap len den dinh cao Nhiing chinh sach da pha hoai tan gd'c che phong kien, bien tang Idp ndng dan trUdc phu thudc vao phong kien nhiing ngUdi tieu tu hiiu tU va thie't lap che kinh te tieu ndng, nd tao nhiing dieu kien thuan lgi cho sU phat trien tU ban chu nghia d nudc Phap Chinh sach rugng da't ciia Jacobin la triet de nha't lich sii cac cuoc each mang tU san Tang Idp tieu ndng ddng dao chinh sach dd tao da trcl thanh tri viing chac cho nUdc Phap Ren chuyen chinh dan chii each mang Jacobin each m a n g , t h a n h lUc lUdng s a n g tao nhiing chien cdng h u y h o a n g cho cudc chien t r a n h bao ve To' qud'c n h i i n g n a m 17931794 ThU hai, phdi Jacobin dd xay dUng ditoc cd sd phdp li de thUc hien nen ddn chu Dd la viec p h a i J a c o b i n da soan t h a o va thdng qua Hien p h a p (24-6-1793) Mac dii chi chuan bi t u a n le, nhUng Hien p h a p 1793 thiic sU la b a n Hien p h a p d a n chii nha't thdi can dai TrUdc Hien p h a p 1793 da cd ban T u y e n ngdn N h a n quyen va Dan quyen Sieyes (1748-1836) soan thao, chfnh thiic dUdc cdng bd' n g a y 26-8-1789 Tuyen ngdn chi ro muc dich ciia xa hdi la vi h a n h phiic c h u n g va chinh p h u cd nghia vu phai d a m bao n h i i n g quyen tii nhien va khdng t h e x a m p h a m , dd la quyen tU do, binh dang, a n n i n h va tU hufu Dong thdi, cdng d a n dUdc q u y e n tU tin ngUdng, lao dgng, ngdn l u a n , kien nghi (10) Rd rang, ngi d u n g cd b a n cua Hien p h a p 1793 la sU k h a n g dinh n h i i n g ndi d u n g cua Tuyen ngdn N h a n q u y e n va D a n quyen, chi rd muc dich cua xa hdi la h a n h phiic chung, nha nUdc p h a i d a m bao cho ngUdi nhQng quyen t u i i h i e n , ba't k h a xam p h a m , n h u quyen tii do, binh dang, an ninh, lao ddng, tu tin ngudng, quyen t u hQu, t h a m chi ca quyen khdi n g h i a chdng ap bQc, p h a n ddi chinh quyen Day dUdc coi la quyen thieng lieng ciia ngUdi (11) Vdi Hien phap mdi, Qudc hdi lap p h a p - cd q u a n tdi cao cua n e n cdng hda dUdc t h a n h lap Nd dUdc b a u r a h a n g n a m theo che phd thdng d a u p h i e u triic tie'p, ta't ca cac cdng dan tQ 21 tud'i trd len deu dUdc di bau Qud'c hgi lap p h a p b a u mdt Hgi dong cha'p chinh gom 24 uy vien, h a n g n a m 1/2 sdiiy vien dUdc b a u lai (12) NhU vay, Hien p h a p 1793, k h d n g chQa d u n g nhQng ndi dung mdi me m a chi la sii ke thQa T u y e n 33 ngdn N h a n quyen va Dan quyen 1789 Tuy nhien, cac quyen cua ngUdi se v i n mai mai la t r e n gia'y td ne'u khdng xay diing dUdc cd che p h a p li (quan trgng n h a t la hien phap) de thiic hien nd Dieu da dUdc m i n h chQng ra't rd bdi sU mau thuSn giQa ndi d u n g cua Tuyen ngdn N h a n quyen va D a n quyen 1789 vdi ndi dung cua Hien p h a p 1791 Hien p h a p 1791 qui dinh che bau cQ theo tai san, theo dd n a m gidi 25 tuoi trd len cd tai san la "cdng dan tich ciic" cd quyen b a u cii, nhQng cdng dan khdng cd tai san la "cdng d a n tieu ciic", khdng cd quyen b a u cQ (13) Do dd, Hien p h a p 1791 da tudc doat quyen b a u cU, quyen hinh dang cua nhQng ngUdi ngheo xa hgi So vdi Hien p h a p 1791, Hien p h a p 1793 d a n h da'u budc p h a t trien cao hdn, each m a n g hdn tien t r i n h each m a n g tU san P h a p vdi viec tuyen bd' tritdc the gidi nhQng n g u y e n tac tii va dan chu ciia mgt nen d a n chii tU san tien bg hdn han Mac du cd n h i e u diem tien bd, nhUng Hien p h a p 1793 k h d n g dUdc thi h a n h Tuy nhien, viec t h d n g qua Hien p h a p van la mgt quye't dinh het sQc sang sud't ciia chinh quyen Jacobin hoan canh dac bigt cua nudc P h a p : nen cdng hda dang bi nguy kich trUdc sii ca'u ke't ciia t h u trong, giac ngoai, n h a m bop chet nUdc P h a p each mang Thit ba, phdi Jacobin dd xay dUng dUdc mgt he thd'ng chuyen chinh ddn chu cdch mang t r u n g Udng, quyen liic cua Hiep hdi Dan tdc b a t d a u dudc t a n g cUdng tQ t h a n g 7-1793 vdi tU each vQa la cd quan lap p h a p , vQa la cd q u a n h a n h chinh Cd q u a n dieu h a n h cd chQc n a n g nhU mdt chinh phu gom 21 uy ban, q u a n trgng nha't la Uy ban An n i n h , gom 12 ngUdi deu la t h a n h vien cua Hiep hgi D a n tgc (14) Day la cd q u a n ca'p dudi cua Hiep hdi D a n tdc - cd quyen 34 liic quan sii, ngoai giao, hanh chinh dong thdi cd nhiem vu tran ap bgn phan ddng, lap lUc lUdng vu trang nhan dan, tang cUdng nen chuyen chinh each mang O dia phUdng, ngoai cac td chQc Cdng xa each mang, iiy ban each mang, cdn cd Cau lac bg Jacobin va Hiep hdi nhan dan d cac dia phUdng (15) Day la cac to chQc cd sQ tham gia ddng dao ciia quSn chung nhan dan Qua dd cho tha'y td chQc bd may chinh quyen Jacobin diia vQng chac vao cac td chQc quan chung ma nhQng ngQdi Jacobin cd vai trd dac biet quan trgng Cac chu tritdng, dii luat, cac bien phap chinh tri deu dUdc thao luan cac Cau lac bg Jacobin, Cdng xa each mang, Hiep hgi nhan dan dia phUdng trUdc dUa Hiep hgi Dan tdc xem xet Cu the, quan chung cd the dUa y kien vo dudng Id'i, chinh sach thdng qua cac uy ban each mang gdm 12 ngudi nhan dan bau d cac dia phUdng NgUdc lai, cac dao luat, sac lenh cua Hiep hdi Dan tgc cd the nhanh chdng dUdc trien khai thiic hien d tQng ddn vi hanh chinh nhd nha't Khi nghien cQu, danh gia nhQng qua ciia phai Jacobin, nha sii hgc Mi Isser Woloch - chuyen gia nghien cQu ve lich sii chau Au va Phap thdi can dai da cho rang: "cdc cdu lac bg Jacobin dd trd thdnh dia diem sinh hoat chinh tri thich hdp cho sU tham gia cua nhitng ngUdi ddn thudng "tieu cUc" nhU: thd thu cong, thiiy thu, nghe si, ngUdi buon bdn nhd, vidn chitc vd binh linh" (16) Chinh mdi lien he giQa Hiep hgi Dan tgc va chinh quyen Jacobin vdi nhan dan, dong thdi viec nhan dan iing hg chinh phu each mang la ngudn dgng lUc chu yeu, la cd sd cho dieu kien tdn tai ciia non chuyen chinh dan chii each mang Vao giQa nam 1793, cac the liic phan each mang cua phai bao hoang va Gironde dang cang tang Rghien cmi Lich siir, so 12.2009 cUdng hoat dong, cac cuoc am sat nhQng ngudi each mang xay lien tiep: 137-1793, Marat, mgt nhQng nha hoat dgng xua't sac ciia cau lac bd Jacobin bi giet tai nha minh, sau, Thi trudng Cdng xa Lydng cung bi sat hai (17) Dap lai nhQng hanh dgng dd, Hiep hgi Dan tgc dUdi sii lanh dao ciia Jacobin da thdng qua mdt loat sac lenh tang cUdng dan ap bgn phan each mang Dd la viec 17-9, Hiep hdi Dan tgc ban hanh Dao luat "Ke tinh nghi" (18), sac lenh bat va kiem tra nhQng phan tii kha nghi Theo dd, Hoang hau Marie Antoinette, 21 lanh tu ciia phai Gironde cung nhieu ten phan ddng khac bi xQ tu, tai san bi tich thu (19) Bgn gian thUdng, dau cd, deu bi dUa tda Cac tda an each mang deu dUdc to chQc lai, qua trinh xii an dUdc rut ggn hdn nham giai quyet nhanh chdng nhQng trUdng hdp pham tgi Diia vao chinh quyen nhan dan, nen chuyen chinh dan chii Jacobin da dap tan ve cd ban liic lUdng phan ddng nUdc, tao didu kien thuan Idi cho chien thang ngoai mat tran De bao ve each mang, danh bai cac cudc can thigp ciia phong kie'n Ao - Phd' va ca tU san Anh, Uy ban CQu qud'c lap trUdc khdi nghia dUdc cai td', Robespierre triic tiep lanh dao va thi hanh nhQng bien phap kien quye't Ngay 23-8-1793 theo de nghi cua Uy ban CQu qud'c, Hiep hgi Dan tgc thdng qua sac lenh to'ng ddng vien toan qudc Chi ddt ddng vien dau tien, 42 van ngUdi tinh nguyen tdng quan Dau nam 1794, cd tdi 60 van ngiidi vdi 14 dao quan dUdc trang hi td't, nhQng tQdng tre trUdng each mang chi huy Ngoai mat tran, cac chien sT hang hai chien da'u (20) Cho den 12-1793, quan dich d Ren chuyen chinh dan chii each mang Jacobin khap ndi deu bi danh bat khdi bien gidi cila nUdc Phap Gang Tuldng dudc giai phdng khdi quan Anh (19-12-1793) Quan Ao cung tan Andat thoat khdi tay quan ddi Phd - Ao Quan thu bi quet sach khdi nUdc Phap Toan bg chau Au bi kinh ngac ve ki tich ciia quan ddi Phap Tuy nhien, de giQ vQng nen dan chu chuyen chinh ciia minh, phai Jacobin, dudi sU lanh dao ciia Robespierre da thiic hien chinh sach chuyen chinh mang tinh cue doan, ma thudng bi phe phan la khiing bd' Dieu dUdc the hien d sd' lUdng ngUdi bi xii tii vdng khoang 45 trUdc dien cudc chinh bien Thermidor (27-71794) len den 1376 ngUdi, trung binh mdi tuan la 196 ngUdi (21) Day la nguyen nhan cd ban lam cho ngi bg Jacobin bi phan hda va chinh quyen Jacobin du cd nhieu chinh sach tien bd, song cung khdng the tdn tai dUdc lau Han che la khd tranh khdi, dung nhu nhan xet cua nha nghien cQu ngUdi Phap R Levasseur: "Khdng lgi di 35 md tudng thdnh lap mgt nen thdng tri khung bd, md nd dUdc hinh thdnh mgt cdch tu nhien sdc mgnh cua hodn cdnh dUa ddy; khong cd y chi cua mgt cd nhdn ndo ddn dgc td chdc de hinh thdnh nd, nhUng y chi cua mdi mgt cd nhdn deu dd ddng gop sau nd dd xudt hien" (22) Mac du cd nhQng han che, song van phai khang dinh rang, viec xay diing nen chuyen chinh dUa vao quan chung nhan dan cua Jacobin chinh la cd sd cho sQ ton tai va thiic hien cac chinh sach tien bg ciia hg Nhu vay, dieu kien hoan canh dac biet ciia nUdc Phap each mang vao nam 1793, vdi sii cam quyen ciia phai Jacobin, nhQng nhiem vu dan tdc va dan chu cua mgt cudc each mang tU san da dUdc giai quyet triet de nha't khdng chi ddi vdi tien trinh ciia each mang Phap, danh da'u budc phat trien len den dinh cao cua each mang, ma cdn the hien tinh tie'n bd, dien hinh ciia Cach mang Phap sii ddi sanh vdi cac cudc each mang tU san thdi ki can dai CHU THICH chien va Anh vdi muc dfch la lien minh ta't ca cac quoc tranh vdi phong kie'n Ao - Pho, lam cho nen tai gia chau Au de cung dan ap cuoc each mang Phap, chi'nh Phap kiet que De giai quye't kho khan ve tai phuc hoi nen quan chti, qua d6 lap lai trat tU chinh, thay vi viec d a n h thue nang vao giai ca'p, phong kien d chau Au, (1) Chinh quyen Gironde tien h a n h t i n g Idp giau CO xa hoi, chinh quyen Gironde (3), (12), Gxvynne Lewis, The People and the lai phat h a n h so Iildng qua Idn trai phieu lay tai French san cua giao hoi de gan nd Hau qua la dong tien http://www,Warwick.acuk/fac/arts/History/teachin ma't gia (tinh de'n t h a n g 1-1793, tien ma't gia tdi g/french-rev/people,html#top 50%), lam cho gia lUdng thiic va hang tieu dung thie't ye'u t a n g vot Them vao la hoat dong dau cd tich trtJ ctia bon gian thUdng cang lam cho cac mat h a n g trd nen k h a n hiem (2) 2-1793, Lien minh chong P h a p gom Ao Pho, Tay Ban Nha, Bo Dao Nha, Sardegna, Napoli Revolution, (4) National Assembly of France, The Decree Abolishing the Feudal System, August 11, •''''S9 http://historv.hanover.edu/text£/aboIfeud,html ()(em tiep trang 47) Xung quanh chuyen di ciia Pierre Poivre (42) Louis Malleret, d'etablissement Une siecle Les vues de I'Amiral Georges Taboulet, Indoehine tentative en Indoehine francais La ignoree au d'Estaing geste 47 XVIIIe Da d i n Francaise Poivre" Charles Maybon, Histoire (1592-1820) moderne du (47) Lduis Malleret, dans ilndo-Pacifique en Indoehine Southeast Asia-An Une tentative en Indoehine ignoree au d'Estaing XVIIIe Da dan, p, 57, (48), Mascareignes BEFEO, vol 53, N° 2, 1967, pp, 453-512, Georges Taboulet, La geste Francaise francais siecle Les vues de I'Amiral p 170, ndte (45) Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, Pierre Poivre et francaise Osborne, History Ninth edition, Allen&Unwin, d'etablissement (43) "une preuve de plus de la perspicacite de I'expansion Milton Australia, 2004, pp, 41-43, en p 146 Pays d'Annam (46) Introductory nam Madeleine Ly-Tio-Fane, I'expansion francaise d An De Pierre dans Dudng Poivre I'Indo et Pacifique BEFEO, vol 53, N" 2, 1967, p, 472, (49) poivre (m) tie'ng Phap la hgt (ho) pp tieu (= pepper tieng Anh) 153-154 NEN CHUYEN CHINH DAN CHU CACH MANG JACOBIN (Tiep tlieo tran^ 35) (5), (7), (8), (9), (11), (20), Luu To XUdng, trung vd tieu tU sdn, ve sau thdnh phdn tham gia Quang N h a n Hong, H a n Thiia Van, Lich sii the vd tu tudng khd phUc tgp, cd chi nhanh d hau khdp giai thai can dgi (1640-1900), tap 3, Nxb, T h a n h cd nUUc vdi hon 3.000 chi bg; Hiep hgi nhdn ddn Id Ho Chi Mmh, 2002, tr 258-259, 299, 299, 300, 16 chUc gido due chinh tri do'i vdi qudn chung, Id ncti dien lat cd cdc cuoc thdo ludn nhUng vdn de 301-302, 309 chinh tri quan (6) The National Convention, Proclamation the Convention to the Nations, December of 1792, http://history.hanover.edtL/texts/natcdn, html (10) Natidnal Assembly of France, of the Rights of Man-1789, edu / 18th_century / http://avalon.law.yale 1791, http://www,fdrd Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, T h a n h pho' Skocpol Unshackled: and The Meyer French Revolution University of and the Birth California Press, of Modernity, http://www,es and=ucpress Hippolyte Revolution, A Taine, The French Volume (of 3), eBddk, http/www.gu tenberg.drg (18), Dad luat qui dinh ve viec co the bat giam Ho Chi Minh, 2006, tr, 114, 118, (15), Uy ban cdch mgng dUdc thdnh lap a khdp cong xd cdc dia phuang French (17), (14), (21) Dan theo Dang T h a n h Tinh, Lich sii cdc dia phuang, Theda cholarship,org/editions/view?docId=ft2h4nblh9;br ham.edu/halsall/mod/lect/modll.html nUdc Phdp, theo Mars Revdlution in World-Historical Perspective, The Declaration rightsofasp (13), French Constitution (16), Ddn Kestnbaum, bau nham tap hgp, tdchUc qudn chung nhdn ddn tham va xet xii do'i vdi nhQng ngUdi bi tinh nghi bdi mot toa an dUdc t h a n h lap va xet xQ ra't nhanh, (19), (22), Norman Hampson, Dgi cdch mgng gia vdo nhUng cuoc ddu tranh chinh tri; Cdu tgc bg Phdp, Nxb Van hoa Thdng tin Ha Noi, 2004, tr Jacobin vdi thdnh phdn 231 chii ye'u ban dau gom ... toe 2-6 -1 793, bat giam cac nghi si va bo trUdng thugc phai Gironde Sau hai sU kien nay, chinh quyen each mang chuyen vao tay phai Jacobin Len nam chinh quyen tinh hinh kho khan nhu vay, phai Jacobin. .. (20) Cho den 1 2-1 793, quan dich d Ren chuyen chinh dan chii each mang Jacobin khap ndi deu bi danh bat khdi bien gidi cila nUdc Phap Gang Tuldng dudc giai phdng khdi quan Anh (1 9-1 2-1 793) Quan... 17931794 ThU hai, phdi Jacobin dd xay dUng ditoc cd sd phdp li de thUc hien nen ddn chu Dd la viec p h a i J a c o b i n da soan t h a o va thdng qua Hien p h a p (2 4-6 -1 793) Mac dii chi chuan