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Bài viết nghiên cứu tình hình Phi-líp-pin và toàn cầu hoá lần đầu tiên thông qua nội thương, ngoại thương, kinh tế, xã hội và cả những chính sách ngoại giao, hợp tác kinh tế của Phi-líp-pin thời bấy giờ. Để nắm chi tiết nội dung nghiên cứu mời các bạn cùng tham khảo bài viết.
PHI Lip PIN VA TOAN CAU HOA LAN DAU TIEN ARTURO GIRALDEZ' N am 1615 Cervantes cho xua't ban phan II cud'n Don Ki-ho-te De La Mancha va Idi tQa danh tang cho Ba tudc Le-md't dng da viet: "NgUdi da the hien sQ mong moi Ngai nhat chinh la vi hoang de vi dai cua Trung Hoa, bdi vi each day mdt thang, dng ta da viet cho tdi mgt bQc thu b i n g tieng Trung Hoa va phai mgt ngUdi dUa thU mang tdi yeu cau tdi, ndi dung hdn la cau khan tdi gUi cho Ngai vi dng ta muo'n lap mdt trUdng hgc ma d dd ngUdi ta dgc bang tie'ng Tay Ban Nha va mud'n rang cudn sach ma ngUdi ta dgc se la cud'n truygn ve Ddn Kihd-te Y tudng cua Cervantes sii dung cud'n Kihd-te lam sach giao khoa da dUdc thiic hien tai cac trUdng ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha Cac giao vien chau Au da cd cud'n Lich sit nhdng dieu ddng lUu y nhdt, cac nghi le va tap quan ciia Dai Vudng qud'c Trung hoa cua Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza xuat ban nam 1585 va cho tdi cud'i the ky dd da dUdc dich ba mUdi ngdn ngQ chau Au NhQng sach tham khao va van hgc da chi r i n g vao the ky XVI nhQng ngUdi chau Au da y thQc mgt each rat nhay ben tam quan trgng cua Trung Hoa dia kinh te ciia, thdi ky dd Trudc the ky XVI, vao thdi Trung cd ngUdi ta cdn chUa biet de'n viec budn ban ciia De qud'c La-ma vdi An Do thi Trung hoa va chau A ndi chung da hien dien d chau Au de che Mdng Co thie't lap quyen kiem soat Con dUdng td lua Vi du, nam 1246, sQ gia cua Giao hoang Juan de Piano Carpini da tdi trieu dinh Mdng cd va nam 1253, cha William de Rubruck da dudc cii lam Dai sQ ciia vua Phap trUdc chau ciia Thanh Cat Tu Han de lap mdt lien minh cho'ng lai ke thu chung Hdi giao Tuy nhien, IQ khach dUdc biet den nhieu nha't thdi Trung cd chinh la Marco Polo, ngQdi ma cau chuyen ve chuyen di vdng quanh Trai dat ciia ong vao cud'i the ky XIII theo cac tuyen thUdng mai Au-A da trd ngudn cam hQng cho khat vgng cua Cristobal Coldn Cac tuyen dUdng bg va dUdng thiiy cua chau Phi, chau A va chau Au la ndi lUu thdng hang hda, kie'n thQc va y tUdng Ngoai ra, chung cdn la dudng quan trgng de trao ddi thUc vat, dgng vat va m I m benh Cac mdi quan he qua lai sau hang the ky da tao mot thUc the vi khuan lam cho cU dan cl ca ba chau luc cd dUdc sQc de khang miln dich vdi mgt sd benh Tren thiic te, vao cuo'i thdi Trung cd, d chau Au da xay "tran dich Den", hSu • GS TrUdng Qud'c te hgc - Dai hgc Thai Binh Dudng (California-Hoa Ky) Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien qua cua sU lan truyen vi khuan theo cac dudng Au-A Sd ngUdi chet qua nhieu vao the ky XIV da gay nhQng hau qua dia chfnh tri rat quan trgng bdi vi ngUdi ta chd la nd danh da'u cham het cho De qud'c Mdng Cd, thiet lap trieu nha Minh d Trung Hoa va la cd hdi dia chfnh tri de cung cd'cac nha nUdc ma cac de qud'c chau Au da lap Rd rang r i n g viec nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha den An Do Dudng va Thai Binh DUdng lap nen cen dUdng Mui Hao Vgng va dat nen tang cho cac de qudc tUdng lai la Bd Dao Nha, Ha Lan va Ajih NhUng nhQng ngUdi mdi den da gap nhQng nen kinh te cdn manh hdn ca cac nen kinh te chau Au va hg da tham gia vao mang lUdi trao ddi thudng mai dUdc thiet lap nhieu the ky ma dd hg da khdng thUc hien dudc vai trd ba chu cho den tan the ky XIX Mgt bien ddi Idn lich sQ nhan loai (Citar Crosby va Pleistocene) la viec Coldn den dUdc chau My va nhanh chdng chinh phuc Me-hi-cd va de che Inca Vice chinh phuc chau My la ket qua cua hai yeu td cd ban: thQ nhat la cudc each mang quan sU dUdc b i t d i u tQ cudc chien tranh Granada chd'ng lai nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao va quan trgng hdn nQa la cai ggi la "sU trao ddi cua Co-long" NhQng can benh ma nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha va chau Phi mang tdi The gidi Mdi (chau My) da gay nhQng hau qua vd cung tan khd'c cho cac de che At-teca (]VIe-hi-cd) va Inca (Pe-ru) TrUdng hdp cua Me-hi-cd, benh dau mua da lan rdng quan linh bad ve Tenochtitlan va da lam tan sU chd'ng cU cua quan At-teca trudc cac ddi quan cua Hernan Cortes Khi Francisco Pizarro b i t sd'ng Hoang de cua Inca la Atahualpa thi Pe-ru da chiu nhQng tran dich b i t ngudn tQ sQ hien dien cua nhQng ngUdi di chinh phuc Mdt sd Idn 55 dan da dd chet sau dd la hau qua cua mdi quan he qua lai giQa cac benh tat mdi va cu sdc sU pha huy cua nen kinh te va cac td chQc xa hgi ciia thd dan Ngoai benh tat, nhQng ngudi di chinh phuc cdn mang den chau My cac loai dgng vat va thilc vat mdi Se khdng the hieu ndi sii tie'n hda cua lich sQ chau My neu nhU khdng cd ngUa, bd, cQu, mia dudng, bdng vai, lua my, cay cd mui va rat nhieu cac loai khac Su "trao ddi cua Cd-ldng" da cd the thUc hien vi tQ nam 711, ban dao Iberia da dUdc phUdng Tay ggi la sU "trao ddi ciia cdc Abasidas" (vUdng trieu Hdi giao) ma nhieu the ky sau dd da tie'p tuc xuyen qua Dai Tay Dudng va chuyen di dau tien vdng quanh the gidi xuyen qua Thai Binh Dudng vdi sU "trao ddi ciia Magallanes" Ddng thdi vdi cac loai dgng, thUc vat va vi sinh vat mdi den chau My, cac gid'ng cua chau My nhu khoai lang, ngd, lac, khoai tay, ca cao, dt cay, thud'c la va rat nhieu san pham khac da anh hudng mdt each cd ban den dan cU cua chau Phi, chau A va chau Au Tiep theo sU chinh phuc chau My, the gidi tiep tuc thay ddi thdng qua viec budn ban cac kim loai quy cua chau My Cu the la, bac cua Me-hi-cd va Pe-ru: nhQng nam tQ 1500 den 1800, chau My san xuat khoang 80% bac cua the gidi Cung nhU Colong va cac nha di bien sau nay, hg da sii dung cac kien thQc cdng nghe va dia ly dUdc tich luy nghe danh ca va di bien cua vung Dia Trung Hai va Dai Tay DUdng Tay Ban Nha cQng da tiep thu dUdc cdng nghe tu cac me bac ciia DQc va cac vung md khac cua Trung Au, cu the la khai thae kim loai quy thdng qua viec pha trdn vdi thuy ngan Rat may cho de che Tay Ban Nha la cac md'thuy ngan cd trQ lUdng Idn nhat the gidi lai n i m d Huancavehca (Pe-ru) va Almaden (Tay Ban Nha) Ngeai cac vua 56 Tay Ban Nha cdn dudc khai thae md Idria n i m tren vung dat thugc Ao (nay thudc Slovenia) Trong cac the ky XVI, XVII va XVIII, de che Tay Ban Nha da tQng la nha san xuat bac Idn tren the gidi Theo nha sii hgc Carlo Cipolla: TrQ cac trao ddi giQa Me-hi-cd va Philip-pin, thUdng mai the gidi the ky XVI va XVII cd the ta mgt each tdm tat nhu sau: mgt lUdng bac Idn dUdc due tien xu hoac thdi dUdc chuyen tQ Me-hi-cd va Pe-ru ve Tay Ban Nha va tQ dd tda di cac nUdc chau Au TQ chau Au, phan Idn so'bac lai dich chuyen sang phUdng Ddng de rdi n i m lai d An Do va Trung Hoa Theo chieu ngUdc lai, mdt lUdng cac san pham ciia chau Au dUdc chuyen sang chau My Su xua't hien tQ the ky XVI ciia mgt thi trUdng toan cau ve hang hda tien te (vang, bac, ddng va cauri (nhQng manh vd dc dung lam tien te)) da ve nen mgt tUdng lai day y nghia ve sii trdi day ciia xa hgi toan cau Trong cac cauri ciia Maldivas dUdc chd tdi Lisbon va Luan Ddn, ddng ciia Nhat Ban lai canh tranh vdi ddng Thuy Dien tai Am-xtec-dam NhUng kim loai chii chdt cac he thd'ng tien te thdi hien dai lai la bac Nha Minh la de che can nhieu bac nha't tren thi trUdng the gidi Ly Trung Hoa phai dat he thd'ng tien te cua minh tren cd sd la bac la %•! sU sup dd ddng tien giay ciia nha Minh vao giQa the ky XV, tiep theo viec ap dung kieu thud dUdc ggi la "nhat roi nhat", dd thue dUdc Cling cd' b i n g each ddng mgt l i n nhat va phai nop b i n g bac tring CQ cho r i n g Trung Hoa chiem 1/4 dan so' the gidi vao the ky XVI (hdn 100.000.000 ngUdi) thi cai ggi la "the'ky cda bgc" theo Idi cua Richard Von Glahn, da cd nhQng anh hudng Idn tren pham vi tean cau Duarte Gomes de Solis, mgt thudng gia ngUdi Bd Dao Nha da Rghien cmi Lich sit s612.2009 viet vao giQa the ky XVII rang: "Trung Hoa, ndi ngUdi ta xudt bgc sang nhieu nhdt vi bgc d day cao gid nhdt, bgc chay ve dd nhu ve trung tdm cua minh bdi vi tdt cd bgc tren trdi dd't deu hdnh hUctng ve day" Sii chenh lech ve gia tri ciia bac tai chau Au va Trung Hoa da k h i n g dinh dieu dd TQ nam 1592 den giQa the ky XVII vang da dUdc trao ddi b i n g bac d Quang Ddng theo ty le 1/5,5, dd tai Tay Ban Nha ty le la 1/12,5-hoac 1/14 "dieu dd chQng minh ring gia tri cua bac d Trung Hoa cao gap ddi so vdi d Tay Ban Nha" Trdng mang ludi trao ddi toan cau nay, Phi-lip-pin da trd ciu nd'i triic tiep giQa nha Minh va cac nUdc thugc dia ciia Tay Ban Nha d chau My Viec lap Manila nam 1571 la sii khdi dau ciia giai doan dau tien cua nen kinh te toan cau, dieu ma chung ta ggi la toan cau hda Phi-lip-pin da tham gia mgt each tfch cUc vao dudng day kinh te chau A nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban Nha dat chan den Hang xuat khau cua hg chii yeu la cac san pham tQ rQng va dai dUdng Ddi lai, nhQng ngudi Phi-lfp-pin nhap cac san pham cua Nhat Ban va Trung Hoa Thdng qua nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha, hg nhan dUdc cac san pham ciia An-Dg va budn ban vdi Molucas (Indonesia), nhQng hdn dao ndi tie'ng ve san xua't gia vi TQ the ky XV da tdn tai mdt quan he mau dich cdn vUdt ngoai gidi han dia ly cua cac q u i n dao dang cang phu thugc vao eac thang t r i m cua thi trUdng the gidi va la ket qua cua cac moi quan he vdi cac cdng ddng Trung Hoa va Hdi giao nhap cQ tai cac vung ven bien Viec dua Phi-lip-pin vao he thdng thue thUdng mai Trung Hoa, nghia la cac quan he ngoai giao va thUdng mai doi vdi nha Minh, da dien sau cac eugc tham hiem ciia dd dd'c Zheng-He ndi tie'ng Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien 57 viec budn ban cac gia vi va cac san phim cd d i u thdm cua Ddng Nam A Hang hda tUdng tu cung dUdc ngudi ta tap trung tai cac cang Malaca va Atjeh de tQ dd chuyen tdi cac bd bien chau Phi, Bien Dd va Vinh Pec-sich de rdi sau dd lai dUdc cac doan xe chd di Alexandria, Beirut, Cairo va Damasco, ndi ma chung se gia nhap vao thUdng mai cua Dia Trung Hai Tai cac tuyen dUdng cd sU tham gia cua ca Cac thudng gia Hdi giao, dUdc ngUdi Tay nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha Hdi giao da tQ Ban Nha ggi la Moras, da ddng vai trd bd ban dao Iberia sau cac xung dot tai Alchinh yeu cho nen kinh te cua q u i n did Andalus va cac cudc chien tranh vdi cac Phi-lip-pin Cung theo ban tdu nay, thdng vua Thien Chua giao NhQng dien hinh cua tin thudng mai cd dUdc la tQ nhQng thUdng sQ "phat tan thQdng mai" chinh la nhQng gia Thee hg, nhQng ngQdi Trung Hoa ngQdi biet tieng Tay Ban Nha ma nhQng va ngUdi Nhat Ban da mang hang hda tdi ngUdi Iberia da gap nhQng chuyen di cac dao Luzdn va Vindoro va nhQng ngQdi d i u tien den chau A NgUdi dau tien ma Hdi giao da phan phd'i chung di k h i p quin Vasco da Gama da gap tdi An Do da ndi dao Mgt ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da ke mdt vdi dng ta b i n g tieng Tay Ban Nha; sau each ti mi ve mgt lai tau ngUdi Hdi giao, tran phao kich vao Ormuz, nhQng ngUdi Bd "mgt ngUdi rat kinh nghiem va co nhieu Dao Nha da ke ten mgt ngudi sinh tai kien thQc khdng chi ve cac van de lien quan Granada va nam 1515 da di tren mdt ham den quan dao Phi-lip-pin ma cdn ca vdi cac ddi tan cdng nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha d dao Molucas, Borneo, Malaca, Java, An Do Calcuta, hg da gap nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao va Trung Hoa" Su giau cd cua cac thUdng ndi tie'ng cua Granada va Tuy-ni-di Nam gia va uy tin cang tang cua cac 1521, chuyen tham hiem cua Magallanes nghi li Hdi giao da thuc day qua trinh Hdi da cd the giao luu b i n g tie'ng Tay Ban Nha giao hda q u i n dao Francisco de Sande da vdi hai ngUdi, mdt d Bdrneo va ngUdi d viet nam 1576 rang nhQng ngUdi Phi-Hp- Tidore, mgt cac hdn dao ciia Molucas pin "cho r i n g thien dUdng va cdng cdng viec dUdc danh cho nhQng ngUdi Cac cdng ddng ngUdi Dc Thai gdc Iberia theo tin ngUdng cua nhQng ngQdi Hdi giao ma dan sd da tang dang ke sau cudc true vung Borneo" xua't nam 1492 cung da ddng mdt vai trd vao d i u the ky XV Chuyen di cud'i cung cua cac sQ gia Phi-lip-pin tdi Bac Kinh la vao nS.m 1424, theo cac tai lieu cua Trung Hoa Nam 1565, Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi da khdng phdng dai ban tdu thii nhat giii vua Felipe II da khing dinh rang: "chung tdi da den sat cUa va lan can vdi cac vUdng qud'c may man nhat tren the gidi nay" Phi-hp-pin da tham gia vao mdt cac dUdng day kinh te quan trgng nhat ciia Thdi Hien dai, cd nhieu thuan Idi nhd mdt ngudi Hdi giad da cung cd cac mang ludi thUdng mai va cac nha san xuat thdng qua cac md'i quan he van hda va tin ngUdng trai rgng tQ Ma-rd'c den Trung Hoa William Henry Scott da ggi mang quan he la "siJ ke't ndi Dia Trung Hdi", cd sd cua nd la quan trgng Cac bQc thQ ciia Ignacio de Loyola viet tQ Cairo da den tay nhQng tu si ddng Ten d An Do mgt thang va vao diu the ky XVII, Antonio de Morga da quan sat nhQng ngUdi Bd Dao Nha gUi cac thong tin tQ An Do ve chfnh qud'c vdi sU trdng coi cua cac thUdng gia Dd Thai Trong cac the ky XVI va XVII, cung nhU hien nay, thdng tin va canh tranh ngdn ngQ da la Rghien ciru Lich sii, sd 12.2009 58 dieu khdng the thieu cac quan he thudng mai va ddi vdi nhQng ngudi thudc ban dao Iberia nhQng "phat tan thUdng mai" cd ngudn gdc ban dao Iberia nam dgc theo cac tuyen thUdng mai da la mgt sU trd giup quyet dinh cho giao tiep va nhan thdng tin Viec dinh cU cua nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da lam ngat quang qua trinh bien ddi Manila mgt phd'-nha nirdc Hdi giao ma, chac chan se banh trUdng tdi p h i n cdn lai cua Luzdn va cua q u i n dao Cebu la hdn dao d i u tien ndi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dinh cU va chiem mdt vi tri chien lUdc tron tuyen dUdng gia vi tdi cac dao Molucas Tuy nhien, quyet dinh ciia thd dan dio Cebu khdng cung cap thUc pham cho hg va bd rugng khdng cay trdng sudt hai nam da de doa mdt each nghiem trgng sU sd'ng cdn cua hg Cong ddng da dUdc nhUng ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila cQu va ban cho hg cac nhu yeu phim Theo Scott: "bat ky cdng nao ma nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha dUdc thu hUdng 50 nam d i u d Phi-lip-pin deu la nhd cd cdng cua ngudi Hdi giao" Quyet dinh lap Thu dd ciia cdng ddng tai Manila d dao Luzdn cung cd nghia la huy bd ke hoach ban d i u kiem soat viec budn ban gia vi cua cac dio Molucas vii tiep tuc cac quan he thUdng mai da cd trUdc day cua Luzdn vdi Trung Hca Cac san pham xuat khau cua hai chuyen tau hang d i u tien trd ve dat chau My nam 1573, hai nam sau Manila 448 712 312 22 300 11 300 930 334 dugc lap, da chQng minh mdt each rd rang b i n chat cua tUdng lai thUdng mai xuyen Thai Binh Dudng LUdng vai vdc the hien gia quan lo chau A de vdi tdi hdn nhieu so vdi hang mang den chau My cua cac ham tau Dai Tay Dudng Dd sQ Trung Hoa dUdc danh gia r i t cao vao the ky XVI tdi mQc Vua Felipe II da sUu tap den 3000 hien vat b i n g sQ, ke cl tich thu, thdng qua Manila, mdt so'chiec cdc mang mau truyen thd'ng trang va xanh Id dUdc lam d Jingdezhen, Trung Hoa, mang qud'c huy cua Leon va Castilla (cd the dUdc sad chep tQ mgt ddng tien xu pe-sd) Chi thdi gian ngan, nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da thie't lap dUdc nhQng thay ddi cd b i n cac trao ddi thQdng mai cua q u i n did Phi-lip-pin TrUdc tien, hg da cat dQt cac quan he td't dep vdi nhQng ngUdi Hdi giao d Manila, thay the hg bg may quan ly phd'va lay di vai trd cac nha phan phd'i hang hda Trung Hoa tai q u i n dio ciia hg Su thay ddi da khdi d i u cho cuge chien vdi cac thu Iinh Hdi giao phia Nam, nhQng ngUdi tie'p tuc cudc chien cho tdi sau 1898 ThQ hai la hg da dUa vao cac mang ludi thUdng mai dang tdn tai luc dd nhQng so' lugng Idn kim loai quy Nam 1573, quan Toan quyen d Me-hi-cd da viet cho Vua Felipe II thdng bao ve sQ tdn tai ctia cac md vang tren cac hdn dao nhUng chi rang de budn ban vdi Trung Hoa thi chu yeu can cd bac: "thQ dUdc d i n h gia cao hdn bat cQ thQ gi khac" Mgt tu sy ngUdi Bd Ddn g mac vang Manh lua Quintal (= 46kg) que Viit dung bing sQ Manh vai bdng vdi gia pe-sd vang mdt manh A-rd-ba (- 11,5kg) sap vdi gia 15 pe-sd vang/a-rd-ba A-rd-ba chi bang sdi bong vdi gia tQ 17 den 20 pe-sd vang/ A-rd-ba Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hoa lan dau tien Dao N h a ddng Agustfn t e n la S e b a s t i a n M a n r i q u e vdi sU n h a y cam cao dd'i vdi cac sU k i e n k i n h te da mieu ta thi trUdng M a n i l a t r o n g nhQng n a m 1637 va 1638: viee d tren nhUng hdn ddo ndy, rdt gdn Trung Hoa, khdng ed mgt mdi dd't ndo tU chd ng den chd kia, hdn mgt tram legua (1 legua = 572m) , cd rdt nhieu td't cd nhiing gi md Udc mud'n cua ngUdi md tdi nhitng diiu td't dep, gidu ed vd chUa tdng thdy; nhUng niem hanh phiic ndy khdng the ndi Id nhd vdo cdc dgc tinh cua hdn ddo Luzdn, hdn ddo hdm dn nhUng cudc sinh nd, md cdc md d chdu My dd Idm nen vd giti chung den Manila dUdi dgng nhUng ddng re-an, mui cua nd Idm cho nhdng ngUdi Sangleys (nhdng ngUdi Trung Hoa lai Mdlai hoac Indonesia) hoac ngUdi Trung Hoa phdi them khdt tim de'n, md neu nhU cd the hg sdn sdng xud'ng dia nguc de kiem ke so hdng mdi dUdc mang de'n, de lay di sd bgc mong ddi vd de phdi long nhUng ddng rean; vd ne'u nhU vdy, hg hay ndi mdt cdu chdm ngdn bdng tie'ng Tay Ban Nha phdt dm nggng nghiu: Bgc la mdu Bac t r i n g ciia Tay B a n N h a da trd t h a n h ddng tien cho ca vung Vai trd chu yeu cua bac, theo nhU Idi cua M a g a l h a e s Godinho thi T r u n g Hoa d a n h a n cac ddng pe-sd va bac thdi tQ Me-hi-cd va Potosi N h u n g dieu dd c u n g xay r a vdi p h a n cdn lai cua Ddng A, vdi nhQng n h a b a n h a t tieu tai Indonesia, vf du, hg thUdng ddi nhQng ngudi H a lan, P h a p va A n h t h a n h toan b i n g cac ddng r e - a n b i n g bac Theo Reid: "nhQng ddng tien T a y B a n N h a t r e n thiic te da trd t h a n h ddng tien qudc te cua khu vuc D d n g N a m A t r o n g nUa d i u cua the ky XVII" Viec tiep can t r u e tiep vdi bac Me-hi-cd va P e - r u d a dUdc ngUdi t a cho r i n g n h Q n g ngQdi T a y B a n N h a da kiem dQdc q u a cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g ciia M a n i l a 59 nhQng k h o a n Idi n h u a n thUdng mai len den 100% va 300%, dieu da lam cho Charles R Boxer k h i n g d i n h r i n g : "cd le day la tuye'n dudng m a n g lai Idi n h u a n cad n h a t thUdng mai qud'c te vdi p h u d n g Ddng" V i i vdc chfnh la h a n g hda chii yeu dUdc trao ddi vdi bac cua c h a u My N h u c i u t h u d n g xuyen cac m a t h a n g da kich thich nhQng k h o a n d a u t u cua cac thUdng gia Me-hi-cd va P e - r u Tuyen dudng cua t a u chd h a n g hQa h e n nhQng k h o a n d i u tQ mdi chi phi van tai re hdn va ngQdi ta cd the trd'n dQdc t h u e va cac vu tich t h u nhU ddi da x i y vdi bac den tQ Sevilla N h u n g n h a t la vai vdc c h a u A lai cUc ky c a n h t r a n h T r o n g mgt bQc t h u giii cho Vua Felipe II, mgt vien chQc Tay Ban N h a da giai thfch cac ly budn ban: "mgt ngudi vdi 200 ddng r e - a n co t h e s i m cho vd minh du thQ q u i n ao b i n g lua T r u n g hoa nhUng vdi 200 pe-sd thi k h d n g t h e lam nhU vay vdi lua Tay B a n N h a dUdc" Vi vay ma cac t i n g Idp giau hdn cung nhQ thd dan (bat budc p h a i mac q u i n ao) deu d u n g "vii vdc cua V i l n Ddng, bdng cua Luzdn hay cua An Do va lua T r u n g Hoa" NhQng rao can p h a p ly ap dat cho cac chuyen t a u h a n g di Phi-lip-pin, ngUdc ddi thay, lai gdp p h i n cho nhQng Idi n h u a n phi t h u d n g cua chung NhQng Idi n h u a n p h a t sinh tQ c h e n h lech gia cua bac va ban h a n g hda cdn dUdc cdng t h e m cac Uu the ddc quyen, t i n h c h a t h a n che ciia thi trUdng Cac chi phi v a n tai, trUc tie'p cung nhU gian tiep, cung dUdc trd gia mdt each chinh thQc Ngoai ra, cac c h u y e n t a u h a n g h i u nhU deu d u n g n h a n cdng t h d d a n , d u n g gd va sdi cua P h i - h p - p i n Ngoai ra, ddi vdi nhQng ngudi Me-hi-cd va P e - r u , chuyen t a u h a n g da bd s u n g chd m a u dich Dai Tay Dudng mdt cd hdi nQa de iQu t h d n g tien te cua 60 minh: "\1 hg cin tai dau tU nhanh chdng de cd nhQng Idi nhuan mdi, kha nang nhan dudc hang cung cap tQ phQdng Ddng ddi vdi hg la mgt cd hdi tuyet vdi" MQc thue ap dung thap vi viec gian lan dien tren tat cl ciic hoat dgng ctia day chuyen NhQng ngudi Trung Hoa ddng gdi lua vdi sd'lUdng Idn hdn rat nhieu so vdi quy dinh cho mdi "thung hang", nghia la ddn vi khd'i lUdng tai cua tau Ve phan minh, cac sy quan va thuy thu cung phan khdi cdng tac: hg chat day hang len tau tdi mQc cd the gay nguy hiem cho sU an toan, hg thao cac khau dai bac, mang theo it nudc nhat, hg tinh den lay them nudc mUa sudt hanh trinh, hg cdn keo theo nhQng chiec xudng chd day hang hda va chat them hang dgc theo hanh trinh tQ Manila den Embocadero, cQa bien Cung nhu cac xa hgi khac cua Dong Nam A, Phi-lip-pin da tri dUdc so' dan ddng dao tap trung d thi cd thQa lua gao va nhd vao van tai bien va sdng, re hdn nhieu so vdi van tai dudng bg, dUdc sQ dung cho thUdng mai dia phUdng cQng nhu thUdng mai vdi nUdc ngoai Ddng bang trung tam cua dao dudc ddng Sdng Ldn tUdi mat cho hai vu lua mgt nam, cung cap lUdng thQc cho Manila tQ Lloco, cho Molucas va Mindanao tu dao Panay tai xTing Visayas Ngoai ra, trUdng hdp thieu gad, cac vu thu hdach khoai lang cho phep ngan nan ddi lan rgng ca rat nhieu se bd sung dam cho bua an Theo Idi ctia Morga: " cd rat nhieu ca d bien va sdng, bad gdm dii loai ca nudc nggt va nUdc man ma ngUdi ta an hang ngay" Phi-lip-pm cung la mdt su trd giup quyet dinh cho thUdng mai thugc dia ve tai nguyen va nhan lUc Luzdn da cung cap go chat lUdng cao cho cac xQdng ddng tau, sdi va vai lam budm va cac loai day cua tau Cu dan ctia hg la mgt p h i n thuy thii doan Rghien curu Lich six, sd 12.2009 cua cac tau chd hang va ciia cac thuyen be khac, luc dd hg van bi lam dung phai lam cac cdng viec cUc nhgc va bat budc phai ban ndng san Tuy nhien nhQng ngQdi Philip-pin cung da tham gia vao thQdng trudng nhd nhQng kien thQc ve thi trUdng ciia hg va da lam cho nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha p h i i than phuc Nam 1567, Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi da gui cho Vua Felipe II mdt cai can nhu mdt minh chQng cho sU lo lang ve mQc chinh xac cac trao ddi vdi cac t h i n dan tQdng lai: "de DQc Vua cd the thay r i n g nhQng ngUdi cUc ky ky ludng can than cac quan he ciia minh" Theo Pedro Chirino d ban Tau nam 1600: "hg da va dang la nhQng ngUdi rat thdng minh va khee leo ddi xQ, hdp ddng, mua va ban, thuc dung cho bat ky mgt trang trai nao, cho ddng rugng va chan nudi ciia cac trang trai dd va ngUdi ta phai ngac nhien ve chfnh xac ciia hg cac giao dich budn ban ke ca vao ban dem va sau vQa ud'ng rUdu: "neu nhU de nghi hg mua hay ban thQ gi dd, hg khdng chi khdng lung tung giai quye't ma cdn p h i i can vang hay bac de tfnh tien (rat phd bien d cac nUdc va \n vay mdi ngUdi deu mang theo qua can tui) va hg can het sQc can than, tay khdng he run va cung he sai lech chut nao" NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha tap trung d vi trf chien lUdc chd thudng mai NTiQng \'iang dat rgng cua q u i n dao n i m ngoai tam kiem soat cua cac vien chQc va cac nha truyen dao Tay Ban Nha, dac biet la vung Mindanao va cac \Ting nui TQ Mindanao va Zulu, cac thu linh Hdi giao gay rdi cac vung lanh thd n i m dudi quyen cai tri ciia ngudi Tay Ban Nha Cung nhU vay nhQng ngUdi dUdc ggi la "Igorrotes" thugc day nui phia bic cua Luzdn, Phi-lip-pin, da chan dQng dudc nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban NTia, du Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien r i n g hg da biet ve nhQng md v a n g d dd: " t a u h a n g r a t khd k h a n mdi den dUdc, k h d n g h e cd bao trUdc" Cd nhQng k h i n g dinh ve sU tdn t a i cua cac md d nhQng ndi khac t r e n cac d i o : d a n b i n dia cd r a t nhieu vang m a theo Morga: "mdt ngudi p h a i r a t ngheo va khd'n k h d mdi k h d n g cd day chuyen, vdng deo t a y va k h u y e n tai b i n g vang" P e d r o Chirino, mgt cd dao ddng Giesu cung da de cap den dieu dd ndi ve nhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin nhU: "NhQng ngQdi, mac du ndi c h u n g k h d n g p h a i giau lam, n h u n g hg dQng q u a n ao b i n g lua va bdng va m a n g cac dd vat b i n g vang, khdng chi cac m a n h t r a n g trf va k h u y d q u i n ao ma cdn cd cac day c h u y e n r a t dep, cac k h u y e n tai, n h a n , deo d i y cd, day tai, tay va c h a n , d a n dng cung n h u dan ba" Vao cudi t h e k y XVII, t o a n q u y e n Phi-lip-pin da tinh gia tri s i n x u a t dia phUdng va, theo thdng t i n cua Gemelli C a r r e r i , k h o a n g gan 200.000 pe-sd m a n h u n g ngUdi b a n xii da khai t h a e ma "khdng c i n den lua hoac t h u y ngan" NhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin da d u n g so' vang n a y de b u d n b a n vdi nhQng ngudi ngdai qud'c NhQng ngUdi d a n m i e n nui cd q u a n he thUdng m a i tUdng trUng vdi nhQng ngUdi Phi-lfp-pin d dudi xudi t h d n g q u a viec ban vang, s a p va cac s a n p h a m k h a c cua rQng Antdnid de M o r g a da n h a n m a n h : mac du hg k h d n g t i n h che v a n g mdt each hoan toan, c u n g k h d n g l a m h o a n chinh, hg da m a n g c h u n g den mdt sd ndi d Llocos de ddi lay gao, ldn, t r a u , c h a n va cac thQ c i n d u n g khac NhQng ngudi d Llocos tinh che h o a n toan v a n g va dUa c h u n g p h a n phdi tren k h i p t r a i d a t NhQng ngUdi Phi-lip-pin khac cQng xQ ly v a n g nhUng t r a n h dUa t h d n g tin ve n h Q n g ndi cd md v a n g vi sd r i n g n h Q n g ngUdi Tay B a n N h a se chiem het v a n g "Hg ndi r i n g v a n g n i m d dudi d a t 61 chac c h i n hdn la d n h a cua hg" Hg chi lay lUdng viing tdi t h i e u c i n thiet de m u a h a n g hoac ddng t h u e , gay r a nhQng Idi chi trich cua cac vien chQc va cha dao ve "sU vd cam tu n h i e n " cua hg, dieu mil phd vUdng d Mehi-cd da t h a n phien t h u giii cho Felipe II n a m 1573 r i n g : "thd dan chi k h i n g d i n h r a n g k h i nao hg c i n vang thi cac md d g i n thdi" Chi'nh quyen cung da lam mdt c h u t de cai t h i e n tinh t r a n g d cac md, mgt p h a n la vi t a p t r u n g vao cac md la sU bQ d i p rieng cho thUdng mai, nhU cha Francisco Colin hay Antonio de Morga da de xuat N h u vay, vao giQa the ky XVII da cd nhQng chinh sach kich thi'ch t h u e q u a n va "ngUdi ta da giam t h u e d a n h vao vang tdi "20 h a y 15%" n h u n g rdi da t h a t bai, theo mdt nha t r u y e n dao", "vi khdng biet each liim t a n g t i n h t h a m lam cua thd dan" T r e n thUc te', nhQng ngQdi Tay Ban N h a den dUdc cac md M a s b a t e d Visayas nhQng hdn dao cd n h i e u v a n g n h a t - thi dan b a n dia da bd r a di h e t rdi Ngoai b u d n b a n b a n g bac va viing (ma p h a n r a t ldn la s a n g An Do), nhQng ngQdi Phi-lip-pin da tiep tuc x u a t k h a u cac san p h a m t r u y e n thd'ng cua m i n h Hg x u a t vd dc (Cypraea moneta) s a n g cac nUdc Ddng N a m A n h u Xiem, C a m - p u - c h i a va Malasia de d u n g lam tien "nhU d T a n Tay Ban N h a vdi cac h a t cacad" theo sU g i i i thfch cua Morga Benito L e g a r d a da chi r a n g da cd cac q u a n h e vdi C a m - p u - c h i a tQ n a m 1594, vdi Ddng dUdng n a m 1596 va vdi nUdc Xiem n a m 1599; "nhUng viec b u d n b a n chUa bao gid ldn hoac t h a t deu dan" CQng cd the ndi n h u vay vdi An Do N a m 1644 tau Seahorse da tdi M a n i l a theo lenh cua British East India Company (Cdng ty Ddng An Anh) chd mdt c h u y e n bdng va da md d i u cho mgt m a u dich h a n che vii p h a n t a n giQa An Do va P h i - l i p - p i n b a t d i u t a n g 62 trUdng tQ nam 1674 nhQng chUa bao gid trd quan trgng vi cac tau chau Au bi cam vao Manila va chi dUdc vao mang cd A chau nhu dii xiy vdi tau cua Elihu Yale, ngUdi ma ten dii dUdc dat cho mdt trUdng Dai hgc cd uy tin ciia My Vdi Nhat Ban thUdng mai cd manh me hdn mac du sdm bi ngat quang Thee Pedre Chirind, Phi-lip-pin da xuat khau da hUdu, rUdu cg vii ngudi ta cdn biet de'n mgt so' vd cd mciu nau, khdng rd ngudn gd'c mil Nhat ban dung de bao q u i n tra, da dUdc ban vdi gia rat cao Phi-lip-pin cQng nhap lua mi, bdt nghien, cac kim loai, ni-trat kali, vu vii bac ma theo bao cao ciia Juan Pacheco Maldonado vao khoang nam 1575, ngitdi ta ddi b i n g viing Gang Manila dii la ndi nhQng ngudi Nhat Ban mua viing va ban hiing hda, vii cung la ndi hg ddi bac lay lua Trung Hoa Dieu da gay sU p h i n ddi tu phia Macao vi lo sd r i n g dieu dd se liim gia lua d Nagasaki Tong cdng, nhQng nam 1586 de'n nam 1635 da cd khoang 95 tiiu Nhat Ban den Phi-lfp-pin, nhUng tQ dd viec kiem soiit thUdng mai dd Tokugawa thiet liip da liim tan vd sQ trao ddi Budn ban nd le lii mgt hinh thQc khac ma Phi-lip-pin dii dQa viao thUdng mai the gidi NhQng ngQdi Bd Dao Nha da ban nd le chau Phi, nhQng ke ngoai dao cua Nam Phi va nhQng ngUdi Ghi-ne Tai Acapulco ngUdi ta cung da ban cac nd le dugc chd tren tau hang vdi giii ma ngUdi ta dat nam 1626 la 500 pe-sd/nd le Sd'lUdng nd le cung dang kd; ddi vdi nhQng ngUdi da den vii da nau chuyen ddi, nhii thd Manila dii lap Gido xU cua nhUng ngUdi da ndu tU vd nhUng ngUdi no le, treng nhQng giad dan ddng Ten da td chQc cho hg hgi hQu Rghien ciru Lich sit sd 12.2009 Sii hien dien cua Tay Ban Nha da lam cho so' ngUdi ngoai qud'c den Phi-lfp-pin tiing them NgUdi ta d i n lap cac cdng ddng Ddng Nam A, den tQ Hdi An, Phnom-penh va A-yut-tha-ya NhUng cdng ddng chfnh van la ngUdi Hoa, chii yeu den tQ Fujian Cung vdi thUdng mai dudng bien, hg d i n nam giQ vai trd phan phd'i ndng s i n va thiiy san tdi mQc ma tap doan Tiiy Ban Nha p h i i phu thugc vao cdng viec cua hg, nhu thay ddng Domingo Salazar da phai cdng nhan vao nam 1590 chQng minh cho Vua Felipe II rang nhQng ngQdi thd thu cdng Tay Ban Nha khdng cdn lam viec nQa: "cac nghe cd cua nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da dQng cl rdi" Thay ddng da ta chi tiet va dam bao r i n g nhQng ngudi Hoa dii dam nhiem viec xay dQng nhii cUa, ke ea nen cdng nghiep lam ngdi va gach; hg giQ khau nhap khau bdt my tQ Trung Hoa vii liim biinh my, ngoiii cdn cung cap ban chiu: "hg vd cung phu hdp, mdt ngUdi khdng cd tien de tra tien banh my che hg, hg cho chiu va rat nhieu binh linh da an chiu nhu vay cl nam trdi" Ong ta cdn ndi them: "Va dieu ldn nhat tri cho phd' niiy la ca ma nhQng ngUdi Hda mang den ban", dng cung dam bao, sau Chirine vii nhQng ngUdi khac cung dii lap lai ring: "thanh phd dUdc cung cap diy du nhu lii d Madrid hay Salamanca" NgUdi ta da giai quyet cac xung dot thudng ky vdi cdng ddng ngUdi Hoa mdt each nhanh chdng nhd sU quan tam cua ca hai phfa de cung quay lai mdi quan he cdng sinh Mdi cudc ndi day cua nhQng ngUdi Hoa (1603, 1639, 1662 va 1686) deu keo theo sau dd mdt thdi ky suy thdai kinh te tUdng dd'i n g i n nhu da xay vao nam 1603, mac du da tan sat h i u nhu hoan toan Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien nhung chi sau dd hai nam, nam 1605 da lai cd 8500 ngudi Hoa d Manila va lan can ThQ da nudi nhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha d Phi-lip-pin chinh la viec budn ban cua cac chuyen tiiu hang Cac du an chinh phuc Trung Hoa va cac chuyen tham hiem sang Cam-pu-chia va Thai Lan da khdng dat dUdc chut ket qua nao Viec chiem ddng Formosa (Dai Loan) tQ nam 1626 den 1642 chi mang muc dfch bao ve cac tuye'n dudng chd cdi den Manila, canh khu dinh cU ciia ngUdi Ha Lan mil hg da bd di Cac thUdng nhan Manila vdi sU tiii trd cua ngUdi Hda vii Nha thd, ddng vai trd nhu nhQng cdng ty bio hiem hang hai va nhieu trudng hdp chinh cac thUdng gia Me-hi-cd vii Pe-ru da cu ngudi ciia minh den de true tiep mua hang tai dd NhUng h i u nhu khdng cd tai lieu tU nhan nao ve cac thUdng gia vii sU mieu ta cua cac phdng sU chi la chung chung, vi vay mil rat dang neu la trudng hdp cua mgt ngUdi Kitd Mdi, Diogo Fernandes Vitoria d Manila tQ nam 1580 den 1598, bi tda an di giao Mehi-cd tuyen an vii James C Boyajian da nghien cQu cac boat ddng cua Fernandes Vitoria da tQ Manila dau tU vao Me-hi-cd, Bra-xin va ciic nUdc chau A Mac du ngudn Idi nhuan chu yen ciia la cd tQ bac cua Me-hi-cd, ddi nd lay hang Trung Hoa rdi giii sang Pe-ru, Me-hi-cd vii Ca-ri-be NhQng nhan vien ngUdi Hda cua mua lai d cac hdi chd d Quang Ddng de rdi cac thuyen Nhat Ban van chuyen chung den Manila Cac nhan vien thudng tru gUi ve cho gia vi tQ cac dao Banda va Ambon thudc Molucas va cac san pham cua Coromandel, Ceilan, Mien Dien, Thai Lan vii p h i n cdn lai ciia quin dao Indonesia tQ Malaca NhQ vay, tich thu tiii san, Tda di giao da tim thay nhQng khoan tien dUdc gUi tQ cac nha 63 diu tu va thudng gia tQ Me-hi-cd, Macao, Malaca va Molucas TQ viec kiem tra tai san cua ngUdi ta cd the suy ngudn gd'c va t i m quan trgng cua cac hang hda mil cac chuyen tau hiing da van chuyen nhQng nam dd Nhin vao tam quan trgng ciia Manila, lua thd va vai vdc da chiem tdi 89% so' tai san, sau dd tdi vang, gia vi, nd le, hdng nggc va kim cUdng Cac vien hdng nggc va kim cUdng niiy lii mdt hinh thQc chuyen vd'n di xa mdt each tUdng dd'i de dang va kin dao Tuyen Thai Binh DUdng da la dUdng du phdng cho cac tau Bd Diao Nha de chd kim cUdng sang chau Au mac du tQ giQa the ky XVII, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi da bat diu sU dung nhQng tau cua British East India Company de van chuyen dii quy Cac till lieu lii;n quan ddn Diogo Fernandez Vitoria da xep Phi-lip-pin vao mdt mang ludi trao ddi hang hda va dau tU rac rdi bao trum mgt phan ldn cua hanh tinh Cac nhdm thUdng gia va "cdng ddng thudng mai Do Thai" cung nhU nhQng ngudi Kitd Mdi, da tham gia vad viec budn ban nd le, dau tU vao thUdng mai chau A va chuyen cac s i n pham sang chau Au Cung cdng tac vdi cac thUdng nhan cua cac hdi qudc gia vii tdn giao khac nhau, cac td chQc cua thUdng gia da chgn nhQng tuyen dudng thUdng mai cd Idi nhat va tranh tdi mQc tdi da cac quy dinh cua nha nUdc TQ nam 1620, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi vung Sevilla bat d i u d i u tu vao tau chd hang chd Manila cac trac trd vdi Carreira da India ciia Bd Dao Nha TrUdng hdp cua Antonio Martins d'Orta nam 1629 da nhan tai Sevilla 200.000 cru-za-dd bing nggc trai Trung Hoa, hd phach va xa hUdng Ngoai ra, nhQng ngUdi Kitd Mdi d Manila cdn quan he vdi nhQng ngUdi d Macad va An Do Vao the ky XVII hg chua biet ke 64 toan nhu Diogo Fernandez Vitoria; nhien, ngUdi ta biet rang cic thUdng gia da gUi tdi chau A it nhat la 450.000 cru-za-dd, khoing 360.000 pe-sd, Udc tfnh vao khoang mdt phan ba so vd'n ma Bd Dao Nha da d i u tU nhQng thap ky dd Cac chuyen tiiu hang cung da tao nen nhQng thay ddi quan trgng den mdi trudng ma nhQng nam gin day da nhan dUdc su quan tam cang tang cua cac nhii sU ky Dd'i vdi van de dd, cin phai phan biet hang cua cac chuyen tau dd, nhU Benito Legarda da lam, giQa sd' hang da dQdc ghi chep va cac gia vi ma gia tri tien te cua nd gan nhu b i n g khdng Viec du nhap cac loai thUe vat ciia Me-hi-cd va Trung My vao da cd mgt tam quan trgng to ldn ddi vdi tUdng lai, mgt so' dd da lam giau them bQa an cua ngUdi Phi-hppin, nhieu loai cay khac lai cd t i m quan trgng thUdng mai va tiii chinh ctia nhii nUdc NhQng cay quan trgng nhat la ngd, thud'c la, dQa sdi, du du, dQa, ca tim, san, ca chua, khoai tay va ca phe (mang den tQ chau Phi) Cac nha viet phdng sQ de qud'c cd ngudn gd'c tQ cac xa hdi ndng nghiep da y thQc dQdc tam quan trgng ve lau dai cua cac linh vUc va da dUa cac sU kien vae cac bai viet cua hg Miguel Ldpez de Legazpi da viet chd Vua Felipe II ve cac hat gid'ng dUa tQ Castilla sang da nhanh chdng ddm hoa ket triii nhanh chdng nhu the nao d Cebu Jose Montero va Vidal cho r i n g cd' dao Chirino la ngUdi da dUa cac gid'ng cua chau Au va chau My vao nen ndng nghiep dia phUdng Antonio Morga da neu bat r i n g neu nhu cac cay luu phat trien td't va nho cho ba vu thu hoach mdt nam, thi cac cay an qua va d-liu lai khdng phat trien may va nhan xet rang: "tat c l cac loai thUc vat deu phat trien td't va rat nhieu nhUng Rghien cmi Lich sii, sd 12.2009 khdng cho hat va ludn phai mang hat gidng tQ Castilla, Trung Hoa hoac Nhat Ban den" Ngoai cac cay da dUdc van chuyen cung eac kien thQc sinh hgc da cd dQdc d chau My: "nhQng loai cay den tQ Tay Ban Nha Mdi (chau My) dUdc giii tdi cac hdn dao vdi lai lich day du ve cdng dung, dac tfnh va cac dac diem" Vi du, cay di da trd mdt loai "cay cin thiet nhQng thdi ky ddi kem" Dieu dd cQng xay tQdng tii vdi cac loai dgng vat NhQng ngQdi Tay Ban Nha da dQa bd tQ chau My va Trung Hoa tdi va da phat trien tai cac trang trai ldn cua cac cd' dao tai quin dao, ndi ngUdi ta cung dUa trau da dUdc thuan hda cua Trung Hoa vao va IQa, ngiia, la cung vay Vao thdi ciia Morga ngUdi ta cdn du nhap ca nhQng gid'ng ddng thUc vat ciia Trung Hoa va Nhat Ban Ngoai ra, viec du nhap cac loai dgng thiic vat vao Phi-lfp-pin da tao nhung anh hUdng quan trgng ddi vdi lich sU cua Trung Hoa va phan cdn lai cua khu vuc Vao the ky XVII ngUdi ta da xuat khau mgt khd'i lUdng dang ke thud'c la cua Manila di Batavia va tQ cudi the ky XVIII nd da trd ddc quyen tao nhQng khoan Idi nhuan khdng Id cho Thii dd Tai Trung Hoa, cay thud'c la den Phuc Kien vao khoang nhQng nam 1573 va 1569 de rdi mau chdng lan rdng khap ca nQdc Thdi quen h u t thud'c la nhanh chdng gan lien vdi vdi viec tieu thu cac loai ma khac Nam 1671 d Batavia ngUdi ta da budn b i n cac hon hdp cua thud'c phien, thud'c la va c i n sa de san xuat madak Khoai lang (Ipomoea batatas) la mdt loai cii cd t i m quan trgng ldn tren toan chau A fChoai lang dUdc Jin Chenlung, mgt thUdng nhan Trung hoa budn ban giQa Phi-lfp-pin va Fujian dUa vao Viet Nam Con cua dng ta da tang cho mdt quan chQc Phi-lip-pin va toan cau hda lan dau tien dia phUdng vao nam 1594, trung lap vdi thdi ky ddi vii vi vay nd da nhanh chdng lan rdng cac vung khac Khoai lang den Tan Ghi-ne cd the cung tQ Phi-lip-pin vii da giiy mdt cudc 'Tiung nd dan sd" d vung cao nguyen cua dao NhQng ngUdi Tay Ban Nha da du nhap khoai lang vao Dai loan vao theky XVII Trong sU phdi hdp giQa cac true kinh te ciia the ky XVI va XVII, bac la thQ hang hda chien lUdc ndi lien s i n xuat cua thd dan da dd va cac thd md vung San Luis Potosi (Me-hi-cd) va Nhat Ban vdi nhu cau cua Trung Hoa Cac dudng day budn ban bac xuyen qua cac luc dia va viec ban hang hda, tra lUdng va thu thud phu thudc vao cac dudng day dd Tudng ddi nhanh, nhQng ngUdi Incas xUa (Pe-ru), nhQng cQ dan cua Visayas, cac ndng diin Trung hoa nha Minh hay dan mien nui cua dao Luzdn da budn ban vii t r i tien thue cua hg bang bac hoac vang, dan xen vdi nhu vay theo sil tiing giam kinh te cua mdt thi trudng toan ciu Cac ngudn tai chinh cua cac qud'c vUdng Otomanos (Thd Nhi Ky), nhQng ngUdi thugc gia dinh Habsburgo, cua Ha Lan va Anh qud'c, cua nhQng ngUdi Mdng Cd thugc An Do vii nha Minh deu phu thudc mdt each chat che vao cac ngudn thu cua minh b i n g cac kim lo,ai quy vii viio gia 65 tri cua vang va bac tren thi trUdng Toan cau hda lan dau tien dii la mdt hien tUdng dien tren k h i p hanh tinh, khdng cd mdt trung tam Uu tien nao ca NhQng ngudi My, nhQng ngQdi chau Au, chau Phi, chau A, khdng phan bipt tang Idp xa hgi hay dang phai chfnh tri, da thay xa hdi ciia hg bi chuyen ddi tQ gdc re sQc manh kinh te khdng dQa vao bat ky mgt hanh dgng cd y thQc cua mdt ddn vi niio Cudi cung, y nghi cua viec trao ddi cac ddng thUc vat ve lau dai da tao nhQng ket qua xa hgi phi thudng Cac san pham ciia chau A nhU lua, bdng va dd sQ, da la mdt ddi thay cudc sd'ng hang cua cac dan tdc bi ngan each bdi cac dai dUdng d chau My va chiiu Au Cung nhu cay thud'c la chau My, hay cay khoai lang da lam thay ddi nhQng thdi quen cua nhQng ngQdi chau A NhQng kien thQc mdi ve ngdn ngQ va dia ly va dia vi cua nhQng ngQdi chau Au tai nhQng diem chien lUdc tai A chau thdi ky hien dai da la nhQng sU khdi d i u cua cac de qud'c thUc dan sau Neu nhu bac da lii hang hda tao sU toan cau hda l i n dau tien thi tau budm chd hang cua Manila la, theo nhu Idi cua mgt nha sU hgc Phi-lfp-pin, "phUdng tien de thu nhd the gidi vao mgt dan tgc"