Bài viết nghiên cứu tổ chức bang giao của triều Nguyễn với các nước phương Tây ở Đà Nẵng: hải cảng Đà Nẵng cửa ngõ bang giao của triều Nguyễn; chủ trương và tổ chức bang giao của triều Nguyễn ở Đà Nẵng.
TO €lllf€ BANG GIAO CIJA TIU^U I^GUYEM v d l CAC MiTdc pui/OMG T A Y d BA NANG LUU TRANG* H&i cdng Dfi Nfing - ciifa ngd bang giao cua tri^u Nguyen Ngfiy nay, eang Dfi Nfing lfi hai cang ldn nhfi't midn Trung, cd mpt vj tri d$e bidt quan trpng BI^ phfit trien kinh t€^ - xa hdi midn Trung vfi Tfiy NguySn, Hdn thd^ nfia, nilta ddu thd' ky XIX, phfidng tien giao thong chfnh yd^u cua nfidc ta vdi eac nfidc lfi dfidng sdng bien, cang Dfi Nfing cdn lfi cita ngo yd'u eua nfidc ta nhin thd^ gidi ben ngofii, ndi ddn tid'p sfi thdn vfi thfidng nhan cac nfidc ddn quan hd, budn ban vfi tie'p nh^n nhi2ng tinh hoa vfin hofi thd" gidi Thcri bdy gid, hai cang Dfi Nfing cd vj tri vfi ^ nghia hd^t afic quan trpng ddi vdi phfit trien Dfi Nfing ndi rieng vfi dfi't nfidc ta n6i chung Cang Dfi Nfing ed vj tri yd'u Trfidc h^t lfi nhcl nd ndm d vj tri giao di^m cdc dfidng giao thong bidn quan trpng nfidc vfi qudc t^ Vd phfa Bfic, Dfi Nfing cfich Kinh dd Hud' 100km; phia Nam cdch dd thi cang Hpi An 26km, cfing vdi cfic vfing tru phu lam th.6 san ciia Quang Nam, Quang Ngfii, Binh Dinh, Phu Yen, Khfinh Hofi Gang Dfi Nfing cdn c6 mdt dja hinh hdt sfic If tribng: vfia rpng, sfiu, l^i vfia kfn gid, rd^t thufin Ipi eho cac tfiu thuyen ldn • TS Trudng D^i hpc Sfi ph^m Dfi Ndng vfio ra, trdnh dfipc bao tM, vfia dS dfing thfim nh^p vfio ndi dja Dfi Nfing - Quang Nam qua sdng Hfin, hpp Ifiu cua cac nhfinh sdng cua sdng Thu Bdn Sdeh Dgi Nam nh^t thd'ng chi md ta khfi ddy du vd cang biln Dfi Nfing nhfi sau: "d phfa Bdc huydn Hofi Vang, c6 tSn lfi vung Dfi Nfing, phfa Ddng ed nfii Sdn Trfi, phfa Bfic lfi Hai Vfin, phfa Tfiy lfi tfiii Cu De, phfa Ddng nam lfi vung Thilng, 6y lfi cho nfidc bien chfia Ifim mpt vung ldn, nfidc sfiu 1^ rpng, ngofii cd cfic nui ngfin che, khdng cd ba dfio 9t, nhfing ghe tfiu qua 1^ g$p gid ldn hay d^u nghi b dfiy" (1) Vfi ngfidi ta c6 t h l "cho tfiu thuyin ch?.y khfip b6 bien mfi khdng g$p tai nan Day biln sfiu diu dfin tfi 17 dd'n 20 sai, Vjnh Dfi Nflng xfing dang mang danh lfi mdt hai cang hdn lfi vjnh, dd lfi mdt nhfing hai cang ldn vfi vfing ehfic nha't dfipc tim thtfy (trong khu vfic mfi phdi dofin ta dfi di qua) Nd rfi't sfiu nen cdn thid't phai di chuyin cac tfiu thuyin vdn ydn In dfi gid to bao ldn Dfiy biln ddy biln ndn bo neo rfi't bam" (2) Khdng chi cd thl, cfic nhfi qufin si^ phfidng Tfiy vfio buli ddu thcli e^n d ^ din Dfi Nfing nhfin thfiiy "Cd t h l l$p t^i Dfi Nflng mpt thfinh phi' dpp, thfinh phd* dd se lfi ndi dam bao an ninh, ddng thdi ed t h l nhanh ch6ng biln nd T6 churc bang giao cila M^u Rfliiyfin thfinh vi tri kho'ng che tfi't ea cdc tfiu thuyen nfio muon di vfio Trung Quoc, Nh^t Ban" (3) Thufin Ipi ve tfi nhien cua cang Dfi Ndng lfi h i t sfic quan Thd' nhfing, tfi buo'i ddu hinh thfinh "con dfi6ng td lya trdn biln" cac t h l ky XVI - XVII, eang Dfi Nfing khdng chi lfi "tiln cang" cua efic tfiu thuyin ldn dd'n budn bfin vdi Hdi An, mfi lfi "cang tam dfing" cua cfic nfidc din dflt quan hd ngoai giao vdi cdc Chfia Nguyen Din ddu t h l ky XIX trd di nhfi:ng thay doi eiia tfi nhien, sdng Co Cd nil liin Dfi Nfing vdi Hpi An bj bdi ddp, ctfa Dai Chiem can vfi gi6; va nhfing ky thuylt hfing hai phfidng Tfiy phat triln ddng dfipc nhiSng tfiu thuyin ldn ch^y bdng ddng cd; Cling vdi diiu kidn dfi't nfidc thing nhfi't, vua Gia Long len ngdi chpn H u l Ifim kinh dd vfi Dfi Nfing Ifim ndi ddn tilp efic sfi thdn den quan h^ ngoai giao, thfidng mai Tfi day cang Dfi Nflng lfi hai cang chfnh thfie vfi nhfi't thfic thi chinh sach doi ngoai ciia trieu Nguyin vdi eac nuPc den quan h§ qua dficfng bien Chon Dfi Nflng lam cfia ngo giao thfidng vdi cac nfidc phfidng Tay, trilu Nguyin nhfim muc dieh dam bao an ninh qudc gia, giam sat hoat dpng cua cae giao si, nghe ngdng tinh hinh cac nfidc khu vfic vfi t h l gidi phfidng Tfiy, tao dieu kipn thuc diy kinh tl', xa hoi phat triln vfi tilp nhfin nhfing tinh hoa vfin hofi t h l gidi Nhflng muc dich bieu hipn ro n6t nhflng chfnh sach, bi$n phap vfi ho^t dpng giao thfidng cua trieu Nguyin Chu trtjdng va to chufc bang giao cua t r i l u N g u y i n d Da Nang Chfnh sach ngoai giao eua trieu NguySn gdn gid'ng nhfi thdi cac chua Nguyin Vdi cac nfidc chfiu A lfi quan hd thfin thidn hflu nghj; cfic nfidc truyin thong nhfi Trung Qud'e, Thdi Lan vfi cdc nfidc Dflng Nam A khdc vdi cdc nfidc phfidng Tfiy lfi Anh, Phfip, My Tuy nhidn, dfidng quan hd ngo?! giao qua dfidng biln, nhdt lfi efic nfidc phfidng Tfiy, trilu Nguyin chi cho phdp ddn tilp tpi Dfi Nfing, vdi nhfing diiu kidn h i t sfic ch$t chS, khdt khe theo quan h§ fi'm, l^nh gifla Vidt Nam vdi efic nfidc thfidng sfi ho^t dpng tham ciia cac tfiu thuyin cfic nfidc phfidng Tfiy vfi cua efic gido si truyen d^o d nfidc ta mfi Chu trfidng ngoai giao vdi cfic nfidc phfidng Tfiy tren cua trilu Nguyen bfit ngudn tfi sfi ky thj vfi lo xa Ky thj sfi xfim nh^p ngfiy cfing sau ciia Thien Chua gifio Ifim phfi vd trfit tfi Nho giao vfi phong tyc t^p qufin cua dfin tdc Sfi ky thj dfl tfi ddu thdi Nguyin, nfim 1804 vua Gia Long da phfin "Tien vfidng kinh dinh vipe nfidc, khong de ngfidi ldn vdi ngfidi di, dd lfi y de phong tfi Ific vipe edn nho Ngfidi Hong Mao gian giao tri tra, khflng phai ndi gid'ng ta, long hp hfln khac, khong eho hp d 1^, ban efi'p fiu hfiu eho ho mfi bao hp ve, khdng n h ^ phdm vfit ho biln" (4) Cdn lo xa lfi lo Iflng cho sfi an nguy cua qudc gia trfidc sfi hfinh trfidng cua cac nfidc thyc dan phfidng Tfiy quan trpng hdn, nen vua tdi nhfi Nguyin muon ddng chfit cong ngo dl trfinh nguy cd "cfidng nd ap chu" tfi ben ngofii vfi dfin dp Thidn Chfia giao de ngfln can "npi fing ngopi hi^p" cl ben Sfi lo ngpi dy cua trieu Nguyen lfi cfl cd sd, bdi "tfiu binh nfidc Phfip d^u d cfia Dfi Ndng, ndi muin thdng hiiu vdi ta vfi ndi Hdng Mao mfiu xam tinh Quang Ddng, the tfi't hfin din nfidc ta, d^n ta diing gifip Quang Ddng 1^ ti0n thi$n len mil Tam Thai dfing trdng, nhdn nfli mud'n cd mpt ngfidi hfidng d^o ddn qua cfic hat Bfie thfinh ve dd" (5) Chfnh 15 dd Ifim cho ehu trfidng giao thfidng cua Kghlto Clhi Ljch sit s6 4.2011 trilu Nguyin vdi cac nfidc phfidng Tfiy ngfiy cfing l^nb nhpt, cfing nhfic Nfim 1835, vua Minh m^ng dpo dp kien quylt chi cho " tfiu Tfiy ddu t^i ciia Hfin, cdn cfic cfia biln khfic khdng dfipc vfio, phdp nfidc rfi't nghidm, chdng ndn Ifim trdi Tfi vl sau, ngfidi Tfiu phai di tfiu budn nfidc Tfiu, mdi cho vfio ciia biln budn bdn, ngfidi Tfiy phai di tfiu nfidc Tfiy vfio cfia Hfin thdng thfidng, khdng dfipc ghd vfio cfic eiia biln khfic, cfl loi!" (6), Vfi cfic sfi thdn phfidng Tfiy din Dfi NSng phai cfl du hai diiu kidn, dd lfi phai cd quic thfi eua nUdc xin giao thfidng vfi nhflng 1§ v^t Ll v^t thfidng lfi nhfing dd v^t 1^, hilm vfi cfl t h l lfi quy gifi ciia qudc gia dd nhfing khdng lfi diiu ki$n bfit budc nhfi quic thfi lfi phai cd mdi dfipc ddn tilp Sfi gia khong cd qudc thfi lfi khong du tfi each, dfi lfi sfi gia nfidc Phfip - qud'e gia cd nhilu dn nghla vdi nhfi Nguyen vdn khong dfipc tilp, Vf du nhfi nfim 1817 "tfiu Phfip din dfiu d Dfi Nfing, dfia thfi cho Nguyin Vfin Thfing xin dfipc vfio dfing san vfit nhfing khdng ed qudc thfi, vua khdng tiep" (7) Vfi cd du cdc diiu ki$n vdn khdng dfipc vua tilp vi vdn d l an ninh hofic vfi'n di t l nhj khfie, mdt quan dpi thdn thay vua vfio Dfi Nfing ddn tilp sfi thdn Nhfi vfiy, chii trfidng cua trilu NguySn lfi khdng muin md rdng quan hd vdi phfidng Tay, nhfi't lfi fim mfiu hfinh trfidng xam Ifipc ciia thyc dfln phfidng Tay ngfiy cfing 1$ rd thi trilu Nguyin efing hpn ehl giao thfidng, ddng thdi tfing cfidng phdng thii Dfi NSng Tfi Gia Long din Minh Mang, n h i t lfi thdi Thidu Trj vfi Ti? Dfic lien tyc ddu tfi xfiy dyng b Dfi Nfing thfinh ndi hfing h^u vl qufin sp, vfing manh vl ehfnh trj Cd t h l nfli vide t l chflc phdng thu Dfi Nfing d\l()c nhfi Nguyin chfi trpng hdn to ehfic hopt dpng giao thfidng b ddy Nhin vfio h§ thing phdng thu Dfi Ndng, chu y l u lfi d xung quanh cang Dfi NSng chfing ta d l thfi'y dfiy lfi mdt hd thdng difpc btf tri ch$t chS, lidn hofin vdi nhflng thfinh, ddn, tfi'n sd cfii nfiy tilp cfii nhdm h i trp t i t cho dinh ddo Hai Vdn thi dyng Hai Vdn quan - cfia dn ngfl dfidng Kinh dd H u l vfi dl dfing quan sfit dfipc tfiu thuyin vfio eang Dfi Nfing Dfidi chfin phfa Ddng Hai Vfln sdt biln c6 Phong Hai dfii c6 t h l nh^n bilt chfnh xac tfiu thuyin nfidc nfio din, loai thuyin budn hay tfiu chiln d l bao eho Hai Vfin quan Dfidi chfin phfa Nam Hai Vfln lfi ddn Chfin Sang, phao dfii Djnh Hai, din t i n Cu Dd ciia biln cfic ddi thuyin tudn tfic trfic ngfiy ddm nhdm phdt hidn nhanh moi hoat ddng tfiu thuyin, phdng chong efidp biln vfi dam bao an ninh cho cang Dfi Nflng Vfi tfi ciia biln vfio Dfi NSng thi phai qua sy giam sfit cua tfin Dfi Nfing dfipc d$t d cfic Ddng Bfie Sdn Trfi, lfi "yet hdu" vfio ciia Dfi Nfing Vfio Bong Hfin tfiu thuyin cdn phai qua thfinh Didn Hai vfi An Hai dn ngfl hai ben ta hflu sdng Hfin Tuy theo vj trf, vai trd moi thfinh, dfii, tfi'n sd dfipc trang bj qufin sd', vu khf, phfidng tidn nhilu ft khfic Nhfing nhin chung rfi!t Ifi hiing hfiu, manh m6, hidn dpi tidn tiln nhdt thdi b^y gid, nhfi Hai Vfin quan dfipc trang bj kfnh thidn ly, tfi'n Dfi Nfing vfi cfic thfinh Didn Hai, An Hai dfipc trang bj qufin li^c ddng, vu khf mpnh, tfiu thuyin ldn, c6 dfipc trang bj tfiu dong ch^y bfing ddng cd hdi nfidc mdi mua cua thfidng nhfin phfidng Tfiy (8) Chu trfidng vfi bidn phap giao thfidng ch^t ch6 trdn cdn bilu hidn hopt ddng ngopi giao diln d Dfi Nfing Thdng thfidng, t i u thuyin cua sfi thdn cac nfidc din cang Dfi NSng, sau thdng bfic cd qudc thfi vfi le v^t xin dd trinh Ign vua vdi cdc quan sd tai, tfiu thuyin cila ho sg dfipc Trf chijre bang giao eiSa Miu Rguyfin cfip cang, hiin nhien phai bj khfim xit, sau dfl dfipc phdp cii ngfidi ldn bd cfl sy gidm sdt cua quan binh dja phfidng mua nhflng nhu ylu phdm cdn thilt nhfi thi/c phim, nfidc ulng, than ciii Vfi t i t ca d Ipi trdn tfiu chd cfic quan dja phfidng vilt bfio cdo vl kinh xin chi thi ciia vua Chi ldnh eua vua din Dfi Nfing thfidng sau 10 ho$c 15 ngfiy tinh tfi Ific tfiu C4P cang Tuy nhidn trfidng hpp efi'p bfich phan hdi cua trilu ^ n h cd t h l vdng vfii ba ngfiy, nhfi trfidng hpp tfiu trigone ciia Phfip dpi tfi tu ldnh hai qufin Cdeille ehi huy dfipc dpi didn ciia trilu dinh tilp sau ngfiy nh^n tin (9) Nghi thfie ngopi giao t l ehfic tpi Dfi Nfing kha long trpng Dfipc qui dinh cy thl trfidc nfim Gia Long thfi 17 (1819), tfiu cac nfidc din "kdo cd vfi bfin 21 phfit sung chfio mfing, thdi tren dfii Didn Hai cung phdt 21 tilng sfing" (10) Nhfing vl sau chi cho phdp bdn tfi din phat sung chfio mfing quy khfich mfi thdi Myc lyc chau ban cdn ghi Ipi kha ddy mpt canh giao thfidng rfi't cdi md diln dfidi thuyin ciia sfi gia d thdi Minh M^mg sau dfiy: "Vo Vfln Giai, Ly Vfin Phfic tflu: Tli ngfiy mdng ndy, phyng dy tdi Dfi Nfing dl tilp chuydn vdi ngiidi nfidc Anh Cat Lpi tdi Dfi Nfing hdm trfidc Ldc tdi tfiu Anh thi chii tfiu lfi Yit Gia chfio mfing vui ve mdi ngdi ndi chuydn vfi soan xem hfing hofi, lya mua mpt vfii hfing td't d l dem v l dang Hai bdn diu td y nhfi nhfin cd ll dd cho mdi ngfidi dfidi thuyin len chp mua dd cdn diing Sau lpi ed tilng sfing dpi bfie to f chfio mijfng qui khach, chu thuyin Anh rdt cam dn" (11) Vfi cudc dfln tilp chfnh thfic ciia nfidc chii nhfi cfl t h l diln d trilu dSnh Hul, nlu vua ddng y, nhfing thfidng to' ehfic tai Dfi Ning dai di$n trilu dinh hofic lfi quan cua ty Thfidng Bpc vfio phll hpp vdi quan binh sd tpi Tuy khdng qui dinh cy thl, theo hofin canh vfi theo sfi thdn din thude qudc gia nfio, ehfic vy gi vfi di thuyin chiln hay thuyin budn, ldn hay bd mfi nghi thfic ddn tilp dfipc to ehfic qui md long hay ddn gian khfic Ddi vdi sfi thdn Hoa Ky, thdi nhfi Nguyin din xin giao thfidng sdm nhdt lfi nfim ddu trilu Minh Mang (1820) thuyin trfidng White ddn ddu din Gia Djnh Nfim 1832 dfic sfi Edonod Roberta mang quic thfi cua Td'ng thing Andrew Jackson din Vung Lfi'm (Phu Yen) xin bang giao vfi budn ban dfipc Nguyen Tri Phfidng thay m$t trilu dinh phdi hpp vdi quan tinh sd tpi ddn tilp, da thdng bao eho Hoa Ky quan dilm giao thfidng cua Vifit Nam lfi "vifie vfio Vi^t Nam budn ban cua Hoa Ky khdng trd ngpi, nhfing phai theo cac dieu kipn nhfi: Tfiu thuyin chi dfide vao cang Dfi Nflng Tufin gifi diiu lufit nfidc vfi khdng dfide Ifip cd sd tren dfi't liin" (12) Vipe qui dinh eua nha Nguyen dildc Hoa Ky chdp thufin da cho thuyen cfip cang Dfi Nfing nfim 1836 "Thang tfiu trfin nfidc Ma Ly Cfin (Hoa Ky) dfiu d vfing Sdn Trfi ciia Hfln thudc vl tinh Quang Naun, ngfidi chii tfiu ndi cd qudc thfi cdn thong thfidng, xin vfio chdu dfing thfi Ngfii sai Dfio Tri Phfi, Le Ba Tu tdi ndi thfim hdi Khi den ndi ngfidi chu tfiu xfing bdnh khong Quan minh lai sai thong ngon tdi thfim, chu tfiu cung cho ngfidi dfip ta, rdi kdo budm di ngfiy ly" (13) Din nfim Ty Dfic thfi (1850), sau sfi kipn tfi l^nh hai qufin My John Percival ehi huy tau Constitution din Dfi Nfing nfim 1845 bflt tin gay dp Ific vdi trilu (finh ddi tha gidm myc Leffibre ngfidi Phfip dang bj giam tpi H u l khdng thfinh: "Nudc Ma Ly Cfln sai Ba-h-ri chay tfiu din ciia Dfi Nfing nfli rdng Rghian cijru Ljch siS" stf 4.2011 dd td qudc thd l6i vfi xin thdng thfidng Quan H§u qufin lanh Td'ng ddc lfi Tdn Thfi't Bdt xin quyln nh^n td thd, cd bl bdc, ngfii khflng eho Ba-h-ri xin ldn nui Ngu Hfinh, rdi tfiu chpy di" (14), Nhu v$y, cfic sfl thdn nfidc My din giao thfidng thdi gian ddu dupc ddn tilp fin edn, nhUng sy can thidp thd bpo vfio cdng vide ndi bd ciia Vidt Nam dfi Ifim cho quan hd gifla nfidc ta vdi My ngfiy cfing Ipnh nhpt vfi ehfi'm dfit sau nfim 1850 Vdi Anh, quan hd thfidng mpi eiia cfic thfidng nhfin Anh d Dfi NSng diln tit dpp dfidi thdi cdc vua ddu Nguyin Dpi didn trilu dinh thfidng d^t mua hfing cdc tfiu thuyin Anh hdn cfic nfidc khfic vfi quan hd thfidng mfii gifla thfidng nhfin Anh vdi trilu dinh Nguyin rfi't gfin bd tin tudng Thfidng nhfin Anh thfidng dfipc Uu di vl thue khoa, vl tofin tiln mua hfing hofi vfi ca vl khoan dai thdi gian Ifiu tru budn ban d Dfi Nfing Chung ta cd t h l thfify ro hdn quan hO budn bdn dd dpe Chfiu ban trilu Nguyin (15), nhfi't lfi thdi Gia Long vfi Minh Mang Tuy nhien, quan hd ngopi giao thi khfic hfln, suit nfia ddu t h l ky XIX nfidc Anh chi cii phdi dofin sang xin l^p quan hd bang giao vdi nudc ta nhfing kit qua thi rfi't thfi'p Ldn thfi nhfi't vfio nfim 1803, mpt phfii dofin Anh Roberts d&n ddu din Dfi Nfing vdi dii diiu kidn xin bimg giao vfi xin nhUpng ddt d Sdn Trfi dl l$p budn bfin, nhUng vua Gia Long khdng tilp, dfi xud'ng dy "Hai cfidng lfi ndi quan ylu, lpi cho ngUdi ngofii dfipc! Khdng cho, sai tra lai v^t phdm vfi bao vl" (16) Nfim sau, nfim 1804, Roberts trd lpi ldn thfi hai nhfing vSn khdng dpt dfipc myc dfch Den ldn thfi ba, nfim 1822, Crawfurd lfi thong die Singapo dfipc tofin quyln Xn Dd eii sang Vidt Nam Ifim nhidm vy bang giao Ldn nfiy, myc dfch ciia ngUdi Anh khiSm tin hdn nhilu, chi xin d\t