Water treatment processes on how to reduce, remove, and disinfect water contaminants

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICUTURE AND FORESTRY MANUEL VICTOR ALVIAR RAMIREZ TOPIC TITLE: Water Treatment Processes on how to Reduce, Remove, and Disinfect Water Contaminants BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-Time Major: Environmental Science Faculty: Advanced Education Program Batch: (2014-2018) Type: On-The-Job Training (OJT) Thai Nguyen, 25/9/2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student Name Manuel Victor Alviar Ramirez Student ID DTN1454290090 Thesis Title Water Treatment Processes on how to Reduce, Remove, and Disinfect Water Contaminants Supervisor (s) PHL, Ms Rochelle L Retamar / VN, Nguyễn Văn Hiểu Supervisor Signature: Abstract: Piggeries small or industrial are one of many contributors to waste water pollutants, from the urine, droppings, feeds, and excrements produced by swine With technology as advanced as now, Department of Science and Technology (DOST) created a device called a biogas digester Which gets rid of common pollutants such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) total phosphorous (TP) total suspended solids (TSS) and total volatile solids (TVS), but the biogas digester does not have the capability to eradicate some pollutants such as (TP) and (TS) completely Environment and Biotechnology Division (EBD) has come up with an Aerobic treatment of Anaerobically Predigested Swine Wastewater Using Activated Sludge and subsequent polishing using Biological Filters/Trickling Filter System, this treatment removes chemicals the digester cannot Arsenic is a highly toxic in its inorganic form, and can be found in natural water wells, and also from human practices such as irresponsible mining Arsenic is a heavy metal that can be found in water sources, typical boiling does not remove arsenic Arsenic removal treatability was conducted by EBD, chemicals such as Ferric Chloride were used to coagulate with arsenic to be removed completely Floods put people vulnerable to disease which came from domestic, industrial, and commercial wastes Lack of access to drinking water during i floods are mostly a common problem This study attempted to develop a portable accessible emergency disinfection system to address the common drinking water shortage during the flood A treatability study was conducted using a common house hold known as “Tawas” or alum, and a chemical called Ferric Chloride For the past months precipitation was nowhere, as a substitute to flood water, water from a commonly overflowing lake was used Keywords: Number of pages: Date of Submission: Biogas Digester, Aerobic treatment, Arsenic removal, Ferric Chloride, Emergency Disinfection, Treatability 52 pages September 25, 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To everyone who supported me from the beginning until now, I would like take this opportunity to express my gratitude and greetings to my EBD Family who supported me with this experience, taught me how to work with other people, and opened my mind about the world of being employed, contributing to projects and specially about responsibility To the whole EBD Division, for the experience and knowledge from a diverse group of people To my Father, for making this OJT possible, for everything he ever taught me which no other person can, and for his never-ending support and care For my Mother, who was always there for me no matter what life throws at me, for being the one I can always talk to, and for being the one you can always count on To my Siblings, that never left my side and their continuous love and support To Charm for her love, her support, and for always being there to push me to become a great person, but especially for her time But most of all, I would like to thank God, for everything he had ever done for me, for the people I met, for the blessings, and mostly for giving me a gift which with a thousand words cannot explain, my Family Sincerely, Manuel Victor Alviar Ramirez iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LISTS OF FIGURES v LISTS OF TABLES vi LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Contents of work 1.4 Profile of the cooperating agency 1.5 Description of your activities 1.6 Timeline Chapter II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 International Literature Review 11 2.2 National Literature Review 15 Chapter III STATUS OF THE CONSIDERED ISSUE AT THE TRAINING AGENCY 17 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED 42 4.1 Discussion 42 4.2 Lesson learned 42 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES 49 iv LISTS OF FIGURES Figure Swine Situation Report v LISTS OF TABLES Table Activities Table Swine situation report Table Results of ETV on DOST IV Biogas Digester 16 Table Pre Chlorination Test 32 Table Ferric Chloride Dosage Test 34 Table Pre-Chlorination Test 36 Table Pre-Chlorination and Jar Test with Ferric Chloride as a Coagulant 38 Table Ferric Chloride Dosage Test 39 vi LISTS OF ABBREVIATIONS BGL Bureau of Government Laboratories BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CP Cleaner Production CPS Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Section DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DI Deionized Water Solution DOST Department of Science and Technology EBD Environment and Biotechnology Division ETV Environmental Technology Verification ETVP Environmental Technology Verification Protocol FAU Formazin Attenuation Units ITDI Industrial Technology Development Institute MSRI Mathematical Sciences Research Institute NIST National Institute of Science and Technology NSTA National Science and Technology Authority NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Unit OB Official Business PCU Platinum Cobalt Unit vii R&D Research and Development TDS Total Dissolved Solids TN Total Nitrogen TP Total Phosphorus TSS Total suspended solids viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale The Environmental Biotechnology Division is one of DOST’s Research and Developement section EBD has separate sections which are in charge of different projects and Sciences Cleaner Production section or CP aims to supports local businesses to be globally competitive by applying Cleaner Production Assessment CP assists a work force to be efficient and be more productive, Cleaner Production relay on standards which are: Pollution prevention, waste minimization, Ecoprofitability, Green production, Low and non-waste technologies, and Zero waste emissions (CP Manual, 2009) CP is also concern about waste water treatments which also involves another branch of Government known as DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) DENR is concerned about the well-being of the environment and is also in charge of environment related projects ETV or the Environment Technology Verification is needed for every projects which concerns about environment relations CP section was assigned to Conduct ETV for applicants and to produce a statement about their technology which was studied by CP’s ETV team DENR shall allow DOST technical support as deemed necessary From the DENR-DOST JOINT ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO 01 ADOPTING ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY VERIFICATION PROTOCOL (ETVP) (DENR-DOST, 2006) Table Pre-Chlorination and Jar Test with Ferric Chloride as a Coagulant  Location: o DOST Industrial Technology Development Institute Environment Biotechnology Division (ITDI-EBD) Building  Objective: o Test Ferric Chloride as an Emergency Disinfectant o Use data from this Experiment to compare with Chlorination  Material: o Jar Tester o Beakers o Ferric Chloride/ Sodium Hydroxide o Residual Chlorine Kit o pH meter o Filter Paper 38 o Colorimeter  Method o Conduct a jar test with Ferric Chloride as a Coagulant o After the jar test is complete, Collect data from the jar test for later conclusion  Conclusion o One Sample had a wrong dosage o Wrong dosage can have a great impact to data results, see Table Jar Test May 9, 2018: Jar Test for Emergency Disinfection Project using Ferric Chloride Table Ferric Chloride Dosage Test  Location: o DOST Industrial Technology Development Institute Environment Biotechnology Division (ITDI-EBD) Building 39  Objective: o Test Ferric Chloride as an Emergency Disinfectant o Do another Jar Test with Ferric Chloride for Reliable Results  Material: o Jar Tester o Beakers o Ferric Chloride/ Sodium Hydroxide o Residual Chlorine Kit o pH meter o Filter Paper o Colorimeter  Method o Conduct a jar test with Ferric Chloride as a Coagulant o After the jar test is complete, Collect data from the jar test for later conclusion  Conclusion o Results shown that Pre-Chlorination does not meet the requirements for this Project o Pre-Chlorination consumes time therefore Ferric Chloride will be used as an Emergency Disinfectant, see Table Constant Weighing of TSS May 16, 2018: Water Samples from past experiments were weighed using a gravimetric scale 40  Location: o DOST Industrial Technology Development Institute Environment Biotechnology Division (ITDI-EBD) Building  Objective o Test TSS of samples from past experiments o Compare data results from Colorimeter and Gravimetric Scale  Material o Filter Paper (Appendix 8) o Crucible (Appendix 9) o Watch Glass (Appendix 10) o Laboratory Tongs (Appendix 11) o Desiccator (Appendix 12) o Laboratory Oven (Appendix 13) o Gravimetric Weighing Scale o Tissue Paper  Method o Filter paper is first put in an oven to remove moisture then weighed o Water samples is then poured to the paper and back to the oven to dry o Weigh the paper which had samples and collect all data  Conclusion o Gravimetric Weighing consumes time, effort, and energy, but accurate o Colorimeter is fast, but gravimetric scale is more reliable 41 CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION AND LESSON LEARNED 4.1 Discussion All three main projects were done by the EBD’s Research Team, some research were based on international Projects and from which the team got their information and executed the Projects with the help of other Government Agencies Adaptation from International projects allowed EBD to create their own innovative criteria based on the capability of the Country Philippines is a Developing Country, with other Developed countries way ahead, the Philippines is making their progress by following the steps from these countries Some problems are still far from being solved due to lack of equipment, man power, and capability From these limitations, EBD succeeded adapting to our capability and resolving our needs 4.2 Lesson learned (5S) Sort, Set In Order, Shine/Sweep, Standardize, Sustain  Sorting of Workplace equipment, and materials according to quality and well-organized quantities  Design and execute a plan whereas every worker has access and organized floor plan to avoid waste of energy and time  Allocate adequate space for the workplace, install work related appliance where every employee has easy access to 42  Arrange specific documents according to its content and provide visual tags for ease of access  Reduce unnecessary purchases that takes up space and funds  Always keep the workplace neat and maintained  Standardize maintenance to equipment in the workplace  Drinking water is still available during times of flood form the flood water itself  Disinfectants can be found on typical households, products such as bleach, Alum (Tawas), and Alum  Emergency Disinfection should be rapid and portable o Laboratory Proficiency o Filtering of Raw water o pH and Ion concentration meter o Weighting scale o Gravimetric scale o Jar Tester o Laboratory Oven o Colorimeter o Desiccators Treatment of Anaerobically Pre-Digested Swine waste water  Swine Effluent is of the contributors of waste water in our environment 43  Effluents from Swine contains a number of chemicals that a Digester cannot remove  Not all Swine farms have a Biogas Digester 44 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION The Philippine Swine industry still has a long way to go from being ecofriendly, lack of authority, capability, and management are the most common reason why hog raisers cannot afford a Biogas Digester and still prefer to eliminate their waste to water bodies Pictures from site visits can be found in (APPENDIX 15) The Emergency Disinfection Project conducted treatability experiments using Chlorine in Pre-Chlorination, and Ferric Chloride in Jar Tests Chlorination results can be found in (TABLE 2), results from high and low dosages does not reduce parameters, data concluding Pre-Chlorination is no longer needed is in (TABLE 2), even with very little amount of dosage added from the optimum dose, data still remains the same as seen in (Table 4) In order to have a conclusive evidence PreChlorination with Jar Test was tested and data from (Table 5) shown that Control had a better result rather than other trials From this data, another test was set to see how accurate the experiment was Same Experiment executed had a conclusive result (Table 6), even with a false dosage from Control, Table still proved Pre-Chlorination takes up time , does not meet the requirements, and therefore Pre-Chlorination is no longer needed Arsenic Concentration was also tested and 150 ppm was the optimum dosage for every 1000mL of water, as seen in (Table 3) there is no proof of a quantifiable difference but in (APPENDIX 14) shows that 150 ppm was the fastest to settle and with the least flocs still floating Further research and experiments should be done in the future to spread awareness of how our water system works 45 REFERENCES Akpor (2011) Wastewater Effluent Discharge: Effects and Treatment Processes 2011 3rd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering Retrieved April 22, 2018 Alcantara & Donald (1996) Management of livestock waste in the Laguna Lake watershed, Philippines Retrieved June 12, 2018 Badurek, C A (2018) Difference Between Biogas and Natural Gas Retrieved June 26, 2018, from https://www.differencebetween.com/difference-betweenbiogas-and-natural-gas/ CAEEDAC (1999) The Economics of Biogas in the Hog Industry Retrieved June 4, 2018, from http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/caedac/PDF/HOGS.pdf CP Manual (2009) Training Manuel On Cleaner Production Retrieved March 10, 2018 Delgado, C (1999) Live stock to 2020 Retrieved June 15, 2018, from http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/documents/lvst2020/20201.pdf DENR-DOST (2006) Adopting Encironmental Technology Verification Protocol Quezon: Department of Environment and Natural Resources Retrieved March 15, 2018 DOST-ITDI (2004) Biogas ETV Report Retrieved March 14, 2018 EBD-ETV (n.d.) ETV Statement Retrieved March 3, 2018 46 Eddy & Metcalf (2003) Wastewater Engineering (Treatment, Disposal and Reuse) Retrieved June 17, 2018 EPA, U (2018) The Benefits of Anaerobic Digestion Retrieved April 2, 2018, from https://www.epa.gov/agstar/benefits-anaerobic-digestion ITDI (2018) ITDI HISTORY Retrieved March 5, 2018, from http://www.itdi.dost.gov.ph/index.php/transparency/about-us/history Jeyanayagam, S (2004) True Confessions of the Biological Nutrient Removal Process Florida Water Resources Journal Retrieved April 8, 2018, from https://www.deq.virginia.gov/Portals/0/DEQ/Water/Wastewater/TrueConfess ions_000.pdf Oram, B (2018) Chlorination of Drinking Water Retrieved May 19, 2018, from https://www.water-research.net/index.php/water-treatment/tools/chlorinationof-water Paraso, M G (2010) A Survey of Waste Management Practices of Selected Swine and Poultry Farms in Laguna, Philippines Journal of Environmental Science and Management Retrieved May 21, 2018, from http://jesamuplb.org/download_article.php?aid=85-a-survey-of-waste-managementpractices-of-selected-swine-and-poultry-farms-in-laguna philippines PSA (2017) Swine Situation Report Retrieved June 12, 2018, from https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/SWINE%20SR%20May%202018%20FI NALupdated_0.pdf 47 Seadi, T A (2008) Biogas Handbook Retrieved June 23, 2018, from http://www.lemvigbiogas.com/BiogasHandbook.pdf Shipin, O (2007) Piggery Wastewater Treatment in a Tropical Climate: Biological and Chemical Treatment Options Retrieved April 6, 2018, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6396865_Piggery_Wastewater_Tre atment_in_a_Tropical_Climate_Biological_and_Chemical_Treatment_Optio ns Strak, J (2017) Swine sector in the Philippines set to grow Retrieved June 24, 2018, from https://www.pigprogress.net/Finishers/Articles/2017/4/Swinesector-in-the-Philippines-set-to-grow-123507E/ 48 APPENDICES Appendix 49 (Appendix 3) Jar Tester Appendix 1000 L Container (Appendix pH Meter) (Appendix 5) Microgram/ Gravimetric Scale (Appendix 7) Hach, Colorimeter (Appendix 6) Filter Media 50 (Appendix 8) Filter Paper (Appendix 10) Watch Glass (Appendix 9) Crucible (Appendix 11) Tongs (Appendix 14) 150 ppm Ferric Chloride Test (Appendix 15) Swine Site Visits (Appendix 12) Desiccator (Appendix 15) Swine Site Visits (Appendix 13) Oven (Appendix 15) Swine Site Visits (Appendix 15) Swine Site Visits (Appendix 15) Swine Site Visits 51 52 ... Victor Alviar Ramirez Student ID DTN1454290090 Thesis Title Water Treatment Processes on how to Reduce, Remove, and Disinfect Water Contaminants Supervisor (s) PHL, Ms Rochelle L Retamar / VN,... Lake , took water samples from a distance from shore o Filled five (5) gallon water containers and brought back to the Laboratory 18 o Transferred water samples to a larger container and sealed... Deionized Water Solution DOST Department of Science and Technology EBD Environment and Biotechnology Division ETV Environmental Technology Verification ETVP Environmental Technology Verification