Từ vựng học tiếng anh cơ bản = basic english lexicology

I I The components o f l e x i c a l ựieanỉng 54

I I I * The ty p e s ’ o f lex ỉc aX mẹaning 57

V, Polysemy and se m a n tic 3 t 'r u c tu r e 59

VI, ĩlie a t y l i s t i c a a p e c t o f E n g lia h

T h is r a a t s r i a l Í3 in te n đ e d f o r th e 4^^ y a a r

s t u d e n t a o f th e E n g lis h D epartm ent ÌTt th e Kanoi

U n ỉ v e r a i t y c f P o reig n Lun*^ 3.ge T each ers I t can

a l s o be , aa a m a tte r o f ; 'a c t , used f o r S n g lỉa h

To h e lp improve oux* a t u d e n t s * comprehenaion , a

c e r t a i n araount o f tlme Ỉ3 to be d e v o te d to sem in ara

f o r which a p e c i f i o toplcB have bees s e le c te d « They

a r e r s q u i r e d to do a l l th e e x e r c i s e s i n th e víTỈtten

f o rm '

>Ve b e n e í i t e d g r e a t l y from t a l k a and d isc u a sỉo x ỉs

w ith o u r c o ĩl e a g u e a L«t u s h e r e thank a l l o f them

f o r Vnat th sy havB d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y c o n t r l b u t e d

Hoàng T ắ t ĩrưồTig

tho Y a rlõ u s liD ^ u Ì B tl c t>raQChes,

The word " l e x i c o l o g y " o r i g ỉ n a t e e from Greek

and i s compoeod o f two p a r t a t ” l« x l« " raeaning "word" and " lo g o s " meaning " á c le n c e , l e a r n i n g **, thuB

" l e x i c o l o g y " l i t e r a l l y neana " th e Bcỉence o r th e a t u á j

o f the word" HovreTar, t h ỉ s Ì 8 J u » t a vague n o t i o n a b o u t

the 8tỉbject m a t t e r aBd task of lexlcolog; Bince all the

o th ® r b ran c h e s o f l i n g u i s t i c s c ỉe a s e a le o r e f i» r t o tho wordl

Ắa a t r a u c h o f l e x i c o lo g y h a s ỉ t a

a p e c i í l c aliBs and methoda of 8 c i e n t i f ỉ c r e s e a r c h ,

* í8 8 en tỉa l ta a k b e ln g th e study and a y a te m a tỉc d s a c r i p -

t l o n o f tha Y ocabulary o f a gí ven laníịuage By "vooabụ-

I s r y * o r " l e x ỉ o " i e rneant the aum t o t a l o r th e aystei^,

o f a l l th e wordđ t h a t a language poeaesBda and by

i a I««ant d l a l * c t l c a l u n i t^ o f fortn and c o n t a n t , irtd ep e- Dd*nt a a it o f languaigs cap ab le to íonr, a u e n te c c e by

i t a « l f ( i t ahould ồe n o tsd h e re t h a t an e x ạ c t d e f ỉ n i '

t l o n o t th e word haa 80 Ỉ&T n o t b»>«n a r r i v e d at> Thua the « ttb j« c t m a t t e r of le x ic o lo g y i a the word, i t a a t r u - otxir«, f o r m a t lo a , BiBonlng 'u id to r y ' Ẳ pnrt rroni th o ae i«w:±»uiogy a ĩ s o ỉ r iT e s t lg a t e a s e t e ip r e a a i o n a h en ca phrti- fl«ology ftXỉd the a r t o f compỉĩiíig d í c t i o n a r i o a hence l a i l ’ eography L«xleology cannot eicludie le x ỉc o g r a p h y beoaustỉ

Lutt lii.ttu r Ì4 &, p r a c t l c a ) ».pD ltcetion o f th e fo rm ar axid

le x le o g r a p h s r s aro In e r lta b ly guid«d in t h « lr vork by

the p r ln c ỉp le la ld dowQ by l « z lc o lo g l s t «

R egional Y a r le tl« s o f th« word are d a a lt w ith la

le x le o lo g y aa »«11 T«kt 2 s ^ ia b fo r ex aap le, a o t oalỉT

1« ther« B r i t l i h E nsllaỉĩ but there I s iB « r le a a , Ầua-

t r a li a n , lA d ian , Caxiadlan E agllah and ềO t o r t t a s

Sn^llah 1« axtr«fflely vrldely used i a tỉi9 «orld»

In th e broad a ease, lex lo o lo g y e&a 1ỉ« M id to

c o n s ỉa t o f ĩ l v e essen tiáL branchaa t

1} Word 8tructux*«í and fo riB atlo n I X a v a s t l c a t a s

«11 t h e p ro b le m s coD ceralng th e q t r u e t u r * o f th « • o r d and thtt way I t I s ĩo rsted

2) Sem aalolog:/ ( o r aem ajatlcữ)i f o c u s « a o n th «

laeaaỉn s o f the Kord o h ie f ly the le x lc & l 0canlng b«ọaua*

thũ granmatlcAl nieanlag atudled graọựutr* (T hi« w l ỉ l

be d e a lt wltb lc part C)« I t dịacuas«a th« txp«a

o ĩ meaning, th e charige and deTttỉopiB«nt o f ni«tLiiliiga tb t groupỉn^ Of wcrda and -đữ on.

3) Phr&sRoloỉiy: Gọes i n t o a a t ( f l x « d ) •xprev8ỈX>xui

wbich ar« reproduced In spaech aa ready •> aadv

Thera may b« Bta:iciardllz 0 d Kord oom blnatloas, Idlonấi^

proverbv e t e froro onlỵ tno «ord pbra««a to Tttxy loaiE

sayỉxỉge In ẸtiglỈBh th«re sueh «et «zpr«aeioaế ũm

*'goođ heaT«na, diatạood cu ts dlamond, no paliM oo gaÌA«t

«a stTon^ a s a hora«» t«0 kea,>>^ «re b « tt« r than on e,

he liio c b a tt« r« to you w U l c h a t t t r o f you* aad i t l l l

o th e r a

4 ) Stym olot^; ReCera to ttie h lsto x ^ t o r l^ ln

o f vorda Btym ologlata lỉlvldo th« E o g lléh Yoeabulary

In to two n aln la y tra : n à tỉv e «ordfl and borrom d vord 0 ỉ

ỉ ) Lexlcography: S tudlas tha probleaa r e la t» d to

d ie tiù n a r y oom plllng, tầey are the pxoblena o f tb« typõs

o f dị<;tionaz7 ỹ t h e f l e l e c t l o J u o r word8 f o r - e a o h - t y p e ,

t h e a r r a n g e a e n t o r v o rd s and áoaoxu

« r a l &ndj:apeclal Lexlcology: trea i ithe vo ca b ũ lax7~of

l l a ^ i a t i c Toroes roodifylng t h e a t r u o t u r a o f w orda,

t h e lr - m e a n iu g .and u eag e I t s u r r o y s Xhe T o c a b u la27 as

a a y B té m -in -it8 a r o l u t i o n ; d e a c rito ln g i t s éhaníse ãữd

■ d eT elo p m en t.iiì th c i.c o u rsa o f tia e »

-D e« crip tỉv e l a x ỉc o ló g y a t u d l e a :t.he vocabulaiT^ ÌE

t h e sy n eh ro n ic & apect, l e a t a g iv e n s t e g e o f l t 8

deTelopm ent I t deaÌB w ith worde ỉ n t h o ỉ r n o r p h o l o -

g i c a l and B em antlcal 8truot\ir® B, i n T e a t i g a t l n g tỉi«

in to rd e p e n d e n o e b e tn e e n t h e s e two l e v e l â ^

•X«t I t ỉ a Im p o rta n t to n o t e t h a t , b e in g a c o c ỉ a l pheaomenoà, laagu&ge đ eT elops t o g e t h e r w ith s o c i e t ý

ĩk a Yocabulaxy o f a language l0 alvaya in « a t a t e o f

o o a ã ta ỉi t'd e r e lo p m e n t Alroost ®very aew o b j a c t o r p b e - nomcnon i a huaan a o c i e t y «md a o t l Y l t y , &s Boon a s i t

aooiety đeTelope, a great many naw words ai'9 needed

to expresB hew I d e a a ,: new c o n c e p tlo n a and n8w w a n ta.The -Tocabxilnry caxrvbe s a ỉ d to be a B Ì r r o r t h a t r e f -

l e a t « man'« o h a r a c t o r , m s n t a l i t y and R c t i T i t y T h o r« -

ĨOT^ b o t h 't h e d l a c h r o n lc and ey n ch ro n lc a p p ro a c h e a

*u*o to b« comblned, Brary l i n ^ l s t i c eu.rre7 haK to

a t r l k e a reaaoriable baluuce betvveea th a two.

I I / Thẹ 3Ìi^nifIcancQ o f le x lc o lo g y :

Au m entioned above, v o cab u ịary 1« one o f 141«

th re e maili diinenolona o f lAỉigxiage, ao X exỉcology

th e o r e tlc a X ly v u lu a b le in t h a t i t Torma tii« atiỉdy o f

t h ỉ s dim enaion Lexicoloỉj;ỵ I s ỉB peclally p raetX calX y

u 3 e fu l in foreiè;n Inn^^uMge te a c h in g , I t ầ e l p a a tim u -

l a t e a a y ate m a tic approacb to f ttc ta ooiiceimdUcig v o c a —

b u la r y I t i a a la o v a l u a b l e In b u ỉ lđ l o g vqp

v o cab u lary by e f f e c t i v - l y s* h e o tlh g , ẹ ro u p ln g and

a n a l ỉ a l n ^ ne# worda A c l e e r u n d ô ratn o d ln g o f th«

word forrning syatem r u m l n h e s 8UQ In stro m e n t «G«Wing

a tu d e n ta to gueaa and r e t ả t n In t h o l r memory th a

meanlng o f new worda on thd b a s ỉ s o f t h e i r in o tiv atỈA ii

o r by comparlng axid c o n a t r íia t in g them «fith th a P3P*-

V loualy l e a r n t e le m e n ts and p a t t e r a a U ỉs ta k e a oan

forftligoers They can e x p re a a mora Ìda«L0 n ỉ t h l i ỉ a

l i m i t e d vQ «abulary Le:xlcology linparta th e easeA tiaX

a k ỉ l l B o f UBÌug v ariouB typea o f í l i c t i o n a r i i i a and

refe re « C e iQ a te rỉa l and prísparea f o r futuxv6 Ittdopea—

d e n t »ork on t a a iinproveaient o f the l e a r o e r ^ s

a to c k o f words With a good graap o f th e th e o ry o f

One i«ìfâi o f ll.r t g u ia tlc B t r u c tu r e can,"t b a w e ll

t r e a t e d Ịù i.o o ia tio n froro th e o t h e r No p a r t o f a ĩa;aguage can b« a u f f i c i ô u t l y i n v e a t i g a t e d A ith o u t rt'f*íi'iíièi Iv U.1 ‘' tiÀar partSi, The sunrey o f words iiì

l : ; r l c ữ i c ^ iô a o t to be Beparatod from t h a t o f the

o t h e r elủĩBeattì i n th e laroguage eysteia to which words oeioxằg BÌXLce a l l th o se eleiĩients a r e , i n f a c t , t n t e r ” vi«iiw,uùcac and c io e a ly r e l a t e d ,

p^oĩiClGgical f e a t u r e s tak e pa2’t t n th e c o n -

d l t l o i i i n g o f woĩ‘Cl u n i ty and markỉxig word

Ragardiiig SííẨ llsh, th e r e a r e two main p h o ỉio lo g ic a l feat;a3!*sa aasoc ỉ a t e d w ỉth woi*da, they a r e B t r e so and juiiC vura Xt i a 8tr®33 t h a t o f t e n h e l p a d i a t i n g u i a b

compound words and f r80 wcrd g roupa such a s

*''darir.lỉìg g i r l ” and "ủancing g l r l " o r ”b la c k le g " and

‘^ b i a c k - l e ^ " I t ia JiJiìCture t h a t e /ia b le s us to r e a -

i ỉ i í e ih« ÙArraricuce b«tìnrtì©n word gro u p s t h a t a r e

alm o a t horaoriymous l i k e "a n a ti o n " and ” an A sian"

ai2đ so cn

Á a h i í ’x o f B t r e sa i s a l B o u 3 e f u l t n m a k i n g new worda l.tke " r e c a r d " (v e rb ) and " r e c o r d ” ( n o u n )

■i’be c o a n e c ti o a o f le x i c o lo g y w ith gratnmar i e

v e i ^ Íniportaiít aa w e ll, Seldoin do words o c c u r in

i a o l i i t i o i i They a r e produced i n c e r t a i n p a t t e r n a

Bhowin^ the i 'e l a t i o 3 s oetvveen the thlxụ53 they 3 íand

f o r thua posBesairig soíne grami-natical men.ninp; a lo n g -

s l d e w ith t h e i i ' l e x i c a l meaniri^ These twQ t y p e s of rĩ?e^nlag a r e u s u a l l y -ỉn terd e p en d e n t ? o r i n s t a n c e ,

t,h« r u n c t i o n a o f a l i n k verb with a p re d ỉc a tiV '9 eX”

p re e a e d by an a d j e c t l v e caiinot be f u l f i l l e d by a l l

i n t r a n s ỉ t ỉ v e y e rb a b u t a re UBually j u a t ta k e a up by

v e rb a of m otion o r p ercep tio Q : "riiB s h o r t , go nTong

t u r n y e l l0Wi, g e t angry'* s t c and raany o t h e r s i m i l a r oombixiationa coĩiYeying tha meaxiing o f '*become ath**.Oiĩ th e o t h e r hacd th e gram m atical forra à,ad fúỉae-'

t l o n o f th e word a f f e c t a i t a l e x i o a l meaniiag í

"vrtien H a lla and B a x te r were goiiig to r e a l i s e every-*

t h í n c i t waa a lr ii a d y too l a t e doke waa ẩone and ao waa t h e i r car", The 3eme verb "go” h e r e a c q u i r e s

d e f l n i t e l y d i f f o r e n t , l e x ỉ C Q l r n ứ a n ỉ u g a A n o t b e r I r i ĩ e r -

e t i n ^ example Ì8 thtì v a ríe d -rng o f th e v e rb "boÌ3.” l.n the f o il o w ln g : ”The w ater ia b o ỉ l i n g , th e w a ter Ì3 beiĩxg b o ỉ le d , th e w a te r la b o ile d .v a te r” ,

■Word foi*mlag p a t t e r n a i^íve eiiou^h evidencH to

aa,y t h a t w o r d - f o r m á t i o n can be w e l l aí3Ì5ned to b o th l.e x ic a l and ;i^rarruna.tỊcaI ì i e l d s

The l e x l c a l i s a t l o i l o f a grarrùía.tica.1 foj;ra i s r a l a ò

w c r t ) i m e n t i o n i r g A‘ f o n n thai; o r ĩ g i n a l l y i n d ỉ c a t e d gra.nT.atical míianinịr t u r n a ir:tò R baf'Í3 f o r a nííW'

l e - c i c a l rneanlní', t a k e 3uch exaraplaa an nouna U36(i ỉ n

th e p l u r a i h a v in g a a p e c i a i senae: s o e c t a c l e s , a ủ v ỉc e s

c c l o u r i i , cuatoma e t c ĩ h e ' 3 t i í f i x -a i n th e a e words

a i nal.i a new wo'rd wlth a completely new 3eaJliag ■

C o n c r e t e noiuia a r e so!T!etimeB vised bo ch ae laass- nouria ( u n c o U n t a b l e nofOíij) ând HS t h i n g - n o u B S ( c ữ u n -

t a b t ồ n o u n s ) In t h e l e t t e r raeHni-nx; ĩHey meỵ

ta k e th e a u f f i x o f p l u r a l i t y ( « a / - e s ) P o r ỉ n a t a a c e

" a e a t , b u t t e r , r i c e , f i s h , h a ỉ r " e t c a r e UBually uaed

i n th e s ỉ n g i i l a r b u t once used ỉn t h e p l u r a l th ey mean

à i f f e r e n t t h i a g s In such cases» r i g a r a t i v e mẹỆ,p.ÌJũổa

a r e Bometimea found aa w e lĩ; ' T r u i t a o f l^.bour"

V e r y o f te n gramroar p la y e th e c r u c i a l r o l e i n decidij:i5

th e ni8aniDg'of worda We can r e l y on i t to compare

th e v a r io u s l e x i c a l raeaniuga o f th e v e rb ''raetke" ir

th e fo llo w iu íỉ: "made ỉ n Japanị 'e made h e r h i s w ife;

T b at boy w i l l make a good to a c h e r ; She made eway

•rith h e r a e l f ; The Mrhole s to r y i s made up; They s a t

up l a t e to m£ke up f o r t>Ịs l o s t timc-; E a rly r i a i i g raakea f o r good h e a i t h ; Soraeons h a s ĩiiada o f ĩ w it ’r

my b ik e Ị S o ry , I c a a ^ í raaice ^ou o u t •*

le x i c o lo g y Prom q u ỉ t e a d i f f e r e n t a n g l e , i t a l e o

goea In to a ĩiumber o f problem s o f l e r i c o l o g y They

a r e th e problema o f mettniníi, aynonymy and 30 f o r t h The same word8 used in d i f f e r e n t s t y l e s may w e ll

b r in g about d i f f e r e n t roeaningB ỉ ’rom atanciBrd, l i t e - ri»ry laxiguage may become aubatHndartì ( n o n - a ta n d a r d ) and even q u i t e vulíỉHPt »»vvhere'8 t l i a t c h ỉc k from 7 •*

" l t ' a bloody colrì today**; "V/bat tne h e l l a r e you

Ths niixed c h a r a c t e r o f th e v o c a b u la ry ỉ a th e mọat

ch ara c t e r i a t ỉ c f e a t u r e o f E ag lláh a ỉn c e Ita-graỉiua&7 and p h o a e t l c ay steraa a r« v ery B table and n o t e a a i l y •

i n f l u e a c e d by o t h e r làntỉuagen, The corapoalte n a t u r e

S n g lie h v o c a b u l a r y c o n ta in a o v e r 600.000 worà8, w h ỉla

i a o l d E n g lỉa h p e r io d i t wae compoạed o f o n ly 30*000

w orda, I t iu3derwent and i s nonradaye) s t ỉ l 3 xmdergoing

c o n s i d e r a b l e cheưiges í hew irordr o r now meaning o f

o l d worde a p p e a r w h ỉle aome o ld words and m eaaln^s

a r e no l o n ^ e r uaed o r even drop o u t o f th e lazi|E ua^

c o m p l e te ly , However, ỉ n S n g lla h , a a i n any o t h e r

la n g u e g e a , ther-a I s , always a l a y e r o f n o rd s ^đaỉcìi Ì3 c o r-a id e re d T.oat a c a b l e , raoat B i g n i í l c a n t f o r

commuiiicative purọosea Thls la y o r o i words i» e a lle d

the b a a i c e to c k o f words

The words makiiig up the b a s lc a to c k a r e u sx ia llỵ the o l d e s t and a r e m oatly n a t i r e 1ỊOTÚB : Man, troBian, hand, f o o t , h o u a e , d o o r, aun , a t a r , 9 a t , d r in k ,

b ig , am all and 90 on and 30 f o r t h Thay deỉu>te t h e oicat common o b J e c t e , a c t i o n a , n o t io n a o i •vepyday

l i f ô t h u a b e in g ủsed moat f r e q u e n t l y The a a ^ o r i t y

of :h e s e ìVord? a r e poiyaem antic and c o n a titu t® t h e

b a a i a f o r the f u r t h e r development o f th e v o c a b iila ry

7 r o n them, a g r e a t number o f neff words have b esn

roztn6d ị Ha&d ; to hand ị h a ja (iic ra ft ; bandbag ỉ

hand8aw hànd book : handout; r e d - handed and • ,

o th ttrạ The b a s l c s to c k o f words may be e a id

t o c o n a ls t o f f iv e groups which denote 1

1 - fh e most conunon o b j e c t s and phenomana o f

n a t u r e t flky, e a r t h , sun, e t a r , moon , r a i n , w ina,

w at8i., t r e e e t c

2 - The Eiames o f huraaa b e in g a , p a r i s o f the body,

relatlves; man » woman, raother, f a t h e r , b r o t h e r ,

^ ỉ a t e r , BIW , f o o t e t c ,

3 - Men a d w e llln g , dom estic íuiim als t H ouse, ro o f,

d ogi c a t , p lg , cow, sheept e t c

4 - ic t lo n B i n everyday l l f e , la b o u r to o lB Ị e a t , driJQk, do, make, hanuner, e t c

5 - Maia q u a l i t ỉ e e and p r o p e r tie B I B ig , Braalĩ,

good^ bad, o ld , young, c o ld , h ot e t c

'8e The r e l a t ỉ o n a h l p : betweèn graramar and Isx lc o iử g i'

9 The r e l B t io n e h i p b etn een s t y l i s t i C B bj I'X

c o lo g y

ĂQ raentioned above, th e terro ” word” a p p e a r s

to be a Bimple coìicept b u t ỉ n f a c t , i t Ì8 è x tre ra e ly

d ỉ f f i c i i l t to d efỉx ie Sorae l ỉ n g u i s t s r e f e r to sem an-

t ỉC 8 , aome r e f e r 'to phonology e t c to d e f i n e th e

word Por in a ta B c e , Palraer n o ted t h a t a word l a

míìi^ked l f ĩìot by ” spece8" o r "p au seB ", a t l e a a t by Bome f e a t u r e s o f th e aound aystem o f tb e la n g u a g o , f o r exam ple, a t r e 3 3 and j im c tu r 3 in E n g l ỉ s h And y e t ,

ỉn r a p i d spoken E n g lia h , we soraetimẹs can h a r d l y

f l n đ s t r e a s and j u n c t u r e , we m ight aay "w hatche

gonQE ao ?" f o r w'nal in w r i t i n g wculd a p p e a r *’what

a r e you g o in g to do?” I s "w hatcha" one word o r t h r e e and "gonna” one o r two ? So, l e t U3, f o r th e tirae

b e l a g , a c c e p t th« í’ollov*ing a e f l n i t ỉ o n which peems T.O b e t h e raoat 3a t i s f a c tor>' ; "A word Ì3 a d ỉ a l e c t i c a l

u n i t y c f Torrr .«nd c o n t e n t , i n d e p e n > 1 e n t u n ỉ t o f l a n g ”

uEge to -Tọrm a 3entei)C‘j by i t a e i r , f o r example

"book, booki^r;, unlucky, go, e a t , l e x i c o l o g y , vvnite- W£sh, kÌ3.-:-ữiy-qu ick" a n i 30 f o r t h

2 The morDheme:

Looking a t th e worda ab o v e, we c a n sao t h a t many o? them ttrs inade up o f v a r l o u s amallAX* m ea n ln ^ - f\al a le n ie n ts ĩ book + - l a h a b o o k ỉsh ; un-+ lu c k +

" morphemes"* As they cannot b« d ỉv id e d any fxiTther

ỉ n t c m ea n ln g fu l p a r t s , raorphemes may he defÌjQed e s

th e mixilinal in aa n in g fu l la n ^ u a g e u n ỉ t a

A morphena h a s i t a aound foxia and m eanln^ b u t

uixliko a word, i t ÌB n o t In d e p e n d e a t and OCOXỈT3 ÌE

in speecb o n ly a s p a r t o f a word a lt h o u g h a worđ isa3'

c o a a ls t o f o n ly one raorpheme, l e th ey c o in c id e

T hare a r e t«0 main ty p « a o f morphenes: Th«>

Biorpbeine and th e a f f i x a t ỉ o n a l morpheme,

n o rp h e a e o r alniply th e r o o t I t ÌB tho p rim ary e l e a e t

o f th e word aná conveya ỉ t a e a a e n t l a l lexỉccú meenlnỊ.,

I n th e example above, we have th e r o o t s "book, lu c li,

w hi^« , Maah** e t c The r o o t xremaiHB ạ í t e r removiiựỉ

p h o n o lo g is t homophone

enphony e t o Rooí norphemea a r e , in g e n e r a l, f r e e tcorpheraeB becauBe they can functiũxi i n d e p e n d e n t ĩ y Very few

ro o tỉ a re bound morphemes, ỉ e th e morpheraee t h a t

cannot íu n c tio n In d e p e n d e a tly and have to be combìned with o t h e r raorpheraea, f o r Intaaice, - c lu d e i n "cónciiide iiic lu d e , exclude'% o r t e r r - in ”t e r r o r „ t e r r o r i a e ,

t e r r i T ỉ c , t e r r l b l e " e t C o

3 2 The a f f ± x a t i c n a ĩ moroheme í s ru-Tther d lv ld e d

i n t c grQmraalicaĩ morpLame axid àe:.’l v a t l o n e , l moxT/hemeo e.) Tlie gram m atlcal raoroheme ỉ s a l s o c a ĩ l e d .tn~

r i e c t ỉ o n o r e n d ỉn g ĩĩeed to c r e a t a à if^ e re a tỊ-ío rtD e

ic Cỉưi be c a l l e d l e x ỉ o o - g r a r a a t ic a l morpheme e g

? r t - ; un - ; re - ; “• n eas ; - fttl ; - l y

D e r i v a t i o n a i Qort)herae8 a re UBed to c r e a t e new

nvora3 aná a r e , t h e r e f o r e , a tu d ỉe d in l e x i c o l o g y

Her« we can speak a b o u t d e r l v a t i o n a l paradigm

j,jm The t^tgea o f worda:

:h « c o n c e p t o f raorpheme now a llo w s ua to

zXtí,aBÌ.Ĩ:! norúa i a t o t h r e e ty p e a : aim ple worda,

i t t r l v a d v o r l a and compound w ords

Á siAtpi* «rord Ỉ6 one t h a t o n ly c o n a i s t a o f a

r o ó t - ^ r p h e r a e : "b o y , g i r l , t a b l e , a m a ll, g r e e n

yeỉloíV', apeak, f o llo w , e e t a b l i a h

A d e r i v e d word ỉ s one t h a t c o n a l s t B o f a r o o t

a.nd one o r more d e r ỉ v a t i o n a l morphemea I T e a c b e r ,

s t u d e n t , amualng, I n t e r e s t B d , a n tid ỉa e B ta b lÌB h m e n t •

wor-dâ a s l o a m e r , usouthy, baby - b ỉ t t e r "b u t a o t ” lũ&ia

m outh , b a b y '’an d " a i t "

ỉh « rollowlJ3^ a.tm th« irariouB p r in e ip a l wềifB o t worA • foHBatlon In Si3gllflỉi grad«d aceordlng to th e lx

produetiT e degraea.

1 J£7IXATZỌV

, AVPIXiTỈON l a th a f o z n a t i o n o f n«w word« w ith th t

b a l p o f a jr f ix a 8

Affi X9B o o n s ls t o t p r« fỉx « 8 and ■uTĩixca, th era-

fo r« a f f lz a t l o n Ì8 d«Tld«<l Into p r 9 flz a tio n ãuađ

« u f f ix a t io n

Thare are 80 “ o « ll« d aeml - ttfflx « s but thes*

• r « Tery t o r and t i i l l btt d « « li w ith In th e lectiur*

on eonpound woi'da«

«} C haraotarlB tlo fea ttư « 8 t ( t o ) do —- ( t o ) r*đo ỈMppy - — unhappl ( t o ) llk e — - ( t o ) dlalU ce p o llta —- ia p e llt «

( t o ) li v a — ( t o ) o u tliire abl« — uimbl« /

( xỏy tnabla

p r « f ỉx0« r a r e ly form n<rw p a rta o f speeoh and thÌB I s

ữoa«id0r«d to b» th a ir (ỉỉs tln c tlT 0 fữ«turft as oompaređ

v it i i •ttffljc e s.

There are aone p r e fỉx ô s whlch co ln cid a w lth Moràt

m oatly p rep a a itỉo n a oiỉd ađverba t OTar - ỉ out - Ị

up » i « tc • These pr«flJC«a 0fưi b« eonslderQđ aa htmo-

cqntoua td noirdâ.

b) Ợla 80 lf Ị ẹ § t lo n _ g f o r « ftx e s «

B refiz«a are C l& s8ified in mmBj e it h a r

accọrding tO 'th eiỉ> '« rlg tn OT — áBril’ng cz:Iỉi3StlA a*

L et U8 co» aaAl Ý ltỉi the 'eleu ielfÌ6atlosr ỈMKMd

on Deaiìisg aince I t ÌB^-of g re a t j^xac±ỉn.L .raliM In claBVxvoor t«a«hl£ig and- le a m is |ỉ»

The p r e f i x in r:, aa aeen i o th e t a b l e , o c c u r s i n

d i r f e r e n t plỉoneraic ahapea d epénding oin t h e I n ì t ỉ a l

sox^d o f t h e wor4 ỉ t goea w ltii

rhe c l a a B ị f ị c a t ỉ o a abdve ỈS' , o f courae y n o t

" a e g etỉo n * b u t ''bad ( l y ) o r wroĐg (lý )'* t « la u a e ,

â ỉa b e lia v lo u r , e t c We put theip tiaì^gether f o r c o a v ea ien ca

ÌBKMIS tlM p r o f l x e a «« c a n p lc k o u t ouch p r o d u c t lT e

OI^S aa 'r e - , non - , aup«r - , pre -*• m ille ■ i£ '

ro-d u c t l v e " i s n e a n t th e £ r « a t a b l l i t y t o b e CGnbỉtioro-d ir lth

**eupep -*« no«ađ»<y#l9 a v ery p r o d u c tlr e p r a f ix ,

•B p e c ia lly i n a d v ertỉa em en ta t!e Cea c a s i l y edd i t to

maay a d j « c t iv e s and alm ost every nouu ỉ aupernatur&l

aupttrdeluxe, auperà^in, aupernMirket, supcrcub e t o

P o r « a t y l l a t l c e f f e c t ire miịsht aay " a u p e r c a r , su p erd o g "

aiid ao f o r t h

Ị t l a worUiy o f no t e th a t " in Riid "un ãre

r & th e r a tra n < ;e Ỉ7 d l s t r i b u t e d , ỉỉometlmes th ey a r e I n t e r - ehangeably us«đ :

19 'ajiuLaDle - i x i e t â t i i Lty

-un,just i ỉ ý u s V i c e

u n { : r a t e f u l “■ i*i(5r a t i t u d e

worđ "hvuĩian” when Ềoiiìg -.vith " i n and "un :

"inhuman" rneana "BávaỄe , b r u t a l ", b u t "unliuraan"

meana " n o t humaQ, s u ferhum an"

T here a r e , hcvvever , scme caaeB ín '.vhich 8 u f f l x e 0

lio no I change ti.e p n r t o f apeech ;

d u c e d i n t h e e y e by r a y a o f l i g h t ) a nd '*cu3tom'' ( h a l ì ỉ ' -

t i i a l p r a c t i c e )

A p a r t frora ” - a" TT© CÊUI a ĩ a o raention ~ed"

8 t o , t n " t h e baby ỉ a amueing” l a quỉtíỉ d±,‘'Tfj

-r e n t f-rofti i n " t h e baby i s arausỉag i t a p a r e i i t s "

•‘ - e d ” ỉn " he ầeaded tho group” la q u ite d.lff9rer; t

írora l a ”he I s h o t - h e a d e d "

Tha polyaerny o f a a u f f l x i n no les/9 p e c a l i a r -

mee^a t,he door of'_an a c t i o a ỉ a p e a ic a r , eate:.',

Zl

-L i k e p r ổ ì - X g s , J u f f ú c e í - c a n a i c c b « c l a : ^ ^ i ' f l « C

ÍJl d iĩfe r e r t viTaỊ/s" <i<;corci»ị 5 to di'ffeyfc:r p r lx e iỹ le S -

“rhe moòi p r a c t i c a l p r i s c i p l e f o f us ỉ s xíie p a rx e£

productlve degreea or to theỉr origir.* The tabla

!V ietn am ese

lJ o u r n a le 8 © !

Fo;r a l o n g rí -'fc, “ -d^íiE" r ‘/ ú l l y nc.:'ì‘-pT:;r