Từ vựng học tiếng anh cơ bản basic english lexicology

TRUỒNG ĐẠI HỌC s PHẠM NGOẠI NGỮ HÀ - NỘI HOÀNG TẤT TRUỞNG TỪ VỤTNG HỌC TIẾNG ANH C BẢN BASIC ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY va lu e le ss ^'^ẤuabJes %s -S h e ’?; v e rv s ã n g y ! -N o , s h e ’s Quite tig h tl Gỳ>/ -O h - and c o n t e x t VIII,Hoinonyraa ũ EC, Synonyma X Antoayma XI Semantic change F r i R A S £ O L Ũ C T - A D fín ilio n II- and ona c t e r uS t t c fe e t y r o n C la s s if icep ion 94 rilo Proverfc5 líiiom s , (ỊUCtatLons , c lic n e s and sa y ỉn ^ s Pv E p G ejípce-9$Loafi v e r s u s S e t c o m p o u n d v/ords EnMOtiOSY S 100 I a s i c a s s a x p t i ^ n s lOC II A s s im ila tic i: o f torro.vings III B a r b a r i s m s ( u n a s a l - n i l a t e d b o r r o s v i n g s > t03 rv E ty m c lo g ic a l doaiblets 1C3 V I i a t e r n a t i o n a l w ords 104 V I, C a u se s o f borro',vjj3g 1C^ LZD:IC0Gie A m e ric an v a r i a n t ( A m erican E nglish ) IIĨ icg A u stralian v u r ia n ta to p ics Ĩiefere.nce9 'i09 , I n d i a n , and C anadian í'o r g r a d u a t ỉ o n m papera lit 118 - t — ỸĩiEíAOE T h i r a a t s r l a l l a i n t e n d e d f o r t h a 4^^ yaar a t u d e n t a o f t h e SnglỈB h D e p a r t m e n t iTà t h e K a n o i U niveraity c f Porolgn Liinfc.-'ig»ì Teachera • It can a l s o be , a a a m a t t e r o f í a c t , u s e d f o r S n g l l a h a t u d e n r s l a che l a t e r y e a r s i n o t h e r u n ỉ v e r s i t l e e in c I t only t r e a t s o f th e e s s e n t i a l f a c t s o ỉ l e r c i c c l o g y i n g e n e r a l and E n ^ l i a h l e x i c o l o g y i n p artico lar • H a v l n g c o n i d a r « d t h e leTTBl o ỉ o u r t u d e n t * know lí.dge o i E n ^ l i a h , '»a h a v e t r i e d , a s f a r a s p o a a i b l e , t o raake t h l a c o u r a e n o t q u l t e " t h e o r e t l c a l l y t h e o r e t i í a l “ but " p c tỉc a ily th e o re tlc a l" E n g i i s h a n d R u s e i a n l l n g u i a t s l o o k a t th e word fro!n r a t h e r d i f f ô r e n t angle3 thua d e s c r i b i n ^ i t r a t h e r d l i T e r e n c l y He have to corabine t h o s e s c h o o l s o f t h o u g i i t i n auch a way t h a t o u r • a t a d e n t a w i l l hav e 1330 d i f f í c u l t i ỉ n th a a t u d y o f t h ỉ a a u b j e c t To h e l p iinprove o u r a t u d e n t a * c o m p r e h e n a lo n , a C í r t a i n araount o f tiir.e l to be đ e v o te d to semlnara f o r w h ic h a p e c ỉ ĩ i o t o p l c B h a v e beeì' s e l s c t e d , Tbey a r o r e - u i r e d to a l l t h e e x e r c ỉ s c s i n t h « v r r i t t a n ỉ'orm >Ve b e n e ứ i t e d g r e a t l y from t a l k a and d iscuaslorxB 'Vith o u r c o i l e a g u e a L « t U8 h e r e t h a n k a l l o f them f o r -íhat t h s hav8 d l i * e c t l y o r I n d i r e c t l y c o n t r i b u t e d Hoàng T ắ t Trvờxig - - A DỈTRODXTION X/ L « r l c o l o s ; [ B u b i e e t a a t t « r and t a e k L tn g u is tic m a te r ia l la g e n e lly arran g ed Into phonology , g r a r a m a r BJ2d l e x i s ( o r Tocabulairy ),Th«Be three d.l8tlnct dlreenslons are the 6ubject m atter o f ■the varlõuB lin ^ u ia tic l)rancheB The word " l e x i c o l o g y " o r i ^ i n a l e B from Ureek eưid I s compoBOd o f two p a r t a J " l«txi8 ” m c a n in g "irard" an d * l o g o s ” m e a n in g " S c i e n c e , l e a r n l n ^ " , t h u s " le x lc o lo g y • l l t e r a l l y oeana "tbe Bcience or the stuà^ o f tho ã o r d " , HoirôTer, thỈB I s j u » t a vague n o t l o n a b o u t the Bub^ect matter end task o f lex lco lo g y Bince a l l the o t h « r b n ch o s o f l l n g u Ì B t ỉ c s c l e a c e ttleo r e f * r to t h e w ord i s a hra.Dch o f Iin£UỈatlC8, le x lc o lo g y has it a s p e c i f l c a i a s and methoda o t c ỉ e n t i f i c r e a s a r c h , ÌZ3 «»saential taak b e i n g th e study and s y a t e m a t ỉ c d a a c r i p t l o n o f t h e v o c a b u l a r y o f a g l v e n l a n ^ u a g c Sy " v o c a b u I s r y " o r " l a x ỉ a " ifi raoant the juni t o t a l o r t h e B yatsạ o ĩ a l l th e marda t h e t a laog u a^e po68ea8«8 and by ’^w6rá" l a Q ca s t d i a l % c t l c a l u u ỉ t y o f fortn and c o n t e n t , In d e p e DCt«nt u a i t o f l a n g u a g a c a p a c l e to ío n c B aenteDCữ by ( It a h o u lđ be n otad h«re th ttt nn ex act d ÌE Í t l o n o f th e wrrd 8Ũ f a r Dot b*í«n a r r i v e d íit'^ Thua iAe « u b j « c t m attax o f l e x l c o l o g y l a the worò, I t a t r u OtlXT9f forvU itÌO ữ , »180 Bflologj eograpầy ÌU0 l^ ttu r tho B iPaiilr-g A pnrt ln T < j3 tlg a t8 « r t o f set complliiVí? eip rea a io iis d í c t t o c a r ie a fTC."n t h e 0« hance hence phr3XÍ L«xicologjr caniiot e i c l u d r l e x i c o g m p h y bi^oaustì & p n c t i c n l •p p í l.o e tlo D of th a form «r a iid -3 - le x i c o g r a p h a r s a r « ln a T lt a b ly g u id e d ÌA t h « l r v o r k b j the priACỈpXe la ld doim by Itx lc o lo g la ta * R e g lo n a l T a r l « t i « a o f th « « o rd a r a d e a l t w it h ÌA I« z le o lo g y aa ««11 T«Jc« Sagliah fo r exaapl*, ao t oaly ỉa thare B r itia h ExigllA but there la jkaôrleôa ã Aua* t r a lia n , ỈAdian, Caxuidlaa la s lla b and 90 fo rth mm Bogllah 1« axtreaely w ldely ui«d in th« a o rld In the broad sense, Itxioology cma b« M ld to alat o f fÌTe •■ s e a tla l branehtt* ị 1} Word stTuctura and ĩonBditlon I ZnT8«tlfat«a ftll the problems eoDceralD^ the itruotur* o f th« «ord a n d t h « wmj I t I s f o r s i e d 2} Sem&aỉolog:/ ( or a«mantlcfi)ỉ ĩocu at* on th« meanin^ o f the «ord 0h l e f l th« le x ic a l a«anlag t«eaus* the grammatlcal meaniog ifl atudled iXi gx'aaựuir« (Thi« w lỉl be d e a lt Vfltb Is part C) I t đ lscu aata txp«s o f n e a n is ig , th o ch an ge and deT«Iopffl«nt o f a « A iila g t th « grouplng o f wcrd® and jo on 3) PhrasRolo;^: Goes in to aat (fiz ô d ) ãxprôss0>ns ô h ic h a r « re p r o đ itc ed in sp « e c ỉi aa r e a d y -> a a d e I t n l t c Thera may btt atanQardlz«d «ord oonbliuitioaa, Idloaa f p r o v e r b v e t c rroỉB o n ly tiio »ord p h r « « « a t o T«Z7 l o o c sa y la g a In Kri^llBh thôrô arô sueh aet ãxpraaaioiUi M '*goo heavena, dlaiaood Quta dlamond, no p«1jB4I no gain«, atrong as a hors«t t «0 kea!*{i ftr« b e tt« r than oae» he 1^0 o h a ttsr s to you «111 c h a tttr o f yó*«od a t u x oth era 4) StymoloG^: Reĩera to th« h ls t o r y , th t o r l^ ia o f vords* Etyroologista (iividtt tb« Boiĩllah ToottbuXary I n to tw o m aln l a y t r a : n t l v e v o rd a *nd b o r r o v e d w o r a t 5) Lexlcography: Studlas th« probI«aa relat«d to d letlo n a r y conplllxỉiỊ, they are the problema o f tb« typo« - - o f dịQtionaz , tha ael«ctlonjor>word8 for-eaoh ty p e, tho arrafigeni9nt o t morda and soaoĩu Lexlcology approaches^the-«ords from d lff« r e n t em^lesi G enernĩxlexlcology tr e a ta ▼ooabularygln gan•r& l an d a sp ecla l lA X lco lo g y t r e a i i 4:he T o ca b ũ la ry -o r a lan«:uB£e Svexy-ầỊMClaX-ltxloolosy i s bae«d on the rundamental p rln clp lea o f general l e x i c o l o ^ , vhioh I s & b a s lc p a r t o f th e g e n e l Science o f langxj3 ge H i a t o r i c a l l e x l c o I o g d i a c u s s e s tho v o c a b u l a r y i n t h e dlachronịc a sp eet I t stu d ies the o r ig in o f woz'ií« sĩementB a r e , ỉ n f a c t , I n t e l ' àtìji'suỳi.ii* and c l ũ í i a l y r e l a t t í d , ỉ ' i c g i c a l ĩ e a t u r e s t a k e p a i’t ,ln t h e c o n d itiu íU /T ^ o f word u n i t y and m.^rkixỉg word l i m i t s R ag a rd iiig ii« ìlls h , t h e r o a r e two main p h o r o l o g í c a l f e a t 'o r e i , a s a o c ỉ a t e d w i t h w orda, th e y a r e B t r e s o and lui’a , l í ífỊ t r e 3 thQ t o f t e n h e l p a d l a t i n g u i a h n»^ i r.oapouná wcrdd and f r o e r.'Ci*d g r o u p a su c h a s ” ' đ a r - i : i : i g ' g i r l '* af)d "lìãnclTìẠ í ^ l r l ” o r "blacíc l e g " and ' ^ b ĩ a c k - , I t i a JiiiictarB t h a t e n a b l e s u s t o r e a J i~ e a ^ í ^ u i c i c e Ufití»eíeri word g r o u p s t h a t a r e n im o a t Uoracriimoua l í k e " a riHtlOíi" and " ac A s i a n " •irja íio cn â a n i ỉ i o f B t r e a a i s a i s o u e f u l ÍJ1 roaking new ỉf»ordo l l k e " 1‘e c o r d ” ( v e r b ) and "record" ( n o a n ) i'he ccĩmti t Ì ’ĩ o f l e x ỉ c o l o g y w i t h gratnnvar ifi v e r y íỉJiport8Jỉt &a r o l l ííeldom w oràs o c c u r i n l a ú i i t t l o r The.jí a r e p ro d u c e d i n c e r t a i n p a t t e r n a - - 3n0W '-r.^ t h e x e i a t i o a s oetween the t h i a ^ a the:/ J cand f o r t h u p03Stìí-]alag 8o.ae g r a r r a a t ic a l meaniníỉ: a l o n ^ iđ e w l t h t h e i r l e x i c a l meaniruỊ Theae twQ t y p e a o f Títíanin^ a r e a s u í i l ĩ y - i n t e r d e p e n d e n t ? o r i n s t a n c e , f u j i c t i o n o f a l ỉ n k verb ííith a p r e d i c a t i v e e x prHQsed by an a d j e c t l v ceiDiot be f u l f i l l e d by a l l i n t r a n a i t l v e r e r o a b u t a r e u a u a l l y j u a t t a k e a up by v e r b a o f m o t ỉo n o r p e r c e p t i o n : "ruii a h o r t , go irrorig turn yellovT^ g e t angry'* t c and many o t h e r s i m ỉ l & r c o m b i x ia t io n a con^/eying t h e raeaning o f ''become ath** ũ z *he o t h e r han d t h e g r a m m a t l c a l forrn and r^ibct i o a o f t h e word a i T e c t a i t l e x i c a l tneaning I ”Wỉian H a ỉ l an d B a x t e r w e r e K o ín g t o r e a ; r e B v e r y - t h l n i ; I t waa a l r u a d y too l a t e , ZoAe waB ,:one and ao *aa t h e i r c a r " The same verb "ga" h e r a S c q u íre đ e f í n l t e l ' d i f f c r e n t le x ic a rne'inlJi^s A n o t b e r i n l t i r íixarnple Í8 th e v a r í e d me,° n l n g o f t h e v e r b ”bot3.’' In th e f o l l o w i j i g ; "The w a t e r la b o i l i n g , t h e w a t e r l3 beirijỊ5 b o i l e d , t h e w a t e r ỉ b o i i e d v a t e r " , ■•Vord rarmixig p a t t e r n a i^lve e/iou^n e v í d e n c e to t h a t w o r d - f o n n a t l o n can be w e l l a a i g n e l t o b o th ! e x ì c a l nnd ,ỉ;rarrinat.lGai CÌRlcìs T'.-e e x í C ỉ i l i z a ' lo n o f n grarTuT.atlcal fc!.’Tj iíỉ a; ao r t c r í h mi-ntiơxũr.íỊ- A foiTT th.‘ì'; o r i g i n a l l y ir d lC tìte d vrPH.r.T.e t i c a l msanlníT t u r n a ir;to a b a í í ía f o r a nữw caj rn e«n ln Ẫ ', talc'.? sucíi exaxnplea a o u n a U f>d in ‘ h.v ọ l u ”;ii n a v i n g H a p e c l a i genae: a o e c t a c l s a , a d v i c ^ s C(,lf)ur-J, cuMtoma e t c - T h « H i f i z -8 i n th e y o w ords 31 a new wo'rd «íit h u co rn p letely new ean iag O on cr^ĩte nouna a r e soTeiirnee u s e d bo ũh a e :iWf?snoar:3 ( un3otif\t.abio taoiợ nouns) the no'uU.í) lotter and Hò tfvlag-nour>3 meHntrii, they (cồun- niếịỴ ’- v e ì L ■■ 103 ~ 'ienc xÌHe oxie o b j e c t o r i d e a by a a l n g l e word " t h e grooxidB o f a s c h o o l o r c o l l e g e ” wa0 r e p l a c e d by t h e A m e n c a n iam caiĩipuB B e í? id e j , i t was n e c e s a a r y to e n r ỉ c h t h e a d i e l e c t E Ì B C e i t h a s e i t e r a r y D rroalized f o n n c a l l e d Btaxxdard iinieri.car! jin e rỉc a n It E riẼ litìi ie :u ite IS u n re a so n a b le to regard i t aa R ^ le p a te lar.guago aa Bonic A m e r ic a n w r i t e r r a c l a ỉ m e d ■"\-ìc.usly AmericíiXi E u g lis h anct P r ỉ t i s h Enp'; Ì 3h 'n&ve th s eame p h o a e l i c a l and gra n n etica l syst-^nia, t- : Bíime ways and iceani, o f word - f o m i a t i o n End BO oru Ho*vever e i o c e Araerice encl E r i t a i n a r e ao f a r a«ay from e a c h o t h e r t h e r e a r e , oí' coxxrec , ếềtpĩ d ỉ s ’ ’-' ■ d i í T e r e n c e s ir a l l la n i Ị a a t e dimens f-ne - 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p^voBBnt 8idew alk lu ^ a g e bTAak baggage 'lutermiasio.o ( • &lao t br«aii ) autuooi f& u (alBOi autumn } D l f f e r e n e e B I n word - f o r t n a t l o n ; C o n v e r a i o n ÌE x e r y w id e ly u s e d Ị n A a e r i c a n E n ^ lls h whick, form3 verbB froro a l l partB o f Bpeech : to room, t o c l e r k , to r a i l r o a d and 80 on Two - word vcrbB are ao numerouB henoe the g r e a t crea tlo Q o f nouns from then I t o mlx i n -( a ) mlx - i n to h o l d up ( a ) h o l d - up to break e v e n (a) break - even Bon« a ĩ r i x e s a r e more p r o d u c t i v e ỉ n A n e r i c a n E n g l i s h than I s l t i a h E ngliah I - dom t moyledom , gan g sterd o m - B ter: Bhyeter , roaster - B uper; B u p e r g o n g s t e r , a u p e r s p y , Bupertnan, Buperdòg T h e re l a a B t r o n g e r t r e n d to use B h p rte n io g B l u A m erican E n g l i s h Nen c o i n a g e s a r e c o n t i n u o u B l y appoBrlng in tlỉe p r e s B , advertÌBemeĩitB and BO o c I I I / AUSTRALlANj_ DỈDIAN AND_CANẠDỊẠN_VẠHUNTS_j A ustralian, Indieưi and Canadtan Sngllah, each baa d»veloped a lite r a tu p e of itB onn They a l l h av e p e c u l l a r c h a r a c t e r a s t i c s -r a l l th e d im e n s io n * oí lan^^uage, Many A u e t r a l ỉ a n words a r e a d o p t« d - 112 - i n t o BjQ^,lÌBh Thene ntjw wordB d e n o t e nr«w t h ỉ i i g í Ui\d phe&omena 011 t b t nen l a n d I K an g ero o , booBieran^ Bocke on A u p ữ í í l l a ỉ i S n g l l a h hav e b e « n w r ỉ t t « n , ”ầU8Bl« E a g ' l a h **, ĩjữT pvampie Th© worde t h a t a r e t y p i c a l of ; » u t r a l i a n c ã r ) bfc o a l i e d A u B t r H Ì i a n i a n B • A g r c a t n Ji)ber o f AUetre'* I m i s r a s hpve beext r o g Ì B t e r o đ i n d i c t i o n a r l e o a s GÌBtijnguÌ3hcd froffl B r l t l e h E n g l i a h • / u B t r a l i a n s a r e p roud o f acd i c t e r u a t e d ỉ n t h ê l T ■jwn p T X ỉ u u n c Ì B t i o n a x id v o ca b u la x y , w b ỉch ỈĐ q u ite :*cafionabie ĩhtỉ AuBtrc-Ilan a c c e u t ÌH , a e a m a t t e r OI fucx , no l e a s i n t e r e s t i n g thari txie B r ỉ l i j h a c c e n t Like i u s t r a l i a n L n ^ l ỉ s h ^ l u l a n a a i Canadieui í ĩ r i ^ l i s t r I b o bavR B a p e c i a i i l t i n ’í,.ture o f t h e i r own '2h^y ^^OBBOPE p e c u l i a r ỉ t x e s i n j>hunetlCB , g raiu n ar and l e z i s They have p p e c i a ] worf^otx.ng typxũai u r th e lioggtt « So, h3*s aa ati-Qpg aa a tJ^er I thJj(ik ''v ủ.roup thtí f o l l o w l n g s e t 9X^Tfj9fíions aocord-'/!^ t o th e lr íu n ctio n s ; ỊIB me«k a a a l a n b ( t o ) t a k e t ^ a u p p e r himd • lik « mad ( t o ; l e t th e c a t o u t dỊ* t h o baí:: - ae dumb as ft -'■4 - fio L p r a c t l c e mnkcp p « r f e c t b eh in d t;b ^8 back { to) ủrop a h i n t a p ie ce o f c«ke 'in i d l e b r a i n Ì9 th e devij.*^s irorkBhop sor o f a b itu h t m e ccr« l necỞB 130 pai-n^er^s bỉTuati a l l , lo?e a l l a oack o f J i e R (tiie ) c h e a p e a t ỉ s thc d e a r e e t 3» Whot arc: t h e o T i g i o s o f th e f o l l o w i i ỉ g conpounđ irortÌBi rence - s l t t e r ; b ỉ r d - i n ~ th e - hanđ ỉ h an d t o •• moutli ( s x i s t c n c e ); pxe - ỉ u - t h e - Bky ; slrlTig - pullinỄ- í l e g - p u l l Wl', ỉch o f th e phTusea beloiv arc s e t ex p ren a io n a ? B.i,,xHÌr y o u r c h o l c e ; l'any thanỉcu TLank you Tnank you v e r y much l n d « è d ! 5* 3ji ''/if‘t e r you « ( * h e n you want t o i n v l t i * sb t o como ÌD / go out etc b efo rc you)»et or fro e axp reaslo D o r H compound ? I h i c h c r l t e r l c i oan you r e f e r to £ s p l i i l n t h « 0e pitns t * a ) l l o t h * r ( t o gT Wĩi - up c h i l d ) | knoir l t ' s t h e s k e l e t o o ÌA t h e Sa&ll e h l l đ ( on h e p r i n / ĩ t h a t throw I t away,raiw and B is ? b) S M t l l c h l l d : vrhy^s he »o eod Don*t l e t o th e r R cupboard )» Why d o n ' t >cu , mum '■ - 113 - Mothe ' : Hc ^e been g i v e n t h s s a c k 5mp?.l c b t i c ; WKet'£ t h e r e i c t h e s a c k ? írtctber ( b u r s x E o u t I n t o l e i ; € Ì : i ^ t k n o ^ l a i : b c r a n s irc r waB s i l l y ): ĩ t s ax: empty o n e , l o v e » Ivo w e e ts , no c h o c o lE ^ e in siãe < C o n p ĩ e t e t c e d i a l o g u e beiow ; B a r b a r e : ( s u d e i i l y t a l k e d a b o u t t h e í i l r n - Bnoĩĩ Ehđ a s đ C h r i s t l n e beồ b e e n t o t h e p r e v i o u e evening ) L est , was BO annoyed by the- p e o p l e who t a l k e đ b e b i n d my baclc G h r i s t i n e : ^ 'B u r p r i s e d ) : Who ? What d i d t h e y sey ? B a r b a r a : ' « 'ghed ) Oh, Ro I C b r i s t ỉ n e ;