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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION MAI VAN NAM using LOCAL museumS and galleries TO THE TEACHING VIETNAMESE HISTORY in HIGH SCHOOLS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE Major: Teaching Theory and Method of Teaching History Code: 9.14.01.11 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISERTATION IN EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE Hanoi, September 2019 The work was completed at: Hanoi National University of Education Supervisors: Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Coi, Hanoi National University of Education Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Manh Huong, Hanoi National University of Education Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Viet Thu; Vinh University Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Duc Minh; Nam Dinh Teacher Training College Reviewer 3: Prof Dr Nguyen Ngoc Co Hanoi National University of Education The dissertation was defensed in front of the school-level Doctoral Dissertation Review Board at Hanoi National University of Education at date month year The dissertation is available at: - National Library, Hanoi - Library of Hanoi National University of Education INTRODUCTION The necessity of the research Education - a potential treasure, can produce the vitality of a nation and plays an important role in the national policy In the context of globalization, the development of the knowledge economy and the industrial revolution 4.0, education needs to innovate, create and promote social improvement In order to meet the aims of teaching history, in addition to the renovation of programs and textbooks, historical teaching methods must change both in developing the capacity and qualities of students One of the approaches to implement teaching innovation is to use a variety of knowledge sources besides textbooks Historical lessons can be improved much more when teachers can use diverse sources of knowledge effectively and increasingly All subjects exploit the teaching tools and facilities to help students to build the most effective way of awareness While natural sciences seek to the laboratory as a place of research, practice; teaching history needs relics, artifacts and documents Museum and gallery are useful and practical means for studying history in high school Particularly, some teachers in high schools recognize the importance of using museum and gallery in teaching history and try to apply those approaches However, their attempts gained little result As a result, how to use museums and galleries in teaching history effectively in high schools became significant Thai Nguyen used to be the capital of the Viet Bac region, considered "the capital of the resistance" and "the capital of thousands of wind" People in Thai Nguyen have a long tradition of patriotism and revolution There are many museums, galleries in this province such as Museum Culture of Ethnic Groups, Museum Armed Forces Viet Bac - Military Region I, Thai Nguyen Museum, Gallery ATK Dinh Hoa - Thai Nguyen, Gallery Factory Iron and Steel For that reason, teachers in Thai Nguyen have many advantages in teaching local and Vietnamese histories in high schools For the above reasons, we applied the subject of “Using local museums and galleries to teach Vietnamese history in high schools in Thai Nguyen province” for the doctoral dissertation This thesis thus contributes to the process of renovating and improving the quality of teaching history in high schools 2 Object and scope of the research 2.1 The object of the research The thesis tries to clarify the progress of using local museums and galleries in teaching Vietnamese history in high schools in Thai Nguyen, in which we pay attention to highlight the approaches to use museum and gallery in education 2.2 Scope of the research - Studying the ways to use local museums and galleries in teaching local and Vietnamese histories both in classroom and outside activities - Investigating the situation of using museums and galleries as a typical method in high schools in some mountainous and midland provinces of North Vietnam, especially in Thai Nguyen - Applying pedagogical experiments on teaching history of Vietnam from 1930 to 1945 in Grade 12 at the typical schools of Thai Nguyen Targets and missions of the research 3.1 Targets of the research Beyond clarifying the importance of museums and galleries in teaching the history at high schools, the thesis selects and identifies contents of locally typical museums and galleries Moreover, the study focuses on proposing forms and measures to improve the quality of teaching history in high schools in Thai Nguyen 3.2 Missions of the research - Studying primary and secondary materials of pedagogy, psychology, historical education relating to the topic - Studying a situation of using museums and galleries in teaching history in high schools in Thai Nguyen - Studying the nationally historical textbook to identify contents of local museums and galleries which could be exploited in teaching the history in Thai Nguyen - Proposing forms of applying Thai Nguyen‟s museums and galleries in teaching Vietnamese history - Proposing methods of applying Thai Nguyen‟s museums and galleries in teaching Vietnamese history - Creating pedagogical experiments to affirm that the measures proposed by the thesis have a scientific nature and feasibility Methodological basis and research methods 4.1 Methodological basis We follow the methodology of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh`s thoughts and the Vietnamese Community’s viewpoints regarding national education and especially historical education 4.2 Research methods - Theoretical research: Applying a comprehensive analysis of materials on pedagogy, psychology, teaching methods of history, historical documents related to the subject; Studying historical textbooks, programs in the contents of museums and galleries to be used in teaching - Practical research: Using survey questionnaires, direct interviews, class observation, evaluated tests, etc to investigate the situation of exploiting and using museums and galleries in teaching history in high schools - Pedagogical experiment: designing teaching plans to conduct partial and full experiments to verify the measures proposed by the thesis - Methods of using statistical mathematics: Comparing obtained values between experimental and normal classes to handle the results of pedagogical experiments This is the foundation for assessing the effectiveness of the measures proposed by the thesis Scientific hypothesis Applying local museums and galleries contributes to improving teaching quality, completing historical lessons and courses as teachers could identify clearly and precisely historical contents need to be trained by museums and galleries The scientific and practical significance of the thesis - Scientific significance: This study enriches a theory of teaching history in terms of using museums and galleries, especially in local history in high schools - Practical significance: The identification of the contents of the local museum and gallery system as well as the proposed forms and measures for teaching Vietnamese history in Thai Nguyen help to improve teaching quality The thesis is a useful reference for teachers in teaching, for students in researching and studying pedagogy in universities and colleges Contributions of the thesis - Re-confirming a significant role of using museums and galleries in teaching history - Drawing a picture of using of museums and galleries in teaching history in Thai Nguyen - Selecting a cultural-heritage system and identifying contents of local museums and galleries that can be used in teaching Vietnamese history - Determining the requirements and proposing forms and methods of using the museums and galleries to improve teaching quality in history in Thai Nguyen Thesis’ structure In addition to the Introduction and the Conclusion, the thesis includes four chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of previous studies relating to the topic Chapter 2: Theory and Practice of Applying local museums and galleries in teaching history in high schools Chapter 3: Forms and methods of using the local museums and galleries to teach Vietnamese history in high schools in Thai Nguyen Chapter 4: Pedagogical experiments CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES RELATING TO THE TOPIC In order to have a fundamental picture about this topic, we try to review previous studies on two themes: firstly, general knowledge of museums and galleries, and secondly the way of applying museums and galleries in teaching history in high schools 1.1 Researches on the museum and gallery Maintaining and developing values of museums are always important contents in the cultural policy of each government Due to this interesting issue, scholarships have completed quite lots of research on museums and exhibitions 1.1.1 Research by foreign authors The museum of the dharma at Benoist in Museums and museums has proposed a way to classify museum artifacts based on civilizations (language, wrestling, and symbols) The author argues that civilization symbol is developing in modern society such as electronic computer, computer, cybernetics Museums need to preserve all the values of civilizations However, Benoit mostly focuses on “instinctive collector's attributes” as a fundamental factor to create museums This research lacks of factors relatings to demands of society, education, enjoyment, and entertainment Sherry Butcher, Younghans with Historic House Museums: A Practical Handbook for Their Care, Preservation, and Management (Oxford university press, 1996) analyze the nature of galleries and consider that small museums as collections The most important role of museums is to preserve cultural and historical collections The authors also emphasize that exhibitions are key factors to help visitors in understanding history M.E Kaulen, I.M Kossova, A.A Sundieva with The Russian museum career, (Department of Cultural Heritage, 2006) demonstrate the development of Russian museum-system, a role of museums in studying and activities of exhibitions, especially in a new perspective Interestingly, the authors spend a chapter to address educational activities by using museums in Russia through learning clubs Accordingly, schools and museums have a close relationship for general aim of developing education This book, therefore, became a useful material for us in reviewing the role of museums and using museums in education For another perspective, Vuong Hoang Quan analyzed ways of preserving museum artefacts However, this study only focuses on technical research rather than deeply illustrating impacts and ways of communication between people and materials in museums Other articles have shown the role and function of museums and galleries on education Remarkably, Balakirev with "The role of historical type museums with the formation of social awareness in modern Russia", (Cultural Heritage Journal, No 5, 2003) reviews a group of universal museums in Russia, including national historical museums and local ones in different cities and regions The article demonstrates that museums can directly affect society, including public exhibitions and using museums in education Conclusion, the above studies have clarified, identified and analyzed the concepts, functions, classification, characteristics of museums, galleries as well as the relationship between education and museums 1.1.2 Studies in Vietnam Due to the role of French, the first museums were built in Vietnam in the early years of the 20th century For a century, Vietnam has a system of various museums and galleries over the country Studies on museums in Vietnam thus was created and developed with quite a lot of researches and studies Phan Khanh with the book “Museums, Monuments, Festivals” analyzed issues of theory reality about museums, relics, festivals and values of historical teaching for students By generalizing history of museums, the author shows that museum belongs to European cultural institution and it was carried into Vietnam in the 1920s The author also highlights that by collecting and exhibiting primary artefacts, museum can serve for education popularly Nguyen Thi Hue with “Textbook of the science of museum” has generalized the history of museums in the world and Vietnam, clarified the features and functions of the museum Ho Chi Minh with Thai Nguyen - visual events (Museum of Thai Nguyen Province, 2009) is a collection of images of Ho Chi Minh in Thai Nguyen during the Vietnam-French war (1946-1954), and other images showing Ho Chi Minh visited Thai Nguyen in the period of Vietnam-American war (1954-1969) In summary, studies of museums and galleries in Thai Nguyen and Vietnam broadly reflect theoretical issues of museums and exhibitions The above studies have provided both theoretical issues and, initially identified contents of museums and galleries in Thai Nguyen which can be exploited in teaching history 1.2 Researches on using museums and exhibitions in teaching history in high schools 1.2.1 Research by foreign authors Alan Reid Gartenhaus with Minds in motion: using museums to expand creative thinking (Arkansas, 1997) has deeply analyzed the way of using of museums to develop students‟ thinking and creating a new idea Those activities are applied in teaching Art, History and Science, which helping students have a chance to contact with collections in order to explore the meaning and value of artifacts in the process of invention George E Hein with Learning in the Museum (Routledge, 1998) argues that museumshelp to form people‟s identity By accessing information and objects in museums, learners can observe, explore the knowledge of history and culture Hein also argues that studying with museums is a massive research issue associating with the philosophy of modern education and it can improve students‟ capacities The Educational Role of the Museum (Routledge, 1999) of Eilean HooperGreenhill focuses on soluting the relationship between museums, exhibitions and visitors The author studies on a new model of museums, ways to improve the connection between museums and visitors, and ways of using museums in education He argues that museums are informal training centre, where education is developed popularly and naturally The book музей и школа: пособие для учителя - Museums and schools: the manual for teachers, edited by Cudrina, has mentioned the concept of museums, its educational function, especially for young people The author also suggests ways to build and use universal museums, and kinds of activities teachers can with museums This book is very important for us in creating approaches to use museums in teaching history Alan S Marcus with the book Teaching History with Museums: Strategies for K-12 Social Studies (Routledge, 2012) has outlined the practice of using museums in teaching history in America Field trips to museums are popular in schools in America, especially many states require that those trips have to connect with the history curriculum The authors also build a theoretical framework to use museums, providing an overview of how to use museums effectively to improve content and skills of social research 1.2.2 Studies in Vietnam Some studies focus on the issue of using museum and galleries in teaching history For example, Nguyen Thi Coi with Historical Museum in teachnig history in high schools (VNU publishing house, 1998) argues clearly the relationship bwtween museums, galleries with teaching history in high schools The author confirms the role of museums, and introduct fundamental information about some historical museums and the availability to exploiting those museums in teaching history This study therefore become a basic work on both theory and practice of the role of museums and the capacity of using museums in teaching in high schools Nguyen Kim Thanh with Museums, Heritages - Origin in teaching and learning history in high schools (Education Publishing house, 2014) mentions supportive relationship between providing knowledge in classrooms and new teaching methodologies by using museums and galleries The author also proposes themes, titles and contents and knowledge requirements in teaching history in museums Besides, contents of some other works, projects, articles, thesis help us to clarify the theory and practice of using museums in teaching Vietnamese history in high schools broadly and in Thai Nguyen province particularly The above studies also supply us some ideas about methodologies to using museums in teaching history in schools 11 - Cultural heritage preservation - Scientific documentation - propaganda and education - Information and entertainment The increase and expansion of museums and galleries require to classify and arrange those objects clearly There are many ways to classify museums and galleries based on different criteria such as type and scope of display contents, management level 2.1.1.3 Characteristics of museums and exhibitions In the field of preservation, museums and galleries have much more advantages for teaching history due to the following characteristics: - The scientific character of display contents of museums and galleries - Museums and galleries display and exhibit documents in a system - Their display is visual - The attraction of documents, artifacts, art exhibits and instructions 2.1.2 Opinions of using museums and galleries in teaching history in high schools Museums and galleries are used for many different purposes, in which using for teaching is important and special towards teachers and students Teaching is a unique cognitive process with interactions between instructors and learners Instructors use directly artifacts to create knowledge for students, organize and guide students to use museums and galleries effectively Students use museums, galleries under the guidance and control of teachers to explore, discover and experience learning contents in the school program Those subjects can be used in museums and galleries to teach history include documentary information, visual means, space, learning environment and tour guide All the above parts contribute to museums and galleries‟ comprehensiveness Because each province has different historical periods and character, using museums and galleries in teaching history needs to be clear and precise in each province Using museums and galleries in the teaching history in Vietnam is that teachers explore materials and arrange students to use those local subjects in learning history The above activities can improve the value of local heritage and link historical knowledge with national history 12 2.1.3 Contents from museums and galleries in Thai Nguyen province can be used in teaching Vietnamese history There are various kinds of museums and galleries in Thai Nguyen, including national, regional and provincial objects The list of museums and galleries in Thai Nguyen can be exploited and used as follows: - Museum of Culture of Ethnic Peoples - Museum of Viet Bac force - military Zone I - Museum of Thai Nguyen - Gallery ATK- Dinh Hoa - Gallery Thai Nguyen steel industry From the above museums and galleries, we argue that they are suitable for teaching and learning history in grades of 10, 11, 12 2.1.4 The role and meaning of using local heritage in high schools 2.1.5.1 Role Using museums and galleries in teaching history in high schools plays an important role, showing in the following contents: - Museums and galleries are advantageous places to study, a special school for learning history - They present a lively history which becomes a valuable knowledge to organize learning activities - Materials in museums and galleries are attractive and visual and they link the past and the present - Exploiting and using materials in museums and galleries contributes to the progress of invention in historical methods and improves the quality of teaching history 2.1.5.2 Meaning - In term of creating knowledge: Via using museum and galleries, students learn history intuitively, specifically, visually and then they have vivid and diverse historical symbols to understand lessons deeply By viewing documents in museums and galleries, students can discover the nature of historical events, their concept and accordingly create their own knowledge from experience - In term of skills: Developing skills of observing, imagining, thinking, and especially practical skills for students Through directly contacting with material in 13 museums and galleries, they not only know symbols and imagination of history but also can analyze, compare to understand deeply the character of history - In term of attitude: Using museum and galleries has a great significance in creating a good attitude, especially ideological and emotional emotion, and educating traditional history for young generations As such using local museums and galleries in teaching history contributes to establish and improve students' abilities of observing, self-learning, solving problems, inventing, communicating and cooperating 2.2 Practical bases 2.2.1 That using museums and galleries in teaching history in some countries Basing on practical education of some countries such as England, America, Russia, Japan and Australia, we evaluate that using museums and galleries in teaching history is important and interested with both teachers and students They have many kinds of programs, methods to use museums and galleries as the second class for students in high schools We also have some experience from practical education of the above countries: - Evaluating precisely the role of museums and using museums in education They can be used popularly and regularly - All most museums have an educational program to apply their documents and materials in teaching at different ages Therefore, exhibitions in museums are creative and attractive as they can mix art and history - Schools and museums always cooperate well, especially the connection between teachers and instructors in museums to help students have a good experience Besides, they have many volunteers to help students in learning in museums - Common methods they apply in teaching history in museums are teaching in project, investigating history, building historical club, using IT in learning 2.2.2 Practical using museums and galleries in high schools in Thai Nguyen province and Vietnam broadly To understand the practice of using museums in teaching history in Vietnam, we investigate and make a survey which focuses on collecting information about: - Teachers and students‟ behaviours and their evaluation of history 14 - Their acknowledgement about museums and galleries and their role and meaning in teaching and learning history - Practical using museums and galleries in different provinces As such, in this chapter, we try to address basic issues of theory and practice of research framework As the above mention, museums and galleries have a significant role and meaning in studying history in high schools By making a survey, investigating, the thesis thus presents main issues of using museums and galleries including both positive and negative sides Since some teachers recognize the role of museums in learning history, they actively discover and apply those materials and arrange different activities in museums to help learners However, there is a limitation in using museums in learning history and those activities have not yet contributed largely to the development of education The main reason for this limitation is connections between schools and museums, economic issues or distant journey CHAPTER FORMS AND METHODS OF USING THE LOCAL MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES IN TEACHING VIETNAMESE HISTORY IN HIGH SCHOOLS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE 3.1 Position, target and principal contents of Vietnamese history in high schools Determining position, goals and principal contents of Vietnamese history is important for teachers to choose suitable contents and methods in using local museums and galleries 3.2 Conditions and requirements of selecting forms and measures to use museums and exhibitions in teaching history 3.2.1 Fundamental situation - In term of using directly at museums and galleries + Conditions of geographical distance + Economic conditions + Comprehensive preparation, cooperation between museums, galleries and schools - In term of using indirectly through IT‟s supports: 15 + Conditions for using virtual museums and display models + Conditions for using three-dimensional interactive artefacts (3d) + Conditions for online connection between museums and classrooms 3.2.2 Foundational requirements Firstly, forms and measures must meet teaching goals Secondly, combining various forms and measures Thirdly, using suitably, satisfactorily and effectively Fourthly, using flexibly, creatively, cleverly in a combination with other teaching methods Lastly, choosing the form and method to promote students' positive learning 3.3 Forms of using local museums and galleries 3.3.1 Using in interior lessons 3.3.1.1 Using museums and galleries in interior lessons in classroom Due to internal and external reasons, sometimes teachers can not apply interior lessons in museums Therefore they can apply those activities in classrooms directly by carrying materials and documents into classrooms Teachers can use them in an activity or many activities in the learning process (start-up activities, formatting knowledge, practice, expansion) Based on the character and suitability of documents in museums and galleries with the contents of the lesson, teachers can apply the following steps: - Step 1: Introducing materials and establishing acknowledgement goals - Step 2: Guiding students to observe visual materials or read text documents to find information and solve learning problems - Step 3: Organizing discussions and exchanging results from using the above materials - Step 4: Guiding students to evaluate, draw conclusions, finish learning content 3.3.1.2 Learning history in museums and galleries In this case, museums and galleries become classroom while their objects are materials for learning activities to help students to experience the historical environment Teachers and learners can use all most objects in museums and 16 galleries, the guidance of speakers to serve learning progress This form can be used as schools are near museums and galleries With the variety of objectives in museums and galleries, there are many ways to organize lessons: As the museums have a suitable place, teachers can teach in private rooms of museums and then instruct students to visit items related to the lesson Applying lessons at museums‟ exhibitions 3.3.1.3 Establishing studying tours at museums and galleries This activity is important and meaningful as there is a renovation in current learning program and curriculum This activity help students to learn in two ways, study and practice directly in museums and they have real experience Teachers can apply this activity in two steps: - step 1: Viewing with guided tours - step 2: Free visiting Finally, learners can discuss issues related to contents of lesson or learning purpose and complete a small survey or assignment Teachers also can apply “project teaching” in using museums and galleries to prepare for new knowledge 3.3.2 Using museums and galleries as extracurricular activities 3.3.2.1 Using virtual museums and galleries in classrooms Via virtual museums and galleries, teachers can organize an extra-curricular lesson in classrooms or personal tours in computer rooms To so, teachers need to define the purpose and requirement of the tour, plan of activities There are a few steps - Preparing carefully virtual facilities and museums; - Teachers declare purpose and requirements of learning activities in museums; - Using visiting tickets to focus on understanding some typical objects of museums; - Organizing discussions and write an assignment to raise students‟ awareness For example, organizing activities to experiment virtual museums of the Viet Bac armed forces in classrooms in the anniversary of the founding of the Vietnamese people's army (22 December) 3.3.2.2 Arranging of experimental activities in museums and galleries Thai Nguyen has many museums and galleries to run activities of historical experience 17 for students They include extra-curricular tours of exhibitions and other experimental activities For example, organizing activities to experience the theme of "discovering Vietnamese heritage paths" at the Museum of culture of ethnic peoples 3.3.2.3 Using documents, pictures to organize historical festivals With the advantages of many places and monuments related to national history, teachers and students in high schools in Thai Nguyen province can organize many extracurricular activities such as “People in Viet Bac and Ho Chi Minh”; “the anniversary of war invalids and martyrs July 27”; “the anniversary of establishment of the Vietnam People's Force December 22”; “Uncle Ho with Thai Nguyen; Thai Nguyen - the capital of thousands of wind”,… - Using documents, pictures to design historical games - Using materials in museum and exhibitions to apply competitions of telling historical stories - Exhibiting documents and materials to create a gala atmosphere For instance, teachers and students can apply a historical evening event with the topic of "follow the heroes" We organized this program at two schools: Viet Bac and Gang Thep as experiments 3.4 Measures to use local museums and galleries in teaching Vietnamese history as internal lessons 3.4.1 Measures used in lessons in classrooms 3.4.1.1 Using museums and galleries to create learning situations to start cognitive activities Step 1: Providing information about museums, their documents such as pictures, maps or powerpoint Step 2: Organizing students to identify historical events through photos and documents Students read information, observe, identify and answer questions In some case, students have little knowledge about the event and they need to continue to study by reading more Step 3: Creating learning situations and raising cognitive exercises Via the above activities, students will think, use their own knowledge to answer learning problems, which forming their studying demands Students also observe museums‟ visual materials before answer any questions Teachers comment and help students to discuss learning situations and find lesson-targets 18 3.4.1.2 Using museums and galleries to create new knowledge a Using artifacts to describe and create historical symbols When using materials from museums and galleries, teachers need to select important documents, which is closely related to historical lessons to clarify fundamental knowledge Based on those documents, teachers can also find more materials from other sources to create lively and attractive lessons in museums and galleries * using museum documents, galleries to describe and create historical symbols * using three-dimensional artefacts to describe, create historical symbols b Using museums and galleries to explain, evaluate historical events and issues Materials in museums and galleries not only are visual means to concretize historical events, create historical icons but also have important effects to help students to explain and evaluate historical issues Teachers will help students to use museums to evaluate and generalise historical contents Students can visit virtual museums in classrooms, observe and learn historical evidence visually in forms of original materials For example, teachers can use virtual museums to explain and exam the role of Viet Bac when they teach the lesson: The development of the resistance against the French colonialists (1951 - 1953) 3.4.1.3 Using museums and galleries to reinforce and expand knowledge We have built a new way of connecting museums, galleries with historical lessons to bring museums and galleries into classrooms Using museums, galleries as a form of online connection in classroom to help students to expand knowledge in practically Students can deeply understand and apply new knowledge about national history to link with related locally historical events They can that with supports of learning cards, teachers‟ and instructors‟ guidance For example, when teaching lesson 22 (history 12), teachers can connect online with the Museum of Forces in Viet Bac to apply, expand information to learn knowledge about fights against the American B52 bombing campaign (December 1972) in Thai Nguyen 3.4.1.4 Guide students to use museums, traditional houses to prepare lessons at home In the process of ending the lesson, teachers need to ask students to prepare lessons at home with the use of virtual museums When using virtual museums, 19 students need necessary study skills, provided with information technology support from teachers Using the virtual museum to prepare lessons at home includes two tasks: learning old lessons and preparing new ones Therefore, at the end of the lesson, the teacher assigns the task of preparing at home and teachers and at the same time providing materials to support students to solve tasks 3.4.2 Measures as learning at museums and galleries 3.4.2.1 Guiding students to observe artifacts in combination with textbook to determine learning objectives Step 1: Teachers guide students to go to showroom or exhibition in museums Step 2: Students read lesson summaries and questions in the textbook Step 3: Students observe and conduct learning tasks under teachers‟ instructions Step 4: Discussing typical images, individuals‟ learning objectives and general studying goals 3.4.2.2 Using museums and galleries to organize activities of positive awareness Tracing historical point, restoring events and phenomena Those activities can apply as conducting in-class lessons at museums and galleries Searching historical traces helps students to learn actively, and they can develop their abilities of identification and recreation of the past With teachers‟ guidance and organization, based on historical contents in the textbook, students actively observe and trace in exhibitions Investigating and discussing to explain the nature of historical events Based on historical evidence stored, exhibited at the museum and galleries, teachers instruct students to evaluate original materials and use knowledge in the textbook to investigate historical activities This is one kind of self-discovering activities to achieve knowledge and then improve students‟ abilities Students collect information from museums and galleries, analyze, exam and make the argument of studying issues Teachers in Thai Nguyen can require students to complete some investigating activities such as: „Why Ho Chi Minh and Vietnamese Community chose Viet Bac as a base of resistance”, “Why the French were defeated in Viet Bac?” 20 3.4.2.3 Guiding students to play as instructors to reinforce and practice Through the instructor's image and professional activities, teachers can organize groups of students to take part in role-playing activities Students can play as instructors as they receive new knowledge from teachers: - Step 1: The teacher raise tasks, requirements of playing as instructors for each group of students - Step 2: Instructing to prepare presentations and skills of tour-guide for students - Step 3: Students select artifacts, make and practize presentations - Step 4: Students perform the role of tour guides - Step 5: Teachers evaluate students‟ results For example, teachers can organize students to act as guides in the lesson of “the 1947 autumn and winter campaign” 3.4.2.4 Guiding students to build virtual museums and galleries at home Documents about events, typical historical figures in museums and galleries supply knowledge for students and improve their abilities of experiment and using IT and self-learning Teachers can help students to collect historical documents and construct virtual museums and galleries as the following steps: - Instructing students to determine purposes and contents of collecting materials - Instructing students to analyze materials and choose collected contents - Instructing students to use technology to digitize materials - Instructing students to exploit collected information CHAPTER PEDAGOGICAL EXPERIMENTS 4.1 Purposes, objects, locations and teachers of experiments - Experimental purposes: To confirm the theory of the thesis and positive effects of using museums and galleries in teaching history To check the possibility and effectiveness of the methods of using museums and galleries in teaching history in high school (the 12th-grade curriculum) in the standard program To improve and complete awareness about the theory of teaching history To have important results for the author to generalize and complete conclusions about measures to use local museums and galleries 21 - Experimental subjects: students of 12th grade in high schools In each school, we choose classes, one experiment and one normal level under a few principles to ensure similarities of students‟ learning conditions, quantity, quality and awareness - Experimental areas: we experiment in areas in Thai Nguyen province having a differential in economy, society, culture and population - Experimental teachers: who have experience and good results in teaching and are interested in the content of the thesis They also support enthusiastically the renovation of teaching methods to improve learning effectiveness 4.2 Contents and methodology of experiments - Pedagogical content: including two lessons associating with using museums and galleries The first lesson: using museums and galleries in classroom We conduct lesson 20 (section 2): The end of the national resistance against the French colonialists (1953 - 1954), class 12th grade The second lesson: in museums and galleries We proceed the lesson 18 (section 3) The early years of the national resistance against the French colonialism (1946 1950), the 12th grade Place: The Museum of Vietnamese forces in Viet Bac - The methodology of experiments : The process is carried out according to the following steps: Step 1: we build an experimental plan Step 2: Organizing teachers to experiment as the previous plan in two kinds of level: standard and typical Step 3: Summarizing, analyzing data and evaluating the experimental results in both quantitative and qualitative theories 4.3 Conduct pedagogical experiments We conduct experiments of internal-lessons in both classrooms and museums and galleries Accordingly, we analyze, compare, and evaluate the effectiveness of teaching through various activities in both experimental and normal classes 4.4 Experimental results 4.4.2 Experimental results for curricular lessons After the experiment, we conduct a 15-minute test to examine how students gain lesson goals and different levels of achieved knowledge: knowing, 22 understanding and applying The levels of grades are below: excellent (9-10 points), good (7-8 points), average (5-6 points), weak (below 5) Although the experimental area is different, the test content is the same Test results are analyzed by statistical mathematics Accordingly, we calculate the average of ( x ), the standard deviation (sd), the test value (t) between experimental and random classes Graph of frequency points at the numerical value of lesson 18, 20 (History 12) - Summarizing teachers and students‟ evaluations After completing each experimental lesson, we review, evaluate and make an experience for teachers We also interview students about experimental lessons The result is that there is still difficult for teachers in earlier times to apply the method of using museums and galleries in teaching history Generally, teachers evaluate highly teaching plans and results of experimental lessons under the effect of educational revolution as those lessons always have a combination between traditional and modern teaching approach Those lessons are flexible to help students to observe, connect with materials and objects in museums and galleries honestly and lively 4.4.2 Results of experimenting external activities Based on learning data of both intelligent and normal classes, we see that the average mark of the special classes is higher than that of standard classes, in detail of 0.86 grade That the value of t > t shows that the difference between average marks of intelligent and standard classes in meaningful It also means that students exploit effectively museums in learning Vietnamese history As a result, by planning vitural museums in classrooms, teachers can help students to learn, discover and experiment with the support of technologies 23 CONCLUSIONS Thai Nguyen is a province of historical revolutionary traditions with a system of diverse museums and traditional houses where many valuable documents and rare objects reflecting the development of the national history are kept Using the historical sources of the museum and local traditional houses is a very effective way to improve the quality of teaching Vietnamese History at high schools In the context of teaching innovation in the direction of developing the capacity and qualification of students, using museums and traditional houses' resources in teaching History at high schools is very necessary Those materials museums and traditional are both attractive visual tools and valuable knowledge sources Museums, traditional houses in general, and those in Thai Nguyen in particular have helped to provide documents, and create environment that are suitable to teaching History at high schools Documents of museum and traditional houses are diversified in terms of kinds, quantity, each document has different historical meaning, so it requires teachers to use them in a purposeful ways, and have detailed plans in teaching history to achieve the teaching's target Museums and traditional houses will be used more effectively with an approach based on the application of modern technology and organizing experiential teaching and learning activities Museums and traditional houses can be used effectively in some forms of basic teaching History when the dispayed concept is suitable with educational content and ensures necessary conditions With measures of using museums, traditional houses with virtual museum models, 3D artifacts interaction, online connection methods, museums, traditional houses are used frequently and flexibly in both curricular lessons and extra-curricular activities On the basis of studying the form of using local museums and traditional houses, the paper provides teachers with instructions to deploy effective and appropriate measures in compliance with each school;s teaching conditions Such measures to use museums and traditional houses to organize track trace and historical 24 investigation activities have partly contribute to innovating methods and improving the quality of teaching History Using museums and traditional houses in an effective way in teaching History at high schools also requires teachers with much to Teachers must be well-trained with professional skills, and have broaden knowledge of museums, traditional houses, theoretical knowledge In addition, they must be skillful at information technology application What is more, great enthusiasm and big love of their career with the capacity of adapting context of teaching in the industrial revolution 4.0 era are also another tital requirements for teachers Recommendations Based on the research of the topic, our recommendations are given as below: - For conservation and management agencies: They are suggested to innovate forms of service , focusing on building virtual museums and closely collaboratin with schools, as well as connecting museums and galleries with classrooms - For education management bodies: They should change thinking management flexibly, creatively and adapt in the spirit of education reform You should assign autonomy to teachers, offer them with the best facilities to undertake learning activities with the use of museums and galleries - For teachers: They should innovate teaching methods in the direction of approaching capacity, change their open teaching methods and coordinate professional tasks with guiders LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS BY THE AUTHOR * Grassroots scientific topics Mai Van Nam (Chairman of the project), Study the design and use of virtual museums in teaching Vietnamese history at high schools in Thai Nguyen province Project of Science and Technology at University of Education - Thai Nguyen University Code: CS-2018-05 * The scientific article Mai Van Nam (2012), Initial research on building virtual museum to apply to teaching history in high school, Journal of Educational Equipment, no 293, 9/2012, p.51-53 Mai Van Nam (2017), Use of the museum with the support of ICT to teaching history in high school, Journal of Education, Special Issue, 6/2017, tr.166-168, 153 Mai Van Nam (2017), Design and use of virtual museums on Panotour software in teaching Vietnamese history in high schools, International Conference - Training and fostering teachers of History subject to meet the requirements of textbook program renovation, publishing books of National University HN, p.468-476 Mai Van Nam, Bui Le Ban (2019), Teaching vietnamese history using virtual museums for high school students in northern mountainous and midland provinces, International Conference on Teacher Education Renovation: Teacher Education in the context of Industrial Revolution 4.0, page 613 - 622 Mai Van Nam (written together, 2019), Using the virtual museum in the locality in the experience of History at Thai Nguyen high school, Journal of Educational Equipment, second period of July 2019, p.29 -31 ... exploited in teaching the history in Thai Nguyen - Proposing forms of applying Thai Nguyen‟s museums and galleries in teaching Vietnamese history - Proposing methods of applying Thai Nguyen‟s museums... Re-confirming a significant role of using museums and galleries in teaching history - Drawing a picture of using of museums and galleries in teaching history in Thai Nguyen - Selecting a cultural-heritage... learning in museums - Common methods they apply in teaching history in museums are teaching in project, investigating history, building historical club, using IT in learning 2.2.2 Practical using