THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
1 INTRODUCTION The urgency of the thesis Forest fire is an incredibly dangerous disaster that can harm to natural resources and the entire environment Its devastating ability might badly affect a restricted area, a whole nation and even the surroundings Despite the constant attention of all sectors, the application of various technical methods and the coordination of related forces such as forest rangers, fire protection police, the army and residents living near forest edges in our country as a whole and in Hanoi in particular, the situation is anything but brighter It is believed that the reason lies in the simplicity of applied techniques which are based on the allocation of different forest types and the manual evaluation of fire risk Besides, no specific fire regime is recorded Certain effective methods such as prescribed burning, silviculture, fire-resistance runways are yet to be research subject Moreover, the incorporation of forest rangers and the police brings out negligible results in spite of detailed legal regulations on their functions, especially when it comes to intensive fire The coordination between related forces seems to be ill-organised and somehow pretentious Wildfire has promptly become one of the most urgent issues in Hanoi as a result of the vast expansion of combustible forests such as pine forest, acacia and eucalypt forest Hence comes the importance of fire prevention and fighting To maximize the practicality of fire protection, suitable methods should be wisely applied while related forces and the community get the best out of themselves in mitigating fire cases With a view to actualising the abovementioned tasks, the author has finally chosen the thesis topic of “Research on solutions to improve the efficiency of forest fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi” New findings of the thesis stay focus on how to accomplish fire protection measures, especially the coordination of participating forces Research objectives 2.1 General objectives Improve technical methods and managerial solutions in order to accelerate the effect of fire prevention and fighting and minimize fire risk in Hanoi 2.2 Specific objectives - Assess facts and causes of wildfires in Hanoi - Improve technical measures on fire protection in Hanoi - Develop a model coordinating related forces in Hanoi Research subjects and location 3.1 Research subjects - Combustible forest conditions include pine forest, acacia forest and bamboo forest - Participating forces and state management over fire prevention and fighting 3.2 Research location Forest areas in districts of Hanoi: Soc Son, Ba Vi and My Duc Limited scope of the research - Location scope: forest areas in Nam Son Ward (Soc Son District), Ba Trai Ward (Ba Vi District) and Huong Son Ward (My Duc District) - Timing scope: 2009 - 2018 period - Content scope: fire prevention and fighting Scientific and practical significance of the thesis 5.1 Scientific significance The thesis provides reasonable scientific grounds for the improvement of fire protection resolution concerning the situation of Hanoi 5.2 Practical significance - A proposal of newly developed techniques for fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi - A proposal of coordinating functional forces of fire prevention and fighting suitable for both natural and socio-economic situations of Hanoi New findings of the thesis - Identify the flexible proportion of inflammable materials under forest canopy as a solid scientific proof for fire protection methods in Hanoi - Analyse the reality and propose a suitable model coordinating forces of fire prevention and fighting accordingly The thesis outline Apart from the introduction, conclusion, references and appendixes parts, the thesis is divided into volumes: Volume 1: Generalities of the research (29 pages) Volume 2: Contents and methods of the research (16 pages) Volume 3: Research and discussion results (86 pages) Volume GENERALITIES OF THE RESEARCH 1.1 Over the world It was during the 20th century that forest fire prevention and fighting was first studied At the time, research mainly came from economically developed nations such as America, Russia, Canada and was further discovered in forestry-centric countries Former studies on the nature of wildfire have so far reached a conclusion that the main cause of fire is the interaction of heat sources, oxidants and inflammable materials, which are also known as the Combustion Triangle There are types of forest fire according to scientists: crown fire, surface fire and underground fire A tyical case may contain up to types of fires This has led to diverse fire prevention and fighting methods (Brown A.A,1979; Gromovist R,1993; Mac Arthur A,G, 1986) Weather condition, forest type and daily socio-economic situation are most impactful elements for the development of a forest fire (Belop C V, 1982) In addition, there are related research on fire prevention and fighting techniques such as fire-resistant runway types, greenbelts, canal systems and watchtowers, social features of wildfire and social solutions to fire protection 1.2 In Vietnam A large number of researches of Vietnamese authors have confirmed new findings of international studies over the years (Pham Ngoc Hung, 2001; Be Minh Chau, 2012) The most powerful factors affecting the intensity of forest fire are weather condition, forest type, inflammable material, terrain and daily socio-economic activities (Phan Thanh Ngo, 1996; Vuong Van Quynh, 2005) For example, the development of pine forest fire partly results from the small size of pine trees and their high oil content (Vuong Van Quynh, 2005) Studies on fire prevention and fighting in Vietnam share a tendency of emphasizing experimental results of prescribed burning as a way to reduce the volume of combustible materials – controlled burning of a pine forest in Dalat (Pho Duc Dinh, 1996), planned burning of an age-old pine forest without collecting materials beforehand (Phan Thanh Ngo, 1996) to name a few Fire-proof runway should be designated right from the beginning attached to forest plantation Certain typical trees to build runways and greenbelts are Nepal black cedar, Agave americana, Indian gooseberry, Aporosa, Cratoxylum prunifolium, Burmese grape and Acacia mangium Researchers have successfully figured out a fire precaution method applicable for certain provinces such as Quang Ninh, Phu Tho, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Binh Dinh, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Kien Giang, Ca Mau, Lam Dong and so on Some like Phu Tho, Thanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan have even built up a special fire precaution software Multifunctional fire fighting car was first manufactured in Asia (Duong Van Tai, 2010) Timely discoveries and information of forest fire have also been tried out, which helps construct softwares using remote sensing images from observation stations (Tran Quang Bao, 2016) Social resolutions and the efforts of the whole community in fire prevention and fighting have been praised in a number of relevant studies, for instance the research of Dang Vu Can (1992), of Le Dang Giang (1974), of Pham Ngoc Hung (1994), of Vuong Van Quynh (2012), of Pham Tuan Dung (2014) and of Vu Duc Quynh (2016) 1.3 In Hanoi A national fire forecast measure developed by Nesterop’s formular converting the K value from to when rainfall is not less than 6mm has already been applied in Hanoi Recent fire cases are recorded mainly in Soc Son, Ba Vi and My Duc (Hanoi) A lack of attention in accordance with insigificant forest volume stands a good reason for the frequency of wildfires in those areas So far there has been no specialised research on the development of fire prevention and fighting techniques suitable for different conditions 1.4 Review on the generalities of the research on fire prevention and fighting all over the world and in Vietnam 1.4.1 Strengths In our nation, a large number of legal documents which regulate fire prevention and fighting have been put into effect Scientific studies often stay focus on these bullet points: + The impact of different elements to the intensity of fire + The improvement of fire precaution methods and software for each locality + The development of applicable methods such as green fire-resistant runway, controlled burning and hydrological management solutions + The innovation of fire fighting tools such as gasoline saw and multifunctional fire fighting car + The selection of fire-resistant plants to help prevent fire + The application of technology to forecast wildfire 1.4.2 Weaknesses Currently, research on fire prevention and fighting in Vietnam has some limitations: + Few studies on fire prevention and fighting methods for different forest types have been issued + Little consideration has been put over the attendance of the community and the development of a coordinating model in fire prevention and fighting A surprising rise in the number of fire cases has been recorded in Hanoi recently This might be the result of a deficiency in a pertinent policy to attract people’s attention towards forest fire prevention Without adequate community participation, hundred hectares of forest have been destroyed with no possible predictions During certain intensity fire, the organisation was poor together with unsuitable management activities resulted in irrecoverable repercussions Volume CONTENTS AND METHODS OF THE RESEARCH 2.1 Research contents 2.1.1 Research on facts and causes of forest fire in Hanoi a Research on facts of forest fire in Hanoi during 2009 – 2018 period b Research on causes of forest fire in Soc Son, Ba Vi and My Duc (Hanoi) 2.1.2 Research on the improvement of technical methods of forest fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi a Research on recently applied fire prevention and fighting techniques b Research on building techniques of white and green fire-resistant runways c Research on silvicultural techniques d Research on prescribed burning e Research on pine forest fire fighting methods 2.1.3 Research on the development of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces in Hanoi a Research on the coordination of forces in fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi b Research on factors affecting the efficiency of the coordination of forces in fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi c Research on the development of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces in Hanoi 2.2 Research methods 2.2.1 Methods of approaching - Approach to the system The forest system is regarded both natural and socio-economic That leads to the necessity to examine the impact of natural and socio-economic elements at the same time - Approach to multisections Forest fire protection activities should be widespread and promptly implemented As a consequence, the so – called four-on-site-motto needs exploiting which entails on-site forces, on-site vehicles, on-site commanders and on-site logistics - Approach to research and development Forest fire prevention and recovery measures have always been followed with socio-economic activities Therefore, a general logic is well applied including the analysis of facts and causes and the proposal of suitable solutions for each region 2.2.2 Methods of collecting and processing information Method of inheriting materials: The thesis has followed summary reports, previous studies and law regulations to analyze issues such as facts and causes of forest fire; current status of technical measures for forest fire prevention and fighting; factors that impact the efficiency of coordinating forces in forest fire prevention and fighting Method of quick assessment of rural areas: This has bene used to interview researchers, managers and citizens living near the forest over certain issues: causes of forest fires, current status of technical measures being applied, factors that impact the efficiency of coordinating forces in forest fire prevention and fighting, the development of a coordinating model in forest fire prevention and fighting taking weather condition and forest types into account Method of field investigation: - Research on characteristics of forest structure in Hanoi: The project has established 57 OTCs in the studied areas: My Duc with 15OTC, Ba Vi with 30 OTC and Soc Son with 12 OTC These include pine forest, acacia forest, forest on rocky mountains, medium forest, rehabilitated forest and poor condition natural forest with 1000m2 being the volume of each OTC A common research method in forestry has been applied to collect data on major characteristics be it high tree layer and cover, high coverage of shrub and dry vegetation, regenerated trees and evergreen shrubs - Research on characteristics of combustible materials in Hanoi: Each combustible material is examined on 25 boxes of 1m2 form distributed in the corner and between the boxes The mass and the humidity degree of combustible materials are investigation criteria in this case Field research results have led the thesis to new findings of technical measures of forest fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi such as the construction technique of white and green runways, silvicultural technique for fire prevention and fire fighting method for pine forest Method of studying prescribed burning to prevent fire: The amount of objects that fall daily, monthly and annually as well as their decomposition speed are under research To conduct this kind of research, typical sample plots for a pine forest are selected which both have the age of 5, distributing on the slope with the average area density of 600-700 trees per hectare and growing healthily At each standard plot, select representative points to investigate the amount of fallen objects Select consecutive days each month to collect them A square net of 2m long per dimension is stretched close to the ground for each study point The amount of objects falling into the net is collected and weighed, their moisture level is analyzed at am every day This investigation process is carried out within months from August 2011 to the end of January 2012 By analyzing the correlation between fallen objects and their decomposition speed, certain simulation equations of accumulating combustible materials under forest conditions over time are discovered A reasonable cycle of prescribed burning would be decided based on the danger threshold of the volume of combustible materials The thesis has followed research results of forest conditions, the cycle and principles of prescribed burning to create suitable techniques for each pine forest in Hanoi Several burning experiments have been conducted as a way to determine the suitability of discussed techniques Information required in these experiments includes spreading speed, flame height, the effectiveness of fire control measures, etc Volume RESEARCH AND DISCUSSION RESULTS 3.1 Facts and causes of forest fire in Hanoi 3.1.1 Allocation characteristics of forest conditions in Hanoi The thesis inherits previous research results of forest map building related to fire risk in Hanoi High-risk forest areas are Soc Son, Ba Vi and My Duc Therefore, the thesis has put great emphasis on abovementioned areas iin order to clarify the facts, causes as well as technical resolutions for fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi 3.1.2 Facts of forest fire in Hanoi 3.1.2.1 Facts of forest fire by forest conditions The situation of forest fires has changed over the years In 2009, the highest fire risk was observed with a number of 58 cases be it 92.78 of forest damage The reverse was true in the case of the year 2011 when a mere number of fires causing 6.61 of forest damage was recorded, thus the variation ratio of forest fires and burnt areas was 66.2% and 82.5% respectively This kind of fluctuation has been a helping hand in analyzing the impact of different elements on forest fire Evergreen natural forests are rarely under flame, for in 10 years only fires occurred accounting for 1.1% Thus, subjects to forest fire in Hanoi are mainly plantations According to interviews of forest rangers and owners, burnt forests are mainly pine trees They are the so-called conifers whose fire risk is enormous 3.1.2.2 Facts of forest fire by fire locations Forest fire is regularly seen in densely forest-located areas such as Soc Son, Ba Vi and My Duc Soc Son was home to most wildfires with 226 cases in 10 years accounting for 82,78% of the total number 3.1.2.3 Facts of forest fire by fire duration The frequency of forest fire is often recorded in dry seasons which last from October to March of the next year December is the month that observes the highest amount of fire with 5,7 cases per year at average On the contrary, the rest months of the year are regarded wet and rainy hence a sharp decline in the number of wildfires 3.1.3 Causes of forest fire 3.1.3.1 Natural condition a Weather condition - Air temperature Fire season are of no relevance to hot season in Hanoi for that time notices an incredible rainfall Fire season is then considered to be between the end of winter and the beginning of summer This actually represents itself less dangerous and therefore fire control is no longer a too daunting task - Rainfall In general, fire season is dry season which means fainfall does act as an impactful factor on fire risk The variety of rainfall results in the variety of forest fire in Hanoi - Level of humidity An alarming low level of humidity is seen in mid-summer but this has nothing to with fire risk since rainfall is expected to rise soon Vertical axis: Number of cases Horizontal axis: Humidity index Figure 3.12 A correlation between the number of wildfires and annual humidity index - A correlation between the number of wildfires and weather condition over the years The relation between the number of annual fires and weather condition is not tight This demonstrates the strong impact of socio-economic factors on forest fire Without proper management, the number of forest fires can still be huge when the humidity index increases b Characteristics of different forest conditions 3.1.3.2 Socio-economic situation a Economic situation (economic activities of individuals and households, tourism activities without proper instruction of fire control, inappropriate economic support, ineffective fire protection systems) b Social situation (inadequate knowledge of forest fire prevention and fighting, insufficient awareness of legal regulations, ineffective education of forest fire prevention and fighting, loose organization in forest fire prevention and fighting) 3.2 The improvement of technical methods of forest fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi 3.2.1 Regularly applied technical methods 3.2.1.1 The construction of fire-resistance runway 10 According to recent statistics, the number of white fire-resistant runways in Hanoi is quite small Those are usually combined with inter-village and inter-commune roads The width of these roads are regularly 8m, yet for some reasons the number can be smaller The downgrade of combustible materials is carried out every year in the whole city However, this depends heavily on funding source and the downgrade design The width of a small road for different forest types is typically 20m However, the use of small roads in combination with fire-resistant runways is not scientific and appropriate It is necessary to study further the width, density,… of these to match with each forest status in Hanoi 3.2.1.2 The reduction in inflammable materials - Prescribed material burning: this is applied to certain forest types in Soc Son only thus limitations are recorded in wide-range application - Forest cleaning: this is considered the owners’s regular activity to collect unused materials under forest canopy 3.2.2 Technical methods of forest fire prevention 3.2.2.1 Construction techniques of white and green runways a White fire-resistance runway * The width of white fire-resistant runways in Hanoi According to experiment results on the dependence of spark distance on height of average fire in the research of Andrew Sullivan and Peter Ellis, an equation has come out: Y = 1.9X3+4.0X2 In which: Y: the distance to transport fire sparks (m) X: the average flame height (m) Table 3.1 Required width of white fire-resistant runway in Hanoi Type of forest Evergreen natural forest Bamboo forest Restored forest Age-old forest Type of possible fire Average flame height (m) Distance of transporting fire sparks (m) Required width of white runway (Surface fire) (5,0) (300) (300) Underground fire 1,2 10 Surface fire Surface fire Underground fire Surface fire 3,0 4,0 1,2 5,0 50 200 300 50 200 10 300 12 The averarge width of green runways is over 30m hence the respective distance of 1200m or higher The number can be improved once productivity of plantations is assured It can increase up to 500-700m with the surrounding area of 25-50 * Plantations of green fire-resistant runways Trees selected to grow across green runways ought to be fire-resistant that create the ability to improve humidity and thus decrease possible fire risk Those are indigenious plantations capable of cohabitating with other speciese which comprise a stable biome * Green runway restoration Green fire-resistant runways are designated to prevent widespread fire under the canopy According to previous research, even if there is inadequate width or low tree density in green runways, the volume of combustible materials are so huge that there is every possibility that the underground fire goes on spreading c Innovative fire-resistance runway in Hanoi It is possible that a new kind of runway with features of both white and green ones is created, which would temporarily be called “innovative fireresistant runway” It can be is created by clearing materials along mountain tops or forest edges The efficiency of newly developed runways is not inferior to white runways whilst they can reduce water erosion 3.2.2.2 Silvicultural technical solutions to forest fire prevention Silviculture measures affect forest ecosystems including morphological or ecological structure in order to orient the development of forests towards reducing fire risk Based on former research results, the thesis proposes a number of silviculture measures including the clearance of evergreen shrubs, early pruning, deduction of combustible materials and material restoration Main contents of silviculture measures are as follows: * The clearance of evergreen shrubs The method is applied in places with plenty of evergreen shrubs Dry leaf layer is distributed from underground to the canopy which can easily catch fire then turn into surface fire The most effective time to implement the method is in August when plant fertility begins to decrease, trunks and leaves cover the remaining body of the plants preventing their recovery * Early pruning The method is applied in places with newly planted forest (usually under 20 years of age) Branches are growing near the ground which facilitates underground fire becoming surface fire The time when thinning is applied 13 ensures the success of practical utilization and enough time for material decomposition at the beginning of the rainy season When there is no need of combustible materials in daily activities, they should be burnt in vacant areas deep inside the forest at safe times of the day Specialised forces are required to control the flames Not until no fire risk is detected they finish their job * The restoration of combustible materials The method is applied in places with considerable amount of materials and evergreen shrubs, especially high slopes catching Northeast and Southwest wind On average, the height of underground fire should be 0,8m or less with fire-resistant runways of to meters wide The most suitable time to prune shrubs will be the beginning of the year or the midlde of rainy seasons This ensures an adequate length of time for unwanted materials to decompose thus minimizing the amount of materials under the ground 3.2.2.3 Prescribed burning to prevent wildfires a Prescribed burning season After analysing the principle of fire allocation in Hanoi by year during 2009-2018 period, fire season is determined to be from 15 last days of October to 10 first days of November b Prescribed burning period Safe burning period is before a.m and after p.m c Material accumulation for prescribed burning The accumulation can also create white runways to control fire intensity This happens to be a dead-end task, however, to newly grown forests whose main inflammable materials are grass and shrubs In case like that, pruning before collecting is necessary d Fire control Fire control is implemented by combining different technical elements such as the selection of burning period, the construction of white fireresistant runways, forest cleaning, repeated prescribed burning, direct fire fighting in case of unexpected flames e Prescribed burning cycle and the annual proportion of prescribed burning areas * The accumulation speed of fallen objects Measurement results of fallen objects from August 2011 to January 2012 have shown that the average volume of decomposing objects in pine forests is 0,223% per day The results are displayed in the table below Table 3.4 The volume of fallen objects in a pine forest 14 over a period of time Vegetation status Volume of fallen objects (kg/ha/month) Aug 2011 Sep 2011 Oct 2011 Nov 2011 Dec 2011 Jan Averag 2012 e Masson pine 867 650 850 833 700 750 775 According to the statistics, the average volume of fallen objects in masson pine forest is 775 kg/ha per month or in other words 9300 kg/ha per year These numbers has a great effect on the thesis’ findings such as the volume of fallen objects each year and the reduction of that volume in pine forests * Prescribed burning cycle and the volume of combustible materials in plantations - Prescribed burning cycle in plantations Vertical axis: Masson pine Horizontal axis: Year Figure 3.23: The accumulation of combustible materials grown after prescribed burning The volume of fallen objects in masson pine forest can be up to 12,3 ton/ha which might lead to seriously detrimental fire Once prescribed burning is applied, the volume of fallen objects accumulated over years will amount to over 10 ton/ha The interval between prescribed burning times in a masson pine forest therefore lasts years - The annual volume of prescribed burning K% = 100/(prescribed burning cycle) Therefore, the annual volume of prescribed burning of masson pine is 100/3=33% 3.2.3 Một số biện pháp kỹ thuật chữa cháy rừng * Characteristics of pine forest fire in Hanoi 15 In order to get a foundation of applying fire fighting methods and determine characteristics of pine forest fire, the thesis organised a groupworking session between direct officials of fire fighting in Soc Son Table 3.6 Characteristics of pine forest fires in Hanoi Slope Order M level number (ton/ha) (degree) 10 25 5-10 > 10 a Fire risk level I II III IV V Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Average underground fire Slow underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Slow underground fire Slow underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Rapid underground fire Slow underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Rapid underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Average underground fire Rapid underground fire Average Rapid surface surface fire fire Slow underground fire The average height of fire is 15-20cm and spreading speed is no more than 30m/h This kind of fire shows little danger with low intensity and spreading speed, therefore it can be applied with hand-crafted tools and light motor vehicle Fire fighting tools that can be employed include shovel, stamping table, fresh twigs, hand pump and blower Water is not a priority in this case on account of insufficient amount of water in fire season in Hanoi b Average underground fire The average height of fire is 20-40cm and spreading speed is 30-60m/h Direct fire fighting methods are used in combination with hand-crafted tools and light motor vehicle c Rapid underground fire 16 The average height of fire is 40-60cm and spreading speed is usually over 60m/h Both direct and indirect fighting methods are favored Direct methods are those making use of hand-crafted tools and motor vehicle to put out fire while indirect ones include forest clearance before fire starts to widely spread d Mixed underground fire and rapid surface fire The average height of fire can be up to 3m and spreading speed is usually 60-100m/h Both direct and indirect fighting methods are favored Fire fighting tools are lawn mower, high-tree infrastructure saw, stamping table, knife, hoe, shovel, blower, hand pump, water tanker and so on e Underground fire and rapid surface fire The average height of fire can be up to 3m and spreading speed is more than 100m/h This is the combination of high intensity underground and surface fire Both direct and indirect fighting methods are favored Fire fighting tools are lawn mower, high-tree infrastructure saw, stamping table, knife, hoe, shovel, blower, hand pump, water tanker and so on 3.3 The development of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces in Hanoi 3.3.1 Facts of coordinating forest fire protection forces 3.3.1.1 Several legal documents on the coordination of forest fire protection forces 3.3.1.2 The coordination of implementing fire protection methods Figure 3.30 Real situation of the coordination model of information exchange Figure 3.32 Real situation of safe testing in forest fire prevention and fighting 17 Figure 3.31 Real situation of disseminating knowledge in forest fire prevention and fighting Figure 3.33 Real situation of constructing and practicing forest fire prevention and fighting plans 3.3.2 The development of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces in Hanoi 3.3.2.1 The effect of legal regulations on the coordination of forest fire protection forces 3.3.2.2 The attention of local authorities 3.3.2.3 Awareness and qualifications of forest management forces 3.3.2.4 Policies for forest management forces 18 3.3.2.5 General evaluation - An organised system of legal documents in forest fire prevention and fighting is implemented However, advisory agencies and administrative offices in fire prevention and fighting in Hanoi are yet to accomplish their role in promulgating regulations and directives in the local areas - Certain limitations in the awareness, knowledge and management experience of some forest control officials have revealed - An unreasonable policy regime also acts as a major cause of the ineffective coordination of related forces and the community in fire protection activities in Hanoi 3.3.3 The improvement of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces 3.3.3.1 Principles, objectives and main features of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces 3.3.3.2 The improvement of a model coordinating forest fire prevention forces Figure 3.34 The coordination model of information exchange of forest fire prevention and fighting plans Figure 3.36 The coordination model of constructing and practicing forest fire prevention and fighting plans 19 Figure 3.35 The coordination model of disseminating knowledge in forest fire prevention and fighting 3.3.3.3 The improvement of a model coordinating forest fire fighting forces a Participants in forest fire fighting - The community that include forest owners, local authorities and relevant organizations - Forest rangers - Police officers that include fire prevention and fighting forces - The army b Plans of different fire risk levels according to weather condition and forest types in Hanoi Table 3.7 Fire risk level according to weather condition and forest types P index Forest types I II III I II III IV V 1 1 3 4 5 Table 3.8 Expert interview results concerning the relevance of options for fire risk levels Order number Coordination options Option Relevance level Extremely Relevant Irelevant relevant Ratio Ratio Rati Quantity Quantity Quantity (%) (%) o (%) 22 88 12 0,0 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option Option 10 Option 11 Option 12 Option 13 Option 14 Option 15 21 15 19 14 20 24 21 23 20 21 24 22 21 25 84 60 76 56 80 96 84 92 80 84 96 88 84 100 10 11 5 4 16 40 24 44 20 16 20 16 12 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Results from the table has confirmed the suitability of proposed plans to weather condition and forest types in Hanoi c Proposals to create a model coordinating related forces in fire fighting in Hanoi - Case 1: Fire risk level 1: Employ the community forces to put out fire - Case 2: Fire risk level 2: Employ the community and forest ranger forces to put out fire - Case 3: Fire risk level 3: Employ the community, forest ranger and police forces to put out fire - Case 4: Fire risk level 4: Employ the community, forest ranger, police and armed forces to put out fire - Case 5: Fire risk level 5: Employ the community, forest ranger, police and armed forces to put out fire Table 3.9 Expert interview results concerning the relevance of coordination cases in forest fire fighting Relevance level Order Extremely Extremely Extremely Coordinatio numbe relevant relevant relevant n cases r Quantit Quantit Quantit Quantit Quantit Quantit Case Case Case Case y y y y y y 20 21 17 22 80 84 68 88 20 16 32 12 0 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 21 Case 24 96 0,0 Statistics from table 3.8 has shown that coordination proposals are suitable for fire fighting in Hanoi These can be combined with results from table 3.7 to set up a fitting coordination model which is presented in the figures below Figure 3.37 The coordination model in forest fire fighting of fire risk level 22 Figure 3.38 The coordination model in forest fire fighting of fire risk level 23 Fi gure 3.38 The coordination model in forest fire fighting of fire risk level 24 Figure 3.38 The coordination model in forest fire fighting of fire risk level and 3.4.3.3 Solutions to improve the efficiency of a model coordinating forest fire protection forces a Implementing legal bases and policies on a model coordinating forest fire protection forces b Enacting Directives regulating the coordination of forest fire protection forces c Improving a community model of forest management d Educating and training forest management forces e Enhancing the local government leadership f Utilizing a coordination motto and a model of coordination between functional forces in forest fire prevention and fighting CONCLUSION, UNSOLVED PROBLEMS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion - Forest fire in Hanoi usually takes place in the driest season which lasts from October to years afterwards Fire objects are mainly pine forests in Soc Son whilst 90% of other fires occur in Ba Vi and My Duc 25 - Fire season in Hanoi lasts from November to December and from March to April every year Weather condition and forest types are impactful factors in fire risk of Hanoi while the variation of rainfall greatly affects the differentiation of fire risk in Hanoi - Socio-economic elements such as economic activities of individuals and households, tourism activities without adequate instruction of fire control, unsuitable economic support of forest fire prevention and fighting, ineffective fire control system, inadequate awareness of forest fire and loose organization put a strong impact on forest fire in Hanoi - Certain scientific methods to prevent fire suitable for the situation of Hanoi are the construction of white and green runways in Soc Son with a density level of 1-2km/100ha and innovative runways in Ba Vi and My Duc, the development of mixed plantations with high fire resistance, the clearance of evergreen shrubs, early pruning plantations and the restoration of combustible materials - Prescribed burning of dry vegetation with runways or with crowds can well be employed in the case of age-old pine forests The cycle should last about to years and the proportion of runways or shrubs getting burnt ought to be no more than 1/3-1/4 to minimize its negative effect to the land and forest fire risk - The efficiency of coordinating related forces in fire protection in Hanoi is affected by some key factors such as regulations of rights and duties in forest fire prevention and fighting, the attention of local authorities, the awareness and knowledge of forest control managers and legal documents of forest fire prevention and fighting - The thesis has proposed 04 models of coordinating forest prevention forces which are the coordination model in information exchange, the coordination model in disseminating knowledge, the coordination model in safe testing and the coordination model in building and examining forest fire prevention and fighting plans - The thesis has proposed 05 models of coordinating forest fighting forces suitable for different danger level of forest fire in Hanoi Hotter weather and higher fire risk entail higher danger level and therefore more sophisticated coordination models are required - To low-risk fire and newly found fire, the only forces that are needed are resources and equipment of forest owners and the surrounding community If the owners are any kind of organization, they are the commanders and if the owners are individuals or households, Chairman of Commune People’s Committee takes the lead 26 - To high-risk fire, all possible forces and equipment are mobilized They may come from the owners, surrounding dwellers, local authorities, the police, the army and so on In this case, commander of the field is the one whose position remains the highest in the police unit while head of the steering committee is the one with highest position in administrative offices Unsolved problems - Major forest types in Hanoi are protection and special-use forests which make it impossible to experimenting intensive fire As a consequence, the thesis could merely analyse features of fire and the efficiency of fire protection measures by studying small fires Stimulation results therefoe share few similarities with the situation of intensive fire in reality - The thesis inherited available research results of both national and international authors yet seizing no chance of practice in Hanoi, especially practice of fire-resistant runways and newly developed forest fire fighting methods Suggestions It is imperial that technical measures and coordination models of fire prevention and fighting forces be applied and precisely assessed so the effectiveness in real situations can be improved ... the annual volume of prescribed burning of masson pine is 100/3=33% 3.2.3 Một số biện pháp kỹ thuật chữa cháy rừng * Characteristics of pine forest fire in Hanoi 15 In order to get a foundation... provinces such as Quang Ninh, Phu Tho, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Binh Dinh, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Kien Giang, Ca Mau, Lam Dong and so on Some like Phu Tho, Thanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan have even built up... prevention and fighting methods for different forest types have been issued + Little consideration has been put over the attendance of the community and the development of a coordinating model in fire
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