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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VU THI THANH HIEN ATTITUDE TOWARDS CAREER OF KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS PROVINCES Major: Psychology Code: 9.31.04.01 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL THESIS ON PSYCHOLOGY HANOI - 2019 The Thesis is completed in: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, under directly Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Scientific Instructors: Assoc Prof Ph.D Phan Trong Ngo Assoc Prof Ph.D Le Minh Nguyet Reviewer 1: Prof Ph.D Tran Quoc Thanh Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Ph.D Truong Thi Khanh Ha Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Ph.D Tran Thi Minh Hang The Thesis is defended at Thesis Review Council at the level of: Graduate Academy of Social Sciences At:… hour… , day… month … 2019 Further information of the Thesis can be found in: - National Library - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, under directly Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences INTRODUCTION The urgency of the topic Attitude towards career is one of the most important factors determining quality of career and success in work Many studies on attitudes have shown that positive attitude towards career are proportional to success Having a positive attitude toward the career will be a motivation for every individual to work effectively Early childhood education is the first level of education in the national education system This educational level plays an important role in human development strategy The teacher, therefore, is the leading element that determines educational quality and realizes educational goals Improving teacher’s quality is considered as the breakthrough and focus of the fundamental and comprehensive innovation of education, including the contingent of kindergarten teachers Kindergarten teachers undertake the responsibly of taking care and educating children from to years old In addition to the general characteristics of pedagogical workers shown in other educational levels, kindergarten pedagogical workers also have certain characteristics The subjects for kindergarten pedagogical activity are kids from months to years old who are in the age of fast and strong development both physically and psychologically therefore kindergarten teaches not only takes the responsibility of educating the children but also taking care of the, nurturing and protecting them in all activities at the kindergarten schools In addition to these above characteristics and the requirements of professional standards for kindergarten teachers in terms of quality and competence, the fact that kindergarten teachers must have a positive attitude towards career plays an extremely important role However, the reality of attitude towards careers of kindergarten teachers is alarming Besides the beautiful examples of kindergarten teachers having positive attitude toward career, there are many kindergarten teachers showing negative expressions that contrary to professional ethnics, and involving in kindergarten children violence causing anger in public It can be said that one of the causes of these heartbreaking incidents finding the root from a part of kindergarten teachers who have not shown positive attitude towards career Together with the whole country, the Central Highlands is carrying out the task of fundamental and comprehensive innovation in education and has shown remarkable changes in all aspects Nevertheless, compared to the whole country, the Central Highlands has still faced lots of socio-economic difficulties, especially in remote and ethnic minority communes, where infrastructure is limited raising worries in kindergarten teachers and leading to negative attitude towards career which resulted in ineffective professional activities In recent years, in the country as well as in the world, psychologists have paid much attention to the research of the attitude and attitude toward career of the workers However, until now in Vietnam, there has been no research on attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers For the above reasons, we realize that improving attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, thereby improving the quality of kindergarten teacher contingent, contributing to ensuring the educational development strategy of the Central Highlands is an urgent demand That is the reason why we choose the research topic: “Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands Provinces” Research purposes and tasks 2.1 Research purposes Building up a theoretical framework, evaluating the reality of expression of attitude and factors affecting the reality; On that basis, proposing as well as experimenting some psychological pedagogical measures aiming at building up positive and proper attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 2.2 Research tasks 2.2.1 Overview of domestic and foreign research on the attitude towards career and attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 2.2.2 Building up some basic theoretical issues on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 2.2.3 Surveying the reality of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, determining factors affecting that reality 2.2.4 Experimenting some psychological and pedagogical measures to enhance the attitude of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces Research subjects and scope 3.1 Research subject: The expressions of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 3.2 Research scope 3.2.1 Scope of research content The thesis only studies the expressions of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces through the following aspects: Attitude towards children; attitudes towards career value; attitude towards child caring and educational activities and attitude towards learning and fostering activities to enhance the professional qualifications and skills 3.2.2 Scope of research area - Researching the reality in provinces of Dak Lak, Dak Nong and Gia Lai, including; schools in the region having favorable socio-economic conditions (region 1), schools in the region having socio-economic difficulties but have been temporarily stabilized (region 2), schools in the region having extremely socioeconomic difficulties (region 3) - Carrying out pedagogical experiments at kindergarten schools in Dak Lak province 3.2.3 Scope of research object Total survey participants: 395 Among them, the exploratory survey participants: 30 (28 kindergarten teachers; managers); the official survey participants: 347 kindergarten teachers, 18 managers Experimentally impacted participants: 36; Control participants: 34 In-depth interview participants: kindergarten teachers: 10, managers: 10, Parents: 10 Approaches, research methods and scientific hypotheses 4.1 Approaches - Activity approach - System approach - Specific historical approach 4.2 Research methods (presented in chapter 3) 4.3 Scientific hypothesis The majority of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces have average attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers expressed through their cognition, emotion and action in areas: children; career value; children care and education activities and learning and fostering to improve professional qualifications There are many factors affecting attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, including both subjective and objective factors, in which objective factors have stronger influence than subjective factors It is possible to enhance attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces positively by impacting on the cognition of kindergarten teachers with psychological pedagogical measures New contributions of the thesis 5.1 Theoretical contribution The research results of the thesis have contributed to clarifying the theoretical issues about attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers Specifically: The thesis has built up the concept of attitude, especially the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers, along with transformed the concept of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers into measurable indicators; identified attitude toward career through aspects: cognition, emotion and behavior; developed criteria to evaluate attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers including: the readiness and attitude tendency 5.2 Practical contribution The thesis has developed a set of survey tools on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers; the research results of the thesis has brought into light the level of expression of the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, together with pointing out the factors affecting that reality; proposing measures as well as experimenting pedagogical measures aiming at changing attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in a positively The thesis can be used as a reference for early childhood education managers and kindergarten teacher training institutions to determine criteria for evaluating and fostering kindergarten teachers The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical significance The research results on theory contribute to clarifying and enriching the theory of attitude in psychology, attitude towards career, attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in Pedagogical Psychology, Social Psychology and Pedagogics The research results can also be used as the theoretical materials in teacher training and fostering activities, in psychological research and educational science 6.2 Practical significance Results of the reality of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces and the factors affecting that reality will be a source of practical materials to help pedagogical universities and educational managers develop training strategies to develop the contingent of teachers, especially the contingent of kindergarten teachers in regions with economic difficulties and ethnic minority as well as to enable kindergarten teachers to self-recognize and self-evaluate the own attitude towards career The proposed impact measures and empirical verification measures will be the references in regular training activities to enhance the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers, as well as to help kindergarten teachers adjust their attitudes towards careers positively Structure of the thesis In addition to the introduction, conclusion, recommendations and lists of references, the thesis structure includes chapters: Chapter 1: An overview of the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers Chapter 2: Theoretical basis for the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers Chapter 3: Research organization and methods Chapter 4: Practical research results of the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces CHAPTER AN OVERVIEW OF THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS CAREER OF KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS 1.1 Studies on attitude Attitude has been studied by many schools in the field of psychology with many different approaches 1.1.1 Study on attitude as a personal psychological function 1.1.1.1 Study on attitude as a personal subjective category in the interaction between society and individuals like the following authors: Gordon Allport Stephen Worchel - Wayne Shebillsue, R.S Feldman; Richard J Gerrig and Philip G Zimbardo; Nicky Hayes; A.Ph Lazuxki; V.A.Iadov; D.N.Uznatze Pham Minh Hac; Tran Trong Thuy, Nguyen Quang; Vo Thi Minh Chi 1.1.1.2 Study on the function of attitude This is one of the approaches in attitude studies that are common in the US and some Western countries The authors having research in this direction are W.I.Thomas and F.Znaninecki, R.A.Likert, R.T.La Piere, G.P.Allport, M Sherif (1960,1961), M.L DeFleur and F.R Westie (1963), M Rokeach (1968), McGuire (1969), T.M Ostrom (1969), M Fishbein and I Ajzen (1972,1975), In Vietnam, psychologists who study the achievements of world psychology and home psychology reality have given some basic views on the position, the role of attitude in practical activities Typical psychologists can be named as Pham Minh Hac, Nguyen Quang Uan, Tran Hiep, Le Duc Phuc, Vu Dung, Le Van Hao and many others, etc 1.1.2 Studies on the structure and expression of individual attitude The popular views on attitude consists of three components: cognition, emotion4 and behavior given by M Smith in 1942 and later Krech, Crutchfield & Ballachey have been recognized by many psychologists such as Breckler, McGuire, Rosselli, Skelly & Mackie; Tesser & Martin, Petty, Wegener & Fabrigar, etc and generally referred to as the CEB framework (Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Framework) 1.1.3 Study on the formation and change of personal attitude Typical authors are: Tesser; Hovland, Janis and Kelley; Bandura of Larsen; Coleman; Forbes and Johnson, Abramson, Baker and Caspi 1.1.4 Study on the attitude measuring methods Typical authors are: Bogardus; Thurstone and Chave; Likert Edward Jones and Harold Sigall; Petty and Fabrigar; Larsen and Minton; group of authors Larsen, Cary, Chaplin, Deane, Green, Hyde and Zuleger; A.W Wichker; group of authors Larsen and Le Van Hao 1.2 Studies on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 1.2.1 Studies on attitude towards career Attitude towards career is one of the issues that have attracted the attention and research in the Western in the very early day Since the first half of the twentieth century, some Western researchers have begun to focus on this issue, typical authors can be named as follows: Chester Barnard (1938) and Simson (1974); R Turner Lawrence and BloodHulin; Allport GW, Vernon PE; Kluckhohn C (1983), Mortimer JT, Finch M Shanahan M, Ryu S (1992) In Vietnam, there are authors doing the same research such as Pham Minh Hac, Nguyen Khac Vien, Tran Hiep, Do Long, Nguyen Quang Uan and Le Ngoc Lan There are a number of studies on attitude towards career based on attitude theory, these studies mainly focus on the reality of attitude towards specific issues, from which proposing measures and how to form positive attitudes of the objects towards the research issues, these names can be list as Phan Ngoc Anh and partners, Bui Thi Thanh, Phi Thi Nguyet Thanh, Pham Manh Ha, Le Thi Thanh Huong, Tran Thi Thanh Huong, Doan Van Dieu, Nguyen Thi Hoa, Nguyen Thi Thuy Huong, etc 1.2.2 Studies on the attitude towards career of the teachers The attitude towards career of teachers have not attracted the research attention of scientists The research on the teaching attitude of university lecturers by author Nguyen Thi Tinh posted in the Journal of Psychology No 8/2009 can considered as a rare study CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Through the research overview, it can be seen that psychologists have studied attitudes, the attitudes, attitude towards career and attitude forming and developing factors under many angles, some authors have relied on many premise theories to consider attitudes with different purposes There is a variety of research works on attitude and attitude towards career However, the studies have just described in-depth the structure and function of attitude; analyzed the attitude reality through public questionnaires, but not deeply studied the level and expression of attitude towards its objects in specific situations and conditions This is an open tendency for us to study this issue Particularly, the studies on attitude in Vietnam focus only on studying the attitude towards career of pupils, students, young employees, civil servants and lecturers; there have not still found any sufficient, systematic and in-depth studies on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers Therefore, the study of “Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces” will contribute to clarifying the above issue CHAPTER THEORETICAL BASIS FOR THE ATTITUDE TOWARDS CAREER OF KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS 2.1 Attitude towards career 2.1.1 Attitude 2.1.1.1 Concept of attitude Attitude is the readiness of the subject towards the object in a certain direction (positive or negative) expressed by the cognition, emotion and behavior of the subject 2.1.1.2 Expression of attitude Attitude is expressed in three components of cognition, emotion and behavior The unity of these three components constitutes a definite attitude of the subject In order to have an attitude towards a certain object, the subject must comply with the rule: firstly, people must have the understanding(cognition) about the object; that understanding will be the basis for orienting emotions - feelings for the object (lovehate, likes-dislike); after that, through the certain cognition and emotion towards the subject, the subject will show specific behaviors with the object Depending on each situation, one of these three components will occupy a dominant position, ruling over the attitude of each individual 2.1.1.3 Criteria for evaluating attitude In the framework of this thesis, to measure the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers, we focus mainly on two criteria: the readiness and attitude tendency - Readiness of attitude: It is necessary to define if personal expression target to the object The readiness is the basis of cognitive, emotional and behavioral responses, helping individuals develop a positive attitude towards the object who has found values and benefits that satisfy the personal needs or a negative attitude towards the object that the individual found unrewarding” - Attitude tendency: is the subject's reaction to the object in certain direction, positively or negatively (is the cognition of phenomena by positive or negative point of view) expressed in cognition emotion and behavior towards subjects in a positive or positive way 2.1.2 Attitude towards career 2.1.2.1 Concept of career Career is a field of labor activity in which, thanks to the scientific training according to the professional training process with certain standards, people have the qualities, knowledge and skills to create the material or spiritual products that meet the needs of society 2.1.2.2 Concept of attitude towards career Attitude towards career is the readiness of workers to career activities in a certain direction (positive or negative), through cognition, emotion and behavior 2.2 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 2.2.1 Kindergarten teacher career: 2.2.1.1 Concept of kindergarten teacher career: Kindergarten teacher career is a profession trained with professional knowledge and skills on taking care and educating children from months to years old 2.2.1.2 Concept of kindergarten teachers Kindergarten teachers are persons working in early childhood; education establishments, taking care of and educating children from months to years old The trainings have provided teachers with qualities and capabilities of early childhood education, a system of knowledge about the development of psychophysiology of children aged from to years; professional methods, care and education skills for kindergarten children to meet social requirements 2.2.2 Concept of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers The attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is the readiness to head to care and education skills for kindergarten children in a certain direction (positive or negative) expressed through the career cognition, emotion and behavior of the teachers 2.2.3 Expression of attitude towards the career of kindergarten teachers Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is expressed through three aspects: career cognition, emotion and behavior of the kindergarten teachers 2.2.4 Criteria for evaluating attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 2.2.4.1 The readiness in the attitude towards the career of kindergarten teachers The readiness in the attitude towards the career of kindergarten teachers expressed in the orientation to career of the kindergarten teachers which is concretized by levels of readiness, from low to high The expressions are found in being ready for career cognition, emotion and behavior 2.2.4.2 Attitude tendency towards the career of kindergarten teachers The attitude tendency towards career of kindergarten teachers is reflected positively or negatively through the career cognitive tendency, emotional tendency and behavioral tendency of the kindergarten teachers 2.3 Factors affecting the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers - Subjective factors: Career responsibilities, career qualifications, career age and experience, emulation achievements - Objective factors: Working locations, local culture, salary and remuneration regime of the State for teachers and pedagogical contingent; the evaluation, recognition and honor of schools, parents, and society CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Through reviewing and analyzing the concepts of attitude of domestic and foreign authors, we build up, in this thesis, the concepts of attitude and attitudes towards career of kindergarten teachers; identifies the expressions, criteria for evaluating attitudes and factors affecting attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers Attitude is the readiness of the subject towards the object in a certain direction (positive or negative) expressed by the cognition, emotion and behavior of the subject Attitude towards career is the readiness of workers to career activities in a certain direction (positive or negative), through cognition, emotion and behavior The attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is the readiness to head to care and education skills for kindergarten children in a certain direction (positive or negative) expressed through the career cognition, emotion and behavior of the teachers Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is expressed through three aspects of cognition, emotion and behavior and is evaluated by two criteria: the readiness and attitude tendency The attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces has been influenced by many factors, including both subjective and objective ones Subjective factors can be listed as career responsibilities, career qualifications, career age and experience and emulation achievements Objective factors can be listed as: working locations, and local culture; salary and remuneration regime of the State for teachers and pedagogical contingent; the evaluation, recognition and honor of schools, parents, and society CHAPTER RESEARCH ORGANIZATION AND METHODS 3.1 Research organization 3.1.1 Research content 3.1.1.1 Theoretical research - Overview of research works on attitude towards career and attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers - Analyzing, generalizing and systematizing basic concepts such as: attitude, career, attitude towards career, attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers - Identifying factors affecting attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 3.1.1.2 Practical research Researching the expression and identifying the factors affecting the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces Experimenting psychological and pedagogical measures to enhance the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces positively 3.1.2 Select research objects: - Exploratory surveys: 30 - Mass surveys: 347 - Interview: 10 kindergarten teachers, 10 managers and 10 parents - Observation: kindergarten teachers (from the mass surveys) - Impacted experimental sample: 36 experimental participants, 34 control participants 3.1.3 Research area provinces of Dak Lak, Dak Nong and Gia Lai Dak Lak Kindergarten teachers participating in the research were chosen from different socio-economic regions 3.1.4 Steps to conduct research Research methods include: Method of reasoning research, surveying methods, observation methods, expert methods, in-depth interview methods, experimental pedagogy method The collected data are processed qualitatively and quantitatively at the scientific and clarified level with the support of SPSS data processing software version 20.0 Using the 5-level scale to determine the levels of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces by convention: Level Very low and negative attitude of readiness; Level Relatively low and negative attitude of readiness; Level Average attitude of readiness; Level Relatively high and positive attitude of readiness; Level Greatly high and positive attitude of readiness CHAPTER PRACTICAL RESEARCH RESULTS ON ATTITUDE TOWARDS CAREER OF KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS PROVINCES 4.1 Reality of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 4.1.1 Overall evaluation of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 4.1.1.1 General consideration of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces a Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces expresses in three aspects of cognition, emotion and behavior Table 4.1 The expressions of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces % rate of the levels No Expressions GPA SD Cognition 3,10 0,80 5,7 15,6 30,5 29,2 19,1 Emotion 3,02 0,79 1,8 10,7 38,7 26,9 21,9 Behavior 3,23 0,80 1,0 10,9 39,2 34,8 14,0 3,12 0,80 2,83 12,4 36,1 30,3 18,3 General result Through the results obtained in Table 4.1, it is found that the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces reaches level the average level shown in GPA: 3.12, SD: 0.80 Teachers having a high attitude of readiness towards career is neither high nor low; the attitude tendency is neither positive nor negative It means that the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers hasn’t reach full readiness leading to the fact that they have not been highly 11 active in the process of implementing the task, nevertheless, they have not been too completely passive to make things automatically This attitude shows that kindergarten teachers have not truly devoted themselves in career This has a great impact on the quality and efficiency of child care and education The level of average attitudes expresses in three aspects: cognition, emotion and behavior The grade point average of cognition, emotion and behavior of kindergarten teachers varies from 3.10 to 3.23 – averagely at the level 3, and there is no significant standard deviation Furthermore, there is a small part of kindergarten teachers that has low and negative attitude of readiness expressing in their cognition, emotion and behavior This reality is the reason for us to propose measures to improve the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces b Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces expressing through four career fields Table 4.2 Self-evaluation of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces (general evaluation) % rate of the levels (n=347) No Career fields GPA SD Attitude towards children 3,19 0,54 0,6 9,2 Attitude towards career values 2,60 0,54 4,9 25,3 Attitude towards children care and education activities 3,02 0,57 2,6 8,1 Attitude towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills 3,65 0,58 0,6 19,6 24,2 30,5 25,1 3,12 0,56 2,18 15,6 33,4 30,7 18,2 General result 38,3 38,9 34 13 24,2 11,5 36,9 29,1 23,3 The results from Table 4.2 show that attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers are different from each other, in which the attitude towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills is at level 4; the attitude towards children care and education activities is at level 3; the attitude towards career values is at the lowest rank, equivalent to level In order to check the objectivity in the self-evaluation of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, we surveyed the evaluation opinions of the managers and compared with the results from teacher’s self-evaluation, the specific results have shown in the table 4.3 12 Table 4.3 Self-evaluation of teachers and evaluation of managers on attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the High Lands provinces (general evaluation) Self-evaluation Evaluation of of teachers managers No Career fields GPA SD GPA SD Attitude towards children 3,19 0,54 3,15 0.52 Attitude towards career values 2,60 0,54 2,56 0.56 Attitude towards children care and education 3,02 0,57 2,86 0.57 activities Attitude towards the training and fostering 3,65 0,58 3,45 0.57 of professional qualifications and skills General result 3,12 0,56 3,01 0,56 Comparing the statistical results in Table 4.3, it is found that in terms of points, GPA from the evaluation of managers is generally lower than the self-evaluation of teachers The GPA from the evaluation of managers is 3,01- Standard deviation is 0,56 The GPA from the self-evaluation of teachers is 3,12 and- Standard deviation is 0,56 However, the GPA variation is not significant GPA from the evaluation of managers is generally lower than the self-evaluation of teachers, at 0.11 point and there is no change in the attitude Average level is the evaluation of managers on attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces Hence, the result is acceptable 4.1.1.2 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces basing on parameters a Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on seniority Table 4.4 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on seniority % rate of the levels No Seniority GPA SD 1-5 years 2,95 0,67 4,3 12,9 41,9 20,4 20,4 6-15 years 3,75 0,58 5,9 17,6 35,3 41,2 16-25 years 3,15 0,62 4,9 4,9 34,1 34,1 22,0 Over 25 years 2,61 0,7 0,0 42,9 28,6 14,3 14,3 By looking at the results in Table 4.4, it can be found that attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces with different seniorities shows different results The kindergarten teachers who have seniority from to 15 years are the ones to have the most active attitude (level 4); teachers with seniority over 25 years have positive attitude at the lowest level (level 2); teachers with seniority from 16 to 25 years and from to years have average attitudes towards careers 13 b Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on qualification Table 4.5 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on qualification % rate of the levels No Qualification GPA SD Intermediate 2,75 0,76 9,1 12,2 47,7 18,1 12,9 College 3,15 0,81 5,4 5,4 40,5 24,3 24,3 University 3,45 0,68 3,5 7,5 32,9 27,7 28,3 Through survey results in Table 4.5, it can be found the kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces with different qualifications have different attitude towards career, expressing in the grade point average and percentage rate of the levels The higher the qualification of the teachers is, the more positive attitude towards career they have Specifically, university-educated teachers have attitude towards career at level 4, ones with college and intermediate degrees have attitude towards career at level (The grade point average of kindergarten teachers with college qualification is higher than that of kindergarten teachers with intermediate qualification) However, the reality results also show that not all university-educated teachers have positive attitudes towards career A part of teachers with university degrees still have negative attitudes towards career (11%) And the same is true for the group of teachers with college and intermediate qualifications showing through the fact that 31% to 48.6% of them have positive attitude towards career c Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on emulation achievements Table 4.6 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on emulation achievements % rate of the levels Excellent teachers at different No GPA SD levels Excellent teachers at provincial level 4,15 0,52 4,3 3,5 29,8 31,2 31,2 Excellent teachers at district/city level 3,52 0,58 7,5 10,8 22,5 35,2 23,9 Excellent teachers at school level 2,80 0,56 11,5 3,8 26,9 30,8 26,9 Teachers without having excellent 2,00 0,55 14,3 18,2 36,4 26,0 5,2 performance The results in Table 4.6 show that kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces with different teaching achievements have different attitudes towards career expressing in the grade point average which is proportional to the emulation achievements Excellent teachers have a more positive attitude towards career than those not have excellent performance The more excellent the teacher is, the more positive attitude towards the career is 14 d Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces basing on ethnic group Table 4.7 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on ethnicity % rate of the levels No Ethnic groups GPA SD Kinh 3,35 0,83 5,0 10,7 24,0 38,0 22,3 Ethnic minorities 2,88 0,64 7,8 12,6 44,7 14,6 20,3 Through the survey results in Table 4.7, it can be seen that Kinh kindergarten teachers and ethnic minority kindergarten teachers have expressed the average attitude towards career at level (GPA: 3.35 and 2.83) The expression of readiness in attitude is neither high nor low; The attitude tendency is also neither positive nor negative However, in comparison of the grade point average and percentage rate of the levels, we find that Kinh kindergarten teachers have a more positive attitude towards the career than the ethnic minority kindergarten teachers e Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces basing on working locations Table 4.8 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers basing on working locations % rate of the levels No Working locations GPA SD Region 3,42 0,54 0,0 5,3 27,6 27,6 39,5 Region 3,24 0,66 5,3 1,3 36,0 26,0 30,3 Region 2,71 0,73 5,9 13,3 44,9 19,5 16,2 Through the results from self-evaluation of the teachers in table 4.8, we see the kindergarten teachers working in different regions with different socio-economic conditions have different attitudes towards career The attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is proportional to the socio-economic development of where they are working The more developed socio-economic condition the region achieves, the more positive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is The more difficult socio-economic condition the region suffers, the lower positive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is 4.1.2 Expression of attitude toward career fields of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 4.1.2.1 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces through cognition 15 Table 4.9 Self-evaluation on cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces General Readiness Tendency evaluation Career fields GPA SD GPA SD GPA SD Cognition towards children 3,40 0,74 3,36 0,87 3,40 0,79 Cognition towards career values 2,92 0,78 2,32 0,72 2,62 0,75 Cognition towards children care 2,74 0,85 3,15 0,87 2,95 0,86 and education activities Cognition towards the training and fostering of professional 3,35 0,79 3,52 0,78 3,44 0,79 qualifications and skills The statistical results in Table 4.9 show that there are differences in the expression of recognition in attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, manifesting in the fact that GPA is ranging from level to level (2.62 - 3.44) In particular, cognition towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills reaches level 4; cognition towards career values is at level 2; cognition towards children care and education activities is at level In order to check the objectivity in the results of self-evaluation in term of cognition of the teachers, we surveyed the evaluation from the managers and make a comparison on the self-evaluation results as follows: Table 4.10 Self- evaluation of the teachers and evaluation of managers on cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces Self- evaluation Evaluation of of teachers managers No Career fields GPA SD GPA SD Cognition towards children 3,40 0,79 3,3 0,67 Cognition towards career values 2,62 0,75 2,62 0,70 Cognition towards children care and 2,95 0,86 2,75 0,73 education activities Cognition towards the training and fostering 3,44 0,79 3,43 0,68 of professional qualifications and skills General result 3,10 0,80 3,01 0,70 Comparing the statistical results in Table 4.10, we see that the GPA from evaluation of managers is generally lower than that of self-evaluation of teachers GPA from evaluation of managers is 3,01- SD: 0.70 while GPA from self-evaluation of teachers is 3,10-SD: 0,80 However, the GPA variation is not significant GPA 16 from the evaluation of managers is generally lower than the self-evaluation of teachers, at 0,08 point and there is no change in the recognition Both managers and teachers evaluate the cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is at average level 4.1.2.2 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces through emotion Table 4.11 Self-evaluation on emotional attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces General Readiness Tendency evaluation Career fields GPA SD GPA SD GPA SD Emotion towards children 3,28 0,74 3,47 0,85 3,38 0,80 Emotion towards career values 2,42 0,65 2,58 0,72 2,50 0,69 Emotion towards children care 2,70 0,84 2,65 0,75 2,68 0,80 and education activities Emotion towards the training and fostering of professional 3,55 0,85 3,47 0,86 3,51 0,86 qualifications and skills Through the research results in Table 4.11, it can be seen that emotion towards career fields is different from each other, showing at level or level 2, with GPA ranging from 2,50 to 3.51, specifically: Emotion towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills is at level 4; emotion towards career values is at level 2; Emotion towards children care and education activities is at a level In order to check the objectivity in self-evaluation on emotional attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, we compare with results from the evaluation of managers Details are shown in Table 4.12 Table 4.12 Self- evaluation of the teachers and evaluation of managers on emotional attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces (general evaluation) SelfEvaluation evaluation of of managers No Career fields teachers GPA SD GPA SD Emotion towards children 3,35 0,82 3,22 0, 82 Emotion towards career values 2,50 0,69 2,38 0, 65 Emotion towards children care and education 2,68 0,81 2,54 0, 74 activities Emotion towards the training and fostering of 3,51 0,85 3,42 0, 82 professional qualifications and skills General result 3,01 0,79 2,89 0,76 Similar to recognition, comparing the statistical results in Table 4.12, it can be seen the level of emotional attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers evaluated by managers is lower than that of the teachers GPA from evaluation of managers is 17 2,89- SD: 0.70 while GPA from self-evaluation of teachers is 3,01-SD: 0,79 However, the GPA variation is not significant (0,12) There is no change in the emotion Both managers and teachers evaluate the emotional attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is at average level 4.1.2.3 Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces through behavior Table 4.13 Self-evaluation on behavioral attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces (general evaluation) General Readiness Tendency evaluation Career fields GPA SD GPA GPA SD GPA Behavioral attitude towards children 2,68 0,81 2,95 0,83 2,82 0,82 Behavioral attitude towards career values 2,80 0,81 2,54 0,88 2,67 0,85 Behavioral attitude towards children 3,44 0,80 3,44 0,77 3,44 0,79 care and education activities Behavioral attitude towards the training and fostering of professional 3,80 0,80 4,20 0,83 4,00 0,82 qualifications and skills Through the survey results in Table 4.13, we find that the GPA of the behavioral attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces with career fields is ranging from level to level (2.67 - 4.00), specifically: Behavioral attitude towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills is at level 4, the behavioral attitude towards children care and education activities is at level In order to check the objectivity in self-evaluation of behavioral attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, we surveyed the evaluation of the managers make a comparison with the results from the self-evaluation of the teachers which are shown in Table 4.14 Table 4.14 Self- evaluation of the teachers and evaluation of managers on behavioral attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces (general evaluation) SelfEvaluation evaluation of of managers No Career fields teachers GPA SD GPA SD Behavioral attitude towards children 2,82 0,8 2,67 0,79 Behavioral attitude towards career values 2,67 0,84 2,65 0,8 Behavioral attitude towards children care and 3,44 0,75 3,38 0,72 education activities Behavioral attitude towards the training and 4,00 0,80 3,8 0,76 fostering of professional qualifications and skills General result 3,23 0,80 3,13 0,77 18 By comparing the statistical results in Table 4., similar to recognition and emotion, it can be seen that the level of behavioral attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers evaluated by managers is lower than that of the teachers GPA from evaluation of managers is 3,13- SD: 0,77 while GPA from self-evaluation of teachers is 3,23-SD: 0,80 However, the general GPA variation is not significant (0,10) There is no change in the behavior Both managers and teachers evaluate the behavioral attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is at average level 4.1.2.4 Correlation between the expressions of attitudes towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 4.1.2.5 Correlation between the manifestations of attitudes towards career of preschool teachers in the Central Highlands provinces Table 4.15 Correlation between cognition, emotion and behavior Expression Cognition Emotion Behavior P Cognition 1,000 ,663 ,753 ,000 Emotion ,663 1,000 ,676 ,000 Behavior ,753 ,676 1,000 ,000 Through table 4.15, after the analysis, the correlation value shows p = 0.000, proving that there is a correlation between cognition, emotion and behavior and the correlation coefficients is specifically shown as follows: the correlation coefficient between cognition and emotion reveals r = 0.663; between emotion and behavior reveals r = 0.676; between cognition and behavior reveals r = 0.753 With this correlation coefficient, we can conclude that the correlation between the expression of cognition, emotion and behavior of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is relatively strong This is the basis for us to develop appropriate impact measures on all aspects of kindergarten teachers 4.2 Evaluate the factors affecting the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 4.2.1 Subjective factors Table 4.16 Impacts of subjective factors on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces % rate of the levels No Impact factors GPA SD Career responsibility of the teachers 4,50 0,70 0,0 0,0 18,1 48,7 33.1 Age and career experience (seniority) 4,00 0,73 0,0 3,2 38,9 44,6 13.2 of the teachers Qualifications of teachers 3,20 0,75 0,0 0,9 42,6 38,9 17.6 Emulation achievements 3,35 0,69 0,0 1,7 49,8 38,3 10.1 For an overall look through the survey results in Table 4.16, it can be seen that all subjective factors have different impacts on the attitude towards career of 19 kindergarten teachers, the GPA is ranging from 3.20 to 4.50 (level to level 4) In particular, the factors of evaluation, recognition and honor of the school, parents and society and the salary and remuneration regime of the State for teachers have the strongest impacts 4.2.2 Objective factors Table 4.17 Impacts of objective factors on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces % rate of the levels No Impact factors GPA SD Working locations 4,07 0,71 0,0 3,2 23,9 62,8 10.1 Local culture 3,49 0,72 0,0 4,6 36,3 50,1 8.9 Salary and remuneration regime of 4,34 0,97 0,0 9,5 28,2 34,6 27.6 the State for teachers Evaluation, recognition and honor of 4,5 0,81 0,3 0,9 36,6 30,2 32.0 the school, parents and society Pedagogical collective 3,70 0,62 0,0 0,9 36,3 44,6 18.1 By analyzing the survey results in Table 4.17, we find that objective factors have from “strong” to “particularly strong” impact on attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces (GPA ranges from 3.49 to 4.34) In particular, the factors of evaluation, recognition and honor of the school, parents and society and the salary and remuneration regime of the State for teachers have the strongest impacts In order to have an overview of the impact of subjective and objective factors, we summarize the data in below Table 4.18 Table 4.18 Impacts of objective and subjective factors No Impact factors Subjective factors Objective factors GPA SD 3,76 4,07 0,72 0,77 Comparing the data in Table 4.17, we see objective factors have stronger impacts on attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces than subjective factors Subjective factors have a “medium” impact, expressed in GPA: 3.94; SD: 0.72 while objective factors have a “strong” impact expressed in GPA: 4.07, SD: 0.77 4.3 Experimental results 4.3.1 Results of cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers after the experiment 20 Table 4.19 Results of cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers after the impacted experiment Experimental group Control group Before After Earlier Later than No Fields impact impact time GPA SD GPA SD GPA SD GPA SD Cognition towards children 2,41 0,72 3,48 0,67 2,21 0,64 2,28 0,69 Cognition towards career 2,25 0,68 3,85 0,71 1,98 0,66 1,95 0,68 values Cognition towards children 2,53 0,72 3,57 0,72 2,13 0,71 2,35 0,70 care and education activities Cognition towards the training and fostering of 2,60 0,68 3,56 0,68 2,28 0,69 2,35 0,69 professional qualifications and skills General results 2,45 0,68 3,60 0,70 2,15 0,68 2,23 0,69 From the statistics collected in table 4.19, we find that: After the impact, the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces has remarkably increased This is reflected in the overall GPA of the experimental group Before the impact, the overall GPA was 2.45; after the impact was: 3.62 (increase 1.15 points) from level to level While the attitude towards career of the control group was measured at the earlier time and later time (after year) showed no significant change The level of cognition of career remains the same in four fields, in some areas, the GPA in the later time have increased but at insignificant level, ranging from 0.07 to 0.22, the cognition towards career values has even decreased (down 0.03) Thus, the above results reveal that there is a clear improvement in the level of cognition of the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the experimental group after the impact In particular, the cognition towards career values has made the most obvious progress 4.3.2 Results of cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers after experiment The progress in cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers after experiment has been clearly demonstrated above Considering the close relationship between the three components of cognition, emotion and behavior in attitude, we believe that the progress in attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers will enhance their emotional and behavioral attitude towards career and as the result, their attitude towards career will be more positive The survey results of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers expressed in three components of cognition, emotion and behavior after experiment are as follows: 21 Table 4.20 Results of attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers after impacted experiment Experimental group Control group Before After Earlier Later than No Expression impact impact time GPA SD GPA SD GPA SD GPA SD Cognition 2,45 0,68 3,60 0,70 2,15 0,69 2,23 0,69 Emotion 2,32 0,71 3,40 0,71 2,33 0,75 2,5 0,71 Behavior 2,50 0,73 3,57 0,72 2,42 0,72 2,59 0,68 General results 2,42 0,71 3,52 0,71 2,30 0,72 2,44 0,69 From the statistics in table 4.20, we find that after the impact, the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces has positively changed, the level of attitude moves from to (GPA increases from 2,42 to 3,52, up 1,10 points) The positive change shows clearly in career emotion and behavior of the teachers While the attitude of the experimental group is significantly improved, clearly expressing in components of cognition, emotion and behavior, the attitude of the control group (later time) has not significantly changed, the GPA increases slightly from 0.08 to 0.17; the general GPA increases from 2.30 to 2.44 (0.14 points) In summary, through the positive changes in the cognition and attitude of the experimental group compared to before the experiment and with the control group, we can confirm that: The measure affects the cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is highly feasible If we apply synchronously for a long term with the impact on career emotion and behavior of kindergarten teachers in the central Highlands provinces, we believe their attitude towards careers will be enhanced CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER The reality results of the research show that attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is at level - the average level The average level is expressed in components of cognition, emotion and behavior There are significant differences in attitudes towards attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces In particular, attitudes towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills is at level Attitude towards career values is at level 2, attitude towards children care and education activities is at level There is a difference in attitude towards career among groups of teachers in terms of professional seniority, qualifications, emulation achievements, ethnic group and different working locations The kindergarten teachers who has a seniority of 615 years, 16-25 years; university degrees; excellent performance at provincial and district / city levels; Kinh ethnic group and who work in Region have a more positive attitude towards career than other groups There are many factors affecting the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces The most influential factor is the evaluation, recognition and honor of the school, parents and society; salary and remuneration and remuneration regime of the State for teachers; professional responsibilities of the kindergarten teachers 22 Experimental impact results show that the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is significantly improved compared to before the impact, manifested in components of cognition, emotion and behavior It is demonstrated that the measures that we have built aiming at impacting the cognition of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces are convincing CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion 1.1 There is a variety of research works on attitude and attitude towards career However, the authors mainly analyze the attitude reality in the form of public questionnaires, but have not deeply studied the levels and expressions of attitudes towards its subjects in the specific context and conditions In particular, there has not been any work on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces 1.2 Attitude is the readiness of the subject towards the object in a certain direction (positive or negative) expressed by the cognition, emotion and behavior of the subject The attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers is the readiness to head to care and education skills for kindergarten children in a certain direction (positive or negative) expressed through the career cognition, emotion and behavior of the teachers 1.3 The reality results of the research show that attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces is at level - the average level The average level is expressed in components of cognition, emotion and behavior expressing through the fact that the readiness of the attitude is neither high nor low; the attitude tendency is neither, nor negative The average level of attitudes towards the career of kindergarten teachers is expressed in three components of cognition, emotion and behavior In addition, a part of kindergarten teachers a low and negative level of attitude towards career 1.4 There are significant differences in attitudes towards attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in different career fields In particular, attitudes towards the training and fostering of professional qualifications and skills is more active than other fields (level 4); the attitude towards children care and education activities is at level 3, the attitude career values is at level There is a difference in attitude towards career among groups of teachers in terms of professional seniority, qualifications, emulation achievements, ethnic group and different working locations, in which, the kindergarten teachers who has a seniority of 6-15 years, 16-25 years; university degrees; excellent performance at provincial and district / city levels; Kinh ethnic group and who work in Region have a more positive attitude towards career than other groups There is a close and consistent correlation between components of cognition, emotion and behavior in attitude In particular, cognitive change has an important impact on the emotional and behavioral components of attitude as well as change in attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers Therefore, in order to improve the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers, it may be necessary to make impact on the cognitive side or simultaneously all three aspects of the attitude, attention should specially be paid to the cognitive attitude 1.5 There are many factors affecting the attitude towards career of kindergarten 23 teachers in the Central Highlands provinces The most influential factor is the evaluation, recognition and honor of the school, parents and society; salary and remuneration and remuneration regime of the State for teachers; professional responsibilities of the kindergarten teachers 1.6 The level of career cognition and attitudes of kindergarten teachers have clearly improved after using psychological-pedagogical measures to impact the career cognition of the teachers This shows that it is possible to improve the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers by the methods of impacting on career cognition of the teachers Recommendations The attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces plays an especially important role, contributing to improving the quality of early childhood education and successfully implementing the comprehensive fundamental innovation goals of education Therefore, in order to improve the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces, we boldly offer the following suggestions and recommendations: 2.1 For management agencies - Department of Education should organize seminars, training courses, collective sessions on the importance of early childhood education, career values; methods of caring and educating children in accordance with the culture of the Central Highlands and children who need special care, etc In addition, it is necessary to have a plan to foster professional skills suitable for each group of teachers such as: young teachers, senior teachers, teachers in difficult regions, ethnic minority teachers, etc It is possible to use the results of theoretical and practical research of the thesis as a reference in the studies of psychology, pedagogics, and kindergarten teachers training and fostering activities - The State needs to have remuneration policies, paying more attention to kindergarten teachers, especially teachers who are working in regions with difficult socio-economic conditions 2.2 For the Management board of kindergarten schools Organizing visits for teachers to exchange and learn professional experiences as well as experience different emotions about children and careers Creating motivation and conditions for teachers, especially ethnic minority teachers, to participate in learning and fostering activities to improve professional qualifications, 2.3 For kindergarten teachers It is necessary to understand the objectives and contents of the early childhood education program, methods of organizing children care and education activities Regularly cultivate and enhance morality and professional behavior; have training plan to improve professional qualifications Promote communicative activities for people and parents to understand, share and coordinate well with schools and kindergarten teachers in children care and education activities 2.4 For parents It is necessary to respect, trust, acknowledge and have objective evaluation on the career and kindergarten teachers themselves Besides, there is a need to share and cooperate with the class teachers in the process of children care and education activities 24 LIST OF ANNOUNCED SCIENCTIFIC WORKS & ARTICLES RELATED TO THE THESIS Vu Thi Thanh Hien (2018), “Attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces”, Journal of Social Psychology, (7) Vu Thi Thanh Hien (2018), “Cognitive attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces”, Journal of Social Psychology, (8) Vu Thi Thanh Hien (2019), “Expressions of attitude towards career fields of kindergarten teachers in the Central Highlands provinces”, Journal of Social Psychology, (5) ... issues, these names can be list as Phan Ngoc Anh and partners, Bui Thi Thanh, Phi Thi Nguyet Thanh, Pham Manh Ha, Le Thi Thanh Huong, Tran Thi Thanh Huong, Doan Van Dieu, Nguyen Thi Hoa, Nguyen... Studies on the attitude towards career of kindergarten teachers 1.2.1 Studies on attitude towards career Attitude towards career is one of the issues that have attracted the attention and research... Studies on the attitude towards career of the teachers The attitude towards career of teachers have not attracted the research attention of scientists The research on the teaching attitude of university