Unit 16 INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS

Powerpoint trình bày Bài 16: INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS, môn Ngữ pháp chức năng tiếng Anh, bao gồm toàn bộ phần thuyết trình của bài, các khái niệm và ví dụ liên quan. UNIT 16: INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS Group 6 The outline of Unit 16 I. Definition of the term ‘speech acts’ We use the term ‘speech acts’ to describe actions such as: Asking questions; Making requests; Giving orders; Making promises; Giving advice; Making threat; → Speech acts are the acts we perform through words. II. The differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’ III. Declaratives 1. Definition. The declarative is the basic clause type, with SubjectFinite ordering. + Example 2. Basic functions. + Making a statement. + Performing the verbal act of stating. III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.1. Affirmative declaratives. Carrying out the speech act they name. Usually addressing the hearer directly. Including certain verbs: promise, advise, warn, recommend, … Example: III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.2. Negative declaratives. Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of Rejection Example III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.2. Negative declaratives. Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of Exclamation Example: III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.2. Negative declaratives. Transferred negation: The negative particle “not” is transferred from its logical place in the dependent clause to the main clause. Examples: IV. Performatives 1. Definition A performative utterance is a sentence or other linguistic expression which, when expressed in an appropriate context, actually does or accomplishes something. IV. Performatives 1. Definition According to John Austin (1976): A performative utterance does not describe, or report, or constate anything at all; is not true or false. The uttering of the sentence is a part of the doing of an action, which would not normally be described as ‘just’ saying something. IV. Performatives 1. Definition IV. Performatives 1. Definition The types of verbs (such as promise, invite, apologize, predict, vow, request, warn, insist, and forbid, ...) used to make performative utterances are called performative verbs. Performative verbs are ones that describe the actions carried out by the speakers. Example: 2. Types of performatives a. Explicit performatives: Carrying out certain acts by naming them. Usually including certain verbs: want, agree, congratulate, wish, beg, declare, … Examples: I want to thank you all. We agreed to meet on Thursday. IV. Performatives 2. Types of performatives b. Hegded performatives: Being more polite than direct forms because they avoid invoking power and status. Examples: I wanna thank you all. I can offer you chicken and beer. IV. Performatives 3. Notes Example: I offered him beer and whisky. They have decided to go to the zoo. With pronouns other than IWe, or with past tense or perfect aspect: The verbs do not carry out the act they name. They are statements reporting a speech act. → Performatives are used with a 1st person subject and the simple present tense. V. Exclamations Can be made with appropriate intonation, by all clause types, as well as by verbless clauses reduced to a nominal group or an adjective. Example

UNIT 16:

INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS

Group 6

I Definition of the term ‘speech acts’

II Differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’

III Declaratives

IV Performatives

V Exclamations

The outline of Unit

16

I Definition of the term ‘speech acts’

- We use the term ‘speech acts’ to describe actions such as:

→ Speech acts are the acts we

perform through words.

Trần Hồng Châu

All language in use carries out acts, and this is what distinguishes an utterance from a sentence

- A sentence is a grammatical object, but when it is used in context what we have is an utterance.

- Example 1: I am a student.

→ A sentence

- Example 2: Hoa said: ‘I am a student.’

→ An utterance

Trần Hồng Châu

II The differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’

III Declaratives

1 Definition.

- The declarative is the basic clause type, with Subject-Finite

ordering.

+ Example: My younger sister sings.

Subject Finite

2 Basic functions.

+ Making a statement.

+ Performing the verbal act of stating.

Nguyễn Mai Thi

III Declaratives

3 Types of declaratives.

3.1 Affirmative declaratives.

- Carrying out the speech act they name.

- Usually addressing the hearer directly

- Including certain verbs: promise, advise, warn,

recommend, …

- Example: I promise I’ll be careful.

Nguyễn Mai Thi

3 Types of declaratives.

3.2 Negative declaratives

- Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of

 Rejection

Example: I don’t need your help.

 Polite questions expression

Example: She didn’t do her homework last night?

Nguyễn Mai Thi

III Declaratives

3 Types of declaratives.

3.2 Negative declaratives

-Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of

Exclamation

Example:

I never heard such rubbish!

Prohibition

Example:

Taking photos is not allowed in this site.

Nguyễn Mai Thi

III Declaratives

3 Types of declaratives.

3.2 Negative declaratives

* Transferred negation:

- The negative particle “not” is transferred from its logical place in the dependent clause to the main clause

Examples:

I don’t think he is a teacher.

I think he is not a teacher.

Nguyễn Mai Thi

III Declaratives

IV Performatives

1 Definition

- A performative utterance is a sentence or other

linguistic expression which, when expressed in an appropriate context, actually does or accomplishes something.

Phạm Văn Phước

1 Definition

According to John Austin (1976):

- A performative utterance does not describe, or report, or constate anything at all; is not true or false.

- The uttering of the sentence is a part of the doing

of an action , which would not normally be described

as ‘just’ saying something.

Phạm Văn Phước

IV Performatives

1 Definition

What are performative verbs?

Phạm Văn Phước

IV Performatives

IV Performatives

1 Definition

- The types of verbs (such as promise, invite, apologize,

predict, vow, request, warn, insist, and forbid, ) used to

make performative utterances are called performative verbs.

- Performative verbs are ones that describe the

actions carried out by the speakers

Example: I apologize for my behaviour

Phạm Văn Phước

2 Types of performatives

a Explicit performatives:

-Carrying out certain acts by naming them

-Usually including certain verbs: want, agree,

congratulate, wish, beg, declare, … Examples:

I want to thank you all

We agreed to meet on Thursday

Phạm Văn Phước

IV Performatives

IV Performatives

2 Types of performatives

b Hegded performatives:

- Being more polite than direct forms because they avoid invoking power and status

Examples:

I wanna thank you all

I can offer you chicken and beer

Phạm Văn Phước

IV Performatives

3 Notes Example: I offered him beer and whisky.

They have decided to go to the zoo.

- With pronouns other than I/We , or with past tense or perfect aspect :

 The verbs do not carry out the act they name

 They are statements reporting a speech act.

→ Performatives are used with a 1st person subject and the

simple present tense.

Phạm Văn Phước

V Exclamations

- Can be made with appropriate intonation, by all clause types, as well as by verbless clauses reduced to a nominal group or an adjective

- Examples:

 How beautiful you are!

 The trouble I have with my mother!

 Fantastic!

Phạm Văn Phước