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Powerpoint trình bày Bài 16: INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS, môn Ngữ pháp chức năng tiếng Anh, bao gồm toàn bộ phần thuyết trình của bài, các khái niệm và ví dụ liên quan. UNIT 16: INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS Group 6 The outline of Unit 16 I. Definition of the term ‘speech acts’ We use the term ‘speech acts’ to describe actions such as: Asking questions; Making requests; Giving orders; Making promises; Giving advice; Making threat; → Speech acts are the acts we perform through words. II. The differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’ III. Declaratives 1. Definition. The declarative is the basic clause type, with SubjectFinite ordering. + Example 2. Basic functions. + Making a statement. + Performing the verbal act of stating. III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.1. Affirmative declaratives. Carrying out the speech act they name. Usually addressing the hearer directly. Including certain verbs: promise, advise, warn, recommend, … Example: III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.2. Negative declaratives. Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of Rejection Example III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.2. Negative declaratives. Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of Exclamation Example: III. Declaratives 3. Types of declaratives. 3.2. Negative declaratives. Transferred negation: The negative particle “not” is transferred from its logical place in the dependent clause to the main clause. Examples: IV. Performatives 1. Definition A performative utterance is a sentence or other linguistic expression which, when expressed in an appropriate context, actually does or accomplishes something. IV. Performatives 1. Definition According to John Austin (1976): A performative utterance does not describe, or report, or constate anything at all; is not true or false. The uttering of the sentence is a part of the doing of an action, which would not normally be described as ‘just’ saying something. IV. Performatives 1. Definition IV. Performatives 1. Definition The types of verbs (such as promise, invite, apologize, predict, vow, request, warn, insist, and forbid, ...) used to make performative utterances are called performative verbs. Performative verbs are ones that describe the actions carried out by the speakers. Example: 2. Types of performatives a. Explicit performatives: Carrying out certain acts by naming them. Usually including certain verbs: want, agree, congratulate, wish, beg, declare, … Examples: I want to thank you all. We agreed to meet on Thursday. IV. Performatives 2. Types of performatives b. Hegded performatives: Being more polite than direct forms because they avoid invoking power and status. Examples: I wanna thank you all. I can offer you chicken and beer. IV. Performatives 3. Notes Example: I offered him beer and whisky. They have decided to go to the zoo. With pronouns other than IWe, or with past tense or perfect aspect: The verbs do not carry out the act they name. They are statements reporting a speech act. → Performatives are used with a 1st person subject and the simple present tense. V. Exclamations Can be made with appropriate intonation, by all clause types, as well as by verbless clauses reduced to a nominal group or an adjective. Example
UNIT 16: INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS, CLAUSE TYPES AND DISCOURE FUNCTIONS Group I Definition of the term ‘speech acts’ II Differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’ The outline III of Declaratives Unit 16 IV Performatives V Exclamations I Definition of the term ‘speech acts’ - We use the term ‘speech acts’ to describe actions such as: Asking questions; Making requests; Giving orders; Making promises; Giving advice; Making threat; → Speech acts are the acts we perform through words Trần Hồng Châu All language in use carries out acts, and this is what distinguishes an utterance from a sentence - A sentence is a grammatical object, but when it is used in context what we have is an utterance - Example 1: I am a student → A sentence - Example 2: Hoa said: ‘I am a student.’ → An utterance Trần Hồng Châu II The differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’ III Declaratives Definition - The declarative is the basic clause type, with Subject-Finite ordering + Example: My younger sister sings Subject Finite Basic functions + Making a statement + Performing the verbal act of stating Nguyễn Mai Thi Types of declaratives 3.1 Affirmative declaratives III Declaratives - Carrying out the speech act they name Usually addressing the hearer directly Including certain verbs: promise, advise, warn, recommend, … - Example: I promise I’ll be careful Nguyễn Mai Thi Types of declaratives 3.2 Negative declaratives - Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of III Declaratives Rejection Example: I don’t need your help Polite questions expression Example: She didn’t her homework last night? Nguyễn Mai Thi Types of declaratives 3.2 Negative declaratives -Typically expressing a negative statement, which may have the force of III Declaratives Exclamation Example: I never heard such rubbish! Prohibition Example: Taking photos is not allowed in this site Nguyễn Mai Thi Types of declaratives 3.2 Negative declaratives * Transferred negation: III Declaratives - The negative particle “not” is transferred from its logical place in the dependent clause to the main clause Examples: I don’t think he is a teacher I think he is not a teacher Nguyễn Mai Thi Definition - A performative utterance is a sentence or other linguistic expression which, when expressed in an appropriate context, actually does or accomplishes something IV Performatives Phạm Văn Phước Definition According to John Austin (1976): IV Performatives - A performative utterance does not describe, or report, or constate anything at all; is not true or false - The uttering of the sentence is a part of the doing of an action, which would not normally be described as ‘just’ saying something Phạm Văn Phước Definition What are performative verbs? IV Performatives Phạm Văn Phước Definition - The types of verbs (such as promise, invite, apologize, predict, vow, request, warn, insist, and forbid, ) used to make performative utterances are called performative verbs IV Performatives - Performative verbs are ones that describe the actions carried out by the speakers Example: I apologize for my behaviour Phạm Văn Phước Types of performatives a Explicit performatives: -Carrying out certain acts by naming them -Usually including certain verbs: want, agree, congratulate, wish, beg, declare, … IV Performatives Examples: I want to thank you all We agreed to meet on Thursday Phạm Văn Phước Types of performatives b Hegded performatives: IV Performatives - Being more polite than direct forms because they avoid invoking power and status Examples: I wanna thank you all I can offer you chicken and beer Phạm Văn Phước Notes Example: I offered him beer and whisky They have decided to go to the zoo IV Performatives - With pronouns other than I/We, or with past tense or perfect aspect: The verbs not carry out the act they name They are statements reporting a speech act → Performatives are used with a st person subject and the simple present tense Phạm Văn Phước - Can be made with appropriate intonation, by all clause types, as well as by verbless clauses reduced to a nominal group or an adjective V Exclamations - Examples: How beautiful you are! The trouble I have with my mother! Fantastic! Phạm Văn Phước ... Definition of the term speech acts’ II Differences between ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’ The outline III of Declaratives Unit 16 IV Performatives V Exclamations I Definition of the term speech acts’ -... statements reporting a speech act → Performatives are used with a st person subject and the simple present tense Phạm Văn Phước - Can be made with appropriate intonation, by all clause types, as well... ‘Sentence’ and ‘Utterance’ III Declaratives Definition - The declarative is the basic clause type, with Subject-Finite ordering + Example: My younger sister sings Subject Finite Basic functions