Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.. Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.. 1.Viết lại các câu sau sao cho nghĩa khô
Trang 1UNIT 1: LOCAL ENVIRONMENT
PRACTICE NO 1Question I Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined.
1 A come B mother C open D some
2 A who B when C where D what
4 A character B chapter C school D chemistry
Question II Match the phrasal verbs in A with their meaning in B (SB P10) -
2 live on b Have a friendly relationship with somebody
3 deal with c transfer from one generation to the next
4 close down d reject or refuse something
6 get on with f take action to solve a problem
7 come back g have enough money to live
Question III Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.
1 The flower was _ out of a single piece of valuable wood.
A carved B moulded C cast D given
2 In this town, they _ all the frames in steel.
A make B have C mould D cast
3 She is skilled at _ cloth.
A giving B carving C doing D weaving
4 We didn’t go camping yesterday _ it rained heavily
A because B although C despite D In spite of
5.I wish I _ his name.
1
Trang 2A knew B know C.will know D would know
6 If you like , I can _ flowers on the cushion covers for you.
A embroider B make C.grow D knit
7 Please turn _ the light when you leave the room.
8.It is true that you _ this woollen hat yourself ?
A wove B knitted C.did D carved
Question IV: Put the correct form of the verb in brackets
1 My brother often (go) _ to school by bike every day.
2 Last night, my father ( watch) TV.
3 My father enjoys (watch) _ television in the evenings
4 Nam (stay) _with his sister since January.
5 The children ( play) _football yesterday.
6 When I (come) home from work yesterday, my mother was cooking dinner.
7 I don’ know many English words I wish I (know) _more English words.
8 Tuan and Huong (not/go) to the cinema last night.
9 My brother used to ( go ) to work by motorbike Now he cycles.
10 Last night we (go) to Lan’s birthday party.
Question V: Put the correct form of the verb in brackets
1.I usually (go) ……… fishing on Saturdays.
2.My brother used to ( go )……… to work by motorbike Now he cycles
3.How about (see) ……… a movie on Sunday evening ?
4.Nam didn’t use (play) ……… football in the afternoon Now he often does it
2
Trang 35.Nam (learn) ……… English for 8 years.
6.Last night, my father ( watch) ……… TV
7.Ba (visit)……… to Ha Long Bay this summer vacation
8 I like ( work) ……… as a volunteer for that orphanage
9 Mai’s mother is clever She usually (make)……… ……… lovely things.10.You (buy) ……… a new bike yesterday?
11 Last night we (go) ……….……to Lan’s birthday party
12 We (work)……….… in the garden yesterday morning.13.Would you mind ( open ) ……… the windows ?
14.Do you mind if I ( take) ……… a photo with you ?
15.Would you mind if I (open)……… the door ?
Question VI Choose the best answer (A , B, C or D )
1 The flower was _ out of a single piece of valuable wood.
A carved B moulded C cast D given
2 In this town, they _ all the frames in steel.
A make B have C mould D cast
3 She is skilled at _ cloth.
A giving B carving C doing D weaving
4 We didn’t go camping yesterday _ it rained heavily
A because B although C despite D In spite of
5.I wish I _ his name.
A knew B know C.will kno D would know
6 If you like , I can _ flowers on the cushion covers for you.
A embroider B make C.grow D knit
3
Trang 47 Please turn _ the light when you leave the room.
8.It is true that you _ this woollen hat yourself ?
A wove B knitted C.did D carved
Question VII Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.
1.I love going to this place _ it’s the quietest place in the city.
A so B though C so that D as
2.They keep changing the decoration of the shop _ they can attract more young people.
A so that B because C although D when
3. _ she’s young, she’s the most famous artisan in the village
A When B Although C Whereas D In order to
4.Do you know who’s _ his pottery workshop?
A bringing out B taking over C passing down D turning down
5.I’ve _ the product catalogue and decided to buy this table
A found out B closed down C looked through D lived on
6.This sports centre is so small that it cannot _ the demands of local residents
A keep up with B face up to C deal about D set up
Question VIII 1.Viết lại các câu sau sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi so với câu ban đầu, bắt đầu bằng từ gợi ý.
1.I don’t have a new car.
Trang 5 English .
2.Viết một câu phức từ mỗi cặp câu sau.Sử dụng liên từ được cho và thay đổi nếu cần.
1.The villagers are trying to learn English They can communicate with foreign customers.(In order that).
I Chọn từ có phần gạch chân được phát âm khác so với các từ còn lại.
1 A washed B watched C stopped D played
2 A happy B house C here D hour
3 A who B when C where D what
II Chọn từ có trọng âm chính rơi vào vị trí khác so với các từ còn lại.
1 A craftsman B attraction C remind D enjoy
2 A lacquerware B.pottery C embroider D layer
PART B:VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
5
Trang 6I Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.
1 The flower was _ out of a single piece of valuable wood.
A carved B moulded C cast D given
2 In this town, they _ all the frames in steel.
A make B have C mould D cast
3 She is skilled at _ cloth.
A giving B carving C doing D weaving
4 We didn’t go camping yesterday _ it rained heavily
A because B although C despite D In spite of
5.I wish I _ his name.
A knew B know C.will know D would know
6 If you like , I can _ flowers on the cushion covers for you.
A embroider B make C.grow D knit
7 Please turn _ the light when you leave the room.
8.It is true that you _ this woollen hat yourself ?
A wove B knitted C.did D carved
II Cho dạng đúng của các từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành các câu sau.
1 My brother often (go) _ to school by bike every day.
2 Last night, my father ( watch) TV.
3 My father enjoys (watch) _ television in the evenings
4 Nam (stay) _with his sister since last night.
5 The children ( play) _football yesterday.
6 When I (come) home from work yesterday, my mother was cooking dinner.
7 I don’ know many English words I wish I (know) _more English words.
6
Trang 78 My brother used to ( go ) to work by motorbike Now he cycles.
III Chia dạng đúng của từ trong ngoặc.
1 There are so many places of _ in Ha Noi that I am not sure I can see them all (INTERESTING )
2 Sydney, located in the state of New South Wales, Australia , is a city of national and _ diversity ( CULTURE )
3 A worker who has special skill and training, especially one who makes things is a (n) _ (ARTS )
4 Bat Trang, one of the most famous _ village in Ha Noi, Viet Nam, is credited for making pottery.( CRAFTMAN).
PART C: READING
I Chọn một từ thích hợp trong ô dưới đây điền vào mỗi chỗ trống để hoàn thành đoạn văn sau.
English is a useful language If we (1) _ English, we can go to any countries we like We will
not find it hard to make people understand what we want to say English also helps us to learn all kinds
of (2) _ Hundreds of books are written in English every day in (3) _ countries English has also helped to spread ideas (4) _ knowledge to all corners of the world Therefore, the English language has helped to spread better (5) _ and friendship among countries _
over the world
II Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành lá thư của Mi gửi cho bạn mới của cô ấy, Elisa.
Dear Elisa,
Thanks very much for your email It was fun to read about the places you find interesting
I (1) like going to museums in my free time There are several museums in my city, but I likethe Museum of Fine Arts the most I love art, so (2) I have free time, I go to this museum
and understanding subjects know many all
7
Trang 8There's a great mix (3) art from across the eras, including some really impressive modernVietnamese paintings What I especially like about the museum is that (4) of its galleries have
an introduction in Vietnamese, English, and French It (5) that I can learn lots of English whileenjoying the art works
Another place of interest that I love is the (6) park It’s near my house, so I go there almostevery day Sometimes I go for a walk around the park with my mother Sometimes I choose a beautifulplace in it to sit and draw some sketches And sometimes I just sit (7) a bench, doing nothing,just watching people passing by It’s really relaxing
I hope someday I’ll have a(n) (8) to visit your National Portrait Gallery and Hyde Park
Until the next email,
Mi
1.A.don’t like B.interested in C.also D.will
2.A.because B.though C.that D.when
4.A.all B.one C.none D.not
5.A.means B.shows C.proves D.tells
6.A.locality B.small C.area D.local
7.A.in B.at C.on D.with
8.A.chance B.opportunity C.time D.choice
III Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi.
Bill Gates was born in 1955 in Washington State He grew up in a rich family His parents senthim to a private school There he met his business partner, Paul Allen When they were in eighthgrade, they were writing programs for business computers and making more
In 1973, Gates was accepted at Harvard University His parents were happy They thought hewould get over his obsession with computers and become a lawyer like his father Two years later,
8
Trang 9Gates dropped out of Harvard to work on a computer program with his friend Allen They workedeighteen hours a day in a dormitory room at Harvard They were writing the program that would runone of the first personal computers In 1975, they created a company called Microsoft to sell theirproduct.
Allen became ill with cancer and left Microsoft in 1983 He recovered a few years later and startedhis own company Meanwhile, Microsoft became a giant company By 1990, at the age of thirty-four,Gates was the youngest billionaire in the history of the USA
1.Where was Bill Gates born ?
Trang 104.Nam cleans the room every day
The room
10
Trang 11UNIT 2: CITY LIFE
PART A:PHONETICS
I Chọn từ có phần gạch chân được phát âm khác so với các từ còn lại.
5 A who B when C where D what
II Chọn từ có trọng âm chính rơi vào vị trí khác so với các từ còn lại.
2 A people B prefer C question D father
3 A nation B attend C picture D answer
5 A city B engineer C benefit D listen
PART B:VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
I Cho dạng đúng của các từ trong ngoặc để hoàn thành các câu sau.
1 My brother often (go) _ to school by bike every day.
2 Last night, my father ( watch) TV.
3 My father enjoys (watch) _ television in the evenings
4 Nam (stay) _with his sister since January.
5 The children ( play) _football yesterday.
6 When I (come) home from work yesterday, my mother was cooking dinner.
7 I don’ know many English words I wish I (know) _more English words.
8 Tuan and Huong (not/go) to the cinema last night.
9 My brother used to ( go ) to work by motorbike Now he cycles.
10 Last night we (go) to Lan’s birthday party.
II Chọn một đáp án đúng trong số A, B, C hoặc D để hoàn thành mỗi câu sau.
11
Trang 121 I it 5 years ago
A have been B saw C was seeing D am seeing
2 We in Lenin Park when it rained
A walked B have walked C were walking D walk
3 I often play soccer Sunday afternoon
A in B at C on D after
4 My father was good at swimming He is used to swimming in summer
A go B goes C went D going
5 Kate hates to classical music
A listen B listened C listens D listening
6 I’ve lived in this house 1990
A from B since C for D in
7 Mr Smith his car for 15 years, but it still looks very new
A has B had C have had D has had
8 We must be there 7.30 and 8.25
A at B before C between D after
9 I wish you me with my work
A help B will help C helped D would help
10 My father started in a small village 10 years ago
11 When was that book ?
A made B produced C published D created
12 They in that house for several months
A live B lived C have lived D are living
13 My father teaching in a small village 10 years ago
A starts B started C has started D is starting
14 We have lived in Ha Noi 4 years
A in B since C for D at
12
Trang 1315 She has taught English here 10 years
A in B for C since D from
16 He wishes he fly
A can B will C should D could
17 Vietnamese language is different English language
A from B on C in D at
18 A: Would you like to have lunch with us? B: _
A All right B Yes, I would C No, I wouldn’t like D Yes, I’d love to
19 A: Congratulations on your winning B: _
A You’re welcome B That’s very kind of you
C No, thanks D Yes, of course
20 He was so tired that he wasn’t capable _ driving himself home
PART C: READING
I Đọc và chọn một từ thích hợp đã cho trong khung điền vào mỗi chổ trống để hoàn thành đoạn
văn sau
ago started when move stay because
I come from Switzerland I came to London six months (1) to learn English I haven’t met many English people yet, only my teachers I (2) _ learning English at school in
Switzerland (3) I was eleven, so I have learned it for nearly ten years At first, I didn’t understand anything, but now my English has improved, I have just taken an exam If I pass, I will (4) _ to the next class I am excited today(5) _ my parents will come
tomorrow to (6) _ with me for a few days and I haven’t seen them for a long time They
have never been to England and they can not speak English.
II Đọc đoạn văn sau và trả lời các câu hỏi.
13
Trang 14Bill Gates was born in 1955 in Washington State He grew up in a rich family His parents senthim to a private school There he met his business partner, Paul Allen When they were in eighthgrade, they were writing programs for business computers and making more.
In 1973, Gates was accepted at Harvard University His parents were happy They thought hewould get over his obsession with computers and become a lawyer like his father Two years later,Gates dropped out of Harvard to work on a computer program with his friend Allen They workedeighteen hours a day in a dormitory room at Harvard They were writing the program that would runone of the first personal computers In 1975, they created a company called Microsoft to sell theirproduct
Allen became ill with cancer and left Microsoft in 1983 He recovered a few years later and startedhis own company Meanwhile, Microsoft became a giant company By 1990, at the age of thirty-four,Gates was the youngest billionaire in the history of the USA
1.Where was Bill Gates born ?
I Viết lại các câu sau sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi so với câu ban đầu, bắt đầu bằng từ gợi ý.
1 I am sorry I am busy now
→ I wish
2.She doesn’t have a bike
14
Trang 15II Viết lại các câu sau sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi so với câu ban đầu, bắt đầu bằng từ gợi ý.
1 They will build a new supermarket here.
III Sắp xếp các từ, cụm từ cho sẵn thành câu hoàn chỉnh.
1 would / I / you / , / I / If / study / harder / were /.
2 go swimming / he / when / used to / was / small / He /.
UNIT 3: TEEN STRESS AND PRESSURE
I Find the word with different sound in the underline part in each line
2 A listened B stayed C wanted D played
3 A humor B history C hour D hobby
15
Trang 164 A there B thank C thirsty D youth
5 A stamps B tables C cats D books
II Put the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1 My brother often (go) _ to school by bike every day.
2 Last night, my father ( watch) TV.
3 My father enjoys (watch) _ television in the evenings
4 Nam (stay) _with his sister since January.
5 The children ( play) _football yesterday.
6 When I (come) home from work yesterday, my mother was cooking dinner.
7 I don’ know many English words I wish I (know) _more English words.
8 Tuan and Huong (not/go) to the cinema last night.
9 My brother used to ( go ) to work by motorbike Now he cycles.
10 Last night we (go) to Lan’s birthday party.
III Change this direct speech into reported speech.
1 “I come from Thanh Hoa city” Nam said
Nam said that
2 “We like English very much ” the students said
The students said that
3 “I’m learning English now ” Trang said
She said that _
4 “I am very happy now” she said
She said that
5 “ I like pop music very much ” He said
She said that
6 “I didn’t go to the party” She said to me
She told me
7 “I’ll come tomorrow” she said
She said _
16
Trang 178 “I will go to Ha Long Bay next week” she said
She said that
9 “I can speak English well ” she said
She said
10 “We like English very much” They said
They said that _
11 “I don’t like chocolate”
IV Change these direct questions into reported speech.
1 “Where do you live ?”
Trang 18V Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning.
1 I don’t have a car.
- I wish ……… ……….…
2.People speak English all over the world.
- English ……… ……….… 3.I don’t have a new car
I wish
VI Complete the following sentences using the given words
1.I / not see / Jane / for three years.
Trang 19VIII Fill each blank with a suitable word to complete the passage
I’ve (1) ………… working with teenagers for five years I’ve spent time talking to them besidesteaching them English I remember once I asked them (2) ……… their parents or classmates hadmore influence on their success at school
Some said their parents had (3) ……… influence on their achievement.The (4) ………. given was that parents usually loved their (5) ……… unconditionally,and they definitely would do their best to help and support their children For (6) ……… ,parents could do all the housework so that their children could have (7) ……… for studying
However, some students revealed that their parents were (8) ……… busy to spend timewith them Therefore, it was difficult for parents to help their children In this case, classmates orfriends affected their success (9) ……… … … because they talked to them more and they helped eachother to deal (10) ……… any difficulty in studying
IX Use the correct from of the words given in brackets to complete the sentences
1 One of the ……… in my hometown is the traditional market, which is open everySunday (attract)
2 What are the differences between Dong Ho ……… and Sinh ones? (paint)
3 This is a very beautiful piece of ……… (embroider)
4 ……… is one of the biggest problems in this city (employ)
19
Trang 205 Photography is strictly ………in this museum (forbid)
6 Do you know what is the most ……… town in this region? (population)
7 Remember to visit the Ancient Tower as it’s the only ……… building in our area (history)
8 I feel so ……… because I can’t run as fast as my friends (embarrass)
9 ……… can help you succeed in many fields (confident)
10 Find out more about the job so that you can make an ……… choice (inform)
UNIT 4: LIFE IN THE PAST
I Choose the word whose underline part is pronouced differently from the others.
1 A books B clubs C hats D stamps
2 A which B what C who D why
3 A community B computer C museum D custom
4 A impolite B night C tradition D slight
5 A education B question C pollution D collection
6.A populated B loaded C wanted D lived
II Choose a word in each line that has different stress pattern.
1.A people B enough C picture D father
2.A depend B begin C agree D happen
3 A father B enjoy C attend D depend
4 A determine B pagoda C fabulous D convenient
5 A enjoy B picture C develop D determine
6 A.picture B people C.agree D visit
III Put the correct form of the verb in brackets
1 My brother often (go) _ to school by bike every day.
20
Trang 212 Last night, my father ( watch) TV.
3 My father enjoys (watch) _ television in the evenings
4 Nam (stay) _with his sister since January.
5 The children ( play) _football yesterday.
6 When I (come) home from work yesterday, my mother was cooking dinner.
7 I don’ know many English words I wish I (know) _more English words.
8 Tuan and Huong (not/go) to the cinema last night.
9 My brother used to ( go ) to work by motorbike Now he cycles.
10 Last night we (go) to Lan’s birthday party.
11.I usually (go) fishing on Saturdays.
12.Last night , my brother ( play) games with his friends.
13.He (go) to school everyday.
14.They ( not come ) to the birthday party last night.
15.Nam (learn) English 8 years ago.
16.Last night, my father ( buy) some oranges and bananas.
17 My father likes ( work) as a volunteer for that orphanage.
18 Mai’s mother is clever She usually (make) lovely things.
19 you (buy) .a new bike yesterday?.
20 Last night we (go) to Lan’s birthday party.
21.I wish I ( live) _ near my school.
22.I wish I ( know) her address.
23.I wish I ( be ) taller.
24.I wish I (meet) her now
25.I wish he (not leave) _here
IV.Choose the best answer ( A, B, C or D )
1 Are you interested playing badminton after class?
21
Trang 22A in B with C on D for
2 " What going to Hanoi tomorrow? "
3 Hoa works very _so she always gets good marks
4 The building was built _1962 and 1969
5 This school _in 1997
A built B is built C was built D has built
6 Of all my friends, Hoa is _
A the tallest B the most tallest C taller D more taller
7 Would you mind if I _a photo ?
8 Last week I _my children to the biggest zoo in town
A got B brought C fetch D took
9 Are you proud _your country and its tradition ?
10 Do you collect stamps or other things ? - Yes, I am a stamp _
A collecting B collector C collect D collection
11 It is very dangerous _ in the polluted environment
12 Our _ resources are limited so we should recycle all used things
A nature B natural C naturing D naturally
13 His car is the same color _ my uncle’s
14 This ruler _ of plastic
15 I take part _most youth activities of my school
22
Trang 23A in B of C on D at
V Choose the words or phrases that are not correct in standard English.
1 When he came, I watched a football match on TV
VI.Complete the passage with the words from the box.
However with save Therefore of and
In Western countries, electricity, gas and water are not luxuries but necessities Companies now
realize that consumers want products that will not only work effectively, but also (1)……… money For most North American households, lighting accounts for 10 percent to 15 percent of theelectricity bill (2) , this amounts can be reduced by replacing an ordinary 100-wattlight bulb with an energy saving-bulb These bulbs use a quarter (3) theelectricity of standard bulbs and last eight times longer (4)……… , consumers can saveabout US$7 to US$21 per bulb In Europe, there is a labeling scheme for refrigerators, freezers,washing machines (5) tumble dryers The label tells the consumers how muchenergy efficiency each model has, compared (6) other appliancies in the samecatelogy
VII.Read the passage and answer the questions below.
23
Trang 24Thomas Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio When he was at school, his teacherconsidered him to be a slow student Because hearing problems, Edison had difficulty in following thelessons But with only three months of formal education he became one of the greatest inventors andindustrial leaders in history Edison's most famous invention was the electric light bulb He alsoinvented the phonograph, and made improvements to the telegraph, telephone and motion picturetechnology.
Edison had a special life He married twice with five children He loved books had excellentmemory and always showed curiosity about science Although he had hearing problems, he refused tohave an operation for his deafness He said that silence helped him concentrate He always workedvery hard and often had only four hours of sleep every day He used to say "Genius was I percentinspiration and 99 percent perspiration" When he died on October 18, 1931, he was still working onnew ideas
1.When was Thomas Edison born?
VIII Change this direct speech into reported speech.
1 “I like English very much” She said
She said that
2 “We went out last week ” he said
He said that
3 “I’m learning English ” Nga said
Nga said that
4 “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived” She said
24
Trang 25She said that
5 “I come from Thanh Hoa city” he said
IX Change these direct questions into reported speech.
1 “What is your name ?”
She asked me _
2 “What are you doing?”
She asked me
25
Trang 263 “Why did you go out last night?”
7 “Where will you live after graduation?”
She asked me
8 “What were you doing when I saw you?”
Trang 27UNIT 5: WONDERS OF VIETNAM
Question I Find the word which has different sound in the part underlined
5 A there B thank C thirsty D youth
Question II Find the word which has different stress pattern from the others.
3.A doctor B father C picture D fancy
Question III Give the correct form of the following verbs:
1 I (go) _ to school by bicycle every day
2 When I(come) _ home from work, my mother was cooking dinner
3.They ( play) _football at the moment
4 If you (study ) _harder, you will pass the exam
5.I wish he (not leave) _ here
6.He (live) in Australia for 10 years
7.Ba enjoys (play) _ football in the morning
8 My house ( build) in 2004
9 If the weather gets worse, we (not go) to the beach
10.I wish I (live) near my school
27
Trang 2811 My brother usually (go) _ to school by bike every day.
12 Last night, my father ( watch) TV
13.I wish I ( know) her address
14 My father enjoys (watch) _ television in the evenings
15.I wish I ( be ) taller
Question IV Choose the underlined word or phrase (A, B, C or D) that needs correcting
1 He said he would go to England next week
Question V Rewrite the following sentences with the words given:
1 Nam started learning English in 1998
Ò Minh hasn’t ……… …
28
Trang 296.The last time we visited Kuala Lumpur was 3 years ago.
11 How long ago did you learn music?
Ò How long have ………
12 He started living in Ho Chi Minh city when he was 8
Ò My father has 18.They have worked in that factory since 2001
Ò They started
19 Lan hasn't written to Maryam for a month
29
Trang 3025 Lan started to learn French since 2000
Ò Lan has been learning ………
26 The last time Lan went to the zoo was two years ago
Ò Lan ………
27 I haven’t eaten this kind of food before
Ò This is the first time………
28 She has studied Japanese for three years
Ò It’s three years since she started to study Japanese
29 It’s two years since she had a holiday
32 We haven’t been to the park for 2 days
> The last time ………
30
Trang 3133 It’s five years since we last met each other
Trang 32UNIT 6 : VIET NAM: THEN AND NOWExercise 1 Unscramble words
2 ytriansk =>……… 6 ervnniaarys => ……… 10 esdprianet =>………
3.puardeg =>……… 7 orminyti => ……… 11.assudnerp =>………
4 iuepqnemt =>……… 8 hamibesvoir => ……… 12 yloervf => ………
Exercise 2 Fill the blank the right word which is defined by the explanation
1 _ : wet earth that is soft and sticky
2 _ : able to accept what other people say or do even if you do not agree with it
3 _: a person walking in the street and not traveling in a vehicle
4 _ : to behave badly
5 _: higher than the area around; above the level of the ground
6 _: a vehicle driven by electricity, that runs on rails along the streets of a town and carries passengers
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