Human Anatomy For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version Global edition Global edition Global edition EightH edition Marieb • Wilhelm • Mallatt This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author Human Anatomy EightH edition Marieb • Wilhelm • Mallatt Pearson Global Edition Marieb_08_1292156791_FinalDraft.indd 27/05/16 7:09 AM Human Anatomy EIGHTH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am This page intentionally left blank M00_LINI4360_FM_pi-xvi.indd 31/05/14 9:57 AM Human Anatomy EIGHTH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION Elaine N Marieb, R.N., Ph.D Holyoke Community College Patricia Brady Wilhelm, Ph.D Johnson & Wales University Jon Mallatt, Ph.D Washington State University A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am Editor-in-Chief: Serina Beauparlant Project and Design Manager: Michele Mangelli Program Manager: Tiffany Mok Art Development Manager: Laura Southworth Editorial Assistant: Nicky Montalvo Romero Senior Project Manager, Rights and Permissions: Maya Gomez Program Management Team Lead: Michael Early Project Management Team Lead: Nancy Tabor Assistant Acquisitions Editor, Global Edition: Murchana Borthakur Assistant Project Editor, Global Edition: Shaoni Mukherjee Manager, Media Production, Global Edition: Vikram Kumar Senior Manufacturing Controller, Production, Global Edition: Kay Holman Copyeditor: Anita Wagner Hueftle Production Coordinator: Karen Gulliver Art Coordinator: Jean Lake Proofreader: Betsy Dietrich Indexers: Kathy Pitcoff and Sallie Steele Interior Designer: tani hasegawa Illustrators: Imagineering STA Media Services Inc Photo Researcher: Kristin Piljay Senior Procurement Specialist: Stacey Weinberger Executive Marketing Manager: Allison Rona Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo Cover image: CLIPAREA | Custom media/ Shutterstock Acknowledgments of third-party content appear on pages 843–844, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited 2017 The rights of Elaine N Marieb, Patricia Brady Wilhelm, and Jon Mallatt to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Human Anatomy, 8th edition, ISBN 978-0-134-24381-8, by Elaine N Marieb, Patricia Brady Wilhelm, and Jon Mallatt, published by Pearson Education © 2017 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC 1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners MasteringA&P®, A&PFlix™, and PAL™ are trademarks, in the U.S and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this work are the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates, authors, licensees or distributors ISBN 10: 1-292-15679-1 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15679-8 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 Typeset by Cenveo® Publisher Services Printed and bound by Vivar in Malaysia A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 30/06/16 10:43 AM ABOUT THE AUTHORS Elaine N Marieb After receiving her Ph.D in zoology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Elaine N Marieb joined the faculty of the Biological Science Division of Holyoke Community College While teaching at Holyoke Community College, where many of her students were pursuing nursing degrees, she developed a desire to better understand the relationship between the scientific study of the human body and the clinical aspects of the nursing practice To that end, while continuing to teach full time, Dr Marieb pursued her nursing education, which culminated in a Master of Science degree with a clinical specialization in gerontology from the University of Massachusetts It is this experience that has informed the development of the unique perspective and accessibility for which her publications are known Dr Marieb has given generously to provide opportunities for students to further their education She funds the E N Marieb Science Research Awards at Mount Holyoke College, which promotes research by undergraduate science majors, and has underwritten renovation of the biology labs in Clapp Laboratory at that college Dr Marieb also contributes to the University of Massachusetts at Amherst where she generously provided funding for reconstruction and instrumentation of a cutting-edge cytology research laboratory Recognizing the severe national shortage of nursing faculty, she underwrites the Nursing Scholars of the Future Grant Program at the university In January 2012, Florida Gulf Coast University named a new health professions facility “Dr Elaine Nicpon Marieb Hall.” With the help of Dr Marieb’s generous donation, this facility contains simulated laboratories in the School of Nursing Dr Marieb is an active member of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Patricia Brady Wilhelm Patricia Brady Wilhelm received her Ph.D in biological and medical sciences from Brown University and is currently Professor and Chair of Science at Johnson & Wales University, Providence RI She has taught human anatomy at Brown University, Rhode Island College, Community College of Rhode Island, and currently at the Center for Physician Assistant Studies at Johnson & Wales University Dr Wilhelm’s commitment to teaching has been recognized throughout her career As a doctoral student, she received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Graduate Teaching and in 2011 the Teaching Excellence Award from the Community College of Rhode Island Dr Wilhelm embraces innovation in the classroom and laboratory, incorporating project-based learning, Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) activities, cooperative team-based dissection, and other active learning strategies Dr Wilhelm has shared her techniques, experience, and enthusiasm for student success through professional presentations, including those of the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) and the New England Biology Association of Two-Year Colleges (NEBATYC) conferences In addition to teaching, Dr Wilhelm contributes to the development of media tools for human anatomy instruction and is a reviewer for Anatomical Sciences Education She is a member of Sigma Xi, the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), the American Association of Anatomists (AAA), and the PULSE (Partnership for Undergraduate Life Science Education) Community Jon Mallatt With a Ph.D in anatomy from the University of Chicago, Dr Mallatt is currently an Associate Professor of Biological Sciences at Washington State University He is also a member of the department of Basic Medical Sciences, where he teaches courses in histology and in anatomy of the trunk in the WWAMI Medical Program WWAMI has honored him numerous times with its Excellence in Teaching Award Dr Mallatt is an accomplished researcher with 45 publications in the fields of comparative anatomy and molecular phylogeny to his credit A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am Help Your Students Prepare for Lab Bone and Organ Dissection Videos cover major bone and organ dissections to help students prepare for lecture and lab A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am with Assignments NEW! Cat Dissection Videos help students prepare for cat dissection lab and identify key anatomical structures A&P Flix™ Animations are 3D movie-quality animations that help students visualize joint movements and origins, insertions, actions and innervations of over 65 muscles A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am Give Your Students Access to Lab Practice Anatomy Lab™ 3.0 is a virtual anatomy study tool that gives students 24/7 access to the most widely used lab specimens including human cadaver, anatomical models, histology, cat, and fetal pig PAL 3.0 includes randomized multiplechoice quizzes and fill-in-the-blank lab practical questions A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am Practice 24/7 with Assign only the structures you want your students to know by using the PAL™ 3.0 Test Bank The PAL 3.0 Test Bank includes over 4,000 customizable questions The PAL 3.0 App lets students access PAL 3.0 on their iPad or Android tablet Students can enlarge images, watch animations, and study for lab practicals with multiple-choice and fill-in-the-blank quizzes— all while on the go! A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am www.downloadslide.net Spermatids, 783, 789f, 790, 790f differentiation of into sperm (spermiogenesis), 789f, 790–791, 790f Spermatocytes, 783, 790 formation of, 788–790, 789f meiosis of (spermatid formation), 789f, 790–791 primary, 783, 789f, 790 secondary, 783, 789f, 790 Spermatogenesis, 783, 788–791, 789f, 790f aging affecting, 815 hormonal regulation of, 791 sustentocytes in, 789f, 791 Spermatogenic cells, 782f, 783 Spermatogonia, 783, 788–790, 789f Spermatozoa See Sperm Sperm cells, 791 See also Sperm; Spermatogonia Spermicides, for contraception, 801b Spermiogenesis, 789f, 790–791, 790f S (synthetic) phase, of cell life cycle, 73, 73f, 74f Sphenoidal fontanelle, 217, 217f Sphenoidal sinuses, 196, 197f, 202f, 204f, 685f, 686 Sphenoid bone, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 194–198, 195f, 196f, 197f, 200t, 202f, 205f Sphincter(s), 278, 299 See also specific type larynx as, 690 Sphincter pupillae muscle, 533, 533f Spina bifida, 89–90b, 457–458, 458f Spina bifida cystica, 457–458, 458f Spinal accessory nerve See Accessory nerve Spinal (vertebral) cavity, 47, 47f Spinal column See Spine Spinal cord, 40f, 386, 386f, 387f, 443–448, 444f, 445f, 446–447f autonomic regulation by, 519, 519f See also Visceral reflexes development of, 88–89, 89f, 411f disorders/damage and, 448b, 455 regeneration and, 404b functions of, 443 gray matter of, 397, 397f, 413f, 447–448, 447f, 448f protection of, 444f, 448 in reflex arc, 399, 399f, 400f, 402–403f, 443 segments of, 444f, 445, 445f white matter of, 397, 397f, 413f, 446–447, 447f Spinal cord injuries, 448b, 455 dermatomes in evaluation of, 497b regeneration and, 404b Spinal cord segments, 444f, 445, 445f Spinal curvatures, 206f, 207 abnormal, 216–217, 217f Spinal dural sheath (dura mater), 444f, 446f, 447f, 448 Spinal fusion, 218 Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 887 Spinalis cervicis/thoracis muscle, 325t, 326f Spinal meninges, 444f, 446f, 447f, 448 Spinal nerve(s), 387, 387f, 444f, 445, 445f, 447f, 448f, 464, 480–496, 480f, 481f, 482f, 497b dermatomes innervated by, 495–496, 496f, 497b development/aging and, 498–499 muscles supplied by, 323–325t Spinal rootlets, 444f Spinal roots, 447–448, 447f damage to, 448b Spinal tap (lumbar puncture), 373, 449b Spinal visceral reflexes, 517–518, 518f Spindle mitotic, 69, 74f, 75f muscle, 451f, 466t, 467–468, 467f Spindle equator, 75f Spine (bone marking), 169t ischial, 169t, 231f, 232, 232f, 237t scapular, 223, 224f, 229t, 372, 373, 373f Spine (spinal/vertebral column), 187f, 206–214, 206f, 207f See also Vertebra(e) development/aging and, 218 intervertebral discs of, 206, 206f, 207–208, 208b, 209f, 246, 247f, 256t See also Intervertebral discs ligaments of, 207, 207f muscles of, 323t, 324–326f, 324–325t osteoporotic fractures of, 178t, 179 kyphosis and, 217, 217f regions/curvatures of, 206f, 207 stenosis of, 216 Spinocerebellar pathways/tracts, 450, 450f, 451f, 452t Spinoreticular pathways, visceral sensory information and, 517 Spinothalamic pathways/tracts, 450–452, 450f, 451f, 452, 452t visceral sensory information and, 517 Spinous process, vertebral, 169t, 206f, 207f, 208–209, 209f, 210f, 211t, 212, 212t, 213, 370, 372, 373f of vertebra prominens, 211 Spiral arteries of uterus, 795, 796f Spiral fracture, 178t Spiral ganglion, 476t, 547f, 548, 551f Spiral lamina, osseous, 546, 547f Spiral organ, 546, 546f, 547f aging affecting, 554 in hearing, 548, 551f Splanchnic mesoderm, 89f, 90, 92, 92f, 93f, 302, 303f, 658, 749 Splanchnic nerves, 513, 513f, 515f lumbar, 510f, 515f, 516 pelvic, 508f, 509, 738 sacral, 510f, 515f, 516 thoracic, 510f, 514, 733 Spleen, 41f, 669, 673, 674–675, 675b, 675f, 712f, 715f, 717f arteries supplying, 640, 641f, 674 development of, 677, 715f enlargement of (splenomegaly), 678 innervation/autonomic effects and, 478t, 515f removal of (splenectomy), 675b veins of, 645f, 651f, 652 Splenectomy, 675b Splenic artery, 640, 641f, 675f Splenic cords, 675, 675f Splenic (left colic) flexure, 736f, 737 Splenic sinusoids, 675, 675f Splenic vein, 645f, 651f, 652, 675f Splenic vessels, 674, 675f See also Splenic artery; Splenic vein Splenius capitis/cervicis muscles, 309f, 316f, 317f, 323t, 324f, 324t, 369 Splenomegaly, 678 Splenorenal ligament, 716 Spondylitis, ankylosing, 273 Spongy bone, 115t, 165, 166f, 167f, 171, 171f design/stress factors and, 167, 168f endochondral ossification of, 173, 173f gross anatomy of, 165, 166f, 167f intramembranous ossification of, 172, 172f microscopic anatomy of, 171, 171f in osteoporosis, 179 remodeling of, 175–176, 176f Spongy urethra, 770f, 771, 780f, 786, 786f, 788 Spontaneous generation theory, 59 Sprain(s), 270, 270b ankle, 270b Squamous cell carcinoma of lung, 704b of skin, 154, 154f Squamous epithelium, 102, 102f, 103t, 126f simple, 103, 103t, 104f, 126f stratified, 103t, 106f, 108, 126f Squamous part of temporal bone, 192, 194f in newborn, 217f Squamous region, frontal bone, 191f, 192f Squamous suture, 188, 188f, 189f, 190, 190f, 197f SR See Sarcoplasmic reticulum SRY protein, 812f, 813 SS system See Somatic sensory (SS) system Staining tissue, for microscopy, 50, 50f Stapedius muscle, 545, 545f Stapes (stirrup), 201t, 543f, 544, 545f, 546f, 548f development of, 552f Stasis, in inflammation, 133 Static equilibrium, 546t, 549 Statins, for atherosclerosis, 655b Stellate ganglion, 510f, 512 Index 887 Stellate (hepatic) macrophages, 743, 745f Stem cell(s), 134 bone (osteogenic cells), 164 in bone marrow, 590 from cord (placental) blood, 594b epidermal, in hair bulge, 150 hemopoietic/hematopoietic, 176, 590, 591f, 593 liver, 746 lymphoid, 590, 591f, 671 myeloid, 590, 591f neural, 389, 406 olfactory, 526, 527f undifferentiated in large intestine, 739 in stomach, 731 Stem cell transplantation, for leukemia, 594b Stenosis heart valve, 608b of lumbar spine, 216 Stenting, with angioplasty, 617b Stereocilia of epididymis, 784, 784f of hair cells, 546–548, 547f, 549, 549f, 550f Stereoscopic vision (depth perception), 539 Sternal angle, 214f, 215, 371, 372f Sternal end of clavicle, 222, 222f, 229t Sternal head, of sternocleidomastoid muscle, 370f, 371 Sternoclavicular joint, 60f, 256t, 260, 260f Sternoclavicular ligaments, anterior and posterior, 260, 260f Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 308f, 309f, 316f, 317f, 321f, 323t, 324f, 335f, 370f, 371, 700 accessory nerve supplying, 323t, 479t development of, 302 Sternocostal joint, 256t Sternohyoid muscle, 308f, 320t, 321f Sternothyroid muscle, 320t, 321f Sternum, 165f, 187f, 214f, 215, 697f rib articulations with, 214f, 215, 215f in sternoclavicular joint, 260, 260f Steroid(s)/steroid hormones, 559–560, 570–572 See also Hormone(s) anabolic, muscle affected by, 293b, 294 sex See Sex hormones in stress response, 571f Stimuli, 386 receptor classification by, 465 in reflex arc, 399, 399f, 402–403f, 518f Stirrup (stapes), 201t, 543f, 544, 545f, 546f, 548f development of, 552f STIs/STDs See Sexually transmitted infections/diseases 17/06/16 9:10 PM 888 Index Stomach, 41f, 712f, 713f, 715f, 717f, 718t, 730–733, 730f, 732f See also under Gastric arteries supplying, 640, 641f, 731 development of, 750 digestive processes in, 718, 718f, 730, 740f endocrine cells in, 731, 732f, 741f gross anatomy of, 730–731, 730f in hepatic portal system, 651f, 652 innervation/autonomic effects and, 478t, 506f, 508f, 511t, 515f, 731 microscopic anatomy of, 731–733, 732f, 741f veins of, 651f, 652, 731 Stomodeum, 750 Strabismus, 472t, 474t, 531b Straight (basal) arteries, of uterus, 795, 796f Straight sinus, 441f, 646, 646f Straight tubule, 782, 782f, 783 Strain (muscle), 294 Stratified epithelium, 102, 102f, 103, 103t, 108, 126f columnar, 103t, 107f, 108, 126f cuboidal, 103t, 106f, 108, 126f squamous, 103t, 106f, 108, 126f transitional, 103t, 107f, 108 Stratum basale (basal layer/stratum germinativum), 141, 142f, 143f Stratum corneum, 142f, 143–144, 143f Stratum granulosum, 142f, 143, 143f Stratum lucidum, 143, 143f Stratum spinosum, 142f, 143, 143f Stress/stress response adrenal cortex in, 571–572, 571f autonomic nervous system/adrenal medulla in, 417–418, 506, 507, 570, 571f Stress (mechanical) bone anatomy and, 167–168, 168f bone remodeling and, 177 Stress fracture femoral (broken hip), 233b metatarsal, 239b Stress incontinence, 772b Stretch receptors in micturition, 771, 771f in reflex arc, 400f Stretch reflex, 399, 400f Stria(e), 144 vascularis, 546, 547f Striations/striated muscle cardiac, 129, 130f, 278, 290t, 611, 612, 612f, 613f skeletal, 129, 129f, 278, 282–284, 283f, 290t contraction affecting, 286, 286f sarcomere structure and, 282–284, 283f Striatum, 434f, 435 Stroke (cerebrovascular accident), 455 Stroma, of lung, 695 Sty, 529 Styloglossus muscle, 318t, 319f Stylohyoid ligaments, 205 Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 888 www.downloadslide.net Stylohyoid muscle, 319f, 320t, 321f Styloid process of radius, 226f, 227, 227f, 229t, 376 in Colles’ fracture, 227b of temporal bone, 189f, 190f, 193f, 194, 194f, 200t of ulna, 226f, 227, 227f, 229t Stylomastoid foramen, 193f, 194, 200t, 475t, 476t Stylopharyngeus muscle, 319f glossopharyngeal nerve supplying, 477t Subacromial bursa, 249f, 261f Subarachnoid space of brain, 413, 414f, 440, 440f, 442f spinal, 446f Subcapsular sinuses (lymph), 666, 667f Subclavian arteries, 370f, 371, 603f, 605f, 634f, 636f, 637, 638f left, 603f, 605f, 635, 635f, 637, 638f right, 635, 635f, 637, 638f Subclavian trunks, 666, 668f Subclavian vein, 635f, 645f, 646, 647f, 648, 648f Subclavius muscle, 334t, 335f nerve to, 334t Subcostal arteries, 638 Subcostal muscles, 327t Subcostal nerve, 482 Subcostal plane, 713, 713f Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa, 265, 265f inflammation of (housemaid’s knee), 271 Subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis/ superficial fascia), 122, 140, 140f, 141f, 146 adipose tissue and, 117, 119f, 146 development of, 154 Subdural space of brain, 440, 440f spinal, 446f Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers), 613, 614f Subendothelial layer, blood vessel, 625, 626f Sublingual duct, 723f, 727f, 728 Sublingual fold, 723f Sublingual glands, 712f, 727f, 728 innervation/autonomic effects and, 475t, 476t, 508f, 509, 728 Subluxation, 271 See also Dislocation(s)/luxation(s) Submandibular duct, 723f, 727f, 728 Submandibular ganglion, 475t, 476t, 508f, 509 Submandibular gland, 370f, 371, 712f, 727f, 728 innervation/autonomic effects and, 475t, 476t, 508f, 509 Submucosa of alimentary canal, 719, 720f of esophagus, 729, 729f of large intestine, 739–742 of small intestine, 735, 735f of stomach, 732f tracheal, 691f, 692 Submucosal glands of prostate, 786, 787f Submucosal nerve plexus, 720f, 723, 732f Subpapillary plexus, 140f, 145 Subpubic angle (pubic arch), 231f, 233, 237t in male versus female, 234t Subscapular artery, 638f, 639 Subscapular bursa, 261f Subscapular fossa, 223, 224f, 229t Subscapularis muscle, 223, 260, 261f, 311t, 335f, 338t, 340f, 340t Subscapular nerves, 484f, 489t subscapularis supplied by, 340t teres major supplied by, 339t Substantia nigra, 417, 418f, 434f, 435 in Parkinson’s disease, 417, 435b Subtalar joint, 268f Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 707 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands, 151–152, 151f apocrine, 152 eccrine, 140f, 151f, 152 innervation/autonomic effects and, 511t, 514, 515f Sulci (sulcus), 424, 425f Sun exposure/sunlight See Ultraviolet radiation Superciliary arches, 191, 369, 369f Superficial (term), 43, 44t See also under External Superficial fascia (hypodermis/ subcutaneous tissue), 122, 140, 140f, 141f, 146 adipose tissue and, 117, 119f, 146 development of, 154 Superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve, 494f, 495 leg muscles supplied by, 359t, 494f, 495 Superficial inguinal ring, 781f, 785, 785f Superficial palmar arch arterial, 634f, 638f, 639 venous, 648, 648f Superficial perineal space, muscles of, 332t, 333f, 788 Superficial temporal artery, 636f, 637 pulse at, 634f, 636b, 637 Superficial temporal vein, 647, 647f Superficial transverse ligament of palm, 343f Superficial transverse perineal muscle, 332t, 333f Superficial veins of lower limbs, 652, 653f of upper limbs, 648f, 649, 649f Superior (term), 43, 44t Superior alveolar artery, 726 Superior alveolar nerves, 473t, 726 Superior angle of scapula, 223, 224f Superior articular facets, 210, 210f, 211, 211t, 212, 212t, 213 Superior articular process, 209, 209f, 211t, 212t of sacrum, 213, 213f Superior border of scapula, 223, 224f Superior cerebellar peduncles, 416f, 417, 417f, 418f, 419, 420f Superior cervical ganglion, 510f, 512, 515f Superior colliculi, 416f, 417f, 418, 418f, 540, 540f Superior costal facet, 211–212, 211t, 212t, 215f, 216f Superior ganglion, 477t, 478t Superior gemellus muscle, 357f, 358t Superior gluteal artery, 642f, 643, 643f Superior gluteal nerve, 494f, 495, 495t thigh and leg muscles supplied by, 351t, 355t Superior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus, 510f Superior hypophyseal artery, 564f Superior iliac spines, 230, 231f, 371, 372f, 376, 377f Superior lobes of lung, right and left, 692f, 695, 696f Superior mesenteric artery, 634f, 640, 640f, 641f, 650f, 733, 736f Superior mesenteric ganglion/plexus, 509, 510f, 512, 514, 515f, 738 Superior mesenteric vein, 645f, 651f, 652 Superior nasal conchae, 198, 200t, 202f, 685f, 686 Superior nasal meatus, 202f, 203, 685f Superior nuchal line, 190f, 191, 193f, 369 Superior oblique muscle, 472t, 530, 530f Superior olivary nuclei, 551, 551f Superior orbital fissure, 191f, 192f, 196, 196f, 200t, 205f, 472t, 473t, 474t Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery, 640 Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle, 322f, 322t, 728 Superior phrenic arteries, 638 Superior pubic ramus, 231f, 232, 233 Superior rectal artery, 641f, 642 Superior rectus muscle, 472t, 530, 530f Superior sagittal sinus, 439, 440f, 441f, 646, 646f Superior salivatory nuclei, 509 Superior suprarenal artery, 570, 640 Superior tarsal muscle, 529 innervation/autonomic effects and, 514 Superior thyroid artery, 568f, 636f, 637 Superior thyroid vein, 647f Superior tibiofibular joint, 236f, 238, 258t Superior vena cava, 600f, 602, 603f, 604f, 605f, 609, 610f, 635f, 645f, 646, 647f, 648f, 697f 17/06/16 9:10 PM www.downloadslide.net in fetal circulation, 656f, 658 in newborn circulation, 657f Superior vesical arteries, 642f, 643, 769 Superior vestibular ganglion, 546f, 549 Supination (body movement), 252f, 253 at forearm, 311t Supinator muscle, 307, 311t, 342t, 344f, 346f, 347f, 347t innervation of, 347t, 487f Supporting cells in cochlea, 546, 547f in maculae, 549, 549f, 550, 550f nervous tissue (neuroglia), 131, 131f, 389, 394–397, 394f olfactory receptor, 526 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 421, 423f, 540, 540f Supraclavicular nerves, 483f, 483t Supracondylar lines, medial and lateral, 235, 235f Supracondylar ridges, medial and lateral, 225f, 226 Supracristal line, 373, 373f Supraglenoid tubercle, 224f Suprahyoid muscles, 320t, 370f, 371, 728 development of, 302, 303f Supraoptic nuclei, 423f, 565f Supraorbital foramen/notch, 191, 191f, 192f, 200t, 205f, 473t, 474t Supraorbital margin, 191, 191f, 192f Suprapatellar bursa, 265f Suprarenal arteries, 570, 640, 640f Suprarenal gland(s), 516, 516f, 570–572, 570f, 571f, 640f See also Adrenal (suprarenal) gland(s) Suprarenal veins, 570, 649, 650f Suprascapular artery, 638f Suprascapular nerve, 489t muscles supplied by, 340t Suprascapular notch, 223, 224f Supraspinatus muscle, 223, 260, 311t, 337f, 338t, 339f, 340t Supraspinous fossa, 223, 224f, 229t Supraspinous ligament, 207f Suprasternal (jugular) notch, 214f, 215 Sural nerve, 491, 494f Surface anatomy, 38, 368–380 See also specific region or structure Surface antigens/receptors, lymphocyte action and, 669, 669f, 671 Surface tension, 702 Surfactant, 694f, 695, 702, 706 respiratory distress syndrome and, 702b, 706 Surfactant therapy, 702b Surgical neck of humerus, 225, 225f Suspensory ligament of breast, 804, 804f of lens of eye (ciliary zonule), 532f, 533, 536f, 537 of ovary, 791, 792f Sustentaculum tali, 238f, 239, 269f Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 889 Sustentocytes (Sertoli cells), 782f, 783, 789f, 791 Sutural bones, 190, 190f Sutures (cranial), 188, 188f, 189–190, 189f, 190f, 245, 245f, 246t See also specific type SVC See Superior vena cava Swallowing, 718, 718f epiglottis in, 688–689 glossopharyngeal nerve damage affecting, 477t hypoglossal nerve damage affecting, 479t muscles controlling, 320–322t, 321–322f, 728 development of, 302, 303f vagus nerve damage affecting, 478t Sweat (sudoriferous) glands, 151–152, 151f apocrine, 152 eccrine, 140f, 151f, 152 innervation/autonomic effects and, 511t, 514, 515f Sweating, 151 Sweat pores, 140f, 144, 151f, 152 Sweet taste, 526 Swelling See also Edema in inflammation, 131, 132, 133 Swimmer’s ear (otitis externa), 554 Symmetry, in vertebrate body plan, 46 Sympathetic chain See Sympathetic trunk Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of autonomic nervous system, 387f, 389, 464, 464f, 504f, 506, 506f, 507, 507t, 509–516, 511t, 512f, 513f, 514f, 515f, 516f adrenal medulla and, 511t, 515f, 516, 516f, 560, 560f, 570 cardiac innervation/regulation and, 614, 615f development of, 520, 520f hypothalamic control and, 519 parasympathetic division differentiated from, 506–508, 506f, 507t somatic nervous system compared with, 505f Sympathetic motor fibers, 387f Sympathetic pathways, 513–516, 513f, 515f See also specific region supplied Sympathetic trunk (chain), 512, 512f, 513, 513f Sympathetic trunk (chain/paravertebral) ganglia, 480, 481f, 510f, 512, 512f, 513, 513f, 514, 515f development of, 520, 520f in peripheral reflexes, 518 Symphyses, 246, 246t, 247f Synapse(s), 390–391, 391f, 504 in reflex arc, 399, 399f, 400f Synaptic cleft, 287, 391, 391f neuromuscular junction, 287, 287f Synaptic terminals, rod and cone, 535f Synaptic vesicles, 287f, 391, 391f Synarthroses, 245, 246, 246t Synchondroses, 246, 246t, 247f Syncytiotrophoblast, 806–807, 806f, 807f Syndesmoses, 245f, 246, 246t Syndesmosis ankle sprains, 270b Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH), 567t Synergist (muscle), 304–306 Synostoses, 245 Synovial (joint) cavities, 246, 247, 248f, 249f of elbow joint, 262f of hip joint, 264f of knee joint, 248f, 265, 265f of shoulder joint, 260, 261f of temporomandibular joint, 258, 259f Synovial fluid, 247, 248f Synovial joints, 245, 246–270, 246t, 256–258t See also specific joint blood supply of, 248–249, 248f bursae and tendon sheaths and, 249, 249f factors affecting stability of, 253–257 innervation of, 248 movements allowed by, 249–253, 250–251f, 250t, 252f structure of, 247–249, 248f, 249f, 256–258t types of, 253, 254–255f, 256–258t Synovial membrane, 247, 248f, 249f in elbow joint, 262f in hip joint, 264f in shoulder joint, 261f in temporomandibular joint, 259f Synovitis, 273 Synthetic (S) phase, of cell life cycle, 73, 73f, 74f Synthetic skin, for burn injury, 153–154 System(s), organ See Organ systems Systemic anatomy, 38 Systemic circuit/circulation, 599, 599f, 609, 610f, 632, 633–654, 657f arteries of, 633–644, 634f veins of, 644–654, 645f Systole, 609 Systolic pressure, 609 T3 See Triiodothyronine T4 See Thyroxine Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles, 465f, 466t, 467 Tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells/ discs, 141, 142f, 465f, 466t, 467 Taeniae (teniae) coli, 736, 736f Tailbone See Coccyx Tail of epididymis, 782f, 783, 784 Tail of pancreas, 734f, 746, 747f Tail of sperm, 790f, 791 Talar shelf (sustentaculum tali), 238f, 239 Talocalcaneal ligament, 268f Talofibular ligaments, anterior and posterior, 268, 269f Index 889 Talonavicular joint, 268f Talus, 165f, 237t, 238f, 239 in ankle joint, 268, 268f, 269f Tamoxifen, for osteoporosis, 180 Tamponade, cardiac, 601b Target cells/organs hormone, 108, 560 in immune response, 669, 669f Target-SNAREs, in exocytosis, 64f Tarsal bones/tarsus, 187f, 237t, 238f, 239 Tarsal glands, 528f, 529 Tarsal muscle, superior, 529 innervation/autonomic effects and, 514 Tarsal plates, 528f, 529 Tarsometatarsal joint, 258t, 268f Tarsus, bones of (tarsals), 187f, 237t, 238f, 239 Taste, 388, 525–526, 525f, 526f cortical areas for, 428f, 430, 526, 526f development/aging and, 527, 553 Taste buds, 525–526, 525f, 724, 725 development of, 527 Taste pore, 525f, 526 Taste receptors See Taste buds Taste sensations, 526, 526f Tattoos, 144, 146b Tay-Sachs disease, 67b TB See Tuberculosis T cell(s)/T lymphocyte(s), 588, 669, 669f, 670 activation/differentiation of, 670–671, 670f cytotoxic, 669, 671 HIV infection/AIDS and, 672b differentiation/activation of in thymus, 573, 670f, 671, 673, 674 effector, 670f formation of, 591f, 677 helper, 671 HIV infection/AIDS and, 671, 672b HIV infection/AIDS and, 671, 672b recirculation of, 670, 670f Tears, 529, 530 Tectorial membrane, 547f, 548 Tectospinal tract, 450f, 454, 454t Tectum, 417, 417f, 418f Teeth, 725–727, 725b, 725f, 726f digestive processes and, 725, 740f impacted, 725b sockets for (alveoli), 199, 201t, 725 articulation of tooth with (gomphosis), 245f, 246, 246t Telencephalon, 411f, 412, 412f Telomerase, 77–78 Telomere(s), 77–78 Telophase, in mitosis, 73, 73f, 75f TEM See Transmission electron microscopy Temperature, body See Body temperature Temperature receptors See Thermoreceptors 17/06/16 9:10 PM 890 Index Temporal artery, superficial, 636f, 637 pulse at, 634f, 636b, 637 Temporal bones, 189f, 190f, 191f, 192–194, 192f, 193f, 194f, 197f, 200t in newborn, 217, 217f in temporomandibular joint, 258 Temporal branch of facial nerve, 475t, 476t Temporalis muscle, 308f, 316f, 317f, 318t, 319f, 369, 369f, 473t, 474t development of, 303f Temporal lobe, 415f, 424, 425f, 426t, 427f, 428f, 431f arteries supplying, 636f, 637 Temporal vein, superficial, 647, 647f Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 192, 199, 199f, 256t, 258–260, 259b, 259f, 369f, 370 disorders/dislocation of, 259b Tendinous intersections, 372, 372f Tendon(s), 121f, 122, 280f, 281 See also specific named tendon inflammation of (tendonitis), 271 of long head of biceps brachii muscle, 249f, 260, 261f, 356f muscle attachment to, 280f, 281, 282 Tendonitis, 271 Tendon organs, 466t, 467f, 468 in joint capsule, 468 Tendon sheaths, 249, 249f inflammation of (tenosynovitis), 271 Teniae (taeniae) coli, 736, 736f Tennis elbow, 342b Tenosynovitis, 271 Tension (cleavage) lines, 144, 145f Tensor fasciae latae muscle, 308f, 313t, 351t, 353f Tensor tympani muscle, 545, 545f Tensor veli palatini, 322f Tentorium cerebelli, 440, 441f Teratogens, 96b Teratology, 97 Teres major muscle, 309f, 311t, 337f, 338t, 339f, 339t, 373f, 374f actions/interactions and, 305f Teres minor muscle, 260, 311t, 337f, 338t, 339f, 340t innervation of, 340t, 487f Teriparatide, for osteoporosis, 180 Terminal arborization/branches, 390, 390f Terminal arteriole, 629, 630f Terminal boutons (axon terminals), 287, 287f, 288f, 390, 390f at neuromuscular junction, 287, 287f, 288f in synapses, 391, 391f Terminal bronchioles, 692, 693f, 694f Terminal cisterns, 284, 284f Terminal hair, 150 Terminal sulcus, 724f, 725 Terminology (anatomical) See Anatomy, terminology used in Tertiary (segmental) bronchi, 683t, 692, 692f, 695, 698f Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 890 www.downloadslide.net Testes (testicles), 40f, 41f, 559f, 573, 780, 780–783, 780f, 781f, 782f, 786f arteries supplying, 640f, 642, 781f, 783 cancer of, 810 in cryptorchid testis, 814b descent of, 813–814, 815f failure of (cryptorchidism), 814b embryonic development of, 781, 812f, 813, 815f endocrine cells in, 782f hormones produced by, 783 innervation of, 781f, 783 mediastinal, 782 pubertal changes in, 815 rete, 782, 782f, 783 veins of/pampiniform plexus, 649, 781f, 783 Testes cords, 813 Testicular arteries, 640f, 642, 781f, 783 Testicular cancer, 810 in cryptorchid testis, 814b Testicular fluid, 783, 784 Testicular septum, 781, 782f Testicular torsion, 816 Testicular veins, 649, 783 Testis See Testes Testosterone, 573, 783, 791 adrenal, 572 aging and, 577, 815 anabolic steroid use and, 293b interstitial endocrine (Leydig) cell production of, 573, 783 in male reproductive function/ spermatogenesis, 573, 783, 791 puberty and, 815 terminal hair growth affected by, 150 Tetralogy of Fallot, 619f TH See Thyroid hormone Thalamic nuclei, 421, 423f, 435, 436f Thalamus, 416f, 417f, 421, 422f, 434f ascending pathways and, 450, 451f, 452 in auditory pathway, 551 development of, 411f, 412, 458 functions of, 421, 439t visceral sensory information and, 517 in visual pathway, 539, 540f Thalassemias, 585b Thalidomide, 96b Theca folliculi, 798f, 799 Thenar eminence, muscles of, 343f, 344f, 348t, 349f innervation of, 348t, 486f Thermoreceptors, 451f, 465 Thick (myosin) filaments, 129, 278, 282 in cytokinesis, 76 in skeletal muscle, 279t, 282, 283f in sliding filament model, 285– 286, 285f, 286 in smooth muscle, 290t Thick limbs of nephron loop, 763f, 764 Thick skin, 141, 143f Thigh See also Lower limbs bones of, 233–235, 235f, 237t deep artery of, 643f, 644 for intramuscular injection, 377b muscles of/muscles controlling movement of, 307, 308f, 309f, 312f, 313–314t, 351–358t, 353–354f, 356–357f, 358f innervation of, 351–358t, 492f, 493f surface anatomy of, 378f, 379, 379f Thin (actin) filaments, 68–69, 68, 69f, 129, 278, 282 in cytokinesis, 75f, 76 in microvilli, 112, 112f in skeletal muscle, 279t, 282, 283f in sliding filament model, 285– 286, 285f, 286 in smooth muscle, 290t, 722 Thin limbs of nephron loop, 763f, 764, 764f Thin skin, 141 Third-class lever, 301f, 302 Third-degree burns, 153, 153f Third-order neurons, in ascending pathways, 450, 451f, 452, 452t Third (placental) stage of labor, 809f, 810 Third ventricle of brain, 413, 414f, 417f, 422f, 434f, 442f Thirst, hypothalamus in regulation of, 421 Thoracic aorta, 634f, 635, 635f, 639 Thoracic arteries internal (internal mammary artery), 636f, 637, 638, 638f lateral, 638f, 639 Thoracic cage/thorax, 42, 43f, 187f, 214–216, 214f arteries of, 638–639, 638f bones of, 187f, 214–216, 214f heart location/orientation in, 599, 600f innervation of, 334t, 482 See also Thoracic nerves muscles of, 308f, 371, 372f deep (breathing), 327t, 328f development of, 304 expiratory, 701, 701f innervation of, 327t inspiratory, 700–701, 701f superficial (scapular movements), 334–338t, 335–337f position of lungs and pleura in, 699f surface anatomy of, 371, 372f sympathetic pathways to, 512f, 514, 515f veins of, 647–648, 648f wall of, 697f Thoracic cavity, 47, 47f during inspiration and expiration, 700, 701, 701f organs in, 696–697f Thoracic curvature of spine, 206f, 207 abnormal, 216–217, 217f Thoracic duct, 41f, 666–668, 666f, 668f disorders of, chylothorax and, 677 Thoracic nerves, 480, 480f, 484f, 485f, 489t long, 484f, 485f, 489t injury to, scapular winging and, 499 superficial thoracic muscles supplied by, 334t Thoracic spinal cord, 444f, 445, 445f Thoracic spinal nerves, 444f, 445, 445f, 510f Thoracic splanchnic nerves, 510f, 514, 733 Thoracic vertebrae, 206, 206f, 209f, 211–212, 211–212t Thoracic visceral organs, arteries of, 639 Thoracoacromial artery, 638f, 639 Thoracodorsal nerve, 484f, 485f, 489t latissimus dorsi supplied by, 338t, 489t Thoracolumbar division of autonomic nervous system See Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division of autonomic nervous system Thorax wall See Thoracic cage/ thorax Thoroughfare channel, 629, 630f Three-dimensional vision (depth perception), 539 Throat, 687 See also Pharynx Thrombocytes (platelets), 115t, 127f, 583, 583f, 584f, 586f, 587t, 589 in bleeding control/coagulation, 589, 589f deficiency of (thrombocytopenia), 593 formation of, 591f, 592 Thrombocytopenia, 593 Thromboembolic disorders, 654 Thrombolytic agents, 655b Thrombophlebitis, 654 Thrombosis, deep vein, lower limb, 654 Thrombus (thrombi), 589b atherosclerosis and, 655b Thumb (pollex), 228 carpometacarpal joint of, 257t muscles controlling movement of, 347t, 348t, 349f opposition of, 252f, 253 Thymic corpuscles, 673, 674f Thymic hormones, 573, 673, 674 Thymic lobules, 673, 674f Thymine (T), 71, 72f Thymopoietin, 573, 673 Thymosin, 573, 673 Thymus, 40f, 41f, 559, 559f, 573, 669, 673, 673–674, 673f, 674f, 696f development/aging and, 576–577, 576f, 677, 678 17/06/16 9:10 PM www.downloadslide.net hormones produced by, 573, 673, 674 T-cell differentiation/activation and, 573, 670f, 671, 673, 674 Thyrocervical trunk, 636f, 637, 638f Thyroglobulin, 567, 568 Thyrohyoid membrane, 688f Thyrohyoid muscle, 319f, 320t, 321f Thyroid arteries inferior, 568f, 637 superior, 568f, 636f, 637 Thyroid cancer, 577 Thyroid cartilage, 160f, 371, 685f, 687–688, 688f, 689f Thyroid crisis/storm, 577 Thyroid follicles, 567, 568f Thyroid gland, 40f, 559, 559f, 567– 568, 568f development/aging and, 576, 576f, 577 disorders of, 575, 575f cancer, 577 Thyroid hormone (TH), 568, 568f aging affecting, 577 bone growth and, 175 hyper-/hyposecretion of, 575 metabolism and, 568 TSH affecting release of, 561, 566t, 568 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 561, 566t hyper-/hyposecretion of, 566t, 575 hypothalamic regulation of release of, 564f in thyroid hormone release, 561, 566t, 568 Thyroid storm/crisis, 577 Thyroid vein, middle and superior, 647f Thyrotropic cells, 561 Thyroxine (T4), 568 See also Thyroid hormone Tibia, 187f, 235–237, 236f, 237–238, 237t, 378f, 379 in ankle joint, 237, 268, 268f, 269f in knee joint, 237, 265, 265f, 266f Tibial arteries anterior, 634f, 643f, 644 posterior, 634f, 643f, 644 pulse at, 634f, 643b, 644 Tibial collateral ligament, 265f, 266, 266f injuries of, 267b Tibialis anterior muscle, 308f, 312f, 313t, 359t, 360f, 361f, 378f, 379 innervation of, 359t, 493f tendon of, 360f Tibialis posterior muscle, 268f, 313t, 362t, 364f innervation of, 362t, 493f tendon of, 363f, 364f Tibial nerve, 491, 493f, 494f foot muscles supplied by, 365t, 367t injury of, 495b leg muscles supplied by, 362t, 491, 493f, 494f Tibial tuberosity, 236f, 237t, 238, 378f, 379 Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 891 Tibial veins, anterior and posterior, 645f, 652, 653f Tibiofemoral joint, 258t See also Knee joint Tibiofibular joints, 236f, 237, 238, 258t Tibiofibular ligaments, anterior and posterior, 268, 269f Tibiofibular syndesmosis, 268 Tic douloureux (trigeminal neuralgia), 395b Tics, in Tourette’s syndrome, 459 Tight junctions, 101f, 110, 111f in blood brain barrier, 443, 629 in capillaries, 628, 628f of sustentocytes (blood testis barrier), 789f, 791 Tinnitus, 554 Tissue(s), 38, 40–41, 100–138 See also specific type connective, 113–128, 114f, 115t, 118–124f, 126–127f, 128f covering/lining epithelium/ membranes, 101, 125, 128f development/aging of, 133–134, 134f epithelial, 101–113, 101f, 102f, 103t, 104–107f, 109f, 110f, 111f, 112f, 113f muscle, 41, 100, 129, 129–130f, 129–131f nervous, 129–131, 131f preparation of for microscopy, 50 regenerative capacity of See Regeneration response of to injury, 131–133, 132f structural organization at level of, 39f, 40–41 Tissue fluid See Interstitial (tissue) fluid Tissue level, structural organization at, 39f, 40–41 Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) for atherosclerosis, 655b for stroke, 455 Tissue repair, 132f, 133 Titin, 284 in cardiac muscle, 612 Titin (elastic) filaments, in skeletal muscle, 283f, 284 T lymphocyte(s) See T cell(s) TMJ See Temporomandibular joint Toe(s) bones of (phalanges), 187f, 237t, 238f, 239 interphalangeal joints of, 258t muscles controlling movements of, 313t, 359–362t, 360f, 361f, 363–364f intrinsic foot muscles, 312f, 313t, 365–367t, 366–368f Toenail See also Nail(s) ingrown, 148 Tongue, 319f, 685f, 712f, 723f, 724–725, 724f digestive processes and, 724, 740f muscles of development of, 303f, 304 extrinsic, 318t, 318t, 319f, 479t hypoglossal nerve supplying, 318t, 415, 479t intrinsic, 318t, 479t papillae of, 525, 525f, 724–725, 724f taste buds on, 525, 525f, 625, 724 “Tongue-tied,” 724 Tonsil(s), 669, 673, 673f, 676, 676f congestion of (tonsillitis), 678 development/aging and, 677, 678 lingual, 676, 676f, 685f, 687, 723f, 724f, 725 palatine, 676, 676f, 685f, 687, 723f, 724f pharyngeal, 676, 676f, 685f, 687 infection of, 687b tubal, 676, 685f, 687 Tonsillar crypts, 676, 676f Tonsillectomy, 676 Tonsillitis, 678 Tooth See Teeth Tooth sockets (alveoli), 199, 201t, 725 articulation of tooth with (gomphosis), 245f, 246, 246t Torticollis, 323b Touch receptors, 451f tactile epithelial (Merkel) cells/ discs, 141, 142f, 465f, 466t, 467 tactile/Meissner’s corpuscles, 465f, 466t, 467 Tourette’s syndrome, 459 tPA See Tissue plasminogen activator Trabeculae carneae, 602, 605f in enchondral ossification, 173 in intramembranous ossification, 172, 172f lymph node, 666, 667f splenic, 674, 675f in spongy bone, 165, 167f, 171, 171f design/stress factors and, 167, 168f Trabecular (spongy) bone, 115t, 165, 166f, 167f design/stress factors and, 167, 168f endochondral ossification of, 173, 173f gross anatomy of, 165, 166f, 167f microscopic anatomy of, 171, 171f Trachea, 41f, 682f, 683t, 685f, 690– 692, 692f, 696f, 723f development of, 706, 706f Tracheal cartilages, 125, 160f, 688f, 690 Trachealis muscle, 690, 691f Tracheobronchial lymph nodes, 665 Tracheotomy/tracheostomy, 691b Trachoma, 542 Traction, 179b Transcription, 72 Transdermal patch, for drug delivery, 145b contraception and, 801b Trans face, of Golgi apparatus, 66, 66f Transitional epithelium, 103t, 107f, 108 in bladder, 769, 769f in ureters, 767, 768f Index 891 Transition part, of mouth, 724 Translation, 65 Transmembrane proteins, 62 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 50, 50f Transplants bone marrow/cord blood, 594b corneal, 531b fecal (fecal microbiology therapy), 751 kidney, 773b pancreas, 577 Transport, membrane, 62f, 63–64, 63f, 64f Transport vesicles, 66, 66f Transposition of great vessels, 619f Transtubercular plane, 713, 713f Transurethral prostatectomy, 787b Transverse arch of foot, 239, 239f, 240 Transverse cerebral fissure, 424, 425f Transverse cervical nerve, 483f, 483t Transverse colon, 712f, 713f, 715f, 717f, 718t, 736f, 737 arteries supplying, 640, 641f veins of, 652 Transverse costal facets, 209f, 211t, 212, 212t, 215f, 216f Transverse folds of rectum (rectal valves), 737, 737f Transverse foramen, 210f, 211, 211t, 212t Transverse ligament of atlas, 209f Transverse ligament of palm, superficial, 343f Transverse mesocolon, 715f, 716, 717f, 718t, 736f Transverse perineal muscle deep, 332t, 333f superficial, 332t, 333f Transverse (horizontal) plane/ section, 43, 45f Transverse processes, vertebral, 206f, 207f, 209, 209f, 210f, 212, 212t Transverse ridges, in sacrum, 213, 213f Transverse sinuses, 440, 441f, 646, 646f Transversus abdominis muscle, 308f, 329t, 330f, 331f, 701 Transversus thoracis muscle, 327t Trapezium, 228, 228f, 229t, 230b in wrist joint, 263f Trapezius muscle, 308f, 309f, 316f, 317f, 334t, 336t, 337f, 369, 370f, 371, 373, 373f, 374f accessory nerve supplying, 336t, 479t development of, 302, 303f Trapezoid, 228, 228f, 229t, 230b in wrist joint, 263f Trapezoid line, 222f, 223 Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), 456b Triad(s), 284, 284f Triangle of auscultation, 309f, 337f, 373b, 373f Triceps brachii muscle, 308f, 309f, 310f, 311t, 339f, 341t, 343f, 374f, 375, 375f innervation of, 341t, 487f 17/06/16 9:10 PM 892 Index Triceps surae muscle, 312f, 362t Tricuspid valve, 602, 605f, 606f, 607, 609, 609f, 610f Trigeminal ganglion, 473t Trigeminal motor nucleus, 418f Trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), 416, 416f, 418f, 469f, 470, 470t, 473–474t mandibular division of (cranial nerve V3), 473–474t muscles of mastication supplied by, 318t, 473–474t maxillary division of (cranial nerve V2), 473–474t nasal mucosa supplied by, 686 ophthalmic division of (cranial nerve V1), 473–474t in migraine headache, 497 Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux), 395b Trigeminal sensory nucleus, 418f Trigger points, in myofascial pain syndrome, 292 Trigger zones, neuron classification and, 392t Trigone (bladder), 769, 770f Triiodothyronine (T3), 568 See also Thyroid hormone Trilaminar embryonic disk, 86 Triquetrum, 228, 228f, 229t in wrist joint, 263f Trochanter (bone marking), 169t greater and lesser, 235, 235f, 377f, 379 Trochlea of eye, 472t, 530, 530f of humerus, 225f, 226, 227, 229t, 262f of talus, 238f, 239 Trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), 416f, 417f, 468, 469f, 470t, 472t damage/paralysis of, 472t extrinsic eye muscles supplied by, 472t, 530f Trochlear notch, 226f, 227, 229t in elbow joint, 262, 262f Trochlear nuclei, 472t Trophoblast, 84, 85f, 86f, 806, 806f Tropic hormones, 561 See also specific type Tropomyosin, 282, 285 Troponin, 282, 285 True capillaries, 629, 630f True pelvis, 232f, 233, 234t True (vertebrosternal) ribs, 214f, 215, 215f True vocal cords (vocal folds), 685f, 688f, 689, 689f, 690 inflammation of (laryngitis), 690b Truncus arteriosus, 618f, 619 Trunk(s), brachial plexus, 484, 484f, 485f Trunk movements extension, 250f muscles controlling, 323t, 324–326f, 324–325t flexion, 250f Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 892 www.downloadslide.net muscles controlling abdominal wall muscles, 329–330t, 330–331f back muscles, 323t, 324–326f, 324–325t development of, 302–304, 303f Trunk region, 42, 43f arteries supplying, 634f dermatomes in, 495, 496f veins of, 645f TSH See Thyroid-stimulating hormone t-SNAREs, in exocytosis, 64f T tubules, 284, 290t in cardiac muscle, 290t, 612f, 613 in skeletal muscle, 284, 284f, 290t Tubal ligation, 801b, 816 Tubal pregnancy, 807b Tubal tonsils, 676, 685f, 687 Tuber cinereum, 561, 562f Tubercle(s) (bone markings), 169t See also specific type greater, 225, 225f, 229t, 374, 374f of iliac crest, 230, 231f lesser, 225, 225f of rib, 215f, 216, 216f Tuberculosis (TB), 707 in HIV infection/AIDS, 672b Tuberosity (bone marking), 169t Tube-within-a-tube body plan, 46, 46f development and, 83, 84f, 92f Tubular glands, 109, 110f Tubular resorption, 761, 761f, 764 Tubular secretion, 761, 761f, 764 Tubulin(s), 69, 69f Tubuloalveolar glands, 109, 110f Tumor, 135b See also Neoplasm Tumor-suppressor genes, 135b Tunic(s), of blood vessels, 625, 626f Tunica albuginea of ovary, 793, 793f of testis, 781, 781f, 782f, 786f Tunica externa (tunica adventitia), 625, 626f in arteries, 626f, 627f in veins, 626f, 631 Tunica intima, 625, 626f, 627f in atherosclerosis, 655b Tunica media, 625, 626f in arteries, 625, 626f, 627, 627f in veins, 626f, 631 Tunica vaginalis, 781, 781f, 782f embryonic development of, 813, 815f Turner’s syndrome, 563b Twins conjoined (Siamese), 85b identical (monozygotic), 85, 85b Twitch, muscle, 288b Tympanic cavity (middle ear), 189, 194, 543f, 544–545, 545b, 545f development of, 552, 552f infections of (otitis media), 544b Tympanic membrane (eardrum), 542, 543f, 545f in hearing, 548, 548f perforated/ruptured, 544b Tympanic part of temporal bone, 192–194, 194f in newborn, 217 Type I alveolar cells, 694, 694f development of, 706 Type 37 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, 574 pancreas transplantation for, 577 Type II alveolar cells, 694f, 695 development of, 706 Type 38 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, 574–575 Type A daughter cells, 789f, 790 Type B daughter cells, 789f, 790 Tyrosine/tyrosinase, in melanin production, 146 UL (upper-lower) body ratio, 241, 241f Ulcer(s) decubitus (skin), 144b duodenal, 748 gastric, 731, 748, 748f peptic, 731, 748, 748f Ulcerative colitis, 748 Ulna, 187f, 225f, 226f, 227, 229t, 375f, 376 in elbow joint, 262, 262f in wrist joint, 263f Ulnar artery, 634f, 638f, 639 Ulnar collateral arteries, 638f, 639 Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow, 262, 262f repair of, 263b of wrist, 263, 263f Ulnar nerve, 375, 484f, 485, 485f, 486f, 489f forearm muscles supplied by, 343t, 345t, 484f hand muscles supplied by, 348t, 350t injuries of, 488b Ulnar notch, 226f, 227, 229t Ulnar styloid process, 226f, 227, 227f, 229t Ulnar vein, 645f, 648, 648f Ultrasound imaging (ultrasonography/sonography), 54, 54f Ultraviolet radiation melanocyte/melanin response to, 142 skin damage/cancer caused by, 154, 155 melanin in protection from, 141–142, 155 Umami, 526 Umbilical arteries, 642f, 656f, 657f, 658, 808f Umbilical cord, 656f, 807f, 808f blood vessels in, 656f, 658, 807f, 808f Umbilical hernia, 329b Umbilical ligaments, medial/median, 657f, 659 Umbilical region, 713, 713f Umbilical vein, 656f, 657f, 658, 808f Umbilicus (navel), 371, 656f, 657f Uncinate fits, 527–528 Uncus, 428f, 430 Undescended testis (cryptorchidism), 814b Uniaxial movement, 253, 254f Unicellular glands, exocrine (mucous/goblet cells), 108, 109, 110f Unipennate fascicle pattern/muscles, 299, 299f Unipolar neurons, 391–393, 392–393t Unsegmented mesoderm, 90, 91–92 Upper limbs See also Arm; Forearm; Hand angular movements at, 251f arteries of, 634f, 638f, 639 bones of, 187f, 223–230, 229t dermatomes in, 495, 496f innervation of, 483–489, 484–485f, 486–487f, 489t muscles/muscle compartments of, 307, 308f, 309f, 310f, 311t development of, 304 pulse points in, 634f, 638b structural/functional characteristics of joints of, 257t See also specific joint surface anatomy of, 373–376, 374f, 375f, 376f veins of, 645f, 648–649, 648f, 649f Upper-lower (UL) body ratio, 241, 241f Upper motor neurons, 452, 453f, 454 Upper trunk, brachial plexus, 484, 484f, 485f Urachus, 768, 768f, 774 Urea, 756 Ureter(s), 41f, 756, 757f, 759f, 767–768, 768f, 770f, 792f development of, 774f innervation/autonomic effects and, 490f, 508f, 768 renal calculi in, 773 Ureteric buds, 773–774, 774f Urethra, 41f, 756, 757f, 768f, 770–771 development of, 774f, 812f, 813 in female, 768f, 770, 770–771, 770f, 792f hypospadias and, 813b innervation/autonomic effects and, 511t in male, 768f, 770, 770f, 771, 780, 780f, 786, 786f Urethral folds, 813, 814f Urethral glands, 786 Urethral groove, 813, 814f Urethral orifice, 770f, 771, 780f, 786f, 792f, 802f Urethral sphincters external, 332t, 333f, 770, 770f, 771f, 775 internal, 770, 770f, 771f Urge incontinence, 772b Uric acid, 756 in gout, 272 Urinary bladder, 41f, 756, 757f, 768–769, 768f, 770f arteries supplying, 642f, 643, 769 atonic, 521 cancer of, 773 17/06/16 9:10 PM www.downloadslide.net development/aging and, 774–775, 774f, 775 emptying (micturition/micturition reflex), 517, 519, 771–772, 771f, 772b infection of (cystitis), 772 innervation/autonomic effects and, 490f, 506f, 508f, 511t, 515f, 769 in newborn, 657f veins of, 769 Urinary incontinence, 772b Urinary retention, 772b Urinary system, 41f, 756–778, 757f See also specific structure and Kidneys cancer of, 773 development/aging and, 773–775, 774f disorders of, 772–773 Urinary tract infections, 772 Urination (micturition/micturition reflex), 517, 519, 771–772, 771f, 772b Urine, 756, 761, 761f, 764 backflow of (vesicoureteric reflux), 775 production of, 761, 761f, 766 development/aging and, 774–775 storage of in bladder, 768, 769 ureters in transport of, 768 Urogenital diaphragm, 332t, 333f, 770, 770f, 780f, 786f, 788, 792f Urogenital ridges, 773, 774f Urogenital sinus, 774, 774f, 812f, 814f Uterine arteries, 642f, 643, 795, 796f ovarian branches of, 791 Uterine contractions, in labor, 809–810 Uterine cycle, 797, 799, 800f Uterine glands, 795, 796f Uterine (fallopian) tubes, 41f, 84, 85f, 791, 792f, 793–794, 794f, 795f embryonic development of, 812f, 813 fertilization in, 84, 85f, 793 inflammation of (salpingitis), 794 pregnancy in (tubal pregnancy), 807b resection of (tubal ligation), 801b, 816 surgical removal of (salpingectomy), 794 Uterine wall, 792f, 795, 796f Uterosacral ligaments, 792f Uterus, 41f, 791, 792f, 794–796, 795f, 796f cancer of (endometrial cancer), 811 embryonic development of, 812f, 813 innervation/autonomic effects and, 511t, 515f surgical removal of (hysterectomy), 816 vascular supply of, 642f, 643, 792f, 795, 796f Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 893 UTIs See Urinary tract infections Utricle, 545, 546f, 546t, 548–549, 549f Utrophin, for muscular dystrophy, 292 Uvula, 685f, 687, 723f, 724 Vaccines, 671b for human papillomavirus (HPV), 811 for polio, 498b Vagina, 41f, 791, 792f, 802, 802f arteries supplying, 642f, 643 embryonic development of, 812f, 813 innervation/autonomic effects and, 508f, 511t, 515f Vaginal arteries, 642f, 643 Vaginal fornix, 792f Vaginal orifice, 802, 802f Vaginal pouch, for contraception, 801b Vaginal process, 813, 815f Vaginal ring, for contraception, 801b Vagotomy, 521 Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), 415, 416f, 417f, 469f, 470, 470t, 478t, 510f cardiac innervation/regulation and, 614, 615f in gustatory pathway, 526, 526f injury/paralysis of, 478t laryngeal branch of, 478t, 690 parasympathetic fibers of, 509 resection of (vagotomy), 521 in swallowing, 478t, 728 Valgus injuries, 273 Vallate papillae, 525, 525f, 724f, 725 Valsalva’s maneuver, 329t, 690 Valves heart See Heart valves lymphatic capillary, 664–665, 664f venous, 626f, 631, 631f failure of, 654 Valvular heart disease, 608b aging and, 620 Variability/variations, anatomical, 49 Varicella-zoster virus, shingles caused by, 497, 497b Varicocele, 783b Varicose veins, 632b esophageal, bleeding and, 652 in pampiniform plexus (varicocele), 783b saphenous vein and, 632b, 653b, 654 Varicosities, autonomic nerve fiber, 722, 722f Varus injuries, 273 Vasa recta, 760f, 764f, 765f, 766 Vasa vasorum, 625, 626f, 627f Vascular anastomoses, 631–632 Vascular dilation See Vasodilation Vascularity/avascularity of bone, 166 of epithelial tissue, 102 Vascular layer of eye, 532–533, 532f, 533f development of, 542 Vascular permeability, inflammation and, 132, 132f Vascular plexus dermal, 140f, 145 subpapillary, 140f, 145 Vascular shunts in capillary bed, 630f in fetal circulation, 656f, 658–659 closure of after birth, 657f, 658 Vascular system, 40f See also Blood vessels; Circulation Vascular tissue See Blood Vas (ductus) deferens, 41f, 768f, 780, 780f, 781f, 782f, 784, 784f, 786f ampulla of, 780f, 784, 786f embryonic development of, 812f, 813, 815f resection of (vasectomy), 785b Vasectomy, 785b, 801b Vasoconstriction, 506, 625 Raynaud’s disease and, 520 Vasodilation, 506, 625 in inflammation, 132 Vasomotor center, 416, 519 Vasomotor nerve fibers, 625 Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone/ ADH), 564, 564–565, 565f, 567t, 764 hyper-/hyposecretion of, 567t, 574 syndrome of inappropriate secretion of (SIADH), 567t tubular resorption/water balance and, 764 Vastus muscles, 313t innervation of, 492f intermedius, 312f, 352t, 354f, 358f, 492f lateralis, 308f, 312f, 352t, 353f, 354f, 358f, 378f, 379, 492f for intramuscular injection, 377b, 379 medialis, 308f, 352t, 353f, 354f, 358f, 378f, 492f Vault, cranial, 189 Veins, 583, 625, 626f, 630, 630t, 631 See also specific named vein blood pressure in, 631 deep, 644 pulmonary, 599f, 602, 603f, 604f, 605f, 609, 610f, 633, 633f superficial, 646 systemic, 644–654, 645f valves in, 626f, 631, 631f failure of, 654 varicose, 632b esophageal, bleeding and, 652 in pampiniform plexus (varicocele), 783b saphenous vein and, 632b, 653b, 654 Vellus hair, 150 Venae cavae, 599f, 603f, 604f, 605f, 609, 610f, 646 in fetal circulation, 656f, 658 inferior, 602, 603f, 604f, 605f, 609, 610f, 635f, 641f, 645f, 646, 648f, 649, 650f, 651f, 743, 744f in newborn circulation, 657f Index 893 superior, 600f, 602, 603f, 604f, 605f, 609, 610f, 635f, 645f, 646, 647f, 648f, 697f Venous anastomoses, 631–632 Venous arches dorsal (of foot), 645f, 652, 653f palmar, deep and superficial, 648, 648f Venous blood pressure, 631 Venous disease of lower limbs, 654 saphenous veins in, 653b, 654 Venous plexuses, 646 See also specific structure supplied and specific type Venous return, skeletal muscular pumps and, 631, 631f Venous sinuses dural, 439, 440f, 441f, 645f, 646, 646, 646f scleral, 532f, 536f, 537 splenic (splenic sinusoids), 675, 675f Venous valves, 626f, 631, 631f failure of, 654 Venous vessels, 630–631, 630f, 631f See also Veins(s); Venules Ventilation, 682, 700–703 See also Respiration mechanism of, 700–702, 701f muscles of, 327t, 328f development of, 304 expiratory, 701, 701f innervation of, 327t inspiratory, 700–701, 701f neural control of, 702–703, 702f, 703f Ventilatory rate/rhythm/depth, neural control of, 702, 702f, 703f Ventral (term), 43, 44t See also under Anterior Ventral body cavity, 47–49, 47f, 48f Ventral corticospinal tract, 450f, 453f, 454, 454t Ventral (anterior) funiculi, 446f, 447, 447f Ventral gluteal site, 377b Ventral (anterior) horns, 414f, 434f, 446f, 447–448, 447, 447f, 454 damage to, 448b Ventral (anterior) median fissure, 446, 446f, 447f Ventral mesentery, 714f, 715f, 716, 717f Ventral posterolateral nuclei, 421, 423f Ventral ramus/rami, 480, 480f, 481f, 482f nerve plexuses formed by, 480f, 482 brachial plexus, 480f, 483–489, 484–485f, 486–487f, 489t cervical plexus, 480f, 482–483, 483f, 483t lumbar plexus, 480f, 490f, 491, 491t, 492f sacral plexus, 480f, 491–495, 493f, 494f, 495t thoracic, 482, 510f Ventral respiratory group, 702, 702f 17/06/16 9:10 PM 894 Index Ventral reticulospinal tract, 454t Ventral root(s), 416f, 447, 447f, 448f, 480, 481f, 482f brachial plexus, 484 damage to, 448b Ventral rootlets, 447f Ventral spinocerebellar tract, 450f, 452t Ventral spinothalamic tracts, 450f, 452t Ventral stream, 431, 431f Ventral white commissure, 450f Ventricles of brain, 411f, 412, 413, 414f of heart, 599, 599f, 600f, 602, 603f, 604f, 605f, 607, 609, 610f, 611, 611f development of, 618f, 619 valve function and, 607, 608f, 609f Ventricular fibrillation, 618 Ventricular septal defect, 619, 619f Ventromedial nucleus, 423f Venules, 625, 630, 630t postcapillary, 630, 630f Vermis, 419, 420f Vernix caseosa, 155 Vertebra(e), 165f, 187f, 206, 206f, 446f bone markings of, 169t cervical, 206, 206f, 209f, 210–211, 211–212t, 370 compression fractures of, in osteoporosis, 178t, 179 kyphosis and, 217, 217f lumbar, 186f, 206, 206f, 209f, 211–212t, 212–213 regional characteristics of, 209–214, 209f, 211–212t rib articulations with, 215, 215f, 216f structure of, 208–209, 209f thigh and leg muscles originating on, 351t, 353–354f thoracic, 206, 206f, 209f, 211–212, 211–212t in vertebrate body plan, 46–47 Vertebral arch, 208, 209f Vertebral arteries, 634f, 636f, 637, 638f Vertebral (medial) border of scapula, 223 Vertebral canal, 208, 443–445 narrowing of in lumbar region (stenosis of lumbar spine), 216 Vertebral (spinal) cavity, 47, 47f Vertebral column (spine/spinal column), 187f, 206–214, 206f, 207f See also Vertebra(e) development/aging and, 218 intervertebral discs of, 206, 206f, 207–208, 208b, 209f, 246, 247f, 256t See also Intervertebral discs ligaments of, 207, 207f muscles of, 323t, 324–326f, 324–325t osteoporotic fractures of, 178t, 179 kyphosis and, 217, 217f Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 894 www.downloadslide.net regions/curvatures of, 206f, 207 stenosis of, 216 Vertebral discs See Intervertebral discs Vertebral facets, 209, 209f Vertebral foramen, 208, 209f, 211, 211t, 212, 213 Vertebral (floating) ribs, 214f, 215 Vertebral spine (spinous process), 169t, 206f, 207f, 208–209, 209f of vertebra prominens, 211 Vertebral veins, 645f, 647, 647f Vertebra prominens, 209f, 211 Vertebrate(s), body plan and, 46–47, 46f Vertebrochondral (false) ribs, 214f, 215 Vertebrosternal (true) ribs, 214f, 215, 215f Vesical arteries, inferior and superior, 642f, 643, 769 Vesicle(s), 63 brain, 411f primary, 411–412, 411f secondary, 411f, 412 in exocytosis, 64f, 66, 67f lens, 541f, 542 optic, 540, 541f otic, 551, 552f secretory, 66, 66f, 67f synaptic, 287f, 391, 391f transport, 66, 66f Vesicle SNAREs, in exocytosis, 64f Vesicoureteric reflux, 775 Vesicouterine pouch, 792f, 795, 795f Vesicular (bulk) transport, 63 Vestibular (equilibrium) cortex, 430, 551 Vestibular folds (false vocal cords), 685f, 688f, 689, 689f Vestibular ganglia, 476t, 546f, 549 Vestibular glands, greater, 792f, 802f, 803 Vestibular membrane, 546, 547f Vestibular nerve, 476t, 543f, 549, 549f, 550f in internal ear, 546f Vestibular nuclei/vestibular nuclear complex, 415, 418f, 551 Vestibule of bony labyrinth, 476t, 543f, 545, 546f, 546t, 548–549, 549f nasal, 684, 685f oral, 723f, 724 of vagina, 802f, 803 bulbs of, 802f, 803 embryonic development of, 812f, 813 Vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), 415, 416f, 417f, 469f, 470, 470t, 476t, 546, 547f, 549, 551f See also Cochlear nerve; Vestibular nerve damage to/lesions of, 476t Vestibulospinal tract, 450f, 454, 454t Vibration, lamellar corpuscles in sensation of, 467 Vibrissae (nose hairs), 684 Villi arachnoid, 440, 440f, 442f chorionic, 807f, 808 in small intestine, 733, 735f Viral hepatitis, 748–749 Virchow, Rudolf, 59 Viscera/visceral organs, 47, 47f, 48f See also specific organ abdominal arteries of, 639–640 veins of, 649–652, 650f, 651f muscles compressing, 329–330t, 330–331f muscles supporting, 332t, 333f muscle tissue of, 302 thoracic, arteries of, 639 Visceral body region, 388 Visceral fat, 117 Visceral layer of glomerular capsule, 761, 762f, 763f, 766f of serous pericardium (visceral pericardium/epicardium), 128f, 601, 601f, 605f Visceral motor fibers/nerves See Visceral (autonomic) motor (VM) system Visceral (autonomic) motor (VM) system, 387f, 388, 388–389, 388t, 464, 464f See also Autonomic nervous system; Motor (efferent) neurons cranial nerves in, 470, 470t enteric nervous system and, 723 smooth muscle innervation and, 722, 722f in spinal cord, 448, 448f Visceral muscle, 280 See also Cardiac muscle; Smooth muscle innervation of, 280 movement and, 278 Visceral pain, 517, 517f Visceral pericardium, 128f, 601, 601f Visceral peritoneum, 128f, 714f, 715f, 716, 720f, 721 Visceral (pulmonary) pleura, 128f, 683t, 696f, 697f, 698 Visceral reflexes/visceral reflex arcs, 399, 517–518, 518f Visceral senses See Visceral sensory (VS) system Visceral sensory area, 430 Visceral sensory cortex, 517 Visceral sensory fibers/nerves See Visceral sensory (VS) system Visceral sensory (VS) system, 387f, 388, 388t, 464, 464f, 504 cardiac innervation and, 614 cranial nerves in, 470t enteric nervous system and, 723 in micturition, 771, 771f neurons of, 517, 517f, 518f in spinal cord, 448, 448f Visceral serosa, 48, 48f Visceral surface of liver, 743, 744f Visceroceptors (interoceptors), 465, 517, 518f Vision, 471t, 528–542 See also under Visual and Eye cortical areas in, 428f, 429, 431, 539, 540f development/aging and, 553–554 disorders of, 538–539b, 542 congenital, 553 focusing of light on retina in, 534f, 535f, 537–538, 538f disorders of, 538–539b information/visual processing and, 429, 431, 538, 539, 540f in newborn/infant, 553 Visual acuity, aging affecting, 554 Visual areas, 428f, 429 Visual association area, 428f, 429, 431f damage to, 430b Visual cortex/primary visual cortex, 428f, 429, 431f, 471t, 539, 540f development of, 458 Visual fields, 539, 540f Visual pathways, 431f, 538–540 to cerebral cortex, 538, 539, 540f to other parts of brain, 538, 540 Visual pigments, 533, 535f Visual processing, 429, 431 Visual receptor cells See Photoreceptor(s) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 77 deficiency of (scurvy), 116b Vitamin D calcium absorption/regulation and, 573 deficiency of, osteomalacia and rickets and, 180, 573 osteoporosis and, 180 synthesis of in skin, 141, 147, 573 Vitamin E (tocopherol), 77 Vitelline duct, 749 Vitiligo, 155 Vitreous humor, 531, 532f, 536, 536f development of, 541f, 542 VMN See Ventromedial nucleus VM system See Visceral (autonomic) motor (VM) system Vocal cords false (vestibular folds), 685f, 688f, 689, 689f true See Vocal folds Vocal folds (true vocal cords), 685f, 688f, 689, 689f, 690 inflammation of (laryngitis), 690b Vocalization, laryngeal voice production and, 689, 689f, 690 Vocal ligaments, 689, 689f Voice box See Larynx Voice production, 689, 689f, 690 Voiding (micturition/micturition reflex), 517, 519, 771–772, 771f, 772b Volkmann’s (perforating) canals, 170, 170f Volume, units of measurement of, 42 Voluntary nervous system, 388 See also Somatic nervous system skeletal muscle innervated by, 278 See also Skeletal muscle(s) Volvulus, 750b Vomer, 188f, 191f, 192f, 193f, 197f, 201t, 202f, 203 17/06/16 9:10 PM www.downloadslide.net Vomiting center, in motion sickness, 553 VRG See Ventral respiratory group v-SNAREs, in exocytosis, 64f VS system See Visceral sensory (VS) system Vulva (external genitalia), 791, 802f, 803 embryonic development of, 813, 814f Wandering macrophages, 591f Wasting, in HIV infection/AIDS, 672b growth hormone for, 563b Water, absorption of, in large intestine, 736, 739, 740f, 741f WBCs See White blood cell(s) “Wear-and-tear arthritis” (osteoarthritis), 271, 272f, 273 Weeping lubrication, 247 Weight, units of measurement of, 42 Weight training, muscle fibers affected by, 289, 294 Wernicke’s area, 428f, 431 Whiplash, 218 White adipose tissue (white fat), 120 White blood cell(s) (leukocytes), 115t, 116, 124f, 127f, 583, 583f, 584f, 585–588, 586f, 587t See also specific type agranulocytes, 586, 586f, 587t Z05_MARI6798_08_GE_IDX.indd 895 disorders of, 593 formation of, 591f, 592 granulocytes, 586, 586f, 587t, 591f in leukemia, 593 White blood cell count, 585, 586f White columns/funiculi, 446f, 447, 447f, 452t White matter, 397, 397f of brain, 397, 413, 413f brain stem, 413f, 414 cerebellar, 413f, 419, 420f, 422f cerebral, 424, 425f, 426t, 432–433, 433f development of, 405, 406f, 411f of spinal cord, 397, 397f, 413f, 446–447, 447f, 449, 450f White pulp, 674, 675, 675f White ramus communicans/rami communicantes, 512, 512f, 513, 513f, 514, 515f Willis, circle of (cerebral arterial circle), 636f, 637 Windpipe See Trachea Wisdom teeth, 725, 725f Withdrawal (coitus interruptus), 801b Withdrawal reflex, 400, 400f, 402–403f Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts in gonadal development, 812f, 813 in kidney development, 773, 774f Working memory, 428f Wound healing/repair, 132f, 133 Woven bone, intramembranous ossification of, 172, 172f Wrist (carpus), 228, 228f bones of (carpals), 187f, 228, 228f, 229t gliding movements at, 250f muscles controlling movement of, 311t, 342–347t, 343–344f, 346f, 347f Wrist-drop, 488b Wrist joint, 257t, 263, 263f Xiphisternal joint, 214f, 215, 371 Xiphoid process, 214f, 215, 372f X ray imaging, 38, 51–52, 51f angiography and, 53, 53f computed (computed axial) tomography and, 52–53, 52f positron emission tomography and, 53, 53f Yellow bone marrow, 166, 166f, 589 Yolk sac, 86, 86f, 87f, 88f, 807f, 808f Z discs/lines, 282, 290t in cardiac muscle, 290t, 612, 612f, 613, 613f in skeletal muscle, 282, 283f, 284f in sliding filament model of contraction, 286, 286f Index 895 Zinc deficiency, anosmia caused by, 527 Zona fasciculata, 570, 570f Zona glomerulosa, 570, 570f Zona pellucida, 798f, 799, 805f fertilization and, 805–806, 805f Zona reticularis, 570, 570f Zonula adherens (adhesive belt junction), 101f, 110–111 Zonula occludens (tight junction), 101f, 110, 111f in blood brain barrier, 443, 629 in capillaries, 628, 628f of sustentocytes (blood testis barrier), 789f, 791 Zoster virus vaccine, 497 Zygomatic arch, 192, 193f, 369f, 370 Zygomatic bones, 188f, 189f, 190f, 192f, 193f, 201t, 203, 205f Zygomatic branch of facial nerve, 475t, 476t Zygomatic process, 189f, 190f, 192, 193f, 194f, 199f, 200t, 201t, 203, 205f, 259f Zygomaticus muscles, 308f, 314f, 315t, 316f, 317f Zygote, 84, 85f, 790, 806 cleavage of, 84 Zymogen granules, 747, 747f Zymogenic (chief) cells, 731, 732f, 741f 17/06/16 9:10 PM www.downloadslide.net This page intentionally left blank M00_LINI4360_FM_pi-xvi.indd 31/05/14 9:57 AM www.downloadslide.net WORD ROOTS: PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, AND COMBINING FORMS Prefixes and Combining Forms a-, an- not, without acardia, lack of a heart; anaerobic, in the absence of oxygen ab- off, from, away abnormal, departing from normal acou- hearing acoustics, the science of sound acr-, acro- at the apex, extremity; peak acrodermatitis, inflammation of the skin of the extremities ad- to, toward adorbital, toward the orbit aden-, adeno- gland adeniform, resembling a gland in shape aero- air aerobic respiration, oxygen-requiring metabolism af- toward afferent neurons, which carry impulses to the central nervous system alb- white corpus albicans of the ovary, a white scar tissue amphi- on both sides; of both kinds amphibian, an organism capable of living both in water and on land ana- apart, up, again anaphase of mitosis, when the chromosomes separate angi- vessel angiitis, inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or blood vessel ant-, anti- against, opposite anticoagulant, a substance that prevents blood coagulation ante- preceding; before antecubital, in front of the elbow ap-, api- tip, extremity apex of the heart append- hang to appendicular skeleton aqua-, aque- water aqueous solutions areola- open space areolar connective tissue, a loose connective tissue arthr-, arthro- joint arthropathy, any joint disease artic- joint articular surfaces of bones, the points of connection atri- vestibule atria, upper chambers of the heart aut-, auto- self autogenous, self-generated ax-, axi-, axo- axis, axle axial skeleton, axis of vertebral column azyg- unpaired azygous vein, an unpaired vessel basal base basal lamina of epithelial basement membrane bi- two bicuspid, having two cusps bio- life biology, the study of life and living organisms blast- bud, germ blastocyte, undifferentiated embryonic cell brachi- arm brachial plexus of peripheral nervous system supplies the arm brev- short peroneus brevis, a short leg muscle broncho- the windpipe bronchospasm, spasmodic contraction of bronchial muscle bucco- cheek buccolabial, pertaining to the cheek and lip capit- head decapitate, remove the head carcin- cras, cancer carcinogen, a cancer-causing agent cardi-, cardio- heart cardiotoxic, harmful to the heart carneo- flesh trabeculae carneae, ridges of muscle in the ventricles of the heart caud- tail caudal (directional term) celi- abdominal celiac artery cephal- head cephalometer, an instrument for measuring the head cerebr- brain, especially the cerebrum cerebrospinal, pertaining to the brain and spinal cord CVR_MARI6798_08_GE_BEP.indd cervic, cervix neck cervical vertebrae, vertebrae located in the neck chondr- cartilage chondrogenic, giving rise to cartilage cili- small hair ciliated epithelium circum- around circumnuclear, surrounding the nucleus clavic- key clavicle, a “skeleton key” co-, con- with, together concentric, common center, together in the center coel- hollow coelom, the ventral body cavity commis- united gray commissure of the spinal cord connects the two columns of gray matter contra- against contraceptive, agent preventing conception corn-, cornu- horn stratum corneum, outer layer of the skin composed of horny cells corona crown coronal suture of the skull corp- body corpse; corpus luteum, hormone-secreting body in the ovary cort- bark cortex, the outer layer of the brain, kidney, adrenal glands, and lymph nodes cost- rib intercostal, between the ribs crani- skull craniotomy, a skull operation crypt- hidden cryptomenorrhea, a condition in which men strual symptoms are experienced but no external loss of blood occurs cubit the elbow cubital fossa, depression on the anterior side of the elbow cusp- pointed bicuspid and tricuspid, valves of the heart cyst- sac, bladder cystitis, inflammation of the urinary bladder cyt- cell cytology, the study of cells de- from, down, out deactivation, becoming inactive decid- falling off deciduous (milk) teeth delta triangular deltoid muscle, roughly triangular in shape den-, dent- tooth dens process of axis, tooth-shaped process dendr- tree, branch dendrites, branches of a neuron derm- skin dermis, deep layer of the skin di- twice, double dimorphism, having two forms dia- across, separate, through, between diaphragm, the wall through or between two areas dors- the back dorsal; dorsum; dorsiflexion duc-, duct lead, draw ductus deferens, structure that carries sperm from the epididymis into the urethra during ejaculation dura- hard dura mater, tough outer meninx dys- difficult, faulty, bad dyspepsia, disturbed digestion ec-, ex-, ecto- out, outside, from excrete, to remove materials from the body ef- away efferent nerve fibers, which carry impulses away from the central nervous system en-, em- in, into encysted, enclosed in a cyst or capsule endo- within, inner endoderm, innermost of the three embryonic layers entero- intestine enterologist, one who specializes in the study of intestinal disorders epi- over, above epidermis, outer layer of skin erythr- red erythrocyte, red blood cell eu- well euesthesia, a normal state of the senses 05/07/16 3:12 PM www.downloadslide.net exo- outside, outer layer exophthalmos, an abnormal protrusion of the eye from the orbit extra- outside, beyond extracellular, outside the body cells of an organism extrins- from the outside extrinsic muscles of the tongue fasci-, fascia- bundle, band superficial and deep fascia fenestra- window fenestrated capillaries fontan- fountain fontanelles of the skull foram- opening foramen magnum of the skull foss- ditch mandibular fossa of the skull gangli- swelling or knot dorsal root ganglia of the spinal nerves gastr- stomach gastrin, a hormone that influences gastric acid secretion germin- grow germinal epithelium of the gonads glosso- tongue glossopathy, any disease of the tongue glute- buttock gluteus maximus, largest muscle of the buttock gon-, gono- seed, offspring gonads, the sex organs hema-, hemato-, hemo- blood hematocyst, a cyst containing blood hemi- half hemiglossal, pertaining to one half of the tongue hepat- liver hepatitis, inflammation of the liver hetero- different, other heterosexuality, sexual desire for a person of the opposite sex hist- tissue histology, the study of tissues holo- whole holocrine glands, whose secretions are whole cells hom-, homo- same homeoplasia, formation of tissue similar to normal tissue; homocentric, having the same center hyal- clear hyaline cartilage, which has no visible fibers hydr-, hydro- water dehydration, loss of body water hyper- excessive hypertension, excessive tension hypno- sleep hypnosis, a sleeplike state hypo- under, below, deficient hypodermic, beneath the skin; hypokalemia, deficiency of potassium hyster-, hystero- uterus, womb hysterectomy, removal ofthe uterus; hysterodynia, pain in the womb ile- intestine ileum, the last portion of the small intestine im- not impermeable, not permitting passage, not permeable infra- below, beneath infraspinatus, the muscle located below the scapular spine inter- between intercellular, between the cells intra- within, inside intracellular, inside the cell ipsi- same ipsilateral, on the same side iso- equal, same isothermal, equal, or same, temperature jugul- throat jugular veins, prominent vessels in the neck kera- horn keratin, the water-repellent protein of the skin labi-, labri- lip labial frenulum, the membrane which joins the lip to the gum lact- milk lactiferous glands, milk-producing glands of the breast lacun- space, cavity, lake lacunae, the spaces occupied by cells of cartilage and bone tissue lamell- small plate concentric lamellae, rings of bone matrix in compact bone CVR_MARI6798_08_GE_BEP.indd lamina layer, sheet basal lamina, part of the epithelial basement membrane lat- wide latissimus dorsi, a broad muscle of the back later- side lateral (directional term) leuko- white leukocyte, white blood cell lingua- tongue lingual tonsil, adjacent to the tongue lip-, lipo- fat, lipid lipophage, a cell that has taken up fat in its cytoplasm luci- clear stratum lucidum, clear layer of the epidermis lumen light lumen, center of a hollow structure lut- yellow corpus luteum, a yellow, hormone-secreting structure in the ovary lymph water lymphatic circulation, return of clear fluid to the bloodstream macro- large macromolecule, large molecule magn- large foramen magnum, largest opening of the skull mal- bad, abnormal malfunction, abnormal functioning of an organ mamm- breast mammary gland, breast mast- breast mastectomy, removal of a mammary gland medi- middle medial (directional term) medull- marrow medulla, the middle portion of the kidney, adrenal gland, and lymph node mega- large megakaryocyte, large precursor cell of platelets meningo- membrane meningitis, inflammation of the membranes of the brain meso- middle mesoderm, middle germ layer meta- after, between, change metatarsus, the part of the foot between the tarsus and the phalanges metro- uterus metroscope, instrument for examining the uterus micro- small microscope, an instrument used to make small objects appear larger mito- thread, filament mitochondria, small, filament-like structures located in cells mono- single monospasm, spasm of a single limb morpho- form morphology, the study of form and structure of organisms multi- many multinuclear, having several nuclei myelo- spinal cord, marrow myeloblasts, cells of the bone marrow myo- muscle myocardium, heart muscle narco- numbness narcotic, a drug producing stupor or numbed sensations necro- death necrosis, tissue death neo- new neoplasm, an abnormal growth nephro- kidney nephritis, inflammation of the kidney neuro- nerve neurophysiology, the physiology of the nervous system noto- back notochord, the embryonic structure that precedes the vertebral column ob- reversed, against obstruction, impeding or blocking up oculo- eye monocular, pertaining to one eye odonto- tooth orthodontist, one who specializes in proper positioning of the teeth in relation to each other olfact- smell olfactory nerves 05/07/16 3:12 PM www.downloadslide.net oligo- few oligodendrocytes, neuroglial cells with few branches oo- egg oocyte, precursor of female gamete ophthalmo- eye ophthalmology, the study of the eyes and related disease orb- circular orbicularis oculi, muscle that encircles the eye ortho- straight, direct orthopedic, correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system osteo- bone osteodermia, bony formations in the skin oto- ear otoscope, a device for examining the ear ov-, ovi- egg ovum, oviduct oxy- oxygen oxygenation, the saturation of a substance with oxygen pan- all, universal panacea, a cure-all papill- nipple papillary muscles, muscles extending from the wall of the ventricles that anchor the atrioventricular valves para- beside, near, beyond paraphrenitis, inflammation of tissues adjacent to the diaphragm pariet- a wall parietal pleura, the layer of pleura against the thoracic wall pect-, pectus breast pectoralis major, a large chest muscle pelv- a basin pelvic girdle, which cradles the pelvic organs peni- a tail penis, male copulatory organ pep-, peps-, pept- digest pepsin, a digestive enzyme of the stomach; peptic ulcer peri- around perianal, situated around the anus phago- eat phagocyte, a cell that engulfs and digests particles or cells phleb- vein phlebitis, inflammation of the veins pia tender pia mater, delicate inner membrane around the brain and spinal cord pin-, pino- drink pinocytosis, the engulfing of small particles by a cell pleur- side, rib pleural serosa, the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs plex-, plexus net, network brachial plexus, the network of nerves that supplies the arm pneumo- lungs, air, wind pneumothorax, air in the pleural cavity pod- foot podiatry, the treatment of foot disorders poly- multiple polymorphism, multiple forms post- after, behind posterior, places behind (a specific) part pre-, pro- before, ahead of prenatal, before birth procto- rectum, anus proctoscope, an instrument for examining the rectum pseudo- false pseudotumor, a false tumor psycho- mind, psyche psychogram, a chart of personality traits pulmo- lung pulmonary artery, which brings blood to the lungs pyo- pus pyocyst, a cyst that contains pus quad-, quadr- four quadriceps, four muscles located in the anterior thigh re- back, again reinfect CVR_MARI6798_08_GE_BEP.indd rect- straight rectum; rectus abdominis, longitudinal muscle of the anterior abdominal wall ren- kidney renal artery, arterial vessel to the kidney retro- backward, behind retrogression, to move backward in development ruga- fold, wrinkle rugae, the folds in the stomach, gallbladder, and urinary bladder sagitt- arrow sagittal (directional term) sarco- flesh sarcomere, unit of contraction in skeletal muscle sclero- hard sclerodermatitis, inflammatory thickening and hardening of the skin semi- half semicircular, having the form of half a circle septo a fence interventricular septum in the heart serrat- saw serratus anterior, a muscle of the chest wall that has a jagged edge sinu,- a hollow sinuses of the skull soma- body somatic nervous system splanchn- viscera splanchnic nerve, autonomic supply to abdominal viscera squam- scale, flat squamous epithelium, squamous suture of the skull steno- narrow stenocoriasis, narrowing of the pupil stroma spread out stroma, the connective tissue framework of some organs sub- below, under sublingual, below the tongue super- above, over superior, quality or state of being above others or a part supra- above, over, beyond supracondylar, above a condyle sym-, syn- together, with synapse, the region of communication between two neurons synerg- work together synergists, muscles that work together to produce a specific movement tachy- rapid tachycardia, abnormally rapid heartbeat telo- the end, complete telophase, the end of mitosis templ-, tempo- time temporal region of the skull, one of the first locations for hair to become gray, thus showing the passage of time or age teres round, smooth ligamentum teres, also called the round ligament therm- heat thermometer, an instrument used to measure heat tissue woven tissue toxic- poison antitoxic, effective against poison trab- beam, timber trabeculae, spicules of bone in spongy bone tissue trans- across, through transpleural, through the pleura tri- three trifurcation, division into three branches troph- nourish trophoblast, from which develops the fetal portion of the placenta tuber- swelling tuberosity, a bump on a bone vas- a vessel, duct vascular system, system of blood vessels venter, ventr- belly ventral (directional term) villus shaggy hair microvilli, which have the appearance of hair in light microscopy viscero- organs of the body cavity, visceroinhibitory, inhibiting the movements of the viscera 05/07/16 3:12 PM www.downloadslide.net Suffixes -able able to, capable of viable, ability to live or exist -ac referring to cardiac, referring to the heart -algia pain in a certain part neuralgia, pain along the course of a nerve -ary associated with, relating to coronary, associated with the heart -ceps the head biceps, a muscle with two heads -cide destroy, kill germicide, an agent that kills germs -cipit head occipital -clast break osteoclast, a cell that dissolves bone matrix -crine separate endocrine organs, which secrete hormones into the blood -ectomy cutting out, surgical removal appendectomy, cutting out of the appendix -ell, -elle small organelle -emia blood anemia, deficiency of red blood cells -esthesi sensation anesthesia, lack of sensation -ferent carry efferent nerves, nerves carrying impulses away from the CNS -form, -forma shape cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone -fuge driving out vermifuge, a substance that expels worms of the intestine -gen produce pathogen, an agent that produces disease -glea, -glia glue neuroglia, the connective tissue of the nervous system -gram a record; a recording of data electrocardiogram, a recording showing action of the heart -graph write, writing electrocardiograph, an instrument used to make and display an electrocardiogram -ia condition insomnia, condition of not being able to sleep -iatrics medical specialty geriatrics, the branch of medicine dealing with diseases associated with old age -itis inflammation gastritis, inflammation of the stomach -lemma sheath, husk sarcolemma, the plasma membrane of a muscle cell -logy the study of pathology, the study of changes in structure and function brought on by disease CVR_MARI6798_08_GE_BEP.indd -lysis loosening or breaking down hydrolysis, chemical decomposition of a compound into other compounds as a result of taking up water -malacia soft osteomalacia, a process leading to bone softening -mania rage, madness erotomania, exaggeration of the sexual passions -odyn pain coccygodynia, pain in the region of the coccyx -oid like, resembling cuboid, shaped as a cube -oma tumor lymphoma, a tumor of the lymphatic tissues -opia vision myopia, nearsightedness -ory referring to, of auditory, referring to hearing -pathy disease osteopathy, any disease of the bone -phil, -philo like, love hydrophilic, water-attracting molecules -phobia fear acrophobia, fear of heights -plasm something molded cytoplasm -plasty growth, molding, plastic surgery rhinoplasty, reconstruction of the nose through surgery -plegia paralysis paraplegia, paralysis of the lower half of the body or limbs -rrhagia breaking out metrorrhagia, uterine hemorrhage -rrhea flow, discharge diarrhea, abnormal emptying of the bowels -scope see, watch, look stethoscope, instrument used to listen to sounds of various parts of the body -stalsis compression peristalsis, muscular contractions that propel food along the digestive tract -stasis standing, arrest, fixation hemostasis, arrest of bleeding -stomy an opening, a mouth enterostomy, the formation of an artificial opening into the intestine through the abdominal wall -tomy to cut appendectomy, surgical removal of the appendix -ty condition of, state immunity, condition of being resistant to infection or disease -uria urine polyuria, passage of an excessive amount of urine 05/07/16 3:12 PM www.downloadslide.net Human Anatomy For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version Global edition Global edition Global edition EightH edition Marieb • Wilhelm • Mallatt This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada If you purchased this book within the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author Human Anatomy EightH edition Marieb • Wilhelm • Mallatt Pearson Global Edition Marieb_08_1292156791_FinalDraft.indd 27/05/16 7:09 AM ... for Marieb, Wilhelm, and Global edition eiGHtH edition Marieb • Wilhelm • Mallatt Marieb / Wilhelm / Mallatt, Human Anatomy, Eighth Edition, Global Edition Human anatomy eiGHtH edition Marieb. .. to Succeed in Lecture and Lab Global edition Mallatt’s Human Anatomy, Eighth Edition includes MasteringA&P + A Brief Atlas of the Human Body, Second Edition Human anatomy m at Pearson has d to.. .Human Anatomy EIGHTH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION A01_MARI6798_08_GE_FM.indd 24/06/16 9:59 am This page intentionally left blank M00_LINI4360_FM_pi-xvi.indd 31/05/14 9:57 AM Human Anatomy EIGHTH EDITION