Link full download test bank for human anatomy and physiology 9th edition by marieb and hoehn

Test Bank for Human Anatomy and Physiology 9th edition by Marieb and Hoehn Sample Chapter 16 Exam Name _ MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 1) Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus? 1) A) stimulates production of an action potential B) alters plasma membrane permeability C) induces secretory activity D) activates or deactivates enzymes Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 2) Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus 2) A) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system B) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary C) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary D) travel by arteries to the pituitary Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 3) Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because 3) A) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane B) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes C) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time D) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 4) Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction? 4) A) permissiveness B) synergism C) feedback D) antagonism Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 5) Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? 5) A) aldosterone B) estrogen C) epinephrine D) cortisone Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 6) Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? 6) A) It is very specific in the cell type it targets B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells C) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response D) It causes positive feedback Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 7) Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate This is possible because 7) A) hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene B) peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers C) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers D) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 8) The major targets of growth hormone are 8) A) the liver B) the blood vessels C) bones and skeletal muscles D) the adrenal glands Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 9) How glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? 9) A) by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response B) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure C) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure D) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 10) Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? 10) A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone B) type of hormone C) blood levels of hormone D) number of receptors for that hormone Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 11) Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of 11) A) cortisol B) aldosterone C) secretin D) insulin Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 12) Oxytocin 12) A) controls milk production B) is an adenohypophyseal secretion C) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism D) exerts its most important effects during menstruation Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 13) Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to 13) A) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide B) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone C) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells D) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 14) Aldosterone 14) A) production is greatly influenced by ACTH B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption D) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 15) A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child Choose the correct statement to explain this problem 15) A) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes B) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males C) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH D) A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 16) ADH 16) A) is inhibited by alcohol B) increases urine production C) promotes dehydration D) is produced in the adenohypophysis Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 17) Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the 17) A) feedback loop B) general circulatory system C) hypophyseal portal system D) hepatic portal system Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 18) In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ This is known as 18) A) a stressor reaction B) up-regulation C) sensitivity increase D) cellular affinity Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 19) Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to 19) A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) testosterone D) cortisol Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 20) The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract 20) A) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis B) is the site of prolactin synthesis C) is partly contained within the infundibulum D) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 21) Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular 21) A) nucleotides B) calcium C) second messengers D) deactivating ions Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 22) Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include 22) A) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems B) hormone binding to intracellular receptors C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 23) Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? 23) A) polydipsia B) polycythemia C) polyuria D) polyphagia Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 24) One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients Which of the following describes this mechanism? 24) A) humoral stimulation B) protein synthesis C) catabolic inhibition D) carbohydrate oxidation Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 25) Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the 25) A) thymus gland B) pancreas C) adrenal medulla D) thyroid gland Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 26) When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is 26) A) angiotensinogen B) renin C) epinephrine D) estrogen Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 27) Steroid hormones exert their action by 27) A) binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity B) activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones C) entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA D) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 28) Eicosanoids not include 28) A) paracrines B) leukotrienes C) prostaglandins D) hydrocortisones Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 29) The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because 29) A) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional B) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to with hormonal release C) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release D) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 30) Which organ does not produce hormones? 30) A) heart B) skin C) kidney D) spleen Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 31) What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidNbased hormones? 31) A) sodium B) calcium C) iron D) chlorine Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 32) The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is 32) A) insulin B) glucagon C) aldosterone D) cortisol Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 33) Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? 33) A) the spleen B) the heart C) the kidney D) the skin Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) 34) Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? 34) A) a change in membrane potential B) an increase in enzymatic activity C) direct control of the nervous system D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 35) Leptin is secreted by 35) A) adipocytes B) goblet cells C) lymphocytes D) fibroblasts Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 36) The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on 36) A) nothingNall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific B) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path C) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ D) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 37) Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure? 37) A) leptin B) secretin C) renin D) gastrin Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 38) The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by 38) A) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP B) synthesizing more than one hormone at a time C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 39) Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called 39) A) hormones B) antibodies C) enzymes D) proteins Answer: A Explanation: A) B) C) D) 40) Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? 40) A) hormonal B) neural C) enzyme D) humoral Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 41) ACTH 41) A) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla B) is secreted by the posterior pituitary C) is not a tropic hormone D) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone Answer: D Explanation: A) B) C) D) 42) Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood calcium? 42) A) increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys B) increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions C) inhibition of calcitonin synthesis D) activation of osteoclasts Answer: C Explanation: A) B) C) D) 43) The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is 43) A) calcitonin B) parathyroid hormone C) gonadotropic hormones D) thyroid hormone Answer: B Explanation: A) B) C) D) SHORT ANSWER Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question 44) The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the 44) Answer: thyroid Explanation: 45) Give an example of synergism in hormones 45) Answer: The liver will release glucose in the presence of glucagon or epinephrine If both hormones are present the amount of glucose released is increased 150% Explanation: 10 Figure 16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets: 46) Thyroid stimulating hormone 46) Answer: D Explanation: 47) What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines? 47) Answer: Autocrines are self-regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell from which they are manufactured Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally They tend to affect only the cells immediately around them Explanation: 48) How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland? 48) Answer: A few cardiac cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps regulate salt output by the kidney ANP inhibits aldosterone and signals the kidney to remove more salt Explanation: 11 Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 49) Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics 49) Answer: E Explanation: 12 Figure 16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets: 50) Prolactin 50) Answer: B Explanation: 13 Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 51) Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain 51) Answer: B Explanation: 52) Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition called 52) Answer: acromegaly Explanation: 53) Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands 53) Answer: Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into the blood to be transported to other organs Exocrine glands have ducts through which products are released Explanation: 14 54) Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction 54) Answer: The first step is hormone-receptor binding to target cells, but interaction depends on blood levels of the hormone, relative number of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells, and the affinity of the union between the hormone and the receptor Explanation: 55) As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases , which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats 55) Answer: ACTH Explanation: 56) Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the “master endocrine gland”? 56) Answer: Although the adenohypophysis has many hormonal products, the hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary activity through regulatory factors Explanation: 57) Basal metabolism declines with age What factors contribute to that decline? 57) Answer: Thyroid follicles fill with colloid and gland fibrosis occurs, resulting in a decline in hormone synthesis and release Increase in body fat relative to muscle also contributes because muscle tissue is more active metabolically than fat Explanation: 15 Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 58) Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids 58) Answer: C Explanation: 59) A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently Why? 59) Answer: Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion Explanation: 16 Figure 16.3 Using Figure 16.3, match the following: 60) Produces androgens 60) Answer: C Explanation: 61) Produces glucocorticoids 61) Answer: B Explanation: 62) Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of of growth hormone 62) Answer: hypersecretion Explanation: 17 Figure 16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets: 63) Follicle stimulating hormone 63) Answer: C Explanation: 64) Which hormone stimulates production of RBCs? 64) Answer: erythropoietin Explanation: 65) Alpha islet cells produce , an extremely potent hyperglycemic hormone 65) Answer: glucagon Explanation: 66) The gland may influence our day/night cycles and even regulate the onset of sexual maturity 66) Answer: pineal Explanation: 18 Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 67) Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ 67) Answer: A Explanation: 68) Growth hormones act indirectly to make the epiphyseal plate cartilage grow What then acts directly to make it grow? 68) Answer: Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a growth factor called somatomedin, which in turn controls the epiphyseal plate cartilage growth Explanation: 19 Figure 16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets: 69) Adrenocorticotropic hormone 69) Answer: E Explanation: 70) Why would one not expect to continue increasing in height with age? 70) Answer: The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in length of the long bones Explanation: 71) Which hormones are synthesized from cholesterol? 71) Answer: Steroids Explanation: 72) A woman with excessive body hair, a deep voice, and an enlarged clitoris shows the outward symptoms of which hormonal dysfunction? 72) Answer: The hormonal dysfunction is hypersecretion of androgens Explanation: 73) Glucagon and insulin both target the cells of the liver and are both made in the pancreas, yet they have very different effects on the cells they target What accounts for this fact? 73) Answer: Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors Explanation: 20 Figure 16.2 Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets: 74) Growth hormone 74) Answer: A Explanation: 21 Figure 16.3 Using Figure 16.3, match the following: 75) Produces aldosterone 75) Answer: A Explanation: 76) Produces epinephrine 76) Answer: D Explanation: 77) List the four mechanisms involved in the regulation of aldosterone secretion 77) Answer: The four mechanisms are: (1) the renin-angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma concentration of sodium and potassium ions, (3) control exerted by ACTH, and (4) plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide Explanation: 22 Figure 16.1 Using Figure 16.1, match the following: 78) Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty 78) Answer: D Explanation: 23 Figure 16.3 Using Figure 16.3, match the following: 79) Excess hormone levels result in Cushing‟s syndrome 79) Answer: B Explanation: 80) Which hormone has only one known effect: to stimulate milk production by the breasts? 80) Answer: Prolactin Explanation: 81) The gland is especially large in early childhood, then declines in size and function with age 81) Answer: thymus Explanation: 24 Figure 16.3 Using Figure 16.3, match the following: 82) Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters 82) Answer: D Explanation: TRUE/FALSE Write „T‟ if the statement is true and „F‟ if the statement is false 83) The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid 83) Answer: True False Explanation: 84) Both “turn on” factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and “turn off” factors (feedback inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system 84) Answer: True False Explanation: 85) Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions 85) Answer: True False Explanation: 86) Enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract produce some hormones that are chemically identical to neurotransmitters 86) Answer: True False Explanation: 25 87) All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA 87) Answer: True False Explanation: 88) LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin 88) Answer: True False Explanation: 89) Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress 89) Answer: True False Explanation: 90) The beta cells in the pancreatic islets produce insulin 90) Answer: True False Explanation: 91) Most type diabetics not produce insulin 91) Answer: True False Explanation: 92) Hypersecretion of catecholamines can result in hypertension 92) Answer: True False Explanation: 93) The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin 93) Answer: True False Explanation: 94) All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger 94) Answer: True False Explanation: 95) Oxytocin and ADH are produced in the posterior pituitary 95) Answer: True False Explanation: 96) Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant 96) Answer: True False Explanation: 97) In aged individuals, chronic stress may increase blood levels of cortisol and possibly contribute to memory deterioration 97) Answer: True False Explanation: 26 98) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the urinary excretion of sodium 98) Answer: True False Explanation: 99) The pineal gland is used as a brain orientation landmark for brain X rays 99) Answer: True False Explanation: 100) Type diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production 100) Answer: True False Explanation: 101) Growth hormone solely exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones 101) Answer: True False Explanation: 102) The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis 102) Answer: True False Explanation: 103) Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters 103) Answer: True False Explanation: 104) Thyroid hormone production requires the presence of iodine and calcium 104) Answer: True False Explanation: 105) Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine 105) Answer: True False Explanation: 106) Direct gene activation involves a secondmessenger system 106) Answer: True False Explanation: 107) Addison‟s disease is due to a insufficient output of glucocorticoids only 107) Answer: True False Explanation: 108) ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones 108) Answer: True False Explanation: 27 109) The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitoninparathormone 109) Answer: True False Explanation: MATCHING Choose the item in column that best matches each item in column Match the following: 110) Hyposecretion of the pancreas Answer: A A) Diabetes mellitus 110) Match the following: 111) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants Answer: A A) Cretinism 111) Match the following: 112) Hyposecretion of growth hormone Answer: A A) Pituitary dwarfism 112) Match the following: 113) Aldosterone production Answer: A 114) Testosterone production Answer: A A) Hormonal stimulus 113) 114) Match the following: 115) Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue Answer: A A) Parathyroid 115) Match the following: 116) Hypersecretion of growth hormone Answer: A A) Acromegaly 116) Match the following: 117) The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction Answer: A A) Adrenal medulla 117) Match the following: 118) Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex Answer: A A) Addison‟s disease 118) Match the following: 119) Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex Answer: A A) Cushing‟s disease 119) 28 Match the following: 120) Hypersecretion of growth hormone Answer: A A) Acromegaly 120) Match the following: 121) The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands Answer: B 122) Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body Answer: A A) Pancreas B) Hypophysis 121) 122) Match the following: 123) Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults Answer: A A) Myxedema 123) Match the following: 124) Parathyroid hormone production Answer: A A) Humoral stimulus 124) Match the following: 125) An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland Answer: A A) Graves‟ disease 125) Match the following: 126) Produces the body‟s major metabolic hormones Answer: A A) Thyroid 126) Match the following: 127) Epinephrine production Answer: A A) Neural stimulus 127) ESSAY Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper 128) The parents of a 17-year-old boy are concerned about his height because he is only feet tall and they are both close to feet tall After tests by their doctor, a certain hormone is prescribed for the boy What is the probable diagnosis, and what hormones were prescribed? Why might the child still expect to reach his growth potential? Answer: The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone The prescription is recombinant DNAproduced pituitary growth hormone The reason the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed, allowing additional growth of the long bones 129) Mr Sanchez makes an appointment to see his doctor for pain in his abdominal area Tests and X rays reveal kidney stones as well as bones with a moth-eaten appearance Physical exam reveals hyporeflexia and hypotonis (weakness) What is the problem and what treatment would be recommended? Answer: The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor The treatment is removal of the tumor 29 130) What is the most important nursing intervention when caring for a patient with Cushing‟s syndrome? Answer: Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhelmingly severe Therefore the nurse should warn the patient to avoid shaving nicks and other sources of infection 131) John is a 26-year-old man who begins to notice a progressive enlargement of feet, hands, cranium, nose, and lower jaw bone His doctor recommends a pituitary gland operation What is the most likely diagnosis? Why? Answer: The diagnosis is acromegaly The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused 132) Following workup for symptoms of decreased libido and erectile dysfunction, a patient is told that his pituitary is hypersecreting prolactin Is there need for concern about this young man? Answer: Yes; there should be great concern, because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence 133) Thomas is a diabetic While at work, he began to tremble, was somewhat disoriented, and showed signs similar to that of a drunk One of his colleagues gave him some hard candy, which seemed to help him return to normal functions Why? Was this a proper action, considering that Thomas is diabetic? Answer: Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia The low blood sugar level affected his brain resulting in his appearance of being drunk The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal level This was a proper action because he was hypoglycemic And the brain needs constant glucose fo proper function 134) Mrs James appeared at the clinic complaining of extreme nervousness and sweating, saying that she could feel and hear her heart thumping when she tried to sleep at night.She was found to have a severely elevated and fluctuating blood pressure Although laboratory testing revealed hyperglycemia and increased basal metabolic rate, tests of thyroid function were normal What is your diagnosis? What treatment should be used? Answer: The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines, sometimes arising from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor 135) It was often rumored that one of our deceased presidents was suffering from Addison‟s disease (inadequate synthesis of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids) What symptoms may have led to the diagnosis of this condition? Answer: Low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, hypotension, severe dehydration, and hypotension might all have been observed in the patient 136) A 25-year-old male was admitted to the medical/surgical unit with a blood glucose of 600 mg/dl On assessment, the nurse observed his breathing was deep and rapid, and his breath smelled of acetone His face was flushed and his skin was dry His pH was low Describe the physiological response that is occurring Answer: In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically The fatty acid metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids When they accumulate faster than they are used or excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and ketones begin to spill into the urine The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH 137) Explain how antidiuretic hormone can help regulate an abnormal increase in solute concentration in the extracellular fluid Answer: The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water by the kidney With reabsorption, blood water volume increases, decreasing solute concentration 30 Answer Key Testname: C16 1) A 2) A 3) B 4) C 5) C 6) C 7) C 8) C 9) B 10) B 11) A 12) C 13) C 14) C 15) A 16) A 17) C 18) B 19) D 20) C 21) C 22) A 23) B 24) A 25) A 26) C 27) D 28) D 29) C 30) D 31) B 32) C 33) B 34) C 35) A 36) D 37) A 38) A 39) A 40) C 41) D 42) C 43) B 44) thyroid 45) The liver will release glucose in the presence of glucagon or epinephrine If both hormones are present the amount of glucose released is increased 150% 46) D 47) Autocrines are self-regulating chemical messengers because their target is the cell from which they are manufactured Paracrines are chemical messengers that act locally They tend to affect only the cells immediately around them 31 Answer Key Testname: C16 48) A few cardiac cells secrete atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), which helps regulate salt output by the kidney ANP inhibits aldosterone and signals the kidney to remove more salt 49) E 50) B 51) B 52) acromegaly 53) Endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones into the blood to be transported to other organs Exocrine glands have ducts through which products are released 54) The first step is hormone-receptor binding to target cells, but interaction depends on blood levels of the hormone, relative number of receptors for that hormone on or in the target cells, and the affinity of the union between the hormone and the receptor 55) ACTH 56) Although the adenohypophysis has many hormonal products, the hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary activity through regulatory factors 57) Thyroid follicles fill with colloid and gland fibrosis occurs, resulting in a decline in hormone synthesis and release Increase in body fat relative to muscle also contributes because muscle tissue is more active metabolically than fat 58) C 59) Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion 60) C 61) B 62) hypersecretion 63) C 64) erythropoietin 65) glucagon 66) pineal 67) A 68) Growth hormone stimulates the liver to release a growth factor called somatomedin, which in turn controls the epiphyseal plate cartilage growth 69) E 70) The amount of growth hormone secreted declines with age and the closure of the epiphyseal plates prohibits further growth in length of the long bones 71) Steroids 72) The hormonal dysfunction is hypersecretion of androgens 73) Glucagon and insulin use different cell surface receptors 74) A 75) A 76) D 77) The four mechanisms are: (1) the renin-angiotensin mechanism, (2) plasma concentration of sodium and potassium ions, (3) control exerted by ACTH, and (4) plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide 78) D 79) B 80) Prolactin 81) thymus 82) D 83) FALSE 84) TRUE 85) TRUE 86) TRUE 87) TRUE 88) TRUE 32 Answer Key Testname: C16 89) FALSE 90) TRUE 91) FALSE 92) TRUE 93) FALSE 94) TRUE 95) FALSE 96) FALSE 97) TRUE 98) TRUE 99) TRUE 100) TRUE 101) FALSE 102) TRUE 103) TRUE 104) FALSE 105) TRUE 106) FALSE 107) FALSE 108) TRUE 109) TRUE 110) A 111) A 112) A 113) A 114) A 115) A 116) A 117) A 118) A 119) A 120) A 121) B 122) A 123) A 124) A 125) A 126) A 127) A 128) The diagnosis is insufficient growth hormone The prescription is recombinant DNAproduced pituitary growth hormone The reason the child might reach his growth potential is that the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have not yet closed, allowing additional growth of the long bones 129) The problem is hyperparathyroidism resulting from a parathyroid gland tumor The treatment is removal of the tumor 130) Because of enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, infections may become overwhelmingly severe Therefore the nurse should warn the patient to avoid shaving nicks and other sources of infection 131) The diagnosis is acromegaly The condition results from excess secretion of growth hormone from the pituitary gland postpuberty and after the epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused 132) Yes; there should be great concern, because hypersecretion of prolactin will lead to impotence 33 Answer Key Testname: C16 133) Thomas was suffering from hypoglycemia The low blood sugar level affected his brain resulting in his appearance of being drunk The candy raised his blood sugar back up to a normal level This was a proper action because he was hypoglycemic And the brain needs constant glucose fo proper function 134) The diagnosis is hypersecretion of catecholamines, sometimes arising from a rare chromaffin cell tumor called a pheochromocytoma Treatment is surgical removal of the tumor 135) Low body weight, low plasma glucose and sodium levels, high potassium levels, hypotension, severe dehydration, and hypotension might all have been observed in the patient 136) In severe cases of diabetes mellitus, blood levels of fatty acids and their metabolites rise dramatically The fatty acid metabolites, collectively called ketones, are strong organic acids When they accumulate faster than they are used or excreted, the blood pH drops, resulting in ketoacidosis, and ketones begin to spill into the urine The nervous system responds by initiating rapid deep breathing to blow off carbon dioxide from the blood and increase pH 137) The release of antidiuretic hormone can regulate an increase in solute concentration by causing reabsorption of water by the kidney With reabsorption, blood water volume increases, decreasing solute concentration 34