An introduction to social psychology

Contents Notes on Contributors Preface to Fifth Edition Guided Tour Accompanying Online Resources for Instructors and Students Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology Introduction: Some Classic Studies What Is Social Psychology? How Does Social Psychology Differ from Other Disciplines? A Brief History of Social Psychology Social Psychology in Europe Social Psychology Today Chapter 2: Research Methods in Social Psychology Introduction Research Strategies A Closer Look at Experimentation in Social Psychology Data Collection Techniques Chapter 3: Social Perception and Attribution Introduction Social Perception Attribution Theory Social Perception and Social Reality Automatic and Controlled Social Perception Chapter 4: Social Cognition Introduction Jumping to Conclusions or Working Things Out Slowly The Automatic Pilot Within Going the Extra Mile: Regaining Cognitive Control Chapter 5: The Self The Self and Its Social Nature Where Self-Knowledge Comes From The Organizational Function of the Self: The Self As Mental Representation The Motivational Functions of the Self The Regulatory Functions of the Self: The Self in Control Self Stability and Change Chapter 6: Attitudes Introduction What Is an Attitude? The Content of Attitudes The Structure of Attitudes Why Do We Hold Attitudes? Linking Attitude Content, Structure and Function The Measurement of Attitudes Do Attitudes Predict Behaviour? Chapter 7: Strategies of Attitude and Behaviour Change Introduction Persuasion Incentive-Induced Attitude Change Chapter 8: Social Influence Introduction Incidental Social Influence Why Does Social Influence Occur? Deliberate Social Influence Chapter 9: Aggression Introduction Definition and Measurement of Aggressive Behaviour Theories of Aggression Personal and Situational Variables Affecting Aggressive Behaviour Aggression As a Social Problem Psychological Prevention and Intervention Chapter 10: Prosocial Behaviour Introduction Prosocial Behaviour, Helping and Altruism Why Don’t People Help? Why Do People Help? Issues in Researching Prosocial Behaviour Does Evolution Make Us Selfish? The Social Neuroscience of Helping Helping in the Real World Chapter 11: Affiliation, Attraction and Close Relationships Introduction The Importance of Relationships Interpersonal Attraction Romantic Relationships General Relationship Processes Chapter 12: Group Dynamics Introduction The Phenomenology of Groups Individuals in Groups: The Individual Level of Analysis Group Development and Structure: The Group Level of Analysis Groups in Their Environment: The Intergroup Level of Analysis Chapter 13: Group Performance and Leadership Introduction Some Core Concepts: Actual Group Performance, Group Potential and Task Type Process Losses Versus Process Gains in Group Performance Group Performance Management Leadership Leadership in Groups Chapter 14: Prejudice and Intergroup Relations Introduction Personality Approaches to Prejudice The Cognitive Approach to Prejudice Group Approaches to Prejudice Psychological Interventions to Reduce Prejudice and Improve Intergroup Relations Chapter 15: Cultural Social Psychology Introduction Culture and Cultural Differences Culture and Cognition Culture and Self-Construal Interpersonal Relations Group Processes Intergroup Relations Intercultural Relations References Glossary Name Index Subject Index Advertisements BPS Textbooks in Psychology BPS Blackwell presents a comprehensive and authoritative series covering everything a student needs in order to complete an undergraduate degree in psychology Refreshingly written to consider more than North American research, this series is the first to give a truly international perspective Written by the very best names in the field, the series offers an extensive range of titles from introductory level through to final year optional modules, and every text fully complies with the BPS syllabus in the topic No other series bears the BPS seal of approval! Each book is supported by a companion website, featuring additional resource materials for both instructors and students, designed to encourage critical thinking and providing for all your course lecturing and testing needs For other titles in this series, please go to www.bpsblackwell.co.uk This edition first published 2012 by the British Psychological Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd Copyright © 2012 the British Psychological Society and John Wiley & Sons Ltd BPS Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd All effort has been made to trace and acknowledge ownership of copyright The publisher would be glad to hear from any copyright holders whom it has not been possible to contact Cover image: © Radius Images Used under licence from Getty Images Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book, please see our website at www.wiley.com The right of Miles Hewstone, Wolfgang Stroebe and Klaus Jonas to be identified as the editors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-ondemand If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data An introduction to social psychology / Miles Hewstone, Wolfgang Stroebe, Klaus Jonas – Fifth edition p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4443-3544-6 (pbk.) Social psychology Social psychology–Europe I Hewstone, Miles II Stroebe, Wolfgang III Jonas, Klaus HM1033.I59 2012 302–dc23 2012000110 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Set in 11/12.5pt Dante MT by MPS Limited, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow The British Psychological Society’s free Research Digest e-mail service rounds up the latest research and relates it to your syllabus in a user-friendly way To subscribe, go to www.researchdigest.org.uk or send a blank e-mail to subscribe-rd@lists.bps.org.uk Senior Commissioning Editor: Andrew McAleer Assistant Editor: Katharine Earwaker Marketing Managers: Fran Hunt and Jo Underwood Project Editor: Juliet Booker To The memory of Audrey Cole Hewstone (1929–2010) Lisa Stroebe Jessie and Julie Jonas prison studies probabilistic contrast: defined probabilistic sampling probe reaction task defined probe reaction task defined production blocking: defined proportion of shared genes: defined prosocial behaviour altruism and helping cultural differences defined see also helping behaviour prosocial personality defined measuring proximity: relationships psychological attraction public goods game: defined public opinion surveys punishment for aggression altruistic qualitative versus quantitative approaches quasi-experiment defined questionnaires aggression back-translation measuring attitudes responses to, cultural differences quota sample: defined racial equality racial prejudice contact reducing and group relations IAT measures scale measuring motivation to control and social climate and social context random allocation: defined reactance theory: defined reactivity: defined realistic conflict theory defined reasoned action, theory of rebound effect, stereotypes defined recategorization: defined reciprocal altruism: defined ‘reciprocal concessions’ procedure reciprocity in altruistic behaviour disclosure ingroup in relationships referent informational influence: defined reflected appraisals: defined reflective-impulsive model (RIM) rejection causal attributions and self-esteem sensitivity to see also social exclusion relational aggression defined relationship commitment defined nonvoluntary relationship superiority: defined relationships abusive and attachment attraction cultural differences disclosure ending of need to belong online dating perceived partner responsiveness and rejection romantic and social support types of and wellbeing relative deprivation: defined defined reliability of attitude measures defined remembrance, groups repetition and attitude change representativeness heuristic defined research data collection methods experimentation strategies right-wing authoritarianism Ringelmann effect defined study replicating rituals: initiation rivalry, intergroup role defined and status role identities role transition: defined romantic relationships sacrifice: in relationships salience defined group categorisation of group membership sampling: defined sanctions: and attitude change satisfaction: in relationships scapegoat theory: defined schadenfreude, intergroup schema(s) activation and behaviour causal schema defined and self-concept scientific method self-assessment motive defined self-awareness avoidance of defined self-categorization theory defined and group polarization varying levels of categorization self-concept defined self-construals cultural differences defined self-determination theory: defined self-disclosure defined self-efficacy defined and self-focus self-enhancement defined pros and cons of reasons for self-esteem cultural differences defined self-esteem (Continued) gender differences of groups, threats to implicit and explicit and life events measuring implicit and narcissism pros and cons of pursuing Rosenberg scale sociometer theory trait and state self-esteem hypothesis: defined self-expansion model self-fulfilling prophecies defined expectation states theory and social stereotypes self-handicapping defined gender differences self-knowledge mental representations neural underpinnings origins of self-monitoring and attitude-behaviour relation defined self-narratives self-other difference self-perception theory defined self-presentation defined and self-enhancement self-reference effect: defined self-reflection self-regulation autonomous defined drawbacks of strength & depletion of theory of see also self-awareness self-report measures of aggressive behaviour self-esteem self-schemas defined and information processing versus working self-concept self-serving attributional biases defined self stability and change self-verification defined self-worth contingencies defined selfishness semantic differential scales sexual aggression defined shared cognition: groups shared leadership: defined similarity-attraction effect defined similarity: relationships simple random sample: defined smoking campaigns to stop incentives and sanctions social adjustment function: defined social categories, group type social categorization accentuation explanation and intergroup behaviour link to amygdala activation majority-minority influence pervasive nature of and prejudice social change, role of intergroup conflict social cognition defined social comparison defined and group polarization intergroup and majority influence measurement of and norm formation social compensation defined social competition defined social desirability defined measuring social dominance orientation defined as ideological belief and prejudice social equality: and positive intergroup contact social exchange theory social exclusion from groups, negative effects immediate effects of social facilitation defined social hierarchy and discrimination social identity and bystander effect cultural differences defined and empathy-motivated helping and ingroup bias, neuroscience and intergroup aggression and intergroup behaviour and outgroup helping and positive intergroup contact see also group identification social identity theory and positive differentiation and status legitimacy versus identity theory social influence defined deliberate incidental motives for social loafing causes and consequences of collectivist versus individualist groups defined social neuroscience defined prosocial behaviour social identity and ingroup bias social penetration theory social perception automatic and controlled defined and interpersonal behaviour and social behaviour and social reality subliminal priming influencing social psychology classic studies in Europe history of recent theory social reality and social perception testing of social reality constraints: defined social responsibility, measure of social support defined socialization, groups socio-emotional behaviour defined socio-structural theories: discrimination sociology sociometer theory: defined speaking hierarchy: defined staffing level: defined staircase model defined standards, self-regulatory Stanford Prison Experiment state self-esteem status and bullying defined and group roles of groups and discrimination and helping behaviour and obedience to authority preference for in intimate relationships and production blocking social dominance theory threats to group steam boiler model: defined stereotype content model stereotype suppression defined stereotypes automatic & controlled components of automaticity of activation and cognitive heuristics defined implicit goals overriding activation of implicit measures priming studies replacing with egalitarian responses suppression of stress: buffered by social support strong reciprocity: defined subjective norms subjective validity subliminal advertising defined subtyping model success, attributions for sucker effect defined suicide and cyberbullying mass suicide, Jonestown and self-focus summation: defined superordinate goals: defined support: in relationships survey research defined system justification theory systematic processing biased by heuristic processing defined theories of Tajfel matrices task behaviours defined task specialists task cohesion defined task design task groups task performance and group learning minorities leading to creative motivation losses and presence of others team awareness defined team leadership team performance teams/teamwork multicultural social loafing television violence effects of long-term exposure to experimental methods temperature and aggression terror management theory defined terrorism defined Menezes shooting response during staircase model theory defined new perspectives theory of planned behaviour defined theory of reasoned action defined thought-listing defined stereotypes & prejudice study threats: to group values time periods approach: defined TOTE loop, self-regulation trait aggressiveness defined questionnaire items traits of leaders mediating behaviour and self-esteem transactional leaders defined transactive memory defined transformational leaders defined triangulation: defined true randomized experiment defined see also field experiments two-dimensional perspective on attitudes defined uncertainty avoidance: defined unobtrusive measures: defined utilitarian function, attitudes defined versus value-expressive attitudes utilitarian perspective, group formation validity of attitude measures defined subjective value-expressive function, attitudes defined versus utilitarian attitudes values cultural differences in post-materialist threats to group see also attitudes variable defined dependent independent mediating violence bystander behaviour bystander intervention, gender role defined directed at outgroups intergroup and narcissism research difficulties on television, researching and video game usage see also aggression virtual reality experiments using online dating videogames and aggression voluntary relationships volunteerism charitable donation defined volunteers, in experiments warmth versus competence ‘we-ness’ concept weapons effect defined web-based experiments wellbeing: and relationships whistle blowing: defined willingness to sacrifice defined working self-concept defined workplace bullying xenophobia ... Psychology? How Does Social Psychology Differ from Other Disciplines? A Brief History of Social Psychology Social Psychology in Europe Social Psychology Today Chapter 2: Research Methods in Social. .. Journal of Social Psychology and (with Anne Maass) the European Journal of Social Psychology Wolfgang Stroebe has taught social psychology at universities in Great Britain, Germany and the US... to find in an introduction to social psychology (methods, social perception and attribution, social cognition, self and social identity, attitudes, social influence, aggression, prosocial behaviour,