ENGAGING, RELEVANT, ACCESSIBLE APPLIED FEATURES OUTSTANDING PEDAGOGY Resources That Give Instructors and Students an Edge! To Duejean She walks in beauty, like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that’s best of dark and bright Meet in her aspect and her eyes And on that cheek, and o’er that brow, So soft, so calm, yet eloquent, The smiles that win, the tints that glow, But tell of days in goodness spent, A mind at peace with all below, A heart whose love is innocent! —Lord Byron Copyright © 2015 by SAGE Publications, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Printed in Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Garrett, Bob Brain & behavior : an introduction to biological psychology / Bob Garrett ; contributions by Gerald Hough and John Agnew.—Fourth edition pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4522-6095–2 (pbk : alk paper) ISBN 978-1-4833-1241-5 (web pdf) Psychobiology—Textbooks I Title II Title: Brain and behavior QP360.G375 2014 612.8—dc23 2014007564 14 15 16 17 18 10 FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B 1/I Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd Church Street #10–04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Acquisitions Editor: Vicki Knight Editorial Assistant: Yvonne McDuffee Production Editor: David C Felts Copy Editor: Amy Marks Proofreader: Scott Oney Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd Indexer: Diggs Publication Services Cover Designer: Candice Harman Marketing Manager: Shari Countryman related disorders, 472–474 treating, 472 Occipital lobes, 60 (figure), 66, 67 (figure) Odors, and sexual attraction, 204–205 Off surround, 318–319 Ohm, Georg, 275 O’Keeffe, Georgia, 304 Olfactory system, 204–205, 205 (figure) Oligodendrocytes, 34, 34 (figure) Omnivores, 165 On-center cells, 318–319, 320 (figure) Opiates, 131–132, 349 (figure) Opioids, 131 Opium, 131 Opponent process theory, of color vision, 311–312 Optic chiasm, 162 (figure), 308 Optic nerve, 306 (figure) Optogenetics, 32 Orexin, 174, 494, 494 (figure) Organelles, 24, 25 (figure) Organizing effects, 208 Organ of Corti, 267, 268 (figure) Organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT), 163, 164 (figure) Orgasm, 199 Orientation, sexual See Sexual orientation Osmotic thirst, 163 Ossicles, 266 Outer ear, 266, 267 (figure) Outer hair cells, 269 Out-of-body experience, 346 Oval window, 267, 267 (figure), 268 (figure) Ovaries, 208 Overweight See Obesity Ovum, 207 Oxytocin, 206, 427 (figure) Pacemaker, 484 Page, Donta, 252 Pain as an adaptive emotion, 248–249 chronic, 349–351 descending pain inhibition circuit, 349 detecting, 346–347 disorders, 346–353 extremes of, 248, 349–351 phantom, 351–352, 353 relief, internal mechanisms of, 348–349 treating, 347 Pancreas, 169 (figure) Panic disorder, 467 Parabiotic, 174 Paradoxical sleep, 488 Parahippocampal gyrus, 235 (figure) Parasympathetic nervous system, 73, 75 (figure) Paraventricular nucleus (PVN), 162 (figure), 170 Parietal lobes, 60 (figure), 65, 67 (figure) Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT), 410 Parkinson’s disease, 362–364, 362 (figure), 363 (figure), 498 Parks, Kenneth, 481, 496 Parvocellular system, 324 Patellar tendon reflex, 355 (figure) Patterning, 265 Peduculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (PPT/LDT), 492 Peek, Kim (original Rain Man), 424, 425 (figure) Penfield, Wilder, 65, 379 Pepperberg, Irene, 293 Pepsin, 169 Peptide YY3–36 (PYY), 174 Perception, 265, 323–333, 379 (figure) Performance, enhancing, 417 Periaqueductal gray (PAG), 349, 350 (figure) Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 56, 73–76 autonomic nervous system, 73–76, 75 (figure) cranial nerves, 57 (figure), 73 See also Nervous system Personality factors, and stress, 247–248 Pert, Candace, 132 Peyote, 138 PGO waves, 494, 494 (figure) Phantom pain, 81, 351–352, 352 (figure), 353 Pharmacological treatment of drug addiction, 150 Phase difference, 278 Phencyclidine (PCP), 139 Phenotype, Phenylketonuria, 422 Pheromones, 204, 204–205 Phobia, 467 Phonological hypothesis, 287 Photopigments, 306 Photoreceptors, 306 Phototherapy, 462 Phrenology, 6, (figure) Physical model of behavior, 4–5 Physiological psychology See Biopsychology Pigment mixing, 312 Pineal gland, 66, 67 (figure), 69 (figure) Pinel, Philippe, 442 (figure) Pinker, Steven, 290 Pinna, 266, 267 (figure) Pi-Sunyer, Xavier, 174 Pitch, 265 Pitt, Brad, 328 Pituitary gland, 66, 67 (figure), 162 (figure) Place cells, 379, 379 (figure) Place theory, 272–275 Plagiarism, in research, 116 Planum temporale, 287 Plaques, 391 Plasticity, 78 Plateau phase, 199 Pluripotent, 86 Polarization, 28 Polygenic, Pons, 67 (figure), 69, 69 (figure), 162 (figure), 350 (figure) Positive symptoms, 445 Positron emission tomography (PET), 108, 109 (figure), 249 (figure), 286 (figure) Postcentral gyrus, 60 (figure) Posterior, 61–62, 69 (figure) Posterior parietal cortex, 65, 325 (figure), 343–346, 344 (figure), 357 (figure) Postsynaptic integration, 39–40 Postsynaptic neuron, 36, 36 (figure) Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 467–468 Prader-Willi syndrome, 160, 173 Precentral gyrus, 60 (figure), 62 Predator control, through learned taste aversion, 167 Predatory aggression, 250 Prefrontal cortex, 60 (figure), 62–63 emotion and, 237–238, 239 movement and, 357–358 Prefrontal parietal network, 500 Premotor cortex, 356, 357 (figure), 358, 359 (figure) Prenatal hormones, and the brain, 209–210 Prenatal influences, and sexual orientation, 221–223 Preoptic area, 162, 162 (figure) Prescientific psychology, and biopsychology, 3–4 Presynaptic neurons, 36, 36 (figure), 45 presynaptic axon, 36 (figure) presynaptic excitation, 41 presynaptic inhibition, 41 presynaptic terminal, 38 (figure) Price, Jill, 388 Primary auditory cortex, 284 (figure) Primary motor area, 357 (figure) Primary motor cortex, 62, 344 (figure), 356, 357 (figure), 360–361 Primary somatosensory cortex, 65, 344 (figure), 345, 357 (figure) Primary visual cortex, 282 (figure), 284 (figure), 325 (figure) Processing efficiency (brain), and intelligence, 410 Processing speed (brain), and intelligence, 409 Projection areas, 65 Proliferation, of the nervous system, 76 Proprioception, 340 Prosody, 289 Prosopagnosia, 327, 328 (figure) Prosthesis, 353, 360 Protein kinase M zeta, 386 Psilocin, 138 Psilocybin, 138 Psychedelic drugs, 138–139 Psychoactive drugs, 130–141 depressants, 132–134 marijuana, 140–141 opiates, 131–132 psychedelics, 138–139 stimulants, 134–138 See also Addiction Psychobiology See Biopsychology Psychological dependence, 141 Psychological disorders, 439–478 ability to cope with, 440 (figure) affective disorders, 454–467 anxiety disorders, 467–470 obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 470–474 schizophrenia, 441–454 Psychology, prescientific, and biopsychology, 3–4 Psychomotor stimulant, 139 Psychosis, 441 Psychosurgery, 63 PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), 467–468 Pupil, 306 (figure) Pure sounds/tones, 266, 266 (figure) Putamen, 361 (figure) Raderscheidt, Anton, 331 Radial arm maze, 381 (figure) Radial glial cells, 76 Raine, Adrian, 252 Raphé nuclei, 492, 493 (figure) Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 461, 488 Rate law, 33 Raven Progressive Matrices, 405, 417 Reading, impairment of, 286–288 Recall, 379 (figure), 389 Receptive aphasia, 283 Receptive field, 307, 315 (figure), 319 (figure), 359 (figure) Receptors, 264, 306 (figure), 341 (figure) Recessive allele, Reconsolidation, of memories, 388–389 Rectum, 169 (figure) Reeve, Christopher, 85–86, 85 (figure) Reflex, 71 Refractory periods, 33 Refractory phase, 199 Regeneration, 82 Reimer, David, 217, 217 (figure) Relational memory, 381 Relationship studies, comparison of, 114 (table) Relative refractory period, 33 REM sleep behavior disorder, 498 functions of, 488–489 Reorganization, 80, 84–85 Research, 95–126 addiction, 153 correlational studies, 97, 97–98 experimental studies, 97, 97–98 science and, 96–99 theory and, 96–99 See also Research ethics; Research techniques Research ethics, 115–121 animal research and, 117–120 gene therapy, 115, 120 human research and, 117 plagiarism and fabrication, 116 research participants, protecting welfare of, 116–120 stem cell therapy, 120–121 See also Research Research techniques, 99–115 brain activity, measuring and manipulating, 102–107 brain imaging techniques, 107–115 heredity, investigating, 112–115 light and electron microscopy, 102 neurons, staining and imaging, 99–101 See also Research Reserve hypothesis, 396 Resolution, 199 Resonance, 272 Resting potential, 28–29, 31 Restrictors, 187 Reticular formation, 69 Retina, 306–308, 306 (figure), 307 (figure), 309 (figure) Retinohypothalamic pathway, 486 Retinotopic map, 317 Retrieval, of memories, 376–378, 378 (figure), 389 Retrograde amnesia, 375 Reuptake, 41 Reverse-learning hypothesis, 491 Reward, 142 dopamine and, 143–146 neural basis of addiction and, 142–143 See also Addiction Reward dependent, 239 Rhodopsin, 306 Rhythms affective disorders and, 461–463 during waking and sleeping, 486–488 Rolls, Barbara, 166 Rolls, Edmund, 166 Round window, 267, 267 (figure) Rumbaugh, Duane, 293 Rushton, Philippe, 415 Russell, Bertrand, 444 Rutherford, William, 271 Ryan, Anna, 497 Sacks, Oliver, 65, 328, 474, 506 Sagittal plane, 61 (figure) Salience network, 470 Saltatory conduction, 34 Sapap3 gene, and excessive grooming, 472 (figure) Satiety, 164, 166–167 Satisfaction, sexual, 199 Savage-Rumbaugh, Sue, 293 Savant, 424, 425 (figure) Scanning electron microscope, 102, 103 (figure) Schacter, Stanley, 234 Schavan, Annette, 116 Schiff, Nicholas, 513 Schiller, Daniela, 468 Schizophrenia, 441–454 brain anomalies in, 448–454 characteristics of, 441–442 dopamine hypothesis for, 446–448 genes, search for, 444 heredity and, 443–445 pregnancy and, 452–453 two kinds of, 445–446 vulnerability model, 445 Schwann cells, 34, 34 (figure) Science experimental versus correlational studies, 97–98 research and, 96–99 theory and tentativeness in, 96–97 See also Research Sclera, 306 (figure) Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 462–463 Secondary motor areas, and movement, 358–360 Secondary somatosensory cortex, 344 (figure), 345 Sedaris, David, 471 Sedative, 132 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 457 Self See Sense of self Semantic memory, 380 Semenya, Caster, 216 Semicircular canals, 267 (figure) Sensation, 265 Sensation seeking, 161 Sense of self, 500, 503–510 body image and, 505–506 disorders of self, 507–510 dissociative identity disorder, 507–510 memory and, 506 mirror neurons, 507 split brains, 507–510 theory of mind, 507 Senses See Body senses; Movement Sensorimotor system, 340 Sensory neurons, 25, 26 (figure) Sensory-specific satiety, 166–167 Septal nuclei, 235 (figure) Serotonin eating disorders and, 189–190 inhibition of aggressio, and, 253–254 levels of, and suicide, 466 (figure) Seth, Ankil, 500 Set point, 162 Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), 96 Sex, 198–205, 207 arousal and satisfaction, 199 biological determination of, 207–210 brain structures and neurotransmitters, 201–204 chromosomes and hormones, 207–209 odors, pheromones, and sexual attraction, 204–205 prenatal hormones and the brain, 209–210 testosterone, role of, 200–201 See also Biology of sex and gender; Sexual orientation Sexual development, 46 XY differences in, 213–214 Sexuality-at-birth hypothesis, 215 Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN), 202, 202 (figure) Sexual orientation, 218–224 biological model, social implications of the, 224 genetic and epigenetic influences, 219–221 prenatal influences on brain structure and function, 221–223 social influence hypothesis, 219 See also Biology of sex and gender; Sex Shapiro, Ehud, 10 Sharp pain, 347 Short-term memory, 377 Simner, Julia, 332 Simple cells, 320, 321 (figure) Simulation theory, 424 Singer, Jerome, 234 Sizemore, Chris, 508, 509 (figure) Skeletal muscles, 354 Skin conductance response (SCR), 238 Skin senses, 340–342 Sleep, 481–517 as a form of consciousness, 498–499 brain structures, of sleep and waking, 491–494 circadian rhythms, 484–486, 495 (figure) controls, 491–492 disorders, 494–498 disruption, and health, 244 memory and, 490–491 REM and non-REM, 488–489 rhythms, during waking and sleeping, 486–488 slow-wave, 487–488 waking and arousal, 492–494 See also Consciousness Sleep spindles, 487 Sleepwalking, 496 Slow-wave sleep, 487–488 Small intestine, 169 (figure) Smith, Christine, 378 Smooth muscles, 354 Snyder, Allan, 424 Sociability molecule, 427 Social factors, and stress, 247–248 Social impairment, and autism, 423–424 Social influence hypothesis, of sexual orientation, 219 Sodium-potassium pump, 24, 29 Soma (cell body), 24, 25 (figure), 26 (figure), 39 (figure) Somatic nervous system, 73 Somatosensory cortex, 65, 343–346, 352 (figure) Somatotopic map, 345 Sound localization, 278–281, 278 (figure), 279 (figure) Sowell, Elizabeth, 431 Spaced restudy, 389 Spatial frequency theory, of form vision, 322–323 Spatial memory, 380 Spatial resolution, 103 Spatial rotation task, 210 (figure) Spatial summation, 39, 40 (figure) Speciesism, 118 Specific nerve energies, doctrine of, 80 Spinal cord, 57 (figure), 67 (figure), 69–71, 71 (figure), 350 (figure), 355–356 Spinal nerves, 73 Split brains, 507–510 Splitters, 405 Sporadic autism, 429 Sports gender and, 216 head injuries and, 83 Squire, Larry, 378 SRY gene, 208 Staining and imaging neurons, 99–101 Stapes (stirrup), 266, 267 (figure) State-dependent learning, 509 Stem cells, 86, 86 (figure), 112 Stem cell therapy, 120–121 Stereotaxic techniques, 105–106, 106 (figure), 107 (figure) Sternberg, Robert, 405 Stimulants, 134–138 amphetamines, 136–137 caffeine, 138 cocaine, 135–136 nicotine, 137–138 Stirrup, 267 (figure), 268 (figure) Stomach, 169 (figure) Stress, 242–249 as an adaptive response, 242–243 definition, 242 negative effects of, 243–246 pain and, 248–249 social, personality, and genetic factors, 247–248 See also Emotion Stress-diathesis model, 466 Stretch reflex, 355 (figure) Striated muscles, 354 Striatum, 362, 380 Stroke, 82 Studies, experimental versus correlational, 97–98 Subfornical organ (SFO), 163, 164 (figure) Subgenual prefrontal cortex, 464 Substance P, 347 Substantia nigra, 68, 361 (figure), 362 Subthalamic nucleus, 361 (figure) Sudden cardiac death, 245 Suicide, and affective disorders, 466–467 Sulcus, 58, 58 (figure) Summation, spatial and temporal, 40 (figure) Superior, 61–62 Superior colliculi, 67 (figure), 68, 69 (figure) Supplementary motor area, 356, 357 (figure), 359 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 162 (figure), 223, 484 (figure) Sweet taste, and obesity, 182 Sylvester, Chad, 469 Sympathetic ganglion chain, 74 Sympathetic nervous system, 73, 75 (figure) Synapse, 36–41, 36 (figure), 42 (figure) Synaptic activity regulating, 41 terminating, 40–41 Synaptic cleft, 36, 36 (figure) Syndactyly, 80, 81 (figure) Synesthesia, 304, 332 Tardive dyskinesia, 446 Taste aversion, learned, 167–168 hunger and, 165–168 obesity and, 182 preference, learned, 168 Taub, Edward, 118 T cells, 242 Tectorial membrane, 267, 268 (figure), 269 (figure) Telephone theory, 271 Temperature regulation, 162–163 Temporal lobe, 60 (figure), 65, 375 (figure) Temporal resolution, 103 Temporal summation, 39, 40 (figure) Terminals, 25, 25 (figure), 26 (figure) Testes, 208 Testosterone, 200–201, 250 (figure) Thalamus, 66, 67 (figure), 69 (figure), 164 (figure), 361 (figure), 493 (figure) Theory, 97 research and, 96–99 science and, 96–97 See also Research Theory of mind, 423, 424, 425, 507 Theory theory, 424 Theta waves, 487 Thiamine (B1), 397 Third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH3), 223 Third ventricle, 68, 164 (figure) Thirst, 163–164 Three Faces of Eve, The, 508 Time differences, brain circuit for detecting, 279–280 Tirrell, Albert, 496 Tolerance, 130 Tononi, Giulio, 491 Tonotopic map, 272, 274 (figure) Tools, use of, 412 Topographically organized, 269 Total recall, 388 Tourette’s syndrome, 473, 474 (figure) Tower of Hanoi problem, 380, 380 (figure) Tracts, 56, 73 Transcranial direct current stimulation, 107 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 98, 107, 107 (figure), 460 Transient receptor potential (TRP), 341 Transsexual, 211–212 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 82 Trichromatic theory, of color vision, 311 Tricyclic antidepressants, 457 Tsai, Guochuan, 509 Tuberomamillary nucleus, 492, 493 (figure) Tuning curves, 273, 274 (figure) Twin studies, 16 (figure), 113, 443–444 Two-photon microscope, 102 Tympanic canal, 267, 268 (figure) Tympanic membrane, 266, 267 (figure), 268 (figure) Ultradian rhythms, 486 Unipolar depression, 455 Unipolar neuron, 26 (figure) Vaccines antidrug, 148 childhood, and autism, 428 Vagus nerve, 164 (figure) Ventral, 61 (figure) Ventral attention network, 469 Ventral horns, 71 Ventral prefrontal cortex, 464 Ventral root, 71 Ventral stream, 270, 325, 325 (figure) Ventral tegmental area, 68, 143 Ventricles, 68, 68 (figure), 448, 449 (figure) Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus, 492 Ventromedial hypothalamus, 162 (figure), 174, 202 Vesicles, 37 Vestibular canal, 268 (figure) Vestibular organs, 343 (figure) Vestibular sense, 342–343 Virtual reality, as treatment for anxiety disorders, 468 Visible spectrum, 304–305 Vision, 303–337 color vision, 311–316 form vision, 316–323 light, and the visual apparatus, 304–310 perception of objects, color, and movement, 323–333 restoring, 310 See also Visual perception, disorders of Visual acuity, 307 Visual analysis, pathways of, 324–326 Visual cortex, 60 (figure), 66, 317 (figure) Visual field, 308 Visual perception, disorders of, 326–331 color agnosia, 329 movement agnosia, 330 neglect and the role of attention in vision, 330–331 object and face agnosia, 326–329 See also Vision Visual word form area (VWFA), 328 Voineagu, Irene, 429 Volleying, 272, 272 (figure) Volley theory, 271 Voltage, 28 Vomeronasal organ (VNO), 205, 205 (figure) von Békésy, Georg, 272 von Helmholtz, Hermann, 6, (figure), 272, 311 Voodoo death, 245 vos Savant, Marilyn, 404 Vulnerability, 14–16 Vulnerability model, and schizophrenia, 445 Wada technique, 289 Wakefield, Andrew, 116, 428 Waking arousal and, 492–493 rhythms during, 486–488 Wall, Patrick, 349 Water maze, 377 (figure) Wavelength coded, 329 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 406 Wernicke, Carl, 282 Wernicke-Geschwind model, of language, 284–286, 284 (figure) Wernicke’s aphasia, 283 Wernicke’s area, 60 (figure), 65, 282 (figure), 283–284, 284 (figure) Wever, Ernest, 270–271 White matter, 47 (figure), 58, 70 See also Cerebral cortex Whitestone, Heather, 264, 264 (figure), 275, 277 Wiesel, Thorsten, 319 Williams, Brad, 388 Winter birth effect, 451 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 448, 450 Withdrawal, 130 Wolffian ducts, 208 Word salad, 284 Working memory, 381–382 Writing, impairment of, 286–288 Wundt, Wilhelm, 3, (figure) X-linked, y Cajal, Santiago Ramón, 99 Yehuda, Rachel, 245 Young-Helmholtz theory, 311 Zeitgebers, 484 Zimmerman, Luke, and Down chromosomes, 421 (figure) Zygote, ... Between Human Language and Birdsong CHAPTER 10 Vision and Visual Perception Light and the Visual Apparatus The Visible Spectrum The Eye and Its Receptors Pathways to the Brain Application: Restoring... Of Hermits and Hoarders 15 Sleep and Consciousness Sleep and Dreaming Circadian Rhythms Rhythms During Waking and Sleeping The Functions of REM and Non-REM Sleep Sleep and Memory Brain Structures... Genetic and Epigenetic Influences Prenatal Influences on Brain Structure and Function Social Implications of the Biological Model Emotion and Health Emotion and the Nervous System Autonomic and Muscular