ROUTLEDGE I Geographies of Development Now in its fourth edition, Geographies of Development: An Introduction to Development Studies remains a core, balanced and comprehensive introductory textbook for students of development studies, development geography and related fields This clear and concise text encourages critical engagement by integrating theory alongside practice and related key topics throughout It demonstrates informatively that ideas concerning development have been many and varied and highly contested - varying from time to time and from place to place Clearly written and accessible for students who have no prior knowledge of development, the book provides the basics in terms of a geographical approach to development: what the situation is, where, when and why Over 200 maps, charts, tables, textboxes and pictures break up the text and offer alternative ways of showing the information The text is further enhanced by a range of pedagogical features: chapter outlines, case studies, key thinkers, critical reflections, key points and summaries, discussion topics and further reading Geographies of Development continues to be an invaluable introductory text not only for geography students, but also anyone in area studies, international studies and development studies Robert Potter was Professor of Human Geography at the University of Reading, UK Tony Binns is Professor of Geography at the University of Otago, New Zealand Jennifer A Elliott is Visiting Researcher in Geography at the University of Brighton, UK Etienne Nel is a Professor of Geography at the University of Otago, New Zealand David W Smith was Professor of Economic Geography at the University of Liverpool, UK A n In tro d u c tio n to D e v e lo p m e n t S tu d ie s F o u rth E dition R o b e rt P o tte r, T o n y Binns, J e n n ife r A E lliott, E tienne Nel an d D avid W S m ith Routledge Ta ylo r & Francis C ro u p L O N D O N A N D N EW YORK Fourth edition published 2018 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X 14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint o f the Taylor o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Potter, Robert B., author Title: Geographies o f development: an introduction to development studies / Robert Potter, [and four others] Description: Fourth edition | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, N Y : Routledge, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017023637| ISBN 9781138794290 (hardback : alk paper) | ISBN 9781138794306 (p b k : alk paper) | ISBN 9781315759319 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Economic development | Economic geography | Human geography Classification: LCC HD82 G387 2018 | DDC 338.9—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/20l7023637 ISBN: 978-1-138-79429-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-79430-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-75931-9 (ebk) Typeset in Minion by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Printed and bound in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Ltd, Glasgow Visit the eResources: https://www.routledge.com/9781138794306 FSC* C007785 This book is dedicated to Rob Potter An inspirational colleague and a great friend (1950- 2014) ' X —^ ©DtrOaHJife L is t o f p la te s ix L is ts o f fig u re s xi L is t o f ta b le s xv P r e fa c e to th e fo u r th e d itio n xvii In tro d u c tio n xix P a rt I C o n c e p tu a lis in g d e v e lo p m e n t: c h a n g in g m e a n in g s o f d e v e lo p m e n t 1 Questioning development Understanding colonialism 51 Theories and strategies of development 87 Globalisation, development and underdevelopment 141 P a r t II D e v e lo p m e n t in p c tic e : c o m p o n e n ts o f d e v e lo p m e n t 5 People in the development process 197 Resources and the environment 251 Institutions of development 313 P a r t III S p a c e s o f d e v e lo p m e n t: p la c e s a n d d e v e lo p m e n t Movements and flows 369 Urban spaces 433 Rural spaces 501 C o n c lu s io n 551 B ib lio g p h y 557 In d e x 609 Index Leyshon, A 147, 149,151 liberal model 102-3 liberalisation 47,90,138,191,314, 404; Brazil 353; environmental impacts of 349,351; India 540; Kenya 417; land markets 535, 540-1; Latin America 529; Millennium Development Goals 34; neo-liberalism 104; structural adjustment programmes 341,342; World Bank 332; WTO 398,400; see also deregulation; privatisation Liberia: Ebola outbreak 227,389; famine 386; HIPC Initiative 423; refugees 382, 385 Libya: Arab Spring 390; gender differences in literacy 225; independence 77; internally displaced people 383; population density 201; UN intervention 322 life expectancy 35, 207,211,227, 553; HIV/AIDS 235-6, 238, 239; Human Development Index 14, 15-17,18; Kerala 221; ‘resource curse’ 282 Linsky, A.S 456 Lipton, Michael 471,507,528,532, 533,534 literacy 221, 242; gender differences 225; ICPQL view 247; ‘resource curse’ 282 Lithuania 213 livelihoods 91,132,198; climate change impact on 302; ecosystem services 264; environmental resources 254; forests 542-3; impact of conflict on 244-5; ‘livelihood portfolios’ 505, 509; rural areas 501-2,504, 505-6, 509-18, 548 living conditions 8,123,458 Livingstone, D 58-9 Livingstone, David 69 Lloyd-Evans, S 90 Lloyd, P 447 loans 23,43,330; conditionality 429; micro-finance 525,526-7; monetarism 105; World Bank 332 the ‘local’ 28,29 local context 361,535, 553 local cultures 8,28 localisation 173,179,188,191,192 localism 131 624 Lohmann, L 287-8 Lonsdale, J 71 low carbon development 276,280, 309,351 Lucas, C 188 Lugard, EJ.D 71, 72, 74 Lula Da Silva, I 353 Lundqvist, J 96 Luxembourg: overseas aid 424,425-6; transnational corporations 174; urban population 435 Lyons, K 544 Macao: colonialism 63,65; urban areas 435,455-6 Mackinder, Halford 59 Mackintosh, M 352 Madagascar: colonialism 75,531; deforestation 289; HIPC Initiative 423; legal system 82 Madeley, J 188 malaria 204,228-9,238,273, 323; migrants 389; Millennium Development Goals 31-2; ProductRed 314,315 Malawi: colonialism 71,72, 74; commodity exports 395; developmental state 353; electricity 522; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/ AIDS 234,235; informal sector 479; Millennium Development Goals 33; urban areas 472 Malaya: colonialism 71; modernisation 93,94; transport development 111 Malaysia: capital flows 420; colonial legacy 78; ethnicity 455; food exports 415; foreign investment 84,167; globalisation 184; housing 487; labour migration 455; land reform 530; manufacturing 165; maternal health 229; modernisation 93; new towns 472; Pergau Dam 425; pro-natalism 209; tourism 377; trade 402, 404; transnational corporations 175 Maldives 201,384 Malena, C 345 Mali: commodity exports 395; education 242; health 226; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/AIDS 233,235, 389; population 207,211,214; pre colonial trade 53; remittances 375 Mallett, R 244 malnutrition 19,222, 273,296, 518, 519; see also hunger Malta 201, 383 Malthus, Thomas Robert 198-9, 257-8,259 Mandela, Nelson 247 Mangin, William 487 mangroves 308 manufacturing 434-5,478-9; child labour 485; colonialism 73; economic divergence 181; footwear industry 172-3; globalisation 161-7; import substitution industrialisation 158; mercantile model of development 110; New International Division of Labour 84; Nigeria 474-5; Special Economic Zones 159; transnational corporations 173; world cities 179; see also production Mao Zedong 45,227 maquiladoras 159,160 marginalisation 146-7,187, 396,470 market environmentalism 265 market forces 146,258,260; agriculture 540; housing 491,492; neo-liberalism 6,22-3; rural areas 507; urban management 474 market triumphalism 353-4 marketisation 36,104 markets 314, 351, 354-5; access to 453; colonial 66-7,72-3; commodity 277-8; deregulation 398; ecosystem services 265,266, 357; global financial 143 Marks 8c Spencer 402,414 marriage 221,406-7 Marshall, D 117 Martinique 80 Marx, Karl 115,117, 119,147 Marxism 42,91,115,116,122; Cardoso 118; dependency theory 117; imperialism 52; post colonialism 61 Massa, I 316 material goods 27 maternal health 31-2,229 Matsumoto, D 225 Mauritania: HIPC Initiative 423; informal sector 479; population density 201; refugees 385; remittances 375 Index Maxwell, S 230,231 Mbeki, Thabo 240,396 McCarthy, J 27,28,29 McCarthy, L 479 McDonald’s 191 McEwan, C 57,58,60-1 McGee, Terry 29,47,48,120,181, 184,465-7 McGregor, A 226 Mcllwaine, C 457-8,472,485 McLachlan, S 414-15 McLuhan, Marshall 147 McMichael, P 535 MDGs see Millennium Development Goals MDRI see Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative MEA see Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Meadows, D.H 199,259 MEAs see multilateral environmental agreements Measure of Economic Welfare (MEW) 190 Medecins Sans Frontieres 244, 320, 360 media 143,149,182-3,410, 553 mega-cities 443,468 megalopolis concept 468 Mehmet, 21,98 Mehta, S.K 456 Meier, G.M 92 Meillassoux, C 123 Mellor, J.W 506 Menzel, M 99 mercantilism: colonialism 54,61,62, 64-5, 66,85; mercantile model of development 91,109-11, 114; urban primacy 456,457 Mercer, C 362 Merkel, Angela 201 Merriam, Allan 43 Merrick, T 203 ‘metropoles’ 119,121 MEW see Measure of Economic Welfare Mexico: agriculture 536; capital flows 420; carbon dioxide emissions 301; debt 419,420; decentralisation 472; economic divergence 181; foreign investment 41,84; globalisation 150; housing 487-8,489; manufacturing 162, 165,167; maquiladoras 159,160; mineral exports 282; MINT group 410; NAFTA 404; obesity 232; retirement migration 541; ruralurban migration 374; service industry 172; tourism 377-8; transnational corporations 173, 176; transport 391; urban areas 434, 478; wages 163 micro-finance 491,525,526-7 Micronesia 232 middle class: BRICS countries 410; environmentalism 284; global convergence 181-2; housing 122, 486,491; increase in middle-class consumers 260; Singapore 100 Middle East: Arab Spring 37; energy resources 276; Fairtrade 402; HIV/AIDS 234; migrant workers 374,454; mobile phones 155; obesity 232; OPEC 41; pastoralism 515; rural areas 520; slums 447; tourism 377; trade 168,403; urban areas 455; water resources 268; World Bank projects 331 Middleton, N 523, 527 MIGA see Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency migration 204, 373-6,430,485; ‘backwash’ effect 107; China 405-8; Cuba 473; diseases 389; environmental impact 385-6; forced 369,382-5; HIV/AIDS 239; land purchases by migrants 541; Nigeria 475; retirement 541; rural areas 504,505; rural to urban 374, 376-7,405,453-5, 461, 475; slums 449 military assistance 428-9 Mill, James 199 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 31-4, 35, 49, 317-18, 324,552; development targets 554; focus on poverty 30; inequality 553; maternal health 229; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 343, 344; rural areas 507; slums 447; undernourishment 518; UNDP 323; urban poverty 450; water access 271; World Summit on Sustainable Development 201 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) 252,261-5,267,284,306, 307,502 Miller, Daniel 182-3 Milner, Alfred 69 mimicry 58 mineral resources 281-3 Mingst, K.A 317, 321, 322,323,348 mining 67,71,181,281-3,357; state enterprises 352; World Bank projects 334,336,337 MINT group 410 missionaries 80 mitigation 299, 303, 546 Mitlin, D 450,451,452-3 Mitterand, Francois 190 mobile phones 152-7,390 modernisation 8-10,26,27,91, 93-8,101,138; basic needs 24; Eurocentricity 21; failure of 20, 23,27,36,39,84; globalisation 145; industrialisation 157; neo modernisation 141,146; New World Group 117; resource-based development 104; rural areas 5067; Third World 40; urban-based 106 modernism 9,101,133,134, 135 modernity 91,133,136,137,146 modes of production 91,115,116, 122-3,184 Mohan, G 131,341,343,354-5 monetarism 104-5,420 Mongolia 378,436 Monsanto 540 Montero, A.P 353 Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve (MCFR) 381 Moon, Ban ki 441 Moradi, A 82-3 morality 48,190, 224, 253 Morocco: agriculture 200; colonialism 69,75; HIV/AIDS 236, 238; independence 78; OAU 395; tourism 377,378,502; transport 390 Morrill, R.L 112 Mozambique: colonialism 75-6; developmental state 353; famine 386; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/ AIDS 235; liberation wars 78; natural disasters 497; refugees 382 MPI see Multidimensional Poverty Index Mugabe, Robert 534 625 Index Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 30 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI) 422 multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) 326-7,350 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 330 multinational corporations see transnational corporations Munslow, B 24, 25,543 Muradian, R 277,283 Murray, M 308 music 191 Muslims 80,211, 242,243; see also Islam Myrdal, Gunnar 92,107,109 NAFTA see North American Free Trade Agreement Naim, M 353 Namibia 15,201,235 Narlikar, A 348 Narmada River dam 339,345 Nath, Kamil 400-1 national progress 7,8 nationalism: cultural 61; developmentalism 10,11; India 57; post-war decolonisation 77 natural capital 513 natural disasters 36-7,45,46,497-8; China 205; emergency food aid 428; slums 447; urban areas 494,495; World Bank environment strategy 335; World Bank projects 331 natural growth poles 92,98 Nederveen Pieterse, J 27,28 Neeljes, K 512 Nehru, Jawaharlal 77 Nelson, P 334, 345,346 neo-classical economics 91-2, 138,179 neo-colonialism 9,78,83, 137; American 77; antidevelopmentalism 27; China 411; modernisation theory 96; South America 56; Third World 38 neo-conservatism 138 neo-liberalism 6,25,90-1, 103-4, 129,138; agriculture 508; Cardoso 118; dominance of 128; economic growth 179; Eurocentricity 21; Global Financial Crisis 314; 626 globalisation 141,142,144,192; housing 491; informal sector 484; market access 453; market environmentalism 265; middle class 181-2; neo-liberalisation of development 22-3,36; as new economic orthodoxy 104-6; poverty 30; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 344; privatisation of water 273; public-private partnerships 187; resource extraction 283; rise of 4; role of the state 353,354, 355; rural development 509; social capital 130; structural adjustment programmes 341, 343; transnational corporations 169; urban management 474,498; WTO 349 neo-Marxism 27,91,116,489; Baran 115; Eurocentricity 21; imperialism 52; informal sector 484 neo-modernisation 141,146 neo-populism 91,124,188 NEPAD see New Partnership for Africa’s Development Nepal: air pollution 304; deforestation 286; emergency food aid 428; forests 545; water access 272; women 524 Netherlands: climate change 298; colonialism 64,146; Fairtrade 401; food imports 417; Javanese transmigration programme 382; overseas aid 424,425-6; population 201, 212; post-war decolonisation 78; slave trade 61-2; transnational corporations 174; wages 163 ‘new ecological thinking’ 517,518 New International Division of Labour (NIDL) 41,83-4,165 New International Economic Order (NIEO) 84 New Left 115 New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) 396-7 New Right 42, 84,91,103-4,106, 138; see also neo-liberalism new social movements 28-9, 358-60; see also social movements New World Group 91,117 New Zealand: as a colony 78-9; food exports 419; Global North 6, 42; Grey Power 217; Human Development Index 15; overseas aid 425-6; Pacific Island migrants 383-4; Samoan migrants 375; tourism 378; trade 397; wages 163 newly industrialising countries (NICs) 41,44,122,474; ageing populations 214-17; debt crisis 420; foreign direct investment 168-9; housing 486; industrial production 165; pollution 494; trade 402; transnational corporations 174; urban areas 478 NGOs see non-governmental organisations Nicaragua 423,479 NICs see newly industrialising countries NIDL see New International Division of Labour NIEO see New International Economic Order Niger: demographic transition 208; education of girls 243; gender differences in literacy 225; HIPC Initiative 423; Human Development Index 15; urban population 435; urbanisation 376 Nigeria: Chinese investment in 411; colonialism 71,73, 74,81; deforestation 285; economic divergence 181; education 242; electricity 522; forced migration 382; foreign direct investment 421; HIV/AIDS 237; La Chard on 59; labour migration 373-4,376; mineral exports 282; MINT group 410; population 201, 203, 211, 212, 213; poverty 30; pre-colonial trade 53; ‘resource curse’ 282; slums 447; transport 390-1; urban and peri urban agriculture 462-5; urban areas 443,472,474-5 Nike 172,411-12,413 nitrogen cycle 261,262,289, 290, 535 Nixon, Richard 99 Nkrumah, Kwame 77 non-alignment 38, 39,41,44,46 non-governmental organisations Index (NGOs) 24-5,91,129,135, 314,358-63; aid 426; budgets 320; community forestry 545; conservation 357; development strategies 88-9; Global Compact 326; Global Environment Facility 336; grassroots development 127; health care 227; HIV/AIDS 240-1; housing 491; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 343; rural areas 507; slum upgrading 450; United Nations 319,325; urban development 499; World Bank 334,344-6; world cities 179; see also civil society normal science’ 89,90 norms 130,143 North Africa: Arab Spring 37, 352, 390; education of girls 243; forests 285; mobile phones 155; obesity 232; OPEC 41; rural areas 520; slums 446,448; trade 403; urban areas 455; World Bank projects 331 North America: air pollution 305, 306; air travel 150,151,152; colonialism 55-6,61,62,63,64, 65; foreign direct investment 168-9; forests 285; Global North 6; global production networks 163; HIV/AIDS 233,234; internet use 154,156; service industry 169; trade 168,404; ‘tripolarity’ of development 137; urban areas 433,434,439-41; world cities 468; see also Canada; Mexico; United States North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 44,48,404 Norway: carbon dioxide emissions 257; GDP 176; overseas aid 424, 425-7, 428; urban population 435; wages 163 nutrition 14,231,243,518; agricultural technology 538; basic needs 198; colonial legacy 79; migrants 389 Nyerere, Julius 43,80,96 OAU see Organisation of African Unity Obama, Barack 201 Obasanjo, Olusegun 396 obesity 231-3 O’Brien, Richard 47 Occupy Movement 36, 37,142, 145, 187,188 Oceania: forests 285; HIV/AIDS 234; slums 448; urbanisation 439,440; see also Pacific region oceans: climate change 294,295; Planetary Boundaries 262; Sustainable Development Goals 34; see also sea level rises Ochieng, J 219 O’Connor, A 209 ODA see Official Development Assistance OECD see Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Official Development Assistance (ODA) 304,319-20,322, 355, 421-2,425-6,554; see also aid ‘offshore’ farming 541 oil 259,276,282,283,475; see also fossil fuels oil palm production 288-9,503, 541, 542 oil prices 41,83,84,181,276,280,353 O’Neill, Jim 410 OPEC see Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Organisation of African Unity (OAU) 395 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): agricultural subsidies 535; energy 274-6; Human Development Index 15,17; inequalities 46; Kyoto Protocol 297; overseas aid 421,424; rural areas 520; UN funding 319 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 41, 83,259 orientalism 28,57-8 O’Riordan, T 299 overcrowding 492,494,497 Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) 32; see also aid Oxfam 320, 345, 360, 362, 371; Africa 394; commodity prices 395; debt crisis 420-1; ‘development fatigue’ 37; Ethiopian refugee crisis 386; Fairtrade 401; IMF policies 105; micro-finance 526; structural adjustment programmes 103; sustainable livelihoods framework 512,515; Tobin Tax 189; trade 398-400 ozone 262,305-6,336 Pacific region: air pollution 305,306; air travel 150,151; climate change 497; colonialism 62; economic and population indicators 18; environmental migrants 383-4; Human Development Index 17; mangroves 308; mobile phones 155; poverty 31; remittances 375; rural areas 520; tourism 377,379; trade 398,402-4; urban areas 441,454,468,498; World Bank projects 331; see also Oceania Page, J 375,376 Pakistan: education 242; emergency food aid 428; gender differences in literacy 225; Human Development Index 15; Indus Water Treaty 268; military assistance 428,429; population 212,213; refugees 382; terrorism 322; transport 391; urban disasters 494 Palestine 270 Papua New Guinea 84,282,382 paradigms 89,90 Paraguay 529 Paris Agreement (2015) 298,303 Paris Club 332 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005) 427 Parnwell, M 484,512 participation 27,91,129,130; antidevelopmentalism 28; community 24, 25,545; political 362,532 participatory planning 470 participatory research 127 participatory rural appraisal (PRA) 130 pastoralism 515-18 patents 398,399-400 paternalism 25,98 Payments for Environmental Services (PES) 265-6,357 peace 34,316,321-2, 555 peacebuilding 245 ‘peak oil’ 259,276 Pearson, R 342, 523 627 Index Pedersen, P.0.98 Peet, R 353 Penang 66 Pergau Dam 425 peri-urban areas 460,461-5, 466,496 periphery regions 5,42-3, 107-9, 114,122,180 Perloff, H.S 92 Perroux, F 92 Peru: agriculture 200; decentralisation 472; electricity 522; GDP 176; Human Development Index 15; mineral exports 282; protests 37; resource extraction 283; tourism 381; women’s participation in decision making 547 PES see Payments for Environmental Services pharmaceutical industry 240,241 philanthropy 355-6 Philippines: agriculture 536; colonial legacy 78; export-processing zones 159; forests 285-6; labour migration 455; land reform 530, 532,533; pollution 494; population 212; rural-urban migration 453; trade 404; urban primacy 456; wages 163 Phillips, D.R 79,406 phosphorus cycle 262,289,290,535 physical capital 513 Pinches, M 491 Planetary Boundaries 260-1,262, 307,310 planned growth poles 98,474 planning 6,11,499; collaborative 91,130,135; colonies 76; communicative 130-1; NGOs 25; participatory 130; Tanzania 96; urban 470-7 plantation system 61-3, 72,85, 111-14,117 plantopolis 91,111-14 Plaza, S 376 Pogge, T 35 Poland 163,402 polarisation 92-3,107,109,138,187 policy 6,357; agriculture 535; charitable foundations 355-6; energy 280; land reform 528; pastoralism 516-17; population 209-11; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 343-4; rural development 509; slums 447; structural adjustment programmes 354; sustainable livelihoods framework 513,514; urban areas 450,472-4,498; World Bank 332, 339; WTO influence 346; see also regulation political freedoms 20 political globalisation 143,185-8 political participation 362,532 politics: good governance’ 355; overseas aid 424-7; pre-colonial Africa 53; Tobin Tax 190 pollution 7,276,284,497; agriculture 461,462,465; climate change 295,296; food miles 419; Global Environment Facility 336; nitrogen and phosphorous 290; peri-urban areas 496; Planetary Boundaries 262; rural areas 519; telecommuting 389; urban areas 304-6,492,494; World Bank 336, 337 Polynesia 54 Ponte, S 314, 315 Poor Nations 4,38 popular movements 37,91 population 198-217; ageing 206, 214-17,454; colonial legacy 79; demographic transition 207-9; density 201; Nigeria 462; policies 209-11; population growth 18, 19, 198-200, 203-4, 205, 207-9, 266; resources and 198-201; rural 437, 520; statistics 201-3,207; structure 211-14,215-16; urban 435-7, 439-40,441,458 populism 22 Porter, D 314 Porter, D.J 67 ports 109,110, 111, 112, 159 Portugal: austerity 341; colonialism 68,75-6,146; overseas aid 425-6; population 209,213; post-war decolonisation 78; wages 163 post-colonialism 56-61,85 post-development 4,8, 25, 27,131 post-neo-liberalism 4,36 postmodern development 22,29, 47, 133-7 postmodernity 30,91,133-7,138, 142,191,461 Potter, R.B 29,47-8,90,111, 184, 314,413, 509,511, 555 Potts, D 377 poverty 45,124,190,551, 553; Africa 394,397; agriculture 535; aid 429,430; anti-developmentalism 28; basic needs 125; Chambers 512; child labour 222; climate change 260,302; comparative development 14; ecosystem services 265; energy 276; environmental problems 497; focus on 30-1; globalisation 146; health linked to 228; HIV/AIDS 234,239; housing 487,490,491; Human Poverty Index 14-15; ICPQL view 247; informal sector 484; Kenya 418; Latin America 420; migration impact 375; Millennium Development Goals 31-2, 34, 35, 317, 552; NEPAD 397; New International Economic Order 84; persistence of 117, 316,518-19; population growth 209; pro-poor tourism 380-1; reduction 22,33,43; relative 7-8, 46; resource constraints 284; rural areas 454, 501-2,507,518-19, 520,529; Seers on 198; slums 449; structural 553; sustainable development 254, 310; Sustainable Development Goals 34,254; sustainable livelihoods framework 514; Third World 39; trade 398; UN role 322-4; urban 450-3, 477,485,488,499; ‘vicious circle of’ 107; water access 273; World Bank poverty line 375; World Development Report 334-5 poverty reduction strategies (PSRs) 103 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) 30, 336, 343-4,346,422, 423,474 Power, M power relations 21-2,317; antidevelopmentalism 28; control over aid 427; gender 525; land reform 532 PPT see pro-poor tourism PRA see participatory rural appraisal Prebisch, Raul 117 Index Preston, P.W 28,54,64,101,104, 106,115,124 Primark414 private sector: access to resources 357; forestry 544; Global Environment Facility 336; housing 486; neo-liberalism 355; NEPAD 396; NGOs 363; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 343; rural areas 507; urban sustainability 498; urban water supply 493; World Bank 331, 335; see also transnational corporations privatisation 23,357; Brazil 353; housing 491; Millennium Development Goals 34; neo liberalism 105,474; NGOs 25,499; structural adjustment programmes 341; water 273, 346,493; see also deregulation; liberalisation pro-poor tourism (PPT) 380-1 procurement 331 production: carbon transfers 255; colonialism 66-7, 70-1, 73; comparative advantage 92; core-periphery model 108-9; de-coupling 254; divergence 181, 185,186,192,461; environmental impacts 309,349; footwear industry 172-3; global production networks 142,143,152,162-7, 169,176-8,192,478; ICPQL view 247; mercantile model of development 110; modes of 91,115,116,122-3,184; New International Division of Labour 83; surplus 111-13,115-16; sustainable development 254; Sustainable Development Goals 34; transnational corporations 176,191, 394; see also manufacturing ProductRed 314,315 profit 69 progress 7,8,9-10,24, 78 property 132 protectionism 347,348,349, 395 protests 37, 103,142,145,187-8, 191; see also resistance Prothero, R.M 237,373-4,389 PRSPs see Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers ‘pseudo-urbanisation 465 PSRs see poverty reduction strategies public-private partnerships 187, 314,319 Puerto Rico 212 Purcell, M 131 Putnam, Robert 130 Pye-Smith, C 361 Qatar 435 quality of life 217-18, 247,248,551, 555; development aid 429; ICPQL view 247; population statistics 207; remittances 430 race 21,246-7,525; see also ethnicity racism 70 radical-political economydependency approaches 90-1, 114-23 railways 390-1; capital investment 74; colonial legacy 81; Taaffe, Morrill and Gould model of development 112; Tanzania 95 Rakodi, C 226 Rana Plaza disaster 414 Randel, J 426 range management 517-18 Ransom, D 349,400 rationalism Rawlings, Jerry 242 RDL see regional division of labour Reagan, Ronald 103,104,137 Reality of Aid 430 recycling 495,498 Redclift, M 253,254 REDD+ 260, 266,357,546-7 redistribution 27,125,129,189-90,533 Reed, D 341 Rees, J 259 refugees 321,369,382-4,385-8, 389,428 regional closure 188 Regional Development Banks 328 regional division of labour (RDL) 84 regional planning 471-2 regulation: food 418; good governance* 355; transnational corporations 394; World Bank projects 331; WTO rules 399; see also policy Reiterer, M 346 religion 80, 136,203,225-7 remittances 374-6,408,430, 504, 505-6,541 renewable energy 278,280,303; solar 350-1,522 Republic of Congo 423 resilience 36-7; climate change 299, 302,515; livelihood diversification 506; social boundaries 263; World Bank environment strategy 335 resistance 36,191,283,345; see also protests resources 248, 251-2, 254-60, 284, 310, 551; Brandt Report 393; community-based natural resource management 357; ‘development from below* 126, 127; development project failures 553; energy 274-80; ICPQL view 247; limits 257-60; mineral 281-3; Payments for Environmental Services 266; Planetary Boundaries 261; population and 198-201; ‘resource curse’ 282-3; resource depletion 19, 26,127; rights to 547, 548; rural livelihoods 505; scarcity 259-60, 310; sustainable development 254; sustainable livelihoods framework 513; sustainable resource management 309; urban areas 440-1; water 267-74; WTO rules 399; see also environmental issues retirement migration 541 revolutionary movements 116 Rhodes, Cecil 69,70 Ricardo, David 91,92,199 Richardson, H.W 472,473 Richey, L.A 314,315 Riddell, J.B 376 Rigg, J 9, 28, 504, 506-7 Righter, R 323,332 rights 245-6; customary 546; land 527-31, 541-2, 546; resources 547, 548; sustainable urbanisation 477; urban poverty 453; women 222; see also human rights Riley, S 377 Rimmer, P.J 468 Rio Conference (1992) 26,127, 200-1, 270, 296, 306-7, 325,421 roads 390,391-2; capital investment 629 Index 74; Chinese investment in Africa 411; colonial legacy 81; Taaffe, Morrill and Gould model of development 112; Tanzania 95; urban areas 471 Robinson, G 537, 540 Robinson, J 179,468 Robson, E 223 Rockstrom, Johan 260-1,307 Rodney, Walter 10,76,78-9,80, 81,409 Roe, D 380 Rogers, W.A 517 Rojas, E 111 Romania: GDP 176; Human Development Index 15; Index of Social Progress 14; population 213; pro-natalism 209 rooibos tea production 372-3 Roosevelt, Eleanor 245 Rostow, Walt Whitman 83, 98-101,158 Royal Geographical Society 59, 69, 71 Ruggie, J.G 326 rule of law 355,452 rural areas 437,501-49; agricultural intensification 536-40; China 206,407,442; climate change 295; colonial education 81; colonial health care 79; counter-urbanisation 377,458; Cuba 473; ‘development from below’ 124,127; extended metropolitan regions 466-7; forests 542-7; gender 519-27; globalisation of agriculture 534-6; health care 227,228; HIV/AIDS 234-5; households 218; India 472; land markets and international land deals 540-2; land ownership and rights 527-31; land reform 528,530, 531-4; limited opportunities 447; modernisation 506-7; participatory rural appraisal 130; poverty and hunger 518-19; rural-urban migration 374,376-7,405,453-5, 461,475; Tanzania 96; transport 392; trickle-down effects 98; understanding livelihoods 509-18; urban-rural interrelations 458-68; water access 271; West Indies 111; World Bank projects 331 Russia: carbon dioxide emissions 630 301; Cold War 11; economic growth 409-10; energy 279; financial problems 420; IMF 332; Kyoto Protocol 297; mineral exports 282; new role of 36; population 209, 213; service industry 172; state capitalist strategies 103; structural adjustment 341; transnational corporations 554; UN Security Council 321; US opposition to 10; see also BRICS countries; Soviet Union, former Rwanda: colonialism 75; genocide 321-2; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/ AIDS 239; Human Development Index 15; Millennium Development Goals 33; population 201,212; refugees 382, 386; urbanisation 376; women in agriculture 219 Sachs, W 37,43,44 Safier, M 95 Said, Edward 28,52, 57-8,61 Samoa 233, 375 Sandford, S 515 sanitation 227,497; access to 226, 271,357,518,521; basic needs 198; health problems 228; Sustainable Development Goals 34; sustainable livelihoods framework 513; urban areas 458,494 Sao Tome 8c Principe 423 SAPs see structural adjustment programmes Sardar, Z 137 Sassen, S 178 Satterthwaite, D 37,443,450,452-3 Satyavathi, C.T 220 Saudi Arabia 209,282 Save the Children 320, 360, 362 Schaaf, R 341, 344, 348 Schech, S 142,145 Schneider, F 413,535 Schultz, R 14 Schultz, T.W 92 Schumpeter, J.A 97-8 Schuurman, F.J science 9,67 scientific revolutions 89-90 Scoones, I 511, 515, 517-18, 548 SDGs see Sustainable Development Goals sea level rises 294,295,296,299, 302, 383, 552 seasonal migration 373 seasonality 229-30, 508,511, 513,514 Second World War 77 secularism security 321-2 Seers, Dudley 7,14,19,198, 551 self-determination 477 self-help 453,464; Caracas 495; housing 487,489,491; informal sector 485 self-reliance 91,124, 125,126, 129,198 self-sufficiency 125,157,158,537 semi-periphery regions 5,42-3, 122,180 Sen, Amartya 7,19,20-1,26,230-1, 241,323,518 Senegal: colonialism 75; HIPC Initiative 423; Human Development Index 15; legal system 82; mineral exports 282; refugees 385-6; remittances 375; Senghor 80 Senghor, Leopold 80 Sengupta, J 106 Sengupta, M 35 September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks 47,142,188,322,377 service industry 169,171,172,174, 176, 435 services: access to 497; rural areas 519; slum upgrading 450; urban areas 441,453,492-4,499; WTO 346, 347, 399 settlements: Brazil 111,113; diffusion 96-8; mercantile model of development 109-11; plantopolis model 111, 114; Sustainable Development Goals 34; Tanzania 95,96; see also housing sewerage 492,494,497,498 SEZs see Special Economic Zones Sharp, R 316 Sharpley, R 380 Shaw, J 428 Shaw, T 266 Shibusawa, M 398 Index shipping 152, 305 Shiva, Vandana 540 Short, Clare 145,400 Shrivastava, X 494 Siddle, D 531 Sierra Leone: children 224; colonial education 81; DDR process 245; Ebola outbreak 227,389; education 242; health 226, 227; HIPC Initiative 423,424; HIV/AIDS 233, 235; Human Development Index 15; impact of civil war 244,384-5; life expectancy 553; population 207,211,214; refugees 382,384, 386; roads 392; urban poor 377; womens productive activities 220 Silvey, R 353 Simon, D 190 Simon, Julian 257-8 Singapore: classification of 45; economic growth 22; family planning 211; foreign investment 84, 167; housing 486; Human Development Index 15; industrial development 98,99-100; labour migration 455; legal system 82; manufacturing 165; obesity 233; population 201,212,214-17; pronatalism 209; trade 66,402-3; urban areas 435,455-6,478; wages 163 Slater, D 114, 244 slavery 45,59,61-3,64, 85, 382; Caribbean 117; Portuguese colonialism 76; pre-colonial Africa 53 Slovakia 163 Slovenia 213 slums 433, 446-50,451-2,487,489, 491,499 Smallman-Raynor, M.R 389 Smith, Adam 91,92,103 Smith, D 48 Smith, D.W 555 social boundaries 261,263 social capital 91,129-30,135,219, 358; entitlement approach 231; informal sector 485; sustainable livelihoods framework 513; urban areas 450 social justice 252,301,477 social media 149,152-3, 154,552 social metabolism 276,277-8 social movements 37,358-60,361, 453,499; agriculture 536; antidevelopmentalism 28-9, 131; globalisation 142; rural 536 social networks 231,452 social safety nets 331 ‘social surplus product’ 107, 109, 111-13,116-17, 119, 457 socialism 41,42,138; African 96; Cold War 11; ‘development from below’ 125; Marxism 115; urban development 472 soil erosion 289-92,295 solar energy 350-1, 522 Soliman, A.M 490 Somalia: HIPC Initiative 423; independence 77; refugees 383, 386,389; urban areas 478 South Africa: apartheid 246-7,376; colonialism 69, 70; Dutch East India Company 64; electricity 522; food exports 416,417; foreign direct investment 421; GDP 176; HIV/AIDS 235, 236,239-41; housing 488,489,490; inclusion in BRICS 410; independence 77; industrialisation 158; informal sector 483-4; land reform 533; migrant workers 374; mineral exports 282; mining 67,281; mobile phones 390; modes of production 122; new role of 36; obesity 231-2; popular movements 37; retirement migration 541; Rhodes 70; rooibos tea production 372-3; ruralurban migration 376; slavery 76; tourism 377,378; transnational corporations 173,554; transport 81,390; urban areas 106,470; welfare transfers 452; women 220, 523; see also BRICS countries South America: agriculture 537; air pollution 306; air travel 150,151; colonialism 55-6; deforestation 287-8; food exports 415; forests 285; internet use 154; manufacturing 165; settlement patterns 111; trade 168; transnational corporations 173, 178; ‘tripolarity’ of development 137; urban areas 443,468; urbanisation 434; water resources 274; see also Latin America South Asia: agriculture 506; child labour 485; colonialism 62; economic and population indicators 18; education 242; farm sizes 528; HIV/AIDS 233, 234; Human Development Index 15,17; internet use 154; manufacturing 167; migrants and disease 389; Millennium Development Goals 32, 33; mobile phones 155; obesity 231; poverty 31, 33; rural areas 518,520; slums 446-7; Subaltern Studies Group 57; tourism 377; trade 403; water resources 271; World Bank projects 331 South Korea: debt 420; desakota areas 467; developmental state 353; economic divergence 181; economic growth 22, 146; family planning 211; foreign investment 84, 167; global production networks 478; Human Development Index 15; import substitution industrialisation 158; investment 41; land reform 530, 532, 533; manufacturing 165, 167; new towns 472; Nike’s production in 412; overseas aid 425-6; population 201, 208, 212, 214-17; puppet regime in 39; service industry 172; trade 402-3; transnational corporations 175; urban areas 458, 460, 478; wages 163 South-South development South Sudan 376 Southeast Asia: air pollution 305, 306; colonialism 72, 78; debt 420; demographic transition 208; forced migration 382; forests 285; gardens 543; global production networks 163; globalisation 150; industrial production 41; internet use 154; labour migration 455; liberalisation 104; manufacturing 162, 167; migrants and disease 389; newly industrialising countries 122; poverty 33; slums 448; state role 36; trade 403; urban areas 434, 631 Index 468,478; water resources 271, 274; world cities 468 Soviet Union, former: break-up of the 43,44; central planning 41; industrialisation 158; influence in the Third World 101; land reform 533; military assistance 428,429; neo-colonialism 83; post-war decolonisation 77; state-oriented strategy 103; see also Russia space-time compression 147-9,191 Spain: colonialism 146; manufacturing 167; overseas aid 424,425-6; service industry 172; transnational corporations 174; UN funding 319; wages 163 spatial concentration 109,113 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 159-61,163,169,405-6, 541 species extinction 306 species variability 307 speculation 189-90 Spencer-Oatey, H 225 Spivak, Gayatri 57,61 ‘spread’ effects 107,192 squatter settlements 37, 184,447, 487,490,491; environmental problems 492; peri-urban areas 461,496 Sri Lanka: conflict 244-5; culture 226-7; Human Development Index 15; informal sector 481; population 212 SSG see Subaltern Studies Group St Lucia 379,482 stages of growth 91,98-101 Stalin, Joseph 103 standards of living 254,394 state 29,314,352; antidevelopmentalism 28; colonial 71; control over aid 427; development strategies 88-9,103,104; housing 486,491; intervention 103,105-6, 109,157; NGOs 25,363; role of the 23, 36,187,313, 351-6, 364; rolling back of the 103,129, 344, 357, 474, 491; sustainable development 356-7; urban development 472-4 Stevens, L 450,452 Stocking, M 290 Stohr, Walter B 22,24,126,127 Stokke, K 131 632 strategies 6,88-9,90,101-4,198 structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) 23, 43,45, 102-3, 209,339, 341-3; agriculture 508; city systems 461; coffee production 370; debt crisis 420; environmental problems 357; exports 395; good governance’ 355; monetarism 105; neo colonialism 83; neo-liberalism 90; New International Economic Order 84; NGOs 25; Pacific region 402; reforms of the state 354; rolling back of the state 129; slums 447; urban management 474,478; urbanisation 376-7 structuralism 117,118,120 Subaltern Studies Group (SSG) 57 subsidies 188, 370, 398,399,400, 535, 540 Sudan: Chinese investment in 411; Chinese support for 411; colonialism 74; famine 386; HIPC Initiative 423; ‘resource curse’ 282; water resources 268 sulphur dioxide 305 Sun International 414-15 supply chains 176-8,417 surplus product 107,109,111-13, 115-17,119,121,457 sustainability, concept of 253 sustainable development 19, 25-6,91,127-9, 252-4, 310, 364; constraints on 310; definition of 128,252-3; Earth Summit 200-1; equity challenges 264; ICPQL view 247; limits to development 259; Millennium Development Goals 317-18; NEPAD 396; NGOs 3601; poverty reduction 43; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 344; private investment 355; resource constraints 284; role of the state 356-7; rural areas 507,509; UN role 324-8; urban areas 452,476-7, 498-9; World Bank 334-6; WTO 349; see also environmental issues Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4, 34, 49, 247,317, 552; development targets 554; education 243,248; essential elements 254; gender equality 222; Global Compact 326; global focus 8,551; health care 248; HIV/AIDS 234; inequality 553; maternal health 229 sustainable livelihoods framework (SLF) 91,132,226,452, 512-14 Swaziland 74,235,236 Sweden: education 242; health 226; HIV/AIDS 235; Human Development Index 15; overseas aid 424,425-6,428; population 207,211,214; wages 163 Sweetman, C 523 Swindell, K 531 Switzerland: Fairtrade 401; Human Development Index 15; overseas aid 425-6; transnational corporations 174-6; urban population 435; wages 163 Syngenta 540 Syria 268-70,383 Taaffe,E.J Il l , 112 Taiwan: desakota areas 467; economic divergence 181; economic growth 22; export processing zones 159; foreign investment 41,84,167; import substitution industrialisation 158; land reform 530,532; manufacturing 165; Nike’s production in 412; trade 402-4; transnational corporations 175; wages 163 Tajikistan 375 Tanner, T 293-4, 301-2 Tanzania: agriculture 200; bottom-up development 125; health care 7980; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/AIDS 235; Human Development Index 15; land reform 532; modernisation 95-6; urban areas 376,472; wages 376,377; women’s participation in decision making 547 tariffs 173, 347, 354, 397, 398 Tata, R 14 tax 189-90, 429, 554 tax incentives 159,412-13 Taylor, D.R.F 22, 24 Taylor, P 54 tea production 372-3 technology: agriculture 535-6, 537,538; biotechnology 258; Climate Investment Index Funds 303; colonialism 68-9; communications 389,390; ‘development from below’ 126, 127; globalisation 142,143,152-7, 554; Green Revolution 220; New International Economic Order 84; rural-urban interaction 460; Singapore 99; sustainable practices 498; time-space compression 147 telecommuting 389 television 182-3,185 tenure 450,487,489-90,491,530,546 territoriality 124 terrorism 47,188,276, 322,355, 363; see also September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks Tewdwr-Jones, M 130 Thailand: capital flows 420; child labour 485; colonialism 64; desakota areas 467; food exports 415; foreign investment 84,167; labour migration 455; pollution 494; population growth 208; refugee camps 321; tourism 377, 378; trade 404; urban population 435; US advisers to Thatcher, Margaret 103,104,137 theories 6,87-139; alternative and bottom-up approaches 90-1,124-32; classical-traditional approaches 90,91-106; contested nature of development thinking 89-90; definition of 88; grand theories 21; historical-empirical approaches 90-1,106-14; postmodern 133-7; radicalpolitical economy-dependency approaches 90-1,114-23 Third World 4, 8,38-42,44-5, 49; anti-developmentalism 28; conservation 544; decolonisation 157; New Right critiques 104; poverty 46; Soviet influence 101; structural adjustment programmes 43; urban bias 508; Western economics 21; see also Global South Thomas, A 352, 361 Thomas, Clive 117 Thomas, D.S.G 516-17 Thompson, M 286 Three Gorges Dam 496 Thulstrup, A.W 515 Tibet 245-6 timber exports 342-3 time-space compression 147-9,191 ‘tipping points’ 260,264, 295 Tisdall, S 410 TNCs see transnational corporations Tobin, James 189-90 Tobin Tax 189-90,429,554 Todd, H 526 Toffler, Alvin 47 Togo 237,423 Tomalin, E 226 Tonga 232, 233, 375 top-down approaches 23,91,98,101, 124, 533 tourism 136,184,191,369, 377-82, 430; all-inclusive tourist packages 378-9; Barbados 135; Caribbean 111, 137; corporate social responsibility 414; ecotourism 265, 357,379-81,541; Grenada 126; ‘land grabs’ 541; Morocco 502; sustainable development 128-9; water use 267 Tovey, K 276 towns 454,466, 472, 473 Toye, John 42,45 Toyota 174,175,176-8 trade 187-8,369,397-404,430; ‘backwash’ effect 107; Brandt Report 393-4; Chinese investment in Africa 411,554; colonialism 61, 63-5,66,74,85; Commission for Africa 397; dependency theory 119; embedded resources 255-7; ethical 401-2; food 415-19; freetrade zones 159; globalisation 167-9; growth in 346; inequalities 392; liberalisation 90,191,342, 349, 351,353, 398,400,404; mercantile model of development 109,110; neo-classical view 91-2; NEPAD 396; New International Economic Order 84; plantopolis model 111,114; pre-colonial Africa 53-4; Singapore 99; sustainable development 254; Taaffe, Morrill and Gould model of development 112; terms of 277; transnational corporations 173; urban primacy 456-7; see also Fairtrade; World Trade Organization transactions 132,143,168 transnational corporations (TNCs) 83,169-78,192, 369,404-19,430, 554; biotechnology 540; Brandt Report 394; corporate social responsibility 413-15; dependency theory 119; dominance of 191; economic divergence 181; food trade 415-19; Global Compact 326; globalisation 143; ‘land grabs’ 280; New International Division of Labour 84; NGO linkages 361, 362; tax avoidance 190; tourism 137; turnovers 187; world cities 179; WTO 187-8,349-50,398; see also private sector transport 369, 390-2; air pollution 7, 305; brown agenda 498; capital investment 74; colonial legacy 81; ‘development from below’ 127; evolution 91; freight 418; globalisation 143,162; low carbon development 276; rural-urban interaction 460; sustainable livelihoods framework 513; Taaffe, Morrill and Gould model of development 111, 112; timespace compression 147-9,150, 151-2; urban areas 450; vegetable production in Nigeria 465; water use 267; World Bank 334,335 trickle-down effects 91,92-3,98, 109,144-5, 198 Trinidad and Tobago: Human Development Index 15; population 212; television 182-3; urban population 435 ‘tripolarity’ of development 137 Trivedi, H 57 Truman, Harry S 8-9,10, 38,43,92 trusteeship Tunisia: Arab Spring 390; colonialism 69,75; education of girls 243; emergency food aid 428; independence 78; rural livelihoods 510; terrorism 322; tourism 377 Turkey: manufacturing 167; MINT group 410; structural adjustment 341; water resources 268-70 Turner, John 487 Turner, S 484 Turner, Ted 320 Tutu, Desmond 240 Tuvalu 383 633 Index Uganda: aid 430; coffee exports 371; commodity exports 394-5; conflict 244; demographic transition 208; developmental state 353; expulsion of Asians from 80; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/AIDS 235,236,389; informal sector 479; Millennium Development Goals 33; tourism 378; urban-rural migration 377; urbanisation 376 Ukraine: GDP 176; HIV/AIDS 235; population 213; tourism 378 U1 Haq, Mahbub 323 UN-Habitat 446,450,476,491,492 UNAIDS see United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS uncertainty 261 UNCRC see United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child underdevelopment 6,40; Africa 396; anti-developmentalism 28; articulation theory 122; Caribbean 117; colonial exploitation 10; dependency theory 116,119, 122,185; industrialisation 157; modernisation theory 93,97; role of the state 353 underemployment 484 UNDP see United Nations Development Programme unemployment 6,17-18, 551; comparative development 14; Ghana 376; Latin America 420; neo-liberal doctrine 103; rural areas 454; Sierra Leone 245; structural adjustment programmes 342 UNEP see United Nations Environment Programme unequal growth 93 UNESCO see United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization uneven development 47,113,198; globalisation 141,142-3,145,161, 185,191,192; intensification of 181; transnational corporations 176; world cities 179; see abo inequality UNFCCC see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 634 UNICEF see United Nations Children’s Fund Unilever 362,409 Union Carbide 414,494 unions 100 United Arab Emirates 15 United Kingdom (UK): air travel 151; benefits of globalisation 47; colonialism 59,66,68, 70, 74, 76,80,82,146,530; dependency theory 119; digital divide 154; education 242; energy intensity 276,277; Fairtrade 401,402; food imports 417,418; foreign direct investment 168; globalisation 145,146; GM crops 540; good governance 430; health 210,226; HIPC Initiative 422; HIV/AIDS 235; Human Development Index 15; Infundio Programme 157; Iraq invasion 322; manufacturing 163,167; military assistance 429; neo-liberalism 23,104; obesity 232; overseas aid 22,421-2, 424-6,427; population 201, 207, 209,212,213-14,216; post war decolonisation 77; service industry 172; slave trade 61, 62-3; tourism 378; trade 397-8; transnational corporations 174-6; UN funding 319; UN Security Council 321; urban areas 435,458, 460; wages 163; World Bank 424 United Nations (UN) 316, 317-28, 364; ageing populations 217; aid targets 421,422; another’ development 124; core characteristics and functions 318-21; democracy and participation 24; development reports 13,15, 26; family planning 210; gender mainstreaming 523-4; General Assembly 318, 320-1,421; globalisation 144; growth theory 11; Human Development Index 46, 190; New International Economic Order 84; peace and security 321-2; post-war decolonisation 77; poverty 30, 35, 46, 322-4; REDD+ 266; Security Council 318, 321,424; sustainable development 26,324-8; Third World 40; Universal Declaration of Human Rights 245, 325, 326; urban primacy 458; water scarcity 274; World Water Assessment Programme 270; see also Millennium Development Goals; Sustainable Development Goals United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) 224,225,323,429 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio,1992) 26,127,200-1,270, 296, 306-7, 325,421 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio, 2012)254, 261 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972)325 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) 224, 225 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 190,217-18, 322-3; climate change 260; ‘high human development’ group 228; Human Development Report 26; Javanese transmigration programme 382; military assistance 428-9; poverty 30; sustainable livelihoods framework 512, 515; urban areas 474; water access 273 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 190, 271,322 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 326-7; basic needs 125; biodiversity loss 306; climate change 293; GEF 336; soil conservation 292 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 296-8, 303-4, 320, 325, 327, 351 United Nations Population Fund 435-6 United Nations Programme on HIV/ AIDS (UNAIDS) 233, 234, 237, 238, 323 United States (US): aid to South Korea 533; air travel 151; Index anti-globalisation protests 187; ‘authoritative intervention 98; benefits of globalisation 47; carbon dioxide emissions 301,494; city distribution 456; colonialism 62; as a colony 78-9; Cuba’s relationship with 472-3; deforestation 289; dependency theory 119; economic growth 10-11; economic size 409; economic stagnation 278; education 242; energy intensity 277,279; Fairtrade 401; food trade 416; footwear industry 172, 173; foreign direct investment 168; foundations 356; GM crops 537; GN113; health 210,226; hegemony 283; HIV/AIDS 235; Human Development Index 15; independence 65; Index of Social Progress 14; intellectual property rights 399; inter-war investment 74; Iraq invasion 322; Kyoto Protocol 297; land reform 533; manufacturing 163,165,167; megalopolis concept 468; Mexican maquiladoras 159,160; migrant workers 374; military assistance 428,429; modernisation theory 101; NAFTA 404; neo-colonialism 9,83; neo-liberalism 23,104; obesity 232; overseas aid 424, 425-6,428; population 207,209, 213,214; post-war decolonisation 77; service industry 172; tourism 378; trade 397,403,404; transnational corporations 173, 174-6; UN funding 319,320; UN Security Council 321; UNEP 327; urban areas 435, 460; wages 163; Westernisation 145; Whitman 99; World Bank 339,424; WTO 348, 398,400,401 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 102 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 245,325, 326 universalism 21,24,28,43 unpaid work 481,482 Urbach, J 157 urban areas 433-500; air pollution 304-6; China 405; climate change 295; colonialism 73,76,79; development challenges 440-2; ‘development from below’ 127; economy and employment 478-9; elites 184; environmental issues 4948; growth of cities 442-6; households 218; housing 486-92; informal sector 479-85; planning 470-7; poverty 450-3; primacy 455-8,461; rural-urban migration 374,376-7, 405,453-5,461,475; services 492-4; slums 446-50; trickle-down effects 98; urban bias 461,471,507-8; urban-rural interrelations 458-68; water access 271; West Indies 111; world cities 178-80 urban sprawl 496 urbanisation 162,376-7,433-40, 453-4,499,504; colonial 81; curves 460; deforestation 285; demographic change 458,459; environmental issues 497; mega urbanisation 454; post-colonial 83; ‘pseudo-urbanisation’ 465; regional planning 471; secondary cities 443; slums 447; sustainable 476-7, 491,498-9 Uruguay: agriculture 529; food exports 415; informal sector 479; trade 404 USAID see United States Agency for International Development vaccines 204,229 values: China 206; civil society 358; culture 225; Enlightenment 10; globalisation 185; institutions 316; undermining of local 8; United Nations 324; Western 9,245,379 Van Rooy, A 358 Vance, Jay E 109-11 Vanuatu 497 Vapnarsky, C.A 456-7 Venezuela: core-periphery model 108; developmental state 353; housing 486,489; Human Development Index 15; mineral exports 282; ‘resource curse’ 282; slums 450; transnational corporations 176; urban areas 494, 495 Vestergaard, J 333-4 Vietnam: anti-urban policies 472; coffee exports 370; colonialism 71; developmental state 353; extended metropolitan regions 468; forced migration 382; infant mortality 207; land reform 530; puppet regime in 39; Vietnam war 115; women’s participation in decision making 547 violence 224,244, 322; good governance’ 355; Millennium Development Goals 318; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 344; sustainable livelihoods framework 514; urban poverty 452; Zimbabwe 534; see also conflict voice 263,355 Volkswagen 174,175 vulnerability 299,301-2,511, 513-14,517 Wade, Abdoulaye 396 Wade, R.H 333-4 wages 162,163,376,377,408,478, 485; see also incomes Wal-Mart 172,176 Wallerstein, 1.54,120-2,179 war see conflict War Child 224 War on Want 189, 190 Warburton, M 286 Washington consensus 344,353,474 waste 495,496,497,498 water 267-74, 554; access to 226, 357,492, 518, 521; basic needs 24, 125, 198; biodiversity loss 308-9; brown agenda 498; climate change impact on 295; ecosystem services 264, 265, 267; environmental issues 260; Global Environment Facility 336; health problems 228; Millennium Development Goals 32; Planetary Boundaries 262; pollution 290, 494, 496; privatisation 346,498; rural areas 519; scarcity and stress 274, 275, 310; social boundaries 261, 263; Sustainable Development Goals 34; sustainable livelihoods framework 513; urban areas 488, 492-4, 496; ‘virtual’ 256, 257; West Africa 389-90; World Bank projects 331,336, 337; see also irrigation; sanitation 635 Index Watkins, K 371,398,420 Watts, Michael 13,27,28,29, 119,353 wealth inequalities 22,46 Weaver, Clyde 93,96,124,125,157 Weaver, D.B 381 Weeks, J 377 Weidelt, H.J 543 welfare 36,452,491 well-being 26,27,284,551; ecosystem services 262-5, 502; energy 276; Sustainable Development Goals 34; sustainable livelihoods framework 513; urban areas 441 Wen, Y.-K 106 West,R.C 111 Western values 9,245,379 Westernisation 28,48,93, 145 Westoby, P 544 wetlands 308,309 WFP see World Food Programme WHO see World Health Organization Willis, K 375 Wills, J 57, 58,60 Wingo, L 92 Wolmer, W 534 women 219-22,248; in agriculture 198,219-21,522-3, 533, 537, 538; air pollution 305; Chinese one-child policy 206; colonialism 60; ecofeminism 128; family planning in India 210-11; forestry 545-7; gender mainstreaming 219, 523-4, 533, 545; HIV/AIDS 236-7; human rights 245; informal sector 485; Iran 211; land reform 533; maternal health 229; migration in China 406-8; Millennium Development Goals 31-2; obesity 232; population structure 213-14, 215-16; rural areas 519-27; Sen on 20; structural adjustment programmes 342; Sustainable Development Goals 34, 254; undernourishment 518, 519; urban diseases 494; urban labour 485; urbanisation 454; World Bank environment strategy 335; see also gender 636 Woodrow Wilson International Centre 450 Woods, N 358 working conditions 8,159-60,401, 411,414,458 World Bank 314,318,322,328-46, 353,364; agriculture 507,508, 535; Asian development 106; Asian financial crisis 402; basic needs 23-4,125; classification of countries 41-2,45; Climate Investment Funds 303-4,339; debt crisis 340-1,419,420; Environmental and Social Framework 340; food security 230; global governance 316; globalisation 144,145; good governance’ 355; growth 10; HIPC Initiative 422; HIV/AIDS 234, 235,237; HLPFSD 328; housing consolidation 489; INGO activism 361; Javanese transmigration programme 382; land deals 541-2; land reform 533; loan conditionality 429; monetarism 104-5; neo-liberalism 23, 103, 104,130; NGOs 344-6; politics of aid 424; population statistics 203, 204,205,217; poverty 30,375, 450,451,452; Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 343-4; private sector investment 413; REDD+ 266; rural-urban migration 453; self-help 453; slum upgrading 450; structural adjustment programmes 43, 83,102,103, 339, 341-3, 395; sustainable development 334-6; targeted finance 336-7; technical assistance 323; urban planning 474,476; ‘voice reform’ 333-4; World Development Report 13, 14,334-5, 507 world cities 178-80, 185,192,468-9 World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) 26,127,128,200, 247,252-3, 259, 356 World Food Programme (WFP) 382, 428 World Health Organization (WHO) 231, 271, 304-5, 314, 315, 322, 323 World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg, 2002) 127, 201, 325 world systems approach 43,54,91, 120-2,179 World Trade Organization (WTO) 187-8,318,346-51, 398-401; agriculture 534-5; decision making 316; globalisation 144, 145; HLPFSD 328; INGO activism 361; transnational corporations 413; World Bank Environmental and Social Framework 340 World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) 270 Worsley, Peter 38,39,45,46 WuIfF.G 178 WWAP see World Water Assessment Programme Yeh, G.O 406 Yemen 282, 378 Yugoslavia, former 38,39 Yunus, Mohammed 363, 526, 527 Zack-Williams, A.B 354 Zambia: Chinese investment in 411; colonialism 70,74; economic divergence 181; food exports 416; HIPC Initiative 423; HIV/AIDS 234,235,236,238; horticultural exports 417; housing 486; language 78; poverty 429; tourism 414; urban farming 486; urbanrural migration 377; urbanisation 376; waste disposal 495 Zimbabwe: ‘brain drain 376; colonialism 69, 74; education 242; food exports 416; health 226; HIV/AIDS 233, 234, 235, 236; horticultural exports 417; independence 77; informal sector 479; land reform 532, 534; life expectancy 553; population 207, 214; Rhodes 70; rural livelihoods 511; slums 447; soil erosion 291; transport 81; urban population 435; water 496; wood/woodland use 543, 545 Zimmerman, E.W 257 Zoomers, A 504 Zuma, Jacob 410 William & Moseley, Prdfessornf Geography, MaealOste/ Go'llege, Saint Paul, USA i m remains a I tlte • ' I'M neverypraua O ft Professor David Simon, Royal Moiloway, University o f London, MK and ^ i,wi Si ■ fT|V-Ul1T i Q J UttAI>i V#j J( w.w«s.t?riKi(aBHE»pi[jmjeyeiupi?ieniibiuw[t^ia^efuuTOBnilge00apny|an'0|s!MM™a ■ B B B B S n ^ B ili^ B S B n ilB iS H iifS IS 'n B S S H & W H B lB B H '" Roulledge titles etc available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats ...I Geographies of Development Now in its fourth edition, Geographies of Development: An Introduction to Development Studies remains a core, balanced and comprehensive introductory textbook... intention of Geographies of Development was to provide an up -to- date and innovative approach to teaching and learning in the broad interdisciplinary fields of development geography and development. .. has been conceptualised and measured, and gives detailed consid eration to important topics such as the histories, meanings and strategies of development, the emergence of the Third World (the