Health psychology an introduction to behavior and health 8 edition 2014dr soc

Health PSYCHOLOGY Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part EIGHTH EDITION Health PSYCHOLOGY AN INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH Linda Brannon McNeese State University Jess Feist McNeese State University John A Updegraff Kent State University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health, Eighth Edition Linda Brannon, Jess Feist, and John A Updegraff Publisher: Jon-David Hague Developmental Editor: Ken King Assistant Editor: Jessica Alderman © 2014, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Editorial Assistant: Amelia Blevins Associate Media Editor: Jasmin Tokatlian Senior Brand Manager: Elisabeth Rhoden Market Development Manager: Christine Sosa Art and Cover Direction, Production Management, and Composition: PreMediaGlobal Manufacturing Planner: Karen Hunt Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Roberta Broyer Cover Image: Human intelligence with grunge texture made of cogs and gears: Lightspring; Erythrocyte: Reshavskyi; Female runner silhouette is mirrored below with a soft pastel sunset sky as backdrop: Kovalev Sergey; Fresh fruit and vegetables: stocker1970; Senior African American couple at home: Mark Bowden For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be emailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2012955709 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-133-59307-2 ISBN-10: 1-133-59307-0 Loose-leaf Edition: ISBN-13: 978-1-133-93430-1 ISBN-10: 1-133-93430-7 Wadsworth 20 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Brief Contents Foundations of Health Psychology PART Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 40 Stress, Pain, and Coping PART Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Introducing Health Psychology Conducting Health Research 18 Seeking and Receiving Health Care Adhering to Healthy Behavior 58 Defining, Measuring, and Managing Stress 87 Understanding Stress, Immunity, and Disease 120 Understanding and Managing Pain 143 Considering Alternative Approaches 172 PART Behavior and Chronic Disease Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Behavioral Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Behavioral Factors in Cancer 231 Living With Chronic Illness 253 PART Behavioral Health Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Smoking Tobacco 282 Using Alcohol and Other Drugs Eating and Weight 341 Exercising 372 12 13 14 15 310 PART Looking Toward the Future Chapter 16 Future Challenges Glossary 201 397 418 References 424 Name Index Subject Index 481 509 v Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Contents Preface xv About the Authors WOULD YOU BELIEVE ? Prescribing Placebos May Be Considered Ethical 22 xxi IN SUMMARY 23 Research Methods in Psychology 24 PART Foundations of Health Psychology Correlational Studies 24 Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies 25 CHAPTER Introducing Health Psychology Experimental Designs 25 Ex Post Facto Designs 26 Real-World Profile of Angela Bryan The Changing Field of Health IN SUMMARY Research Methods in Epidemiology 27 Patterns of Disease and Death Observational Methods 28 WOULD YOU BELIEVE ? College Is Good for Your Health Randomized Controlled Trials 29 Escalating Cost of Medical Care Natural Experiments 30 What Is Health? Meta-Analysis 30 An Example of Epidemiological Research: The Alameda County Study 30 WOULD YOU BELIEVE ? It Takes More Than a Virus to Give You a Cold 10 IN SUMMARY IN SUMMARY 11 The Contribution of Psychosomatic Medicine 12 The Emergence of Behavioral Medicine 13 The Risk Factor Approach 33 The Emergence of Health Psychology 13 IN SUMMARY Cigarettes and Disease: Is There a Causal Relationship? 33 14 The Profession of Health Psychology 14 IN SUMMARY The Training of Health Psychologists 15 35 Research Tools 35 The Work of Health Psychologists 15 IN SUMMARY 31 Becoming an Informed Reader of Health-Related Research on the Internet 32 Determining Causation 33 Psychology’s Relevance for Health 12 The Role of Theory in Research 35 16 The Role of Psychometrics in Research 36 Answers 16 IN SUMMARY Suggested Readings 17 37 Answers 37 Conducting Health Research 18 Suggested Readings 39 CHECK YOUR BELIEFS 19 Real-World Profile of Sylvester Colligan 19 Seeking and Receiving Health The Placebo in Treatment and Research 20 CHAPTER CHAPTER 27 Treatment and the Placebo 20 Research and the Placebo 22 Care 40 CHECK YOUR HEALTH RISKS 41 Real-World Profile of Lance Armstrong 41 Seeking Medical Attention 42 vii Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part viii CONTENTS Illness Behavior 43 The Intention–Behavior Gap 80 The Sick Role 48 IN SUMMARY Behavioral Willingness 80 Implementational Intentions 81 48 Seeking Medical Information From Nonmedical Sources 49 IN SUMMARY 81 Lay Referral Network 49 WOULD YOU BELIEVE ? Text Messages Can Help Turn Intentions Into Action 82 The Internet 49 Improving Adherence 82 Receiving Medical Care 50 Becoming Healthier 84 Limited Access to Medical Care 50 IN SUMMARY Choosing a Practitioner 51 Answers 85 Suggested Readings 86 Being in the Hospital 53 84 WOULD YOU BELIEVE ? Hospitals May Be a Leading Cause of Death 54 56 Answers 57 Suggested Readings 57 CHAPTER Adhering to Healthy Behavior 58 CHECK YOUR HEALTH RISKS 59 Real-World Profile of Nathan Rey 59 Issues in Adherence 60 What Is Adherence? 60 How Is Adherence Measured? 60 How Frequent Is Nonadherence? 61 What Are the Barriers to Adherence? 62 IN SUMMARY 63 What Factors Predict Adherence? 63 Severity of the Disease 64 PART Stress, Pain, and Coping Defining, Measuring, and Managing CHAPTER IN SUMMARY Stress 87 CHECK YOUR HEALTH RISKS 88 Real-World Profile of Lindsay Lohan 88 The Nervous System and the Physiology of Stress 89 The Peripheral Nervous System 89 The Neuroendocrine System 90 Physiology of the Stress Response 94 IN SUMMARY 95 Theories of Stress 95 Selye’s View 95 Lazarus’s View 97 Treatment Characteristics 64 IN SUMMARY 98 Personal Factors 65 Measurement of Stress 98 Environmental Factors 66 Methods of Measurement 99 Interaction of Factors 68 Reliability and Validity of Stress Measures 100 IN SUMMARY 68 Why and How Do People Adhere to Healthy Behaviors? 68 Continuum Theories of Health Behavior 68 IN SUMMARY 74 Stage Theories of Health Behavior 74 IN SUMMARY 80 IN SUMMARY 101 Sources of Stress 101 Cataclysmic Events 101 Life Events 102 Daily Hassles 103 WOULD YOU BELIEVE ? Vacations Relieve Work Stress … But Not For Long 106 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 508 NAME INDEX Wills-Karp, M., 138 Wilmore, J H., 389 Wilsnack, R W., 365 Wilsnack, S C., 319, 365 Wilson, B., 157, 159 Wilson, C., 52 Wilson, D., 102 Wilson, G T., 365, 369 Wilson, P W F., 351, 354 Wilson, S L., 229 Wilson, V B., 298 Wilz, G., 261 Wimberly, S R., 248 Winblad, B., 259 Windsor, J A., 113, 114 Winefield, A H., 135 Wing, A L., 377, 386 Wing, R R., 357, 358 Wingard, D L., 31 Wingo, P A., 240 Winter, M., 412 Winter, W., 338 Winterling, J., 249 Wipfli, B M., 383, 387 Wisborg, K., 318 Wise, A., 356 Wise, J., 210 Wiseman, C V., 349, 355 Witherington, D., 349, 361 Witkiewitz, K., 329, 330–331 Witt, C M., 191, 193 Wlasiuk, G., 270 Wobbes, T., 249 Wodey, E., 192, 194 Wohlheiter, K., 298 Wolcott, J., 54 Wolf, F M., 269 Wolf, M S., 402 Wolf, S L., 382 Wolff, N J., 56 Wolfgang, M E., 320 Wolfson, M C., 401 Wolin, K Y., 380 Wonderlich, S A., 365 Wong, M D., 186 Woo, G., 276 Wood, D., 218 Wood, M D., 326 Wood, P D., 376 Wood, P K., 314 Woodhouse, A., 163 Woodside, D B., 363, 365 Woodward, C K., 69 Woodward, H I., 54 Woodward, M., 65, 264 Woody, P D., 56 Woolhandler, S., 50, 404, 406, 408 Woollery, T., 33, 297 Woolrich, R A., 364 Worden, J K., 293 Worobey, M., 270 Worrall-Carter, L., 65 Wortman, C B., 279 Wozniak, M A., 34 Wright, B., 51 Wright, C C., 158 Wright, J., 260 Wright, R., 138, 268 Wrubel, J., 276 Wu, J.-R., 61 Wu, M.-J., 383, 387 Wu, P., 29 Wu, T., 357 Wu, X., 292 Wurm, M., 221 Wyatt, G E., 277 Wyatt, H R., 376, 386 Wyden, P., 356 X Xiao, J., 385, 387 Xiao, W., 247 Xie, B., 74 Xie, C., 214 Xin, L., 194, 196 Xu, J., 3, 7, 238, 331 Xu, Y., 65 Xue, C C L., 178, 179, 185, 186 Xutian, S., 175, 176 Y Yabroff, K R., 162 Yager, J., 369 Yager, S., 128 Yamagishi, K., 28 Yamamoto–Mitani, N., 261, 278 Yamashita, H., 197 Yan, L L., 219, 221 Yan, Y., 380 Yanasak, N E., 385, 387 Yang, H.-C Y., 250 Yang, J., 141 Yang, X., 265 Yang, Y., 129, 195, 196 Yano, E., 238 Yanovski, J A., 368 Yanovski, S Z., 368 Yao, X, 62, 84 Yarborough, B J., 29 Yardley, I E., 54 Yardley, L., 72, 382 Yaroch, A L., 65 Yasko, J., 249 Ye, X., 66 Yeager, K., 277 Yelin, E H., 269 Yellon, D M., 379, 386 Yerramsetti, S M., 180 Yetgin, T., 226 Yi, H.-Y., 319 Yijn, Y.-M., 353 Yin, S., 402 Yinh, J., 191, 193 Ylvén, R., 257 Yoels, W C., 352 Yong, H.-H., 304 Yoo, S H., 138 Yoshimura, S., 156 Yoshino, A., 156 Young, E H., 367 Young, G., 52 Young, K A., 331 Young, K M., 359 Young, L R., 349 Younger, J., 138 Yu, B., 141 Yu, Y., 106 Yu, Z., 106, 219 Yuan, N P., 103 Yucha, C., 194, 196 Yuhas, N., 260 Yung, K K., 194, 196 YunJung, K., 292 Yusuf, S., 135, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 220, 386 Yusufali, A., 214 Z Zaarcadoolas, C., 414 Zachariae, R., 134 Zacho, M., 381 Zack, J A., 134 Zack, M., 325 Zagorski, B M., 140 Zagummy, M J., 291, 295 Zakhari, S., 321 Zakowski, S G., 249 Zambon, P., 245 Zarkadoulia, E A., 67 Zaslavsky, A M., 402 Zautra, A J., 10, 138 Zawada, A., 229 Zehnacker, C H., 381, 386 Zeichner, A., 319 Zelenko, M., Zell, B L., 401 Zeltzer, L K., 190, 193 Zemek, R., 269 Zerwic, J J., 45 Zhan, C., 54 Zhan, P., 266 Zhang, A L., 178, 179, 185, 186 Zhang, B., 279, 306 Zhang, G., 412 Zhang, S., 394 Zhang, X., 218, 295 Zhange, J., 175, 176 Zhao, G., 415 Zheng, G., 106, 219 Zhou, B., 194 Zhou, E S., 249 Zhou, J.-H., 127 Zieball, R., 273 Ziegelmann, J P., 70, 79 Ziegler, H., 389 Zielinski, J M., 238 Ziginskas, D., 250 Zijlstra, G A., 382 Zikmund-Fisher, B J., 255 Zimmerman, E., 222 Zimmerman, M., 100 Zimmerman, R S., 47 Zimmerman, T., 250 Zinberg, N E., 317 Zive, M M., 403 Zivian, M T., 349 Zolnierek, K B., 52 Zoorob, R., 162 Zorrilla, E P., 140 Zubaid, M., 135, 221 Zubieta, J.-K., 21, 148 Zubin, J., 131 Zubrick, S R., 298 Zucker, N., 265 Zucker, R., 159 Zuckerman, A., 256 Zuniga, M., 403 Zupancic, M L., 361 Zvolensky, M J., 298 Zweben, J E., 337 Zyazema, N Z., 67 Zylstra, R G., 317, 318 Zywiak, W H., 338 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Subject Index A Abdominal fat, 354, 355 A-beta fibers, 146, 156 Absolute risks, 33, 35 Abstinence violation effect, 304, 394 Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), 168 Acetaminophen, 166 Acetylcholine, 90 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome See AIDS Acrolein, 287 ACT See Acceptance and commitment therapy ACTH See Adrenocorticotropic hormone Acupressure, 175–176, 178, 196 Acupuncture defined, 175 limitations of, 196–197 managing pain with, 175–176, 188–189, 190–191, 198 reducing stress with, 191 Acute pain, 151, 156, 160 Addictions alcohol and drug, 312, 317 bulimia and food, 366 defined, 316 exercise, 387–388 smoking, 294 12-step programs for, 329, 399 A-delta fibers, 146, 150, 155 Adherence age as factor in, 44, 65 behavioral model of, 73 behavioral strategies to improve, 82–84 communication and, 53 contingency contracts for, 83–84, 86 cultural norms and, 67–68 defining, 60, 61–62 education to improve, 82 emotional factors in, 65–66 environmental factors and, 63–64, 66–68 factors predicting, 63–68, 85 gender as factor in, 65 graduated regimen implementation, 83 health action process approach, 78–79 health belief model, 69 health improvements with, 84 improving, 82–84, 86 interaction of factors, 68 maintaining exercise programs, 391–394, 395 managing HIV infection and, 274–276 measuring, 60–61, 85 medication packaging, 83, 84 personality patterns and, 65 planned behaviors theories, 71–73 practitioner-patient interaction, 52 precaution adoption process model, 76–78 predicting relapses in, 70–71, 72, 73–74 prompting individuals in, 83 real-world profile on, 59–60 reasons for lapses in, 62 self-efficacy theory of, 69–71, 74 severity of disease and, 64 side effects and, 64 social support for, 66–67 suggested readings in, 86 tailoring regimen to individual, 83, 86 theories applying to, 69–71, 85–86 theory of planned behavior, 71–73 transtheoretical model, 75–76 treatment complexity and, 64 See also Predictors of adherence Adolescents adherence for, 65 alcohol use by, 316, 324 asthma in, 267, 268, 269 causes of death for, 4–5 coping strategies among, 111–112 diabetes in, 70, 263, 266, 381 dieting and weight loss by, 356–359, 370 drug use by, 335, 338 eating disorders and, 364, 368, 369 exercise benefits for, 380, 381, 382, 383–384, 385, 387–388 overweight/obesity among, 356, 380 pain sensitivity by gender, 153–154 smokeless tobacco use by, 300 smoking among, 290–295, 297, 300–301, 308, 404 stress experienced by, 104–105, 142 tobacco promotions to, 293 See also Children Adrenal cortex, 92, 94 Adrenal glands, 92–93 Adrenal medulla, 92 Adrenocortical response, 92 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) pituitary release of, 92, 94, 118, 130 stress mechanisms and, 130–131 Adrenomedullary response, 93 Adrenomedullary system, 94 Aerobic exercise, 374, 375 Afferent neurons, 146 Aflatoxin, 242 African Americans alcohol use by, 314 cardiovascular reactivity among, 222 effect of discrimination on, 136, 214 health care disparities for, 402, 405 inherent CVD risk factors of, 220 pain perception by, 153–154 percentage overweight and obese, 349 See also Ethnicity Age adherence and, 65 alcohol use and, 315 benefits of exercise and, 382 mortality rates by, 4–5 seeking health care and patient’s, 44–45 weight-related health risks and, 354 Aging Alzheimer’s and, 257–258, 280, 321 back pain and, 162 CVD risks and, 213–214, 216 distinguishing illness from signs of, 44–45 health care for aging population, 406 inherent cancer risks and, 237, 238 mortality and, Agoraphobia, 140 Agouti-related peptide, 344, 370 AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), 124–125, 270, 280 epidemics of HIV and, 274–277 incidence and mortality rates of, 270–272 Kaposi’s sarcoma and, 272 symptoms of, 272 transmission of HIV, 272–274 See also HIV Alameda County Study, 30–32, 108–109 Alarm reactions, 95, 96, 98 Alcohol benefits of, 320–321 caffeine’s effect with, 335 cancer and, 244–245, 247, 251, 317–319 cardiovascular system and, 318, 321 cognitive-physiological theories of use, 325–326, 327–328 consumption trends in, 312–316, 339 direct hazards of, 317–319 effects of, 316–321, 340 expectancy and effects of, 324–325 health risk checklist for, 311 history of consumption, 312–313 indirect hazards from, 319–320 moderating intake of, 415, 416 moral and medical models for drunkenness, 322–323 potential for brain damage with, 332 prevalence of consumption, 314–316 real-world profile about, 311 reasons for drinking, 322–327, 339 social learning model of use, 326–327 suggested readings on, 340 Alcohol abuse alcohol dependency syndrome, 323, 324, 327 alcohol myopia, 325–326 binge drinking, 314, 315, 321 changing problem drinking, 328–331, 339–340 cognitive-physiological theories and, 325–326, 339 controlled drinking and, 330, 331 disease model for alcoholism, 323–325, 327 drinking and, 314–316 liver cirrhosis, 317–318 moral and medical models for drunkenness, 322 relapses and, 330–331, 337–338, 340 social learning model and, 326–327 tolerance and dependency in, 317 Alcohol dehydrogenase, 316 Alcohol dependency syndrome, 323, 324, 327 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 328–329, 331 509 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 510 SUBJECT INDEX Alcoholism See Alcohol abuse Alcohol myopia, 325–326 Aldehyde dehydrogenase, 316 Aldehydes, 287 Alkalosis, 366 Allergies, 125–126 Allostasis, 94, 96 Allostatic load, 94, 97 Alternative medicine, 174 See also Complementary and alternative medicine Alveolar sacs, 286 Alzheimer’s disease effect on family, 260–261, 280 genetic predisposition toward, 258 helping patients with, 260 living with, 257–261, 380 real-world profile of, 254 risk factors and prevention for, 258–260 Amenorrhea, 362 American Medical Association, 177 American Psychological Association, 13 Amphetamines, 335 Amputation, 163 Anabolic steroids, 335–336 Anaerobic exercise, 374 Analgesia hypnosis for, 184 prescription drugs for, 153, 154, 164–166 Anemia, 366 Anesthesia, 358 Aneurysms, 207 Anger cardiovascular disease (CVD) and, 221–222 cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) and, 222 hostility and, 221–222 reducing, 226–227 trait, 319 Type A behavior and, 221–223 Angina pectoris, 206, 210, 229 Anorexia nervosa, 361–365 binge-purge cycles and, 362 comparing bulimia, binge eating, and, 368 defined, 360–361 health recommendations for, 368 psychological factors in, 362–363 real-world profile of, 342 relapses in, 365 suggested readings on, 370–371 susceptibility to, 362–363 treating, 363–365, 370 types of, 362 ANS See Autonomic nervous system Antibodies, 124 Antigens, 124 Anus, 343, 344 Anxiety CVD and, 228 exercise reducing, 383 meditation and reducing, 188–189, 190 reducing for hospitalized children, 56 response to myocardial infarction, 228–229 stress of hospitalization, 55 Anxiety disorders, 140–141, 142 Arteries blockage of, 207 effect of high blood pressure on, 209 function of coronary, 205 role in cardiovascular system, 205 smoking’s effect on, 297 Arterioles, 204 Arteriosclerosis, 205 Arthritis pain of, 162, 164 relaxation techniques for, 167 Asbestos, 238 Asian Americans alcohol use by, 314–316 CAM therapies used by, 186 health care disparities for, 404, 405 lower reactivity of, 137 percentage overweight and obese, 349 See also Ethnicity Aspirin, 165, 166 Asthma, 266–269, 280 managing, 268–269 stress and, 138 triggers for, 268 Atheromatous plaques, 205 Atherosclerosis, 205, 206, 216 Atkins diet, 178–179, 356 Attitude views on weight and eating, 342 Autogenics training, 112–113 Autoimmune diseases, 126 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 89–90, 95 activation of adrenomedullary system, 94–95 effect of stress on, 121 sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of, 89–90 target organs of, 91 Aversion therapy, 329 Ayurveda, 176, 178, 179 B Barbiturates, 333 B-cells, 121, 124, 125, 130 Beck Depression Inventory, 158, 160 Behavior anger and Type A, 221–223 antismoking campaigns to change, 293, 301, 303 cancer risks and, 239–241, 247, 251 changes with starvation, 345–346 conditioning and reinforcing, 73 hospital patient’s role, 53–55, 57 illness, 43–48 lowering serum cholesterol, 226 motivational interviewing to change, 83 observing pain-related, 159, 160 reciprocal determinism and, 69, 70 reducing anger, 227 reducing hypertension, 224–225, 230 relating to disease, 142 sick role, 43, 47, 48, 57 smoking cessation, 224–227, 230 stages of changing, 75–76 stress and indulgent, 140 theory of planned, 71–73 See also Health-related behavior; Illness behavior Behavioral cardiology, 227 Behavioral medicine, 13 Behavioral model of adherence, 60, 73, 76 Behavioral willingness, 80–81 Behavior modification defined, 167 for emotions linked to CVD risks, 226–227 improving adherence with, 83–84, 85 managing pain with, 167–168 pain management using, 166–169, 170 weight loss with, 357 Beliefs adherence and, 65 inventory of personal health, 19 seeking health care and personal, 69 See also Health belief model Beta-carotene, 243 Bile salts, 344 Binge drinking, 314, 315, 318, 327 Binge eating, 367–369, 370 characteristics of, 368 compared with other eating disorders, 366, 367, 368, 370 health recommendations for, 368 hypoglycemia and, 366 treatments for, 369 Biofeedback, 183–184, 185 effectiveness of, 191–192 Raynaud’s disease and, 194 Biomedical model, 9–10, 11 Biopsychosocial model, 10–11 contributions of psychosomatic medicine, 12–13 illustrated, 14 Blood circulation, 208, 210 Blood pressure, 207–210 CVD risk and hypertension, 215 hypertension and, 207–210 lowering with CAM, 192, 197 ranges of, 210 stressors elevating, 136 weight loss and lowering, 225–226, 230 Blood sugar, 263–266 BMI (body mass index) defined, 26 defining obesity with, 348–349, 354 mortality risks and, 252 Body fat anorexic preoccupation with, 362 assessing obesity with, 348, 354 exercise and, 376–377 genetic tendency to store, 351, 354–355 links with disease or mortality, 356 setpoint and maintenance of, 350–351, 352, 354 studies on abdominal fat, 354 See also Dietary fat Body image eating disorders and, 361 idealized thinness and, 349, 355, 359–360 men and attention on, 363 self-esteem and regular exercise, 361, 367 suggested readings on, 370 Body mass index See BMI Bone density loss, 381, 386 Brain alcohol use and effect on, 317–318 blocking pain with endorphins, 149–150 drug effects on, 332–333 gate control theory of pain and, 155–156 high blood pressure’s effect on, 208, 209 reducing pain with opiates, 149, 164 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part SUBJECT INDEX response to emotional and physical pain, 148 somatosensory cortex, 147 Breast cancer alcohol consumption and, 244, 318 decreasing death rates for, 234, 236 genetic component of, 237–238 Bronchioles, 284, 285 Bronchitis, 284, 285 Bulimia, 360, 365–367, 370 binge-purge cycles and, 362 compared with other eating disorders, 368, 369 defined, 360, 365 harmfulness of, 366 health recommendations for, 367 historic occurrences of, 365 prevalence of, 365–366 psychological factors in, 365 treatment for, 366–367 Burn treatment, 192, 194, 196, 199 C Calories exercise and number burned, 376 experimental starvation and intake of, 345–346 maintaining weight and intake of, 344–345, 370 overeating and, 346, 351, 353 CAM See Complementary and alternative medicine Cancer adequate drug dosages for, 164–166 adjusting to diagnosis of, 248–249 alcohol use and risks for, 243–245, 247, 251, 318–319 behavioral risks for, 239–247, 251 changing death rate for, 233–236, 251 chronic pain and, 162, 164 deaths related to smoking, 239–241, 247, 251, 297 defined, 233 diet and, 242–243, 244, 247, 251 environmental risks and, 238–239, 251, 297 exercise and protection against, 245, 380–381, 386 foods protecting against, 242–243 genetic predisposition toward, 233, 239 immune surveillance theory and, 122 inherent risk factors for, 237–238, 251 medical treatments for, 248 passive smoking and, 299–300, 308 personal risk inventory for, 232 psychological interventions, 250 psychosocial risk factors in, 247 psychological interventions for patients, 250 real-world profile about, 232 sedentary lifestyle and, 245, 251 sexual behavior and, 246–247 social support for patients of, 249–250, 251 suggested readings on, 251–252 types of, 236 ultraviolet light exposure and, 245–246, 251 understanding, 233, 250 See also Risk factors for cancer Capillaries, 204 Carcinogenic, 242 Carcinomas, 233 Cardiac arrhythmia, 364 Cardiac rehabilitation, 206 Cardiologists, 221 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) alternative treatments for, 194 anger in, 221–222 atherosclerosis, 205, 206, 321 benefits of exercise on, 378–379, 384 blood pressure and, 25, 208–209 changing rates of, 210–212 chocolate and, 219 components of cardiovascular system, 203–210, 229 coronary artery disease, 205–207, 210 coronary heart disease, 206, 377 declining death rates from, 210–211 defined, 204 exercise risks with, 388–389, 395 glucose metabolism and, 216 hypertension, 209–210, 215 inflammation and, 217 inventory of personal risks, 232 lifestyle and, 218, 230 lowering serum cholesterol, 226, 230 myocardial infarction, 210 obesity and, 212, 213, 218 passive smoking and, 300, 308 physiological conditions in, 215–217, 229 preventing first heart attacks, 224–227 psychosocial factors in, 219–220, 223, 229 reactivity under stress, 136–137 real-world profile of, 232 reducing hypertension, 224–226, 230 reducing risks of, 224–229, 230 rehabilitating cardiac patients, 227–229 risk factors in, 33, 212–223, 229–230 smoking and, 217–218, 224, 230, 296–297 stereotype threats and, 136–137 stress, depression, and anxiety in, 221 stress factors in, 135, 141 suggested readings on, 230 watching sports matches, 137 weight and diet, 217–218 See also Coronary heart disease; Myocardial infarction; Risk factors for CVD; Stroke Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR), 222 and anger, 222 Cardiovascular system, 203–210 alcohol’s effect on, 318, 321 blood circulation in, 207–210 coronary artery disease, 205–207 exercise and health of, 377–380, 395 functioning of coronary arteries, 205 overview, 203, 210, 395 risks of exercise with CVD, 389–390 stroke, 207 See also Cardiovascular disease Case-control studies, 29, 30, 32 Cataclysmic events, 101–102, 107 Catecholamines, 93 Catharsis, 116 Causation beliefs about illness and, 47 determining disease, 33–35, 38–39 CBT See Cognitive behavioral therapy Central control trigger, 156 Central nervous system (CNS), 89, 127 511 Cervical cancer, 246–247 C fibers, 146–147, 150, 155–156 Change as source of stress, 102–103 CHD (coronary heart disease), 206, 377 Checklists See Personal health inventories Chemotherapy, 248 Chewing tobacco, 300 Chi See Qi Children antismoking campaigns for, 301 cancer among, 237 chronic disease among, 257 exercise and, 380 HIV exposure at birth, 273 hospitalization of, 55–56 obesity among, 25, 359, 361 passive smoking and, 299, 300, 308 preventing drug abuse in, 338 sexual abuse linked with bulimia, 365 stress experienced by, 103, 104–105, 141 See also Adolescents Chiropractic treatment, 177, 179, 196 effectiveness of, 191 Chocolate, 219 Cholecystokinin, 345 Cholesterol exercise and levels of, 379–380, 386 HDL, 215–216, 226, 230, 379–380 LDL, 215, 216, 226, 230, 379–380 Chronic disease, asthma and, 267–268, 280 children and, 257 cigarette smoking and, 33–35, 297 determining cause of, 33–35, 38–39 diabetes and, 262–264, 280 facing death and, 277–279 future management of, 410–411 health expectancy and, 401 HIV and AIDS, 270 identifying risk factors for, 27–28 impact of, 255–257, 279 increases in, 3–8, 12 living with Alzheimer’s, 257–261, 280 lowering risk of, 277 real-world profile of, 255 sick role behavior and, 48 suggested readings on, 280 treatment costs for, See also specific diseases Chronic lower respiratory diseases, 284, 287 Chronic obstructive lung diseases (COLD), 267 Chronic recurrent pain arthritis, 162, 164 cancer, 162, 164 defined, 151, 156 fibromyalgia, 162 headache as, 161, 164 hypnosis for, 192, 194 low back pain, 161–162 phantom limb pain, 163–164 relaxation techniques for, 167 syndromes and, 160, 170 See also Managing pain; Pain Cigarette smoking advertising and, 293 chronic disease and, 31, 33–35, 297 consumption rates for, 289, 295–296 health consequences of, 296–298, 308 history of, 288 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 512 SUBJECT INDEX Cigarette smoking (continued) See also Smoking Cigars, 241, 287, 300 Cirrhosis, 317–318 Clinical trials, 29, 32 Cluster headaches, 161 CNS (central nervous system), 89, 127 Cocaine, 335, 336, 337 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), 113–115, 117–118 effectiveness of, 114–115, 168 managing pain with, 168 treating eating disorders with, 364, 367, 369 Cognitive functioning, better, 385 Cognitive-physiological theories of alcohol use, 325–326, 327–328 Cognitive therapy, 168, 170 COLD (chronic obstructive lung diseases), 267 Colon cancer, 243 Colorectal cancer, 236, 242 Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), 174 Ayurvedic medicine, 176–177, 179–180 biofeedback, 183–184, 185 chiropractic treatment, 177, 179, 187, 199 conditions addressed with, 192, 194–195 defined, 174 diet and, 178–179, 199 dietary supplements, 179, 200 effectiveness of alternative treatments, 187–198 energy healing, 182–183, 185, 198 guided imagery, 180, 198 homeopathy, 176–177 hypnosis, 184–185, 192 integrative medicine, 199 inventory of personal health care preferences, 173 limitations of, 195–197, 199 massage, 177–178, 179, 199 meditation and yoga, 180, 185 mind-body medicine, 179–185, 198–199 naturopathy, 179 people who use, 185–187, 200 practices and products for, 177–179, 199 prayer and, 183 qi gong, 181–182, 189–191, 198–199 real-world profile of, 173–174 reasons for seeking, 187 suggested readings on, 200 systems of, 174–177, 199 tai chi, 182, 185, 190, 191, 194 traditional Chinese medicine, 175–176 treating anxiety, stress, and depression with, 188–189, 190 Complementary medicine, 174 Compliance See Adherence Condoms, 273, 274, 275 Contingency contracts for patients, 73, 83–84, 86 Continuum theories, 66, 68–74 behavioral theory, 73 critique of, 73–74 health belief model, 69 self-efficacy theory, 69–71 summary of, 74 theory of planned behavior, 71–73 Conscientiousness, 66 Control coping and personal, 110–112 perception of behavioral, 71 Control groups, 25, 26, 27 Controlled drinking, 330, 331 Coping defined, 98, 107 hardiness and, 119 personal control and, 109–110, 119 progressive muscle relaxation for, 117 resources influencing, 107–112 social support and, 108–109, 119 strategies for, 110–112, 119 Coronary artery disease, 205–207, 210 Coronary bypass, 206–207 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 206 exercise and, 377–378, 386 myocardial infarction, 206 obesity and, 25 prospective studies on weight and, 28 See also Myocardial infarction Correlational studies, 24–25, 28, 38 Correlation coefficient, 24 Cortisol defined, 92–93 measuring, 99 releasing, 94, 95 stress and release of, 130–131 Costs See Health care costs Council of Chiropractic Education, 177 Cox-2 inhibitors, 166 Crack cocaine, 335 Crime alcohol consumption and, 319 incidents affecting college students, 413–414 Cross-sectional studies, 24, 25, 38 Crowding, 104, 107 Cultivating healthier lifestyles adopting healthier behaviors, 415–416 health psychology’s role in, 415, 416, 417 improving health expectancy, 400–401, 405 increasing health literacy, 402, 403 knowing effect of own choices, 414 moderation and, 405 reducing health disparities, 401–405 understanding personal risks, 412–415 Cultural norms adherence and, 67–68 attributing cause for disease and, 47 CAM therapy and, 186, 187 defining health, 10 differences in coping strategies, 111 influencing perceptions of pain, 153 See also Ethnicity Curanderos, 51 CVD See Cardiovascular disease CVR (cardiovascular reactivity), 222 Cytokines, 127, 131, 142 D Daily hassles, 99, 107, 118–119 discrimination, 104, 105 found in environment of poverty, 104, 107 measuring stress of, 100, 101 physical environment and, 103–104 population density and crowding, 104, 107 psychosocial environment and, 104–106 urban press and, 103, 107 DARE, 338, 364 Dating violence, 413 Death adult and infant mortality, 7–8 AIDS, 270, 272 automobile crashes, 412–413 chronic disease and, 278 correlating education and mortality risks, declining rates from CVD, 211 during exercise, 389–390 facing, 277–279, 280 grieving, 278–279, 280 leading causes of, 3–5, lifestyle factors causing, 30 nonadherence and, 73 rates of cancer, 233–236, 251 suicide, 413 Delirium tremens, 317 Delta alcoholism, 323 Dependence, 164 alcohol dependency syndrome, 323, 324, 327 alcohol misuse and, 317, 336–337 barbiturate and tranquilizer, 333, 337 drug, 165, 317, 336 exercise, 388 opiates and, 164 table of psychoactive drug, 335 tolerance, withdrawal, and, 317 Dependent variables, 26, 334 Depression Alzheimer’s disease and, 259 cataclysmic events and, 101–102 CVD and, 221, 227 defined, 382 exercise’s effect on, 382–383, 385 linked to stress, 138–140, 141, 142 reducing with meditation, 188–189 response to myocardial infarction, 228 Diabetes mellitus alcohol’s beneficial effect on, 321–322 children and adolescents with, 263 controlling with exercise, 381, 386–387, 395 glucose metabolism and CVD, 216 lifestyle adjustments for, 264 living with, 262–264, 280 stress and, 137, 265–266 types of, 263 yoga and, 194 Diagnosis adjusting to cancer, 248–249 role in illness, 43 sick role behavior following, 47–48, 49, 52–53 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (APA), 323, 362, 365, 382 Diaphragm, 284 Diastolic pressure, 208, 209 Diathesis-stress model, 131–132, 267 Diet adding dietary supplements to, 178–179, 195 cardiac rehabilitation, 206 Chinese medicine’s view of, 176 dietary cholesterol, 215, 216, 223 food choices and CVD risks, 218 improving health with, 178, 181, 183 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part SUBJECT INDEX links between cancer and, 239–240, 245, 247, 251 obesity, weight gain and, 347 recommendations for eating disorders, 368 variety in and overeating, 353 See also Dieting Dietary fat cancer and high, 242, 245 obesity and, 347, 353–354 See also Body fat Dietary supplements CAM use of, 178–179, 195 and natural products, 178–179 reducing CVD risks, 218, 219 Dieting, 355–360 approaches to losing weight, 356–359 behavior modification programs and, 357 idealized thinness and, 349, 355, 359 pros and cons of, 359, 360, 370 suggested readings on, 370–371 weight loss with exercise vs., 376 See also Weight loss Digestive system, 343–344, 369 Discrimination CVD among African Americans and, 214–215 reactivity due to, 136 stress generated by, 105–106 Disease adherence and severity of, 64 biomedical models of, 9–10, 11 changing patterns in death and, 3–8, 16 components in concept of, 46–48, 49 defined, 43, 48 determining cause of, 33–35, 38–39 diathesis-stress model of, 131–132 emotions and psychosomatic, 12–13, 44 ethnicity and income factors in, 5–7 how people conceptualize, 46–48 illness vs., 43–48 role of stress in, 131–141 Disease model for alcoholism, 323–325, 327 Disulfiram, 329 Doctors See Practitioners Dopamine, 331 Dorsal horns, 146, 154–155 Dose-response relationship, 34, 35, 38 Double-blind research design, 22–23, 34 Drinking See Alcohol; Alcohol abuse Drug abuse cocaine and, 335, 336, 337 effect on brain, 331 FDA drug schedule, 333 misuse and abuse of drugs, 336–337 prevention strategies for, 338 relapses in, 337, 339 tolerance, dependence, addiction and, 317 treating, 337–338, 340 Drugs acetaminophen, 166 amphetamines, 335 anabolic steroids, 335–336 analgesic, 166, 169 aspirin, 166, 169 barbiturates, 333 brain’s response to, 331 cocaine, 335 Cox-2 inhibitors, 166 FDA classification of, 332, 333 hazards of legal and illegal, 331–332 health recommendations for, 333 HIV risks with injection, 273, 275 lowering serum cholesterol, 226 managing pain with, 170 marijuana, 332, 335, 336, 337 misuse and abuse of, 336–337 NSAIDs, 165–166 opiates, 165, 333 preventing and controlling use of, 338 psychoactive, 331, 334, 336 rates of use, 331 real-world profile about, 311 sedatives, 333 stimulants, 335, 339 suggested readings on, 340 tolerance to, 316 tranquilizers, 333 treating eating disorders, 337–338, 367, 369 weight regulation with, 350–351 See also Drug abuse DSM-IV-TR (APA), 362, 365, 382 Dying role, 278 E Eating attitudes about, 342 experimental overeating, 346, 350 factors in maintaining weight, 344–346, 370 food restriction strategies for weight loss, 357 hormones involved in appetite and satiation, 345 studies in experimental starvation, 345–346 See also Binge eating; Diet; Overeating Eating disorders, 360–369 anorexia nervosa, 361–365, 370 binge eating, 360, 361, 366, 367–369, 370 body dissatisfaction and, 361 bulimia, 365–367, 370 cognitive behavioral therapy and, 364, 366, 369 family violence and, 363 health recommendations for, 368 obligatory exercise and, 388 real-world profile about, 342 treating with Prozac, 364, 367, 369 types of, 360 See also specific disorders Ecstasy, 335, 336 Education alcohol consumption and, 315–316 college as positive health factor, CVD risks and level of, 218–219 health care disparities and, 404–405 improving adherence with, 82, 86 profile for smokers, 290, 291 successes in quitting smoking and, 303 Efferent neurons, 146 Electrolyte imbalance, 366 EMG (electromyography), 159, 184, 199 Emotion adherence and, 65 adjusting to cancer diagnosis, 248–249 513 alcohol consumption and aggressive, 319–320 anger’s role in CVD, 221–222, 227 arising from chronic disease, 256 brain response to emotional pain, 148 cancer incidence and repressed, 247 as factor in health, 12–13, 44 grieving death, 278–279, 280 therapeutic disclosure of, 115–117 See also Anger Emotional disclosure, 115–117, 118 Emotion-focused coping, 110–111, 112 Emphysema, 284–285 Endocrine system defined, 90 differences in nervous and, 91–92 psychological and social factors affecting, 127 See also Neuroendocrine system Endorphins, 149–150 Energy healing, 182–183, 185, 199 Environmental factors cancer and, 239, 251, 296–297 daily hassles, 103–104 influencing adherence, 66–68 passive smoking, 299, 300, 308 pollution as, 103–104 population density and crowding, 104, 107 psychosocial stresses, 104–106 vulnerability to stress related diseases, 131–132 Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 299, 300, 305 Epidemiologists, 27–28, 31 Epidemiology, 27–31 prevalence and incidence in, 28, 33 training and work of epidemiologists, 31 value of, 38 Epinephrine, 93, 95, 99 Esophagus, 343 Essential hypertension, 209 Ethanol, 316 Ethical uses of placebo effect, 22 Ethnicity adherence and, 67–68 alcohol use by, 314 colorectal cancer deaths by, 236 coping strategies and, 111–112 discrimination and, 104–105, 136, 215 exercise benefits with CVD risk, 378–379 health-related behaviors and, 69, 77 infant and adult mortality rate for, 5–7 inherent cancer risk factors and, 237, 238 life expectancy and, 7–8, 406 overweight/obese individuals by, 349 pain perception and, 153 perceptions of illness and, 45 rates of HIV infection by, 272 reducing health disparities for all groups, 401–405 smoker profiles by, 290, 295 use of CAM therapy by, 185–187 weight-related health risks and, 354 ETS (environmental tobacco smoke), 299, 300, 305 European Americans alcohol use by, 314–315 pain perception by, 153 percentage overweight/obese, 349 reactivity due to discrimination, 136 See also Ethnicity Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 514 SUBJECT INDEX Exercise addiction to, 387–388 age and benefits of, 382 benefits of, 245, 380–385, 395 better cognitive functioning, 385 bone density loss prevention with, 381, 386 cancer prevention benefits of, 245 cardiovascular health and, 377–380, 395 Chinese medicine’s view of, 176 cholesterol levels and, 379–380 controlling diabetes with, 381, 386, 395 death during, 389–390 decreasing depression with, 382–383, 387 gender and cardiovascular effects of, 379 hazards of, 385 increasing for adolescents, 380, 381, 389 injuries from, 388–389, 390, 412–414 obligatory, 388 personal health risks for, 373 physical fitness and, 375 preventing weight gain as ex-smoker, 305–306 psychological benefits of, 381–385 rates of coronary heart disease and, 377–378 recommendations for, 390–391, 395 reducing anxiety with, 383, 385 self-esteem and regular, 385 stress and, 385 sudden death during, 389 suggested readings for, 395–396 tai chi, 181, 182, 185 types of, 374, 376, 395 weight control and, 357–358, 375–376, 386 Exhaustion stage, 96 Expectations placebos and positive, 20–22 studying control and experimental group, 25–26 Experimental designs components of, 26 ex post facto, 26–27, 32, 38 placebos in, 37 Experimental groups, 25, 26, 27 Experimental overeating, 346, 350 Experimental starvation, 345–346 Experimental studies, 26, 27, 28 Ex post facto designs, 26–27, 32, 38 External locus of control, 109 Eysenck Personality Inventory, 247 F Families cancer risks of, 232, 237–238 caring for Alzheimer’s patients, 260–261 eating disorders and violence in, 363 effect of chronic disease on, 256–257, 279 genetic tendency to obesity, 351, 354 grieving death of member of, 257, 278–279 problem drinking in, 328–331 stress and unsupportive, 106–107 Family Daily Hassles inventory, 100 Fear, 104, 107 Feces, 344 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 318, 319 Fibromyalgia, 162, 164, 168 Five Factor Model of personality, 66 Flavonoids, 219 Flexibility, 375 FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 148, 149 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 29, 332, 333 Formaldehyde, 287 Framingham Heart Study, 211, 212, 215 Frequency of nonadherence, 63, 85 of symptoms, 45 Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 148, 149 Function foods, 179 Future health challenges, 397–405 adapting to changing needs, 410–411 controlling rising costs, 407–408 future of health psychology, 411, 416 improving health expectancy, 400–401 importance of prevention, 408–410 increasing life expectancy, 400–401, 411 progress in health psychology, 405 reducing health disparities, 401–405 G Gall bladder alcohol consumption and stone prevention, 321 function in digestive system, 321 Gamma alcoholism, 323 GAS (general adaptation syndrome), 95–96, 98, 118 Gastric juices, 343 Gate control theory of pain, 155–156 Gender adherence and practitioner’s, 52–53 alcohol consumption and, 315–316 cardiovascular effects of exercise and, 379 cardiovascular reactivity and, 222 coping strategies and, 111–112 death from AIDS by, 272 illness behavior and, 53–58 as inherent CVD risk factor, 257–258 job-related stresses and, 128 neuroendocrine responses to stress and, 93 overweight and obese individuals by, 349 pain perception and, 153–154 profile for smokers by, 289, 290, 295 rates of HIV infection by, 272 use of CAM therapy by, 198 General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 95–96, 118 Genetic predisposition Alzheimer’s and, 257–261 cancer and, 232, 237–238 obesity and, 351–353, 354–355 problem drinking in families, 322–323 smoking and, 291–292, 296 Gestational diabetes, 263 Ghrelin, 344, 370 Glucagon, 262 Glucagon-like peptide 1, 345, 370 Gonads, 92 Graduated regimen implementation, 83 Granulocytes, 122 Grieving, 278–279, 280 Guided imagery, 180, 181, 190, 198 H Harm reduction strategy, 338 Hassles and Uplifts Scale, 101 Hassles Scale, 100 HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 215–216, 226, 230, 379–380 Headaches alternative therapies for, 190–191, 193–194 effectiveness of relaxation techniques for, 167 exercise and, 200 stress and, 133 types of chronic, 160, 161, 164 Health behavioral medicine, 13 benefits of religion on, 183 changing views of, 3, 11, 17 cultural definitions of, 10 defined, 11, 42 development of health psychology, 13–14 education as positive factor in, illness vs., 48–49 models of, 9–11 positive psychology’s study of, 10–11 psychology’s relevance in, 11–15 Health action process approach, 78–79 Health belief model, 69 critique of, 73–74 summary of, 74 Health care challenges for aging populations, 405–411 distribution of funding for, 407–408 escalating costs of, 8–9, 11, 56 increase in HMOs, 407–408 innovative programs for elder, 401 personal preferences checklist, 173 psychologists’ acceptance in, 12 psychosomatic medicine’s contribution to, 12–13 reducing health disparities, 401–405 reluctance to seek, 41–42 seeking medical attention, 42–48, 57 suggested readings on, 417 See also Future health challenges Health care costs controlling, 407–408 income and health care standards, 404–405 life expectancy and, 405–408, 410 rising, 8–9, 11, 56, 57 suggested readings on, 417 treatment costs for chronic disease, 8–9 where money goes, 407–408 See also Insurance Health care providers See Practitioners Health disparity defined, 401 educational and socioeconomic, 404–405 racial and ethnic, 402, 404, 405 reducing, 401–405 Health expectancy by nation, 402 increasing, 400–401, 416 life expectancy and, 400 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part SUBJECT INDEX Health literacy, 403, 415–416 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 15, 407–408 Health psychologists, 14–16 duties of, training and work of, 15–16 Health psychology applying personally, 412–416 contributing to Healthy People 2020 goals, 399, 416 cultivating healthy lifestyle with, 414, 415, 416, 417 defined, 13 development of, 13–14, 16–17 future of, 411–412, 416 managing diabetes with, 266 progress in, 405 psychometrics’ role in, 36–37, 38–39 role of theories in research, 35–36, 39 suggested readings in, 17 Health recommendations adopting healthier behaviors, 415–416 alcohol and, 333 drugs and, 333 eating disorders and, 368 making adherence pay off, 83 smoking and, 305 Health research clinical trials, 35, 41 determining cause of disease, 33–35, 38–39 double-blind design of, 22–23, 24 evaluating value of, 32 examining your beliefs about, 19 finding causal relationships to disease, 33–35 informed consent and, 23 meta-analysis techniques, 30, 38 natural experiments, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38 observational studies in, 28–29, 31, 34, 38 placebo effect in, 21–24 psychometrics in, 36–37, 39 psychoneuroimmunology, 128–130 questions in, 18 randomized, controlled trials, 29, 32, 38 reliability, 36–37, 39 research methods in psychology, 24–28 single-blind design, 22, 23, 37 theoretical models in, 35–36, 39 validity, 37, 100–101 See also specific research and theories Health risks See Personal health inventories; Risk factors Healthy People 2010, Healthy People 2020 health psychology’s contribution to, 399, 416 objectives of, 401, 405–406 Heart angina pectoris, 106, 210, 229 coronary heart disease and, 206 functioning of coronary arteries, 205 illustrated, 205 myocardium, 205 preventing first heart attacks, 224–227 See also Coronary heart disease Hemorrhagic stroke, 207, 208 Heroin, 304, 332 Heterosexual transmission of HIV, 271, 274 High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 215, 321, 379–380 Highly active antiviral therapy (HAART), 275, 277 Hispanic Americans alcohol use by, 314–316 health care disparities for, 404, 406 pain perception by, 153 percentage overweight and obese, 349 vulnerability to PTSD, 141 See also Ethnicity HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), 124–125, 270–277, 280 adherence to treatment for, 59 epidemics of AIDS and, 270 incidence and mortality rates of, 270–272 injection drugs as risk factor in, 270, 273 protective measures against, 275 psychologist’s role in managing, 274–277 role of stress in, 127 symptoms of, 272 testing for, 275 transmission of, 272–274, 277 See also AIDS HMOs (health maintenance organizations), 15, 407–408 Holistic health model, 10 Homeopathy, 176–177, 199 Hormones defined, 90 effect of stress, 135 involved in appetite and satiation, 345 measuring, 98–99 Hospital patient’s role, 53–55, 57 Hospitals, 53–56 changes in care at, 53 children and, 55–56 cost of care at, 50–51, 56 medical errors at, 54 patient’s role in, 53–55, 57 Hostility, 221–222 H pylori alcohol’s beneficial effect on, 321 infection with, 137, 238–239 Human immunodeficiency virus See HIV Humoral immunity, 124 Hurricane Katrina, 101 Hydrocyanic acid, 287 Hygiene hypothesis for asthma, 267 Hypertension blood pressure ranges for stages of, 207–208, 209 cardiovascular reactivity and, 222 CVD risk and, 218 defined, 135–136, 208, 209, 215 reducing, 224–226 Hypnosis effectiveness of, 192 managing pain with, 184–185 Hypoglycemia, 366 Hypothalamus, 350 I Illegal drugs risks of, 331–332 See also Drug abuse Illness behavior and, 43–48 515 defined, 43 disease vs., 42–43, 48 immune system disorders and, 124–127 job-related stress and, 105 predicting from stress self-report, 100–101 seeking alternative treatments for, 187 sick role behavior, 43, 48, 53–54 Illness behavior diagnosis and, 43 gender differences and, 44, 45–46 hospital patient’s role, 53–55, 57 how people view disease, 46–48 personality and, 44 socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural factors, 45 symptoms and, 43–44 Immune deficiency, 124 Immune system, 121–127 B- and T-cells, 121–122, 124, 125 depression and immune function, 140 disorders of, 124–127 function of, 122–124 interactions with nervous system, 127 nonspecific responses of, 122–123, 127 organs of, 121–122 overview, 121, 142 primary and secondary immune responses, 124, 126 psychological and social factors affecting, 127 specific responses of, 122, 124, 127 stress and function of, 129–130 weakened by stress, 127 Immunity, 124 and stress, 120–142 Implementational intentions, 81 Incidence, defined, 27, 33 Income access to health care and, 57, 408 adherence and, 66 correlating health care standards and, 404 CVD linked with low, 218–219 health care standards and, 404 influencing response to illness, 45 life expectancy and, 5–7 money as means to cope with stress, 108 Independent variable, 25–26 Induction, 184 Infant mortality rate, 7–8 Infectious disease cold, 10 and stress, 133–135 Inflammation, 122 cancer risks and chronic, 216–217 function of, 122 illustrated, 123 Informed consent, 23 Injuries exercise-related, 388–389, 390, 395 understanding personal risk of, 412–414 Insensitivity to pain, 145 Insulin defined, 262 function of, 369–370 weight maintenance and, 344 Insurance access to health care and, 50–61 CAM treatments and, 197 role in nonadherence, 66 Integrative medicine, 197–198 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 516 SUBJECT INDEX INTERHEART study, 135 Interleukins, 127 Internal locus of control, 109 International health cardiovascular disease, 211–212 CVD risks by gender and country, 213–214 health care cost increases for, 408 per capita care expenditures, 409 Internet, 49–50 Interneurons, 146 Ischemia, 206 Islet cells, 262 Isokinetic exercise, 374 Isometric exercise, 374 Isotonic exercise, 374 J Japan Public Health Center-Based Study, 28 Liposuction, 358 Liver bile salt production in, 344 cancer of, 236 cirrhosis of, 317–318 Longitudinal studies, 24, 25, 27 Low back pain alternative therapies for, 191–192, 193–194 chronic, 157, 160 relaxation techniques for, 161–162 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 215, 218, 226, 230, 379–380 Lung cancer decreasing deaths for, 234, 236 increases in women’s deaths for, 236 linked to smoking, 239–241, 296 passive smoking and, 299, 300 risk factors for, 33 Lycopene, 218 Lymph, 121 Lymphatic system, 121 Lymph nodes, 121, 122 Lymphocytes, 121 Lymphoma, 233 K Kaposi’s sarcoma, 246 Kidneys, 209, 210 Korsakoff syndrome, 318, 322 L Lacto-vegetarian diet, 178 Laminae, 146–147 Lay referral network, 49, 57 LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 215, 218, 226, 230, 379–380 LEARN diet, 356 Leptin, 344 Leukemia, 233 Leukocytes, 121 Life events, 99–100, 107, 118 accuracy of self-reports of, 102–103 defined, 99 difficulty linking stress to, 132–133 measuring stress of, 98–100, 101 Life expectancy, costs of greater, 405–412 education and improved, health expectancy and, 400–401 in the United States, 405–406 Life Skills Training program, The, 338 Lifestyle behavior and chronic disease, 12 changing risk factors for CVD, 210–211 cultivating healthy, 414, 415, 416, 417 deaths related to, 2, effects of personal, 414 factors in CVD, 218, 230 identifying factors related to death, 30–31 lower cancer death rates and, 210–212 optimistic bias and change in, 224 real-world profile of healthier, 398 stress related to, 135 symptom and interference in, 45–46 See also Cultivating healthier lifestyles; Sedentary lifestyle Lipoproteins, 215 M Macrobiotic diet, 178 Macrophages, 122–123 Malignant cells, 251 Managing pain, 164–169 acupuncture for, 175–176, 188–189, 190–191, 198 alternative therapies for, 189–192 behavioral techniques for, 166–169, 170 cognitive behavioral therapy for, 113–114, 168 drugs for, 164–166 guided imagery for, 180, 181 hypnosis for, 184–185, 192 overview, 164 surgery for, 166, 170 Marijuana, 332, 335, 336, 340 Massage, 177–179, 199 Ayurvedic, 176 pain management with, 192 tui na, 176, 178, 182 Materia Medica, 176 McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), 158, 160 Meaning-focused coping, 111, 112 Measurement adherence, 60–61, 85 daily hassles, 100, 101 hormones, 98–99 life event stresses, 98–100, 101 pain, 157–160, 170 stress, 100, 101 Medicaid, 50, 56, 57 Medical advice getting and adhering to, 64, 65, 68, 73, 81 reasons for not complying, 82–84, 86 Medical care choosing practitioners for, 51–53 cost of hospital care, 50–51 hospitals and, 53–56 limited access to, 50–51 medical errors at hospitals, 54 receiving, 50–56, 57 Medical practitioners See Practitioners Medical qi gong, 181 Medicare, 50, 56, 57 Medication Event Monitoring System, 61 Medications See Drugs Meditation effectiveness of, 196 reducing anxiety, stress, and depression with, 187–188 types of, 180 uses for, 192, 194–195 Mediterranean diet, 243 Medulla, 149 Melanoma, 246 Memory loss, 259 Memory lymphocytes, 124 Men adherence of, 65, 88 alcohol consumption by, 314, 316 anorexia among, 363 cardiovascular effects of exercise for, 379 coping strategies for, 111–112 death from AIDS, 270, 271 identifying risk factors for, 31 inherent CVD risk factors for, 213–215 job-related stress for, 128 marriage and social support for, 130 mortality rates for CVD, 210–211 neuroendocrine responses to stress, 95 pain perception of, 153–154 percentage of overweight/obese, 349 rates of HIV infection for, 270, 271 risk factors for smokers, 33, 240, 297 seeking health care, 44 smoking by, 289–291, 295 stress and CVD, 135 use of CAM therapy by, 186–187 Meridians, 175 Mesmerism, 184 Meta-analysis, 30, 38 Metabolic syndrome, 216 Metastasize, 233 Metropolitan Insurance Company weight charts, 362 Migraine headaches, 161 Mind-body medicine, 179–185 biofeedback, 183–184, 185 defined, 179, 199–200 energy healing, 182–183 hypnosis, 184–185, 192 meditation and yoga, 180, 185 overview, 179–180 qi gong, 181–182, 181–182, 185 tai chi, 182, 185, 190, 191, 194–195 See also specific therapies Mindfulness meditation, 180, 185, 198 MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory), 160 Model, 36 Moderation, 415 management, 330 Morbidity, 31 Morphine, 332 Mortality alcohol and rate of, 320–321 automobile crashes and, 412–413 BMI and risks of, 353–354 CVD death rates, 210–211 exercise and, 373, 386 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part SUBJECT INDEX health practices and, 31 HIV and AIDS rates of, 270–272 lack of social support and, 66–67 quitting smoking and reduced rate of, 306 rates for anorexics, 363–364 suicide and, 413–414 weight loss and risks of, 359–360 See also Death Motivation, 49 Motivational interviewing, 83 Motivational phase, 78, 80 MPI (Multidimensional Pain Inventory), 158 MPQ (McGill Pain Questionnaire), 158 Muscle strength and endurance, 375 Myelin, 146 Myocardial infarction defined, 206, 210 depression after, 228 resuming sex after, 228 Myocardium, 205, 206 N Naltrexone, 329, 331 Narcotics Anonymous (NA), 337–338 NASPE (National Association for Sport and Physical Education), 382 National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, 348, 354 Native Americans alcohol use by, 314–316 health care disparities for, 404 See also Ethnicity Natural disasters, 101–102 Natural experiments, 28, 30, 32, 38 Natural killer (NK) cells, 129 Naturopathy, 176, 177, 195 Negative reinforcement, 294–295 Neoplastic, 233 Nerves, 146 Nervous system autonomic, 89–91 central, 89–90, 127 differences in endocrine and, 90–93 function of, 89 peripheral, 89–90 registering pain, 145–150, 170 stress effects on, 130–131 sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, 89–90 See also Autonomic nervous system; Peripheral nervous system Neuroendocrine system, 90–93 adrenal glands, 92, 93 gonads, 92 pancreas, 92 pituitary gland, 92–93 thyroid, 92 Neuromatrix, 163 Neuromatrix theory, 156 Neurons activation in ANS, 90 afferent and efferent, 146 defined, 89 role in nervous system, 89 stroke’s effect on brain, 205 Neuropeptide Y, 344, 370 Neurotransmitters, 89–90 defined, 89 dopamine, 292 drug effects on, 331 norepinephrine’s role as, 90 perception of pain and, 149 Neuroticism, 44 Nicotine addiction to, 285–286, 287 physiological effects of, 294 See also Smoking Nicotine replacement therapy, 302 Nitric oxide, 287 NK (natural killer) cells, 121 Nocebo effect, 21 Nociceptors, 146 Noise, 103–104, 107 Nonadherence frequency of, 61–62, 81 reasons for, 62, 63 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 246 Nonmedical sources of health information Internet, 49–50 lay referral network, 49, 57 Norepinephrine, 90, 93 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs), 165 Nurses See Practitioners Nurses’ Health Study, 237–238 O Obesity adolescents and, 349, 354 BMI as measure of, 348–349, 354 body fat and, 347–348, 354–355, 362 colorectal cancer and, 242 correlational studies on, 24–25 CVD risks and, 212, 213, 218 defining, 347–349 exercise and weight control, 26, 375–376, 377 fashion and weight, 349 genetic tendency to, 341, 354 health risks of, 353–354, 369–370 heart disease and, 25 increases in, 349 overeating and, 347, 350, 353–354 positive incentive model of, 351–353, 354–355 setpoint model of, 350–351, 352, 354 sleep deprivation and, 352 studies on, 355 See also Weight gain Obligatory exercise, 388 Observational studies, 28–29, 31, 38 Oklahoma City bombings, 102 Oncologists, 248 Oncology, integrative, 198 Opiates, pain reduction with, 149–150 Optimistic bias adherence and, 76 defined, 62 lifestyle changes and, 224 smoking and, 241, 295 Ornish diet, 178, 179, 199, 228 Osteoarthritis alternative therapies for, 191, 197, 199 pain and, 162 517 Osteoporosis, 381–382, 386 Outcome expectations, 70, 78 Overeating factors promoting, 353 obesity and, 347–354, 370 physiological effects of, 346 See also Binge eating Overweight See Obesity; Weight gain P Pain acute, chronic, and prechronic, 151, 157 alternative therapies for, 189–192 arthritis, 162, 170 assessing, 144, 158–159 brain and, 147–149 cancer, 162 cultural perceptions of, 153 fibromyalgia, 162 gate control theory of, 155–156 gender and perception of, 153–154 guided imagery for managing, 180, 181 headache, 160, 161, 170 individual experiences of, 152–153 insensitivity to, 144 low back, 161–162 managing, 164–169, 170 meaning of, 150–156, 170 measuring, 157–160, 170 modulating, 149–150 neuromatrix theory of, 156 neurotransmitters and, 149 observing pain-related behavior, 159, 160 pain syndromes, 160–164, 170 phantom limb, 163–164 physiological measurements of, 159–160 placebo effect and reduced, 21–22 psychological and physical factors in, 151 reducing with opiates, 149–150 somatosensory system and, 146 specificity theory of, 154, 157 spinal cord and, 154–155 suggested readings on, 171 surgery for managing, 166, 169 theories of, 154–156 views of, 151 Pain inoculation, 168 Pain-prone personalities, 153 Pain questionnaires, 158 Pain syndromes, 160–164, 170 alternative treatments for, 189–192 arthritis, 162, 170 headache, 160, 161, 170 phantom limb pain, 163–164 related to cancer, 162 See also Chronic recurrent pain; and specific syndromes Pain traps, 167 Pancreas, 92 Pancreatic juices, 343 Parasympathetic nervous system, 89–90 Passive smoking, 299, 300, 308 Pathogens, Patients adapting to terminal illness, 277–278 age factor in seeking care, 44–45 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 518 SUBJECT INDEX Patients (continued) communications with practitioners, 52 contingency contracts for, 83–84, 86 effect of chronic disease on, 255–256, 280 helping Alzheimer’s, 260 psychological interventions for cancer, 250, 251 rehabilitating from CVD, 227–229 role of hospital, 53–55, 56 social support for cancer, 249–250 Peptide YY, 345, 370 Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), 99 Periaqueductal gray, 149–150 Periodontal disease, CVD, 297 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) divisions of, 89–90 neural impulses and, 145–146 neuroendocrine system, 90–93 Peristalsis, 343 Persistence of symptoms, 46 Personal control, 109–110 Personal factors adherence and, 65, 68 body image and eating disorders, 361–362 changing behavior patterns and, 73 choosing CAM treatments, 185–187 communicating with practitioners, 52 concept of disease, 65–66 effects of lifestyle on health, 140, 414 exercising control over life, 73–74 health care preferences and, 173 illness behavior and, 44 individual’s experience of pain, 182–183 inventory of personal health risks, 54 perceiving stress, 96–97 personal control and coping, 109–110, 112 predicting adherence relapses, 69–71, 74 tailoring adherence regimen using, 83, 86 understanding personal health risks, 412–414 vulnerability to stress related diseases, 98, 131 Personal health inventories adherence, 65 alcohol, 311 cancer, 232 CVD, 202 examining personal health beliefs, 19 exercise, 373 health care preferences, 173 personal health risks, 41 rating pain, 144 smoking, 283 stress, 88, 96–97, 100 weight and eating, 342 PET (positron emission tomography), 148 Phagocytosis, 122, 130 Phantom limb pain, 163–164 Pharynx, 318, 343 Physical activity See Exercise Physicians See Practitioners Physiology alcohol’s effect on, 316–321, 339 conditions contributing to CVD, 215–217, 229 of diabetes, 263–264 digestive system, 343–344, 369 effect of stress on, 130–131 functioning of coronary arteries, 205 immune system, 121–124 injuries from exercise, 388–389, 390, 412–414 measuring stress effects on, 98, 100–101, 118 overeating’s effect on, 346, 351 physical factors of pain, 151–152 physiological measurements of pain, 159–160 respiratory system function, 284–285 smoking’s effect on lungs, 285 starvation’s effect on, 345–346 stress response and, 94–95, 118 Pipe smoking, 298–299, 308 Pituitary gland, 92, 94, 118 Placebo effect case studies of, 19 double- and single-blind research design and, 22, 23, 37–38 informed consent and, 23 nocebo effects, 21 Placebos defined, 20, 23 random use in clinical trials, 29 reduced pain and, 23 testing disease model of alcohol with, 325 use of, 37–38 Plasma cells, 124 PNI See Psychoneuroimmunology PNS See Peripheral nervous system Pollution as stressor, 103–104 Population density, 104 Positive incentive model of obesity, 351–353, 354–355 Positive psychology, 11 Positive reinforcement, 73 Positive reinforcers, 167 Positron emission tomography (PET), 148–149 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) cataclysmic events and, 101–102, 107, 118–119 linked to stress, 141–142 Poverty CVD increases linked with, 212 daily hassles and, 104, 107 health care availability and, 57 health-related behavior and, 48 life expectancy and, Practitioners choosing, 51–53 communications with, 52 dealing with patients with chronic disease, 255–256 patient adherence and interaction with, 52 personal characteristics of, 52–53 Prayer, 183 Precaution adoption process model, 76–78 critique of, 79–80 summary of, 61, 86 Prechronic pain, 151, 157 Predictive validity, 37 Predictors of adherence, 63–68 cultural norms, 67–68 environmental factors, 66–68 interaction of factors, 68 personal factors, 65–66 practitioner-patient interaction, 52 self-efficacy, 69–71 severity of disease, 64, 74 summary of research on, 68 treatment characteristics, 64 Pregnancy alcohol’s effect on fetus, 318–319 risks for women smokers, 296 Prescription drugs, 54 Prevalence, 27–28, 33 Prevention Alzheimer’s disease, 258–259 bone density loss, 381, 386 cancer, 243–245, 380, 385 CVD, 218–219, 224–227 drug abuse, 338 gallstone, 321, 322 primary and secondary, 410–411 relapses for smokers, 304, 305 weight gain for ex-smokers, 305–306 Primary afferents, 146 Primary appraisal, 97 Primary prevention, 410 Pritikin diet, 179 Probability, 73 Problem-focused coping, 111–112, 119 Progressive muscle relaxation, 112–113 Prohibition, 313, 382 Proinflammatory cytokines, 149 Project D.A.R.E., 301 Prospective studies approaches for, 28 causation undetermined in, 33 defined, 32 Prostate cancer decreasing death rates for, 236 psychosocial risks for, 238–239 Prozac, 364, 367, 369 Prudent diet, 226 PSS (Perceived Stress Scale), 99 Psychoactive drugs, 336 characteristics of, 334 effect on brain, 332 Psychological disorders and stress, 138–141, 142 Psychological factors exercise and, 381–385 expectancy effects and, 22 in pain, 151–154 in stress, 97 Psychological tests for pain, 158–159 Psychologists acceptance in health field, 12 helping people with HIV, 275–277 smoking interventions by, 302–303 training and work of health, 15–16 Psychometrics, 36–37, 38–39 Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), 127–131 effect of stress on physiology, 130–131 history of, 127–128 overview, 131 relating behavior to disease, 142 research in, 128–130 Psychosocial stresses CVD and, 219–220, 223, 229 daily hassles and, 104–106 Psychosomatic medicine, 12–13 Psychotherapy, treating alcoholism with, 329 PTSD See Posttraumatic stress disorder Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part SUBJECT INDEX Punishment, 73 Purging, 366 Q Qi, 175, 176 Qi gong, 176, 181–182 pain control with, 189, 213 reducing stress with, 189, 190 Quitting smoking, 301–303 health benefits of, 306, 308 preventing relapses, 304, 305 weight gain and, 305–306, 309 who succeeds in, 303–304, 308–309 R Radiation, 248, 251 Randomized, controlled trials, 29, 32, 38 dietary studies using, 243 experimental studies and, 28 testing alternative treatments with, 188 Rape, 413 Rating scales pain assessment, 157–158 Social Readjustment Rating Scale, 99, 100, 101, 102, 118, 132 Visual Analog Scale, 157 Raynaud’s disease, 194, 199 Reappraisals, 98 Reciprocal determinism, 69, 70 Recovery Alcoholics Anonymous and, 328–329, 331 chemical treatments for, 329–330 methods of alcoholism treatment and, 328–330 psychotherapy treatments in, 329 Rectum, 344 Reiki, 182, 185 Reinforcement, 73 Relapses adherence and, 70–71, 75, 76 after weight loss, 358–359, 360 anorexia recovery and, 365 drug abuse, 337, 339 frequency of nonadherence, 62 preventing smoking, 304 problems with alcohol, 330–331, 337–338, 340 Relative risks, 33 Relaxation training, 117, 119 effectiveness of, 113 pain management with, 167, 170 progressive muscle relaxation, 112–113 Reliability determining, 36–37, 39 of stress measurements, 100–101 Religion, 180, 183 Research See Health research Resistance stage, 95–96 Respiratory system alcohol use and, 317 chronic diseases of lower, 284, 287, 297 functioning of, 284–285 illustrated, 285 smoking and, 285–287, 297, 308 Retrospective studies, 28–29, 31, 38 Rheumatoid arthritis defined, 138 relaxation techniques and, 167 stress as source of, 162, 164 tai chi and, 181, 182 Risk factors absolute and relative, 33 Alzheimer’s, 258–260 death during exercise, 389–390 defined, 27, 33 determining causation via, 33, 35 identifying for chronic diseases, 30–31 research identifying, 31–32 understanding personal, 412–414 See also Personal health inventories Risk factors for cancer alcohol, 243, 247, 251, 317–319 diet, 239–240, 245, 247, 251 environmental risks, 239, 251, 296–297 inherent, 237–238, 251 lung cancer, 33–35 psychosocial factors, 247 Risk factors for CVD changing lifestyle to lower, 210–212 glucose metabolism and, 216 inflammation and, 217 inherent, 213–215 obesity, 212, 213, 218 physiological factors, 215–217, 229 psychosocial factors, 219–220, 223, 229 reducing risks of disease, 224–229, 230 smoking and, 217–218, 224, 230, 296–297 weight and diet, 217–218 Rumination, 139, 222 S Salivary glands, 343 Sarcomas, 233 Secondary appraisal, 97 Secondary hypertension, 209 Secondary prevention, 411 Sedatives, 333 Sedentary lifestyle, 394 adding exercise to, 375 asthma and, 268 cancer risks with, 245, 247 depression and, 382–383 Seeking and receiving health care, 42–48 beliefs contributing to, 46–48 cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic views, 45 gender differences in, 44 how people view disease, 46–48 medical information from nonmedical sources, 49–50 overview, 57 personal factors in, 44 real-world profile on, 41–42 symptom characteristics and, 45–46 Selenium, 243, 244 Self-care, 410, 411 Self-efficacy adherence and, 69–71, 78 exercise maintenance and, 395 Self-esteem, 361, 367 519 Self-reports measuring pain with, 157–159 stress, 100–101 Self-selection, 29 September 11 attacks, 102 Serotonin, 335 Serum cholesterol, 215–216, 218, 223, 226 Setpoint model, 350–351, 354, 370 Severity of symptoms adherence and, 64, 46 seeking health care and, 65 Sexual behavior bulimia and sexual abuse, 365–367 drinking and unprotected, 319, 326 HIV infection and heterosexual contact, 273, 275 homosexual transmission of HIV, 272–274, 277–278 linked to cancer, 246–247 resuming after myocardial infarction, 228 Shiatsu massage, 178 Sick role behavior defined, 43 diagnosis and, 48, 49, 57 hospital patients’, 53–55, 57 Side effects, 64, 68 Single-blind design, 22, 23, 37–38 Skin pain receptors on, 146, 150 skin cancer, 245–246 Sleep obesity and deprivation of, 351 recommended amounts of, 416 Small intestine, 343–344, 369 Smokeless tobacco, 300, 308 Smokers advertising attracting, 293 genetic predisposition of, 292, 296 health recommendations for, 305 nicotine addiction of, 294 optimistic bias of, 241, 295 preventing relapses by, 304, 305 profiling, 289–290, 308 quitting smoking, 301–303 rates of cigarette consumption by, 289 reinforcement for, 294–295 social pressure on, 292 successes in quitting, 303–304 weight control motivating, 305–306, 309 why they start, 291–292 young people as, 290–291, 292–293, 308 Smoking advertising and, 293 alcohol consumption and, 244 cancer deaths related to, 239–241, 247, 251, 297 choosing to, 288–289 chronic disease and, 31, 33–35, 297 cigar and pipe, 298–299, 308 consequences of, 296–298, 308 CVD and, 217–218, 224, 230, 296–297 dangerous components in, 285–287 deaths from, 284 deterring, 300–301 effect on respiratory system, 285–287, 297, 308 genetics and, 291–292, 296 health benefits of quitting, 306, 308 history of tobacco use and, 288 nicotine addiction and, 294 optimistic bias and, 241, 295 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part 520 SUBJECT INDEX Smoking (continued) other health effects of, 297–298 passive, 299, 300, 308 personal health inventory for, 283 profiling smokers and nonsmokers, 289–290, 308 quitting, 301–303 rates among young people, 290–291, 292–293, 308 real-world profile on, 283 reasons for starting, 291–292 refraining from, 415 reinforcement motivating, 294–295 relapse prevention, 304, 305 social pressure and, 292 weight control with, 305–306, 309 Snuff, 241, 287 Social contacts, 108 Social coping, 111 Social isolation, 108 Social network, 108 Social Network Index, 31 Social pressure smoking and, 292 social learning model of drinking, 326–327 Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), 99, 100, 101, 102, 118, 132 Social support boosting adherence with, 66–67 cancer patients and, 249–250, 251 college students’ need for, 416 CVD risk factors and, 221 defined, 66–67 drug abuse and, 337–338 quitting smoking and, 301–303 stress and, 108–109, 112 Somatic nervous system, 89 Somatosensory cortex, 147 Somatosensory system, 146 Specificity theory of pain, 154, 157 Spinal cord, 146–147, 150, 154–156 Spirituality and disease, 183 Spleen, 122 Spontaneous remission, 328 SRD (stress response dampening) effect, 325 SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale), 99, 100, 101, 102, 118, 132 Stage theory, 278–279 State anxiety, 383 Steroids, 335–336 Stimulants, 335, 339 Stress alcohol myopia and, 325–326 anxiety disorders and, 140–141, 142 asthma and, 138 behavioral interventions for, 112–117, 119 caregiving and, 261 cognitive behavioral therapy for, 113–115, 117–118 college students and, 414 coping with, 98, 107–112, 200 CVD and, 135, 141, 221 daily hassles and, 100, 101, 103–106, 107 detecting with hormones levels, 98–99 diabetes and, 137, 265–266 diathesis-stress model, 131–132 difficulty linking to life events, 132–138 during sports matches, 135 effect on lifestyle, 140 emotional disclosure diffusing, 115–117, 118 exercise’s effect on, 383–384, 386 factors in seeking care for, 44 general adaptation syndrome and, 95–96, 98, 118 headaches and, 133 hypertension and, 135–136 immune function lowered under, 129–130 and immunity, 120–142 infectious disease and, 133–135 Lazarus’s view of, 97–98 life events and, 98–100, 101 linking to disease, 132–138 low back pain and, 157 measuring, 100, 101 nervous system and, 89–95 personal control and, 109–110, 119 personal hardiness and, 119 physiological effects of, 89–95, 118, 130–131 posttraumatic stress disorder, 101–102, 107, 118–119, 141–142 produced by cataclysmic events, 101–102 psychological disorders linked to, 138–141, 142 psychological factors in, 97 reactivity under, 136–137 reducing with meditation, 188–189, 190 relaxation training for, 113, 119 reliability and validity of measurements, 100–101 rheumatoid arthritis and, 162, 164 role in disease, 131–141, 142 self-report scales for evaluating, 100–101 Selye’s view of, 95–97, 98, 132 sources of, 101–106, 119 strategies for coping with, 111–112 suggested readings, 119, 142 theories explaining, 95–98, 118 ulcers and, 137 vulnerability and, 98 Stress-buffering hypothesis, 109 Stress in General Scale, 100 Stress inoculation training, 114 Stress management cognitive behavioral therapy for, 113–115, 117–118 emotional disclosure for, 115–117, 118 relaxation training for, 113, 119 stress inoculation training, 114, 115 Stressors, 95 Stress response dampening (SRD) effect, 325 Stroke common, 208 defined, 207 effects of, 207 hemorrhagic, 207, 208 high blood pressure and, 208–209, 210 inflammation and, 216–217 Subjective norms, 71–73 Subject variables, 26–27 Substantia gelatinosa, 146, 155 Suicide alcohol consumption and attempted, 319 understanding risks of, 413–414 Suppressed anger, 222–223 Surgery managing pain with, 166, 170 mesmerism and hypnosis as anesthetic for, 184 placebo, 22–23 types promoting weight loss, 358 Swedish Twin Registry, 247 Sympathetic nervous system, 89, 95, 99 Symptom Checklist-90, 158 Symptoms illness behavior and, 43–48 influencing response to disease, 45–46 when to seek care for, 42–43 Synaptic cleft, 89 Syndromes alcohol dependency, 323, 324, 327 defined, 175 fetal alcohol, 318, 319 general adaptation, 95–96, 98, 118 Korsakoff, 318, 322 metabolic, 216 See also Pain syndromes Synergistic effects, 241 Systolic pressure, 208 T Tai chi, 185, 190, 191, 194 effectiveness of, 181, 182 reducing stress with, 190–191, 194 Tars, 286 T-cells, 121–122, 124, 125 TCM See Traditional Chinese medicine Temperance, 313 TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation), 166 Tension headaches, 161, 190–191 Text messaging, 82 Thalamus, 147 Theories defined, 36 role in health psychology, 37, 39 theoretical research models, 35–36 See also specific theories Theory of planned behavior, 71–73 critique of, 73–74 origin of, 45 summary of, 74 Thermal biofeedback, 184 Thymosin, 121 Thymus, 121, 122 Thyroid, 92 Time lines for illness, 47 Tobacco cigar and pipe smoking, 298–299, 308 cigarette consumption per person, 289 health consequences of cigarettes, 296–298, 308 history of use, 288 passive smoking, 299, 300, 308 smokeless, 300, 308 Tolerance defined, 317 drug, 164 table of psychoactive drug, 334 tranquilizers and, 333 Tonsils, 122 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 175–176, 176 benefits found with, 195, 198–199 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part SUBJECT INDEX pain control with, 190–192 See also Acupuncture Trait anxiety, 383 Tranquilizers, 333 Transcendental meditation, 180, 185 Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), 166 Transplant rejection, 126 Transtheoretical model, 75–76 Treatment effectiveness of alternative therapies for pain, 189–192 of CAM for anxiety, stress, and depression, 188–189, 190 of cognitive behavioral therapy, 114–115, 168 of relaxation techniques for chronic pain, 167 Treatments adherence to complex, 64, 68 anorexia and, 363–365, 370 binge eating, 369 bulimia, 366–367 cancer, 248 changing problem drinking, 328–331, 339–340 drug abuse, 337–338, 340 graduated regimen implementation, 83 side effects of, 68 tailoring regimen for, 83, 86 Triglycerides, 215 Tui na massage, 176, 178, 182 Tumors, 233 12-step programs, 329, 399 Type A behavior, 221–223 U Ulcers, 137 Ultraviolet light exposure, 245–246, 251 United Nations, 10 Uplifts Scale, 101 Urban press, 103, 107 V Vaccination, 124, 134 Validity, 37, 100–101 Variables independent and dependent, 26–27 subject, 26–27 VAS (Visual Analog Scale), 157 Vegetarian diet, 178 Veins, 204 Venules, 204 Violence eating disorders and family, 363 fear and threats of, 104, 107 incidents among young people, 413–414 stress of, 104, 169 Vitamin D, 246 VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), 215 Volitional phase, 78, 79 Vulnerability and stress, 98 W Weekly Stress Inventory, 100 Weight attitudes about, 342 body fat and, 347–348, 354–355, 362 charts of desirable, 362 controlling with smoking, 305–306, 309 dieting and, 355–359, 370 eating disorders and, 342, 360–369 exercise and control of, 357–358, 375–376, 386 experimental starvation studies, 345–346 factors in maintaining, 344–346, 370 fashion and, 349 growing occurrence of obesity, 349 health risks of obesity, 353–354, 369–370 idealized thinness and, 349, 355, 359–360 importance of maintaining healthy, 415–416 losing, 356–359 measuring obesity with BMI, 348–349, 354 obesity and CVD risks, 212, 213, 218 overeating, 346, 351, 353 positive incentive model of obesity, 351–353, 354–355 prospective studies on heart disease and, 28 recommendations for eating disorders, 368 setpoint model of obesity, 350–351, 352, 354 sleep deprivation and obesity, 352 studies on obesity, 354–355 suggested readings on, 370–371 Weight charts, 362 Weight gain diet and, 347 overeating and, 346, 351 quitting smoking and, 305–306, 309 See also Obesity Weight loss adolescents and, 356–359, 370 behavior modification for, 357 designing trials on effectiveness of, 29 drastic methods for, 357–358 exercise and, 357–358, 375–376 food lowering blood pressure and, 225–226, 230 maintaining, 358–359, 360 methods for losing weight, 356–359 pros and cons of dieting, 359, 360, 370 521 surgeries for, 358 triggering anorexia nervosa, 361–365 See also Dieting; Eating disorders Weight maintenance calorie intake and, 356 factors promoting overeating, 353 idealized thinness and, 349, 355, 359–360 importance of healthy, 414, 415, 416, 417 maintaining weight loss, 358–359, 360 overeating and, 347–354 Well-year, 400 West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI), 158 WHO (World Health Organization), 10, 42, 48 Withdrawal, 324 Women adherence of, 65, 88 alcohol consumption by, 314, 316 cardiovascular effects of exercise for, 379 cervical cancer risks for, 246–247 characteristics of female physicians, 53 coping strategies of, 111–112 death from AIDS, 270, 271 effect of marital social support for, 109 HIV infection among, 270, 271 identifying risk factors for, 31 inherent CVD risk factors for, 213–215 job-related stress for, 128 mortality rates for CVD, 210–211 neuroendocrine responses to stress, 95 pain perception of, 153–154 percentage overweight/obese, 349 risk factors for smokers, 33, 297 seeking health care, 44 smoking by, 289–291, 295 stress factors and CVD, 135 use of CAM therapy by, 186–187 Work stresses, 106, 140 World Health Organization (WHO), 10, 42, 48 World Trade Center, 102 Y Yang, 175 Yin, 175 Yoga, 176–177, 180, 189 Z Zone diet, 178, 179, 199 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part ... of health psychology and (2) a clear and engaging review of classic and cutting-edge research on behavior and health The eighth edition of Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health. .. Health Psychology Conducting Health Research 18 Seeking and Receiving Health Care Adhering to Healthy Behavior 58 Defining, Measuring, and Managing Stress 87 Understanding Stress, Immunity, and. .. xviii PREFACE Instructor’s Manual With Test Bank This edition of Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health is accompanied by a comprehensive instructor’s manual Each chapter begins