An introduction to the history of psychology

✵ An Introduction to the History of Psychology SEVENTH EDITION B R HERGENHAHN Professor Emeritus, Hamline University TRACY B HENLEY Texas A & M University - Commerce Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it This is an electronic version of the print textbook Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it An Introduction to the History of Psychology, Seventh Edition B R Hergenhahn, Tracy B Henley Publisher, Psychology & Helping Professions: Jon-David Hague Developmental Editor: Ken King Assistant Editor: Paige Leeds © 2014, 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher Editorial Assistant: Amelia Blevins Associate Media Editor: Jasmin Tokatlian Senior Brand Manager: Liz Rhoden Market Development Manager: Christine Sosa Manufacturing Planner: Karen Hunt Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Tom McDonough Design, Production Services, and Composition: PreMediaGlobal Text Researcher: Pablo D’Stair Cover Image: The cover illustration is a detail of the head of Venus from “The Bath of Venus and Mars,” Giulio Romano, Palazzo del Té, Mantua, Scala/Art Resource, N.Y For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to permissionrequest@cengage.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2012951915 ISBN-13: 978-1-133-95809-3 ISBN-10: 1-133-95809-5 Wadsworth 20 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan Locate your local office at www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.cengagebrain.com Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ✵ Brief Contents Chapter Introduction Chapter Ancient Greece Chapter Rome and the Middle Ages Chapter Renaissance Science and Philosophy Chapter Empiricism, Sensationalism, and Positivism Chapter Rationalism Chapter Romanticism and Existentialism Chapter Physiology and Psychophysics Chapter Early Approaches to Psychology 27 62 92 122 168 195 219 248 Chapter 10 Evolution and Individual Differences 279 Chapter 11 American Psychology and Functionalism Chapter 12 Behaviorism 320 368 Chapter 13 Neobehaviorism 405 Chapter 14 Gestalt Psychology 437 Chapter 15 Early Considerations of Mental Illness Chapter 16 Psychoanalysis 491 Chapter 17 Humanistic (Third-Force) Psychology Chapter 18 Psychobiology 465 533 567 Chapter 19 Cognitive Psychology Chapter 20 Psychology Today 585 609 iii Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ✵ Contents PREFACE Chapter xvii Introduction Problems in Writing a History of Psychology Where to Start What to Include Choice of Approach Why Study the History of Psychology? Deeper Understanding A Source of Valuable Ideas What Is Science? The Search for Laws Revisions in the Traditional View of Science Karl Popper Thomas Kuhn Paradigms and Psychology Popper versus Kuhn 11 Is Psychology a Science? 11 13 Determinism 13 Indeterminism and Nondeterminism Persistent Questions in Psychology Mind and Body 16 Nativism versus Empiricism 14 16 17 iv Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it CONTENTS Rationalism versus Irrationalism 18 How Are Humans Related to Nonhuman Animals? What Is the Origin of Human Knowledge? 20 Objective versus Subjective Reality The Problem of the Self 21 Universalism versus Relativism Chapter Ancient Greece v 19 20 21 27 The Ancient World 27 Animism and Anthropomorphism Magic 28 27 Homo Psychologicus 28 Early Greek Religion 28 The First Philosophers Thales 29 29 Anaximander and Heraclitus Parmenides and Zeno Pythagoras 32 30 31 Empedocles 33 Anaxagoras 34 Democritus 35 Early Greek Medicine Alcmaeon 36 36 Hippocrates 37 The Relativity of Truth 39 Protagoras 39 Gorgias 40 Xenophanes Socrates Plato 43 40 41 The Theory of Forms or Ideas 43 The Analogy of the Divided Line 44 The Allegory of the Cave 44 The Reminiscence Theory of Knowledge The Nature of the Soul 45 45 Sleep and Dreams 46 Plato’s Legacy 47 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it vi CONTENTS Aristotle 47 The Basic Difference between Plato and Aristotle Causation and Teleology 49 Sensation and Reason 50 Memory and Recall 51 Imagination and Dreaming 52 Motivation and Emotion 53 The Importance of Early Greek Philosophy Chapter 48 Rome and the Middle Ages After Aristotle 62 54 62 Skepticism 62 Cynicism 63 Epicureanism 65 Philosophy in Rome 66 Stoicism 66 Neoplatonism 67 Emphasis on Spirit 69 Jesus 70 St Paul 71 Emperor Constantine 72 St Augustine 74 The Dark Ages 77 Islamic and Jewish Influences Avicenna 78 78 Averroës 79 Maimonides 80 Reconciliation of Christian Faith and Reason 80 St Anselm 80 Scholasticism 81 Peter Abelard 81 St Thomas Aquinas 84 William of Occam: A Turning Point 86 The Spirit of the Times before the Renaissance Chapter Renaissance Science and Philosophy Challenges to Church Authority 92 Renaissance Humanism 86 92 93 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it CONTENTS Major Themes vii 93 Francesco Petrarch 94 Giovanni Pico 95 Desiderius Erasmus 95 Martin Luther 96 Michel de Montaigne 98 Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Ptolemy 99 99 Nicolaus Copernicus 100 Johannes Kepler 101 Galileo 102 Isaac Newton 105 Principles of Newtonian Science 106 Francis Bacon 107 Baconian Science 108 Science Should Provide Useful Information Rene Descartes 111 Descartes’s Search for Philosophical Truth 110 112 Innate Ideas 113 The Reflex 114 The Mind–Body Interaction 115 Descartes’s Contributions to Psychology Descartes’s Fate Chapter 116 117 Empiricism, Sensationalism, and Positivism 122 British Empiricism 123 Thomas Hobbes 123 John Locke 126 George Berkeley 131 David Hume 134 David Hartley 140 James Mill 143 John Stuart Mill 145 Alexander Bain 149 French Sensationalism 152 Pierre Gassendi 153 Julien de La Mettrie 153 Étienne Bonnot de Condillac 156 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it viii CONTENTS Positivism 158 Auguste Comte 158 A Second Type of Positivism Chapter 161 Rationalism 168 Baruch Spinoza 169 Mind–Body Relationship 170 Denial of Free Will 170 Motivation and Emotion 171 Spinoza’s Influence 172 Nicolas de Malebranche 173 Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz 173 Disagreement with Locke 173 Monadology 174 Mind–Body Relationship 175 Conscious and Unconscious Perception 175 Thomas Reid 177 Common Sense 178 Direct Realism 179 Faculty Psychology 179 Immanuel Kant 180 Categories of Thought 181 Causes of Mental Experience The Categorical Imperative Kant’s Influence 184 182 183 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel The Absolute 185 Dialectic Process 185 186 Hegel’s Influence 186 Johann Friedrich Herbart 187 Psychology as Science 188 The Apperceptive Mass 188 Educational Psychology 189 Herbart’s Legacy 190 Chapter Romanticism and Existentialism Romanticism 196 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 195 197 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 684 SUBJECT INDEX Gall, Franz Joseph, 230, 246 Galton, Sir Francis, 288–293, 318 anthropometry, 291–292 contributions to psychology, 293 correlation, 292–293 eugenics, 289–290 measure of intelligence, 289 mental imagery, 291 nature-nurture controversy, 290–291, 579 words and images, 291 Garcia effect, 130 Gassendi, Pierre, 153, 165 Gassner, Johann, 482 Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 454 Mill (J S.) on equality of sexes, 149 Saint Paul’s views on women, 72 General impression, 256, 277 General intelligence (g), 300, 318 General Intelligence (Spearman), 299 General Principles of Human Refloxology (Bechterev), 378 General will, 198–199, 217 Genetic Studies of Genius (Terman), 306 Genital stage, 508 Geocentric theory, 100, 120 Geographical environment, 450, 463 German phenomenology, influence of, 450 German psychology (early), 264–274 Gestalt psychology, 437–464, 463, 569 antecedents, 438–439 application of field theory, 444 defined, 437 explanation of learning, 451–452 figure-ground relationship, 447–448 founding of, 439 impact of, 459–460 influence on psychology, 460 Koffka, Kurt, 440–441 Köhler, Wolfgang, 441–444 law of Prägnanz, 446 Lewin, Kurt, 456–459 memory, 455–456 opposition to constancy hypothesis, 445 perceptual constancies, 446–447 phi phemomenon, 439 principles of perceptual organization, 448–450 productive thinking, 453–455 psychophysical isomorphism, 445 subjective and objective reality, 450 success in the U.S., 443 Tolman and, 425 top-down analysis, not bottom up, 446 Wertheimer, Max, 440 Gestalt Psychology (Köhler), 442 Gestaltqualitaten, 438 Gestalt therapy, 460 Gifted Children (Hollingworth), 309 Gillie, Oliver, 301 Goddard, Henry H., 301–303, 318 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 200–201, 217, 492 Goethe’s influence on, 201 Golden Bough, The (Frazer), 469 Golden mean, 53, 59 Good old–fashioned AI (GOFAI), 602 Gorgias, 40, 59 Grand theory, 416 Great-person approach, 3, 25 Greek philosophy Anaxagoras, 34–35, 58 Anaximander, 30–31 animism and anthropomorphism, 27–28 Antisthenes, 64 Aristotle, 2, 47–54 Democritus, 35–36, 58 Diogenes, 64 early Greek medicine, 36–38 early Greek religion, 28–29 Empedocles, 33–34 Galen, 38, 59 Gorgias, 40 Hedonism, 66 Heraclitus, 30–31 Hippocrates, 37–38 importance of, 54–55 Parmenides, 31–32, 60 Plato, 43–47 Protagoras, 39–40, 60 Pyrrho of Elis, 62, 91 Pythagoras, 32–33, 60 relativity of truth, 39–43 Socrates, 41–43 Thales, 29–30 Zeno of Elea, 32–61 Ground of existence, 539 Group dynamics, 459, 463 Growth of the Mind: An Introduction to Child Psychology, The (Koffka), 441 Guilt existentialist thought on, 542 Heidegger on, 538–539 Guthrie, Edwin R., 408–412, 432, 435 breaking habits, 411 drives and intentions, 411 forgetting, 410 formalization of his theory, 411 learning theory, 409 nature of reinforcement, 410 one-trial learning, 406, 435 punishment research, 411 why practice improves performance, 409 H Habits, 366 breaking, Guthrie on, 411 James on, 327–328 Habit strength (SHR), 415, 435 Hall, Granville S., 338–343, 366 applied psychology and military efficiency, 611 developmental psychology, 340 founder and president of APA, 339, 362 legacy at Clark University, 347 Magnum Opus, 340–341 opposition to coeducation, 341–342 president of Clark University, 362 recapitulation theory, 340 religious conversion, 342–343 stoicism and, 67, 91 study of aging, 343 sublimation, 341 views on women, 342 work on adolescent psychology, 342, 343 Hard determinism, 15 Harlow, Harry, 549 Hartley, David, 140–143, 166, 601 explanation of association, 141–142 goal, 140–141 on idea in Hebb’s rule, 601 influence, 143 laws of association and behavior, 142–143 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX Hebb, Donald O., 570–572 cell assemblies and phase sequences, 570–572 Hebb’s rule, 601 Hedonism, 66, 90 Bain on, 151 Bentham on, 144 Spinoza on, 171 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 185–187, 193 the absolute, 185–186 dialectic process, 186 influence, 186–187 Heidbreder, E., 325, 337, 351, 501–502, 503, 618 Heidegger, Martin, 537–539 Heliocentric theory, 100, 120 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 223–227, 246, 483 auditory perception, theory of, 226–227 color vision, theory of, 225–226 contributions, 227 influence on Freud, 493, 499 nerve conduction rate, 224–225 opposition to vitalism, 223 perception, theory of, 225 principle of conservation of energy, 224 Heloise, 82–84 Helvétius, Claude-Adrien, 158, 166 Henri, Victor, 296 Heraclitus, 30–31, 59, 625 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 187–190, 193, 492 apperceptive mass, 188–189 educational psychology, 189–190 legacy, 190 psychic mechanics, 188 psychology as science, 188 self-preservation, 188 Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (Galton), 289 Hering, Ewald, 227–229, 246 color vision, 228–229 space perception, 228–229 Heritability, 580 Hierarchy of needs (Maslow), 550–551 Hippocrates, 37–38 mental disorders and treatment, 470–471, 490 Historical development approach, 3, 25 Historicism, 2, 25 Historiography, 2, 25 History of Experimental Psychology (Boring), 259 History of Psychology, 343 Hitzig, Eduard, 236, 246 Hobbes, Thomas, 5, 123–126, 166 complex thought processes, 126 empiricism, 125 government and human instincts, 124–125 humans as machines, 123–124 psychological phenomena, explanation of, 125–126 Holists, 438, 463 Hollingworth, Leta S., 307–309, 318 Homeopathic magic, 469, 490 Homo homini lupus (Man is a wolf to man), 124 Homo psychologicus, 28 Hormic psychology, 397, 403 Howard psychology program, 345 Hull, Clark L., 412–416, 435 aptitude testing, 43 concept formation, research on, 412 humans as machines, 413 hypnosis and suggestibility, 413 hypothetico-deductive theory, 414 685 influence on psychology, 415, 431 reinforcement theory, 415 Hull-Spence theory, 416 Human, All-Too-Human (Nietzsche), 208 Human dilemma, 541 Human evolution, 286–287 Human Intellect: With an Introduction Upon Psychology and the Soul (Porter), 321 Humanism basic tenets, 549–550 Bruno, Giordano, 100 combination of romanticism and existentialism, 534 Copernicus, Nocolaus, 100–101, 119 criticisms of, 559–561 evaluation of, 559–561 Galileo, 102–104, 120 humanistic ideals vs rigorous science, 617 Kepler, Johannes, 101–102, 120 Luther, Martin, 96–98, 120 Maslow, Abraham, 547–554 Montaigne, Michel de, 98–99, 120 phenomenology, 535 positive psychology and, 560 renaissance, 93–99 Humanistic psychology, 533–566 See also Existential psychology comparison to existential psychology, 558–559 contributions of, 560 and Maslow, 549–550 mind, body, and spirit, 533–534 Human nature, 16, 17 Apollonian and Dionysian aspects, 209 assumptions about, effect on study of humans, 559 existential psychology on, 560 humanistic psychology on, 559, 560 Hume on, 134 Humans, relation to other animals, 19 Human science, 543 Hume, David, 134–140, 166, 177 analysis of causation, 137–138 association of ideas, 137 emotions and behavior, 139–140 goal, 135–136 ideas and the imagination, 136–137 impressions and ideas, 136 influence, 140 mind and self, analysis of, 138–139 skepticism and, 138, 181 Humor, Freud on, 503 Husserl, Edmund, 267–268, 277, 535–536, 537 Huxley, Thomas, 280, 285 Hypnosis and Suggestibility: An Experimental Approach (Hull), 413 Hypnotism, 481–484 artificial somnambulism, 484 Charcot’s explanation of, 485–487 Freud’s use in treatment of hysteria, 498 mesmerism’s popularity, 482–483 Nancy school, 485 origin of term “hypnosis,” 484 posthypnotic amnesia, 484 posthypnotic suggestion, 484 Hypotheses, 428, 435 Hypothetico-deductive theory, 414, 435 Hysteria, 471 case of Anna O., 496–497 Charcot’s explanation of, 486 Freud and Brueur, Studies on Hysteria, 499 Freud on male hysteria, 497 Freud’s seduction theory, 499, 510 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 686 SUBJECT INDEX I Id, 505 Idealists, 16, 25 association of, 128–130 Berkeley on, 132–133 Condillac on, 157 Hume on, 137 ideas, 128 See also Associationism; Complex ideas; Simple ideas Locke on, 127 Identical elements theory of transfer, 360, 366 Identification, 507, 508 Ideo-motor theory of behavior, 330, 366 Idols of the cave, 109, 120 Idols of the marketplace, 110, 120 Idols of the theater, 110, 120 Idols of the tribe, 110, 120 Imageless thoughts, 269, 277 Imagination, 52–53, 59 Condillac on, 157 Galton on mental imagery, 291 Hobbes on, 125 Hume on, 136–137 Immediate experience, 252, 277 Impressions, 136, 166 general impression (Wundt), 256 Inauthentic life, 538 Inclusive fitness, 288, 318 Incongruent person, 557 Indeterminism, 14–15, 25 Individual differences and applied psychology, 611 Induction, 108, 120, 136, 168 Inductive definition, 41, 59 Industrial psychology, 334–335, 366 Infantile sexuality, 502, 510 In Fear and Trembling (Kierkegaard), 207 Information processing psychology, 589, 595, 598–599 Inheritance See also Evolution; Measurement of intelligence; Nativism of acquired characteristics, 280, 318 experience vs Watson’s view, 389–390 genetic influences on intelligence and personality, 579 nativism, 17–18 Inhibition, 403 Pavlov on, 375 Sechenov on, 370 Innate ideas, 113–114, 120, 172 Hobbes’s opposition to, 125 Locke’s opposition to, 127 Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (Galton), 291 Insightful learning, 451, 463 Instincts Freud on, 505 James on, 327–328 McDougall on, 397–378 Watson on, 389, 398 Instinctual drift, 578 Instrumental conditioning, 420, 435 Intellectual philosophy (U.S.), 321 Intelligence, 281 individual differences in, 295–301 modern testing, 312–313 testing in army, 309–312 testing in United States, 301–309 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 298, 318, 442 Intelligence testing Goddard, Henry H., 301–303 Hollingworth, Leta Stetter, 307–309 Terman, Lewis Madison, 303–307 Intentionality, 265, 277, 535, 597 Intentions, Guthrie on, 411 Interactionism, 16, 25, 115, 120 defined, 394 James on, 331 mind–body problem revisited, 600–601 Sperry on, 573 Interbehaviorism, 418 Internal sense, 75, 90 Interpretation of Dreams, The (Freud), 500 Intervening variables, 428, 435 Intrinsic reinforcement, 454, 463 Introduction to Social Psychology, An (McDougall), 396, 399 Introspection, 45, 59, 76, 90, 116, 277 Brentano’s use of, 265 in functionalism and structuralism, 368 Külpe’s use of, 269 Mach on, 405 questioning of validity as research tool, 270 Thorndike on, 358 Titchener’s use of, 261 Watson on, 387 Wundt’s use of, 252–253 Intuition, 113, 120 Invariant dynamics, 446 Irrationalism, 25 vs rationalism, 18–19 Islamic and Jewish influences, 78–80 Averroës, 79–80, 90 Avicenna, 78–79, 90 Maimonides, 80, 90 Isomorphism, 445 J James, William, 323–332, 366, 560 on Calkins at her PhD exam, 337 contributions to psychology, 332 description of psychology, 617–618 emotions, 329–330 free will, 330 on Freud and psychoanalysis, 504 habits and instincts, 327–328 health crisis, 324 Hebb’s rule and, 601 influence on McDougall, 395 influence on Tolman, 424 philosophy’s two cultures, 617 pragmatism, 324, 331–332 principles of psychology, 325–326 rejection of universals or absolutism, 620 the self, 328–329 self-esteem, 329 stream of consciousness, 326–327 voluntary behavior, analysis of, 330–331 James-Lange theory of emotions, 330, 366 Janet, Pierre, 487, 490, 501 Janet on hypnosis and hysteria, 487 Jesus, 70–71, 90 Jesus, the Christ, in the Light of Psychology (Hall), 340 Jews, treatment by Nazis, 443 Jonah complex, 552 Jones, Mary Cover, 401 Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 415 Journal of Applied Psychology, 340, 612 Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 415 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX Journal of Consulting Psychology, 613 Journal of Experimental Psychology, 415 Journal of Genetic Psychology, 340 Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 549, 553, 560 Journal of Psychology and Physiology of the Sense Organs, 271 Journal of Religious Psychology, 340 Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 553 Judaism Maimonides, 80, 90 Neoplatonism and, 67–69 Jung, C G., 19, 504, 518–521, 542 Goethe’s influence on, 201 Nietzsche’s influence on, 214 truth and differing viewpoints, 625 visit to the U.S., 347 Just noticeable difference (jnd), 238, 242, 246 687 Kraepelin, Emil, 477, 490 Krafft–Ebing, Richard von, 501 Kramer, Heinrich, 472 Kuhn, Thomas, 9–11, 87, 100, 101, 103, 617, 625 anomalies, 10 paradigm, 9–10 paradigmatic stage, 11 paradigms and psychology, 11 vs Popper, 11–13 preparadigmatic stage, 11 revolutionary stage, 11 scientific development, stages of, 11 Wittgenstein and, 622 Külpe, Oswald, 268–270, 277 L K Kallikak Family: A Study of the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness (Goddard), 303 Kamin, Leon, 301 Kant, Immanuel, 180–185, 193, 438 categorical imperative, 183–184 categories of thought, 181 Gestalt psychology and, 438 influence, 184–185 mechanistic view of human nature, 597–598 mental experience, causes, 182–183 phenomenological experience, 182 space, perception of, 183 time, perception of, 182–183 Kelly, George, 543–547 constructive alternativism, 545–546 construct systems, 545 fixed–role therapy, 546–547 self–characterization, 546 Vaihinger and, 546 Kelly on, 544 Kepler, Johannes, 101–102, 120 Kierkegaard, Soren, 205–208, 217 exercise of free will, 542 love affair with God, 207 personal freedom, stages of, 207–208 religion, 206 shut-upness, 542 truth is subjectivity, 206–207 Kimble, Gregory, 617, 619 Kinesthesis, 237, 238, 246 Klein, Melanie, 516 Knowledge origin of human knowledge, 20 reminiscence theory of knowledge, 45, 60 Koch, age of theory, 406, 618 Koffka, Kurt, 425, 440–441, 463 geographical and behavioral environments, 450 on memory, 455 Köhler, Wolfgang, 441–444, 464 criticism of the Nazis, 443 disagreement with nativism, 446 honors, 443 immigration to the U S., 443 learning research, 451–453 perceptual constancies, 446–447 principles of perceptual organization, 449 psychophysical isomorphism, 445 Koller, Carl, 495 Ladd-Franklin, Christine, 229–230, 246, 260 Ladies Home Journal, 418 Laissez-faire group, 459 Lamarck, Jean, 280, 318 La Mettrie, Julien de, 153–156, 166, 338 Land, Edwin, 200 Lange, Carl George, 330, 366 Language Condillac on, 157 Luria on, 381 NETtalk speech synthesizer, 606 Pavlov on, 398–399 Vygotsky on, 381 Watson on language and thinking, 388 Language, Truth and Logic (Ayer), 406 Language games, 621–622 Lashley, Karl, 384, 481, 568–570 mass action and equipotentiality, 568, 603 psychologists’ temperaments, 616 search for the engram, 569–570 Latency stage, 508 Latent content, 500 Latent learning, 429, 435 Law of cause and effect, 137, 166 Law of combination, 262 Law of compound association, 150, 166 Law of constructive association, 150, 166 Law of contiguity, 52, 59, 137, 141, 166, 409 Guthrie on, 409, 435 Law of continuity, 176, 193 Law of contrast, 52, 59 Law of disuse, 359 Law of effect, 359, 366 Law of exercise, 359, 366 Law of frequency, 52, 59, 409 Law of learning, 409 Law of Prägnanz, 446, 456, 464 Law of recency, 394, 403, 409 Law of resemblance, 137, 166 Law of similarity, 52, 59 Law of use, 359 Laws, scientific, 7, 26 Laws of association, 52, 59, 142 Bain’s use of, 150–151 Hartley, 142 Hume’s use of, 137 learning theorists prior to Guthrie, 409 Learning See also Education; Learning theory latent learning, 429 performance vs (Tolman), 429 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 688 SUBJECT INDEX Learning theory Aristotle’s laws of association, 52 Bechterev, 379 Brelands on genetic determinants of, 579 Ebbinghaus, 271 Gestalt psychology, 451–452 Guthrie and law of contiguity, 409 Hebb on, 571 McDougall vs Watson, 398 Pavlov, 375–377 Skinner’s questioning of, 423 Thorndike, 359, 426 Watson, John, 393–394, 426 Leash principle (Wilson), 577, 584 Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology (Wundt), 251 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 173–177, 193–194, 492 conscious perception, 175–177 Locke, disagreement with, 173–174 mind–body relationship, 175 monadology, 174–175 unconscious perception, 175–177 Leviathan (Hobbes), 125 Levy, Jerre, 573 Lewin, Kurt, 456–459, 464 Aristotelian vs Galilean science, 456 conflict research, 458–459 group dynamics, 459 life space, 457 motivation, 458 principle of contemporaneity, 457 L’Homme Machine (Man a Machine), 154, 338 Libido, 505 Liebeault, Auguste Ambroise, 485, 490, 498 Life instincts, 505 Life space, 457, 464 Limen (threshold), 176, 189, 194 Limits of, psychology’s persistent questions, 625 Limits of Science, The (Medawar), 625 Lincoln, Abraham, 552 Lippman, Walter, 305 Little Book of Life After Death, The (Fechner), 240, 326 Locke, John, 126–131, 166, 173 association of ideas, 129–130 education, 130–131 government by the people and for the people, 131 ideas and emotions, 128 innate ideas, opposition to, 127 primary and secondary qualities, 128–129 sensation and reflection, 127–128 Loeb, Jacques, 383 Loftus, Elizabeth, 511–513 Loftus’s award for memory research, 513 Logical positivism, 406–407, 435 See also Neobehaviorism in current psychology, 431 Hull and Tolman, 413, 416 merged with behaviourism (neobehaviorism), 407 Logic of Modern Physics, The (Mach), 406 Lombard, Peter, 81, 90 Lorenz, Konrad, 574 Ludwig, Karl, 223, 372 Luther, Martin, 96–98, 120 M Mach, Ernst, 161, 166, 405, 438, 463 Machines, humans as, 597–598 Hobbes on, 164–165 Hull on, 413 La Mettrie, Julien de, 155 thinking and machines, 595 Magendie, Franỗois, 221, 246 Magic, 28, 59, 87 treatment of mental illness, 469 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 624 Magnetism animal, 482 use as anesthetic, 484 use in treating mental illness, 482 Maimonides, 80, 90 Maintaining stimuli, Guthrie on, 411, 435 Malebranche, Nocolas De, 17, 173, 194 Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches’ Hammer), 472 Malthus, Thomas, 284, 318 Manifest content, 500 Man’s Search for Meaning (Binswanger), 540 Maslow, Abraham, 533, 547–554 basic tenets of humanistic psychology, 549–550 being motivation and perception, 553 characteristics of self–actualizing people, 552 deficiency, 553 hierarchy of needs, 550–551 and humanistic psychology, 549–550 Johan complex, 552 self–actualization, 551–552 transpersonal psychology, 553 Mass action, 568 Material cause, 49, 59 Materialism Berkeley’s opposition to, 132 brain activities and cognitive events, 600 Democritus, 35 Fechner on, 239 Gassendi, Pierre, 153 Hobbes, Thomas, 127 humans as machines, 597 Newton, Isaac, 105–107, 120 Sechenov, Ivan M., 369 vs vitalism, 223 Wundt’s opposition to, 249–250 Materialists, 16, 25 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, The (Newton), 105 Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning (Hull et al.), 414 Mathematics, 32 Bacon’s views on, 109 Descartes’s discoveries, 111 Herbart as a mathematical psychologist, 189 Newton’s use of mathematical deduction, 105 Matter of Consequences, A (Skinner), 418 May, Rollo, 540–543 human dilemma, 541 human science, 543 importance of myth, 542–543 normal and neurotic anxiety, 541–542 McCulloch, Warren, 601 McDougall, William, 395–399, 403 debates with Watson on behaviorism, 398–399 definition of psychology, 396 his life as a “major tragedy,” 396 influence of William James, 395 Köhler on, 443 purposive behavior, 396–397 Zing Yang Kuo, 399 MD (Doctor of Medicine) degree, 615 Mean, 293 Meaning in human existence Heidegger on, 537–538 Kierkegaard on, 541 May on, 541, 542 Nietzsche on, 211, 534 Wittgenstein on language games, 621–622 Meaning of Anxiety, The (May), 541 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX Measurement of intelligence, 612 Binet, Alfred, 295–299 Binet-Simon scale of intelligence, 297–298 Burt, Cyril, 300–301 Cattell, James M., 294 deterioration of national intelligence (U.S.), 310–312 Galton, Francis, 289 intelligence quotient (IQ), 298 Köhler’s criticism of, 442 mechanism, 17, 25 Simon, Theodore, 296–297 U.S army intelligence testing, 310 vs vitalism, 17 Mechanism, 223 Mechanistic behaviorism, 414 Medawar, Peter, 625 Median, 293 Mediate experience, 252, 277 Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the Mind (Rush), 476 Medical model of mental illness, 466–467, 490 medication vs psychotherapy debate, 615 tensions with psychological model, 480–481 Medicine Alcmaeon on, 36–37 early Greek medicine, 36–38 early understanding of mental illness, 473 Empedocles on, 36 Galen, 38, 59 Hippocrates, 37–38 Maimonides, 80 Paracelsus, Philippus, 473 Memory Alzheimer’s disease, 477 Aristotle on, 52 Calkins’s research on, 337 Cicero on, 569 Condillac on, 159 Ebbinghaus’s research on, 270–272 Gestalt theories on, 455–456 Guthrie on, 410 Hobbes on, 125 Lashley on, 569 repressed memories, 510–513 Memory processes, 455, 464 Memory traces, 455, 464 Mendel, Gregor, 286 Mental age, 298, 318 Mental chemistry, 146, 166, 438 Mental chronometry, 254–255, 277 Mental essences, 268, 277 Mental illness, 465–487, 490 See also Psychoanalysis Charcot on hypnosis and hysteria, 485–487 defined, 465 Dix, Dorothea Lynde, 476–477 early approaches to treatment, 467–473 early explanations of, 466–467 harmful behavior, 466 hypnotism and magnetism as treatments, 481–484 improvements in treatment, 473 inappropriate emotions, 466 Kraepelin, Emil, 477–478 Mental imagery, 291 Mentality of Apes (Köhler), 441 Mental orthopedics, 299, 318 Mental philosophy (U.S.), 321 Mental physics, 146 vs mental chemistry, 146 Mental set, 269–270, 277 689 Mesmer, Franz Anton, 481–484, 490 Mesmerism used as anesthetic, 484 Metaphysics (Aristotle), 48 Method of adjustment, 242, 246 Method of constant stimuli, 242, 246 Method of limits, 242, 246 Methodological behaviorism, 395, 396, 403 Hull, 414 McDougall, William, 395–399, 428 Tolman, Edward C., 428 Middle Ages, 62–66, 74 See also Rome Dark Ages, 77–78 Islamic and Jewish influences, 78–80 supernatural model of mental illness, 467 Mill, James, 143–145, 166 analysis of association, 143–144 influence, 145 utilitarianism and associationism, 144–145 Mill, John Stuart, 3, 21, 145–149, 166, 438 ethology, science of, 148 human nature, science of, 146–148 mental chemistry vs mental physics, 146 social reform, 148–149 Miller, George A., 589–590, 598 Milner, Peter, 572 Mind analysis of, 138–139 as a computer or computer program, 598 empiricist and rationalist views on, 168 Helmholtz on, 227 Hume on, 136 Mills’ analysis of associations, 143 Mind and Body (Bain), 150 Mind and Society (Vygotsky), 381 Mind-body relationships, 17 Angell on, 349 British empiricists following Locke, 127 Chisholm’s depictions of, 18 in cognitive psychology, 600 in cognitive science, 600 Descartes on, 116 dualism, types of, 16–17 Hobbes on, 126 idealists, 16 Liebniz on, 175 Malebranche on, 173 materialists, 16 mechanism vs vitalism, 17 monists, 16 psychophysical methods of exploring, 242 Pythagoran view of, 32–33 question of, 16–17 Sperry on, 573 Spinoza on, 170 Summary of main views on, 394 Titchener on, 262–263 Watson, John, on, 394 Mind–brain relationship, 600 strong artificial intelligence, 595 Mind of a Mnemonist, The (Luria), 380 Mitwelt, 539 Modeling, 408 Models of mental illness, 481 Modernism, 620, 624 Modern testing, 312–313 psychometrics, 312–313 Wechsler, David, 313 Molar approach, 437, 464 Molar behavior See Purposive behavior Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 690 SUBJECT INDEX Molecular approach, 437, 464 Molecular behavior, 426, 435 Momentary pleasure, 202 Monads, 174, 194 Monists, 16, 25 Moral philosophy, 135, 321 Morgan, Conwy L., 355–356, 366, 371, 382 Morgan’s canon, 355, 356, 366 Motivation Aristotle on, 53–54 computer metaphor for the brain and, 601 Hobbes on, 125 Lewin on, 458 Locke on, 128 Maslow on, 550–554 Spinoza on, 171 Tolman on, 429 unconscious, 499 Müller, George Elias, 272, 277 Müller, Johannes, 221, 223, 237, 246 Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire, 581 Münsterberg, Hugo, 332–335, 366, 611 applied psychology, 334 fate of, 335 feeling of willful action, 333 forensic psychology, 334 industrial psychology, 334–335 rise to fame and decline into disfavor, 335 Murray, Charles, 311 Mystery religions, 70, 91 Myth, importance of, 542–543 Myth of Sisyphus, The (Camus), 537 N Naïve realism, 20, 25, 179 Nancy school, 485, 490, 498 Narrative of an Explorer in Tropical South Africa (Galton), 289 Narrative therapy, 542 Brelands on innate aspects of behavior, 578 empiricism vs., 17 Galton on inherited intelligence, 289 genetic influences on intelligence and personality, 579–581 nativism, 17–18 See also Evolution Nativism vs empiricism, 17–18 Gestalt psychology and, 446 Nativist, 25 Natural History of the Soul, The (La Mettrie), 153, 154 Natural Inheritance (Galton), 292 Naturalistic view of the universe, 36 Natural law, 468, 490 Natural philosophy, 135 Natural selection, 286, 318 Nature-nurture controversy, 290–291, 318 environmental influences on personality, 581 genetic influences on intelligence and personality, 579–581 needs, hierarchy of (Maslow), 551–552 Nausea (Sartre), 537 Need–directed perception, 553 Need for positive regard, 557 Needs, hierarchy of (Maslow), 550–551 Negative reinforcement, 422 Negative sensations, 241, 246 Neisser, Ulric, 600 Neobehaviorism, 405–436 behaviorism today, 431–432 defined, 407, 435 Guthrie, Edwin R., 408–412 Hull, Clark L., 412–416 logical positivism, 406 physicalism, 407 positivism, 405 Skinner, B F., 416–424 Spence on transposition, 452–453 Tolman, Edward C., 424–431 Neoplatonism, 67–69, 91 Nerve conduction rate, 224–225 Nerve physiology, 221 Bell, Charles, 221 Helmholtz, Hermann von, 223–227 Müller, Johannes, 221–222 NETtalk, 603, 604 Neural networks, 602–605 Neurophysiology Charcot, Jean–Martin, 485–486, 497 Freud’s interest in, 497 Neuropsychology, women in, 460 Neurotic anxiety, 541–542 Newell, Allen, 590, 598 New Essays on the Understanding (Leibniz), 173 Newton, Isaac, 105–108, 120, 127 principles of, 106–107 Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 208–214, 217–218, 492, 540, 559 Apollonian aspect of human nature, 209 convictions, 211 the death of God, 210–211 Dionysian aspect of human nature, 209 opinions, 211 as psychologist, 209–210 supermen, 212–214 will to power, 211–212 Nihilism, 40, 59 No Exit (Sartre), 537 Noble savage, 198, 218 Nominalism, 82, 91 Nondeterminism, 14–16 Normal anxiety, 541–542 Normal science, 9–10, 25 Novum Organum (New Method), 108 O Objective psychology Bechterev, Vladimir M., 377–380 Pavlov, Ivan P., 371–377 Sechenov, Ivan M., 369–371 Objective reality, 20 difference from subjective reality, 220 Galileo on, 104 Gestalt psychology, 450 Locke on, 129 Observation, 388 Observational terms, 406, 435 Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations (Hartley), 140 Occam’s razor, 86, 91, 107 Occasionalism, 17, 25, 173, 194 Oedipus complex, 501–502, 511 Olds, James, 572 Olympian religion, 28, 59 One-trial learning, 409, 412 “On Male Hysteria” (Freud), 497 On Memory (Aristotle), 51 On Memory: An Investigation in Experimental Psychology (Ebbinghaus), 271 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 285 On the Trinity (Augustine), 76 Ontological argument for the existence of God, 80, 91 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX Ontology, 536 Operant behavior, 420, 435 Operant conditioning, 579 Operational definition, 406, 435 Operationism, 406, 431, 436, 442 Opinions, Nietzsche on, 211, 218 Opposites polar opposites, 31 principle toward the development of (Wundt), 256 Oral stage, 507 Organismic valuing process, 557 Organization of Behavior, The (Hebb), 601 Origin of Species (Darwin), 408 Outline of Psychology (Ebbinghaus), 271 Outlines of Psychology (Külpe), 268 Overdetermination, 503 Overt behavior as subject of psychology, 432 P Paired-associate technique, 337, 366 Panpsychism, 170, 239, 246 Pantheism, 170, 194 Paracelsus, Philippus, 473 Paradigmatic stage, 11, 26 Paradigms, 9–11, 25 language games and, 622 psychology and, 11 Paradox of the basins, 129, 167 Parallel distributed processing (PDP) research group, 603 Parapraxes, 502 Parapsychology humanistic psychology and, 553 James’s interest in, 332 McDougall’s interest in, 396 Parmenides, 31–32 Parrish, Celestia Susannah, 260 Particulars of My Life (Skinner), 418 Passions, Spinoza on, 171–172 Passive mind, 20, 25, 128, 168, 194 Passive reason, 51, 60 Pathogenic ideas, 496 Paul, Saint, 71–72, 91 Paulus: Reminiscences of a Friendship (May), 541 Pavlov, Ivan P., 371–377, 403 attitude toward psychology, 377 vs Bechterev, 379–380 discovery of conditioned reflex, 373 excitation and inhibition, 375–376 experimental neurosis, 376 extinction, spontaneous recovery, and disinhibition, 375 first- and second-signal systems, 376–377 Hebb’s rule and, 601 Luria, Alexander Romanovich, 380 personality of, 373–375 physiological basis of associationism, 377 research on digestion, 389 unconditioned and conditioned reflexes, 375 Vygotsky, Lev Semyonovich, 380 Watson’s view of, 387 Pearson, Karl, 293, 318 Pedagogical Seminary (Hall), 340 Penfield, Wilder, 570 Penis envy, 508, 526 Perception(s), 277 Aristotle, emotions and selective perception, 54 Berkeley’s theories, 133–134 Democritus’ theory, 35 691 Empedocles’ theory, 34 Gestaltists’ interest in, 440–441 Gestalt theories, 445, 447–450 Helmholtz’s theory, 225–226, 246 Hume’s theory, 138–140 Leibniz on, 175–177 Maslow on, 553 McDougall on instincts and, 397 unrealistic perceptions in mental illness, 466 Wundt on, 253, 254 “Perception: An Introduction to Gestalt-Theorie” (Koffka), 440 Perceptual constancy, 446, 464 Performance, 436 improvement from practice (Guthrie), 409 learning vs (Tolman), 429 Personal equations, 220, 246 Personality and Psychotherapy (Dollard & Miller), 416 Personality theory Bouchard on nature vs nurture, 580 Calkins, Mary W., 338 Freud, Sigmund, 504–508 genetic influences on personality, 579 James, William, 331 Watson, John B., 390 Perspectivism, 211, 218 Petites perceptions, 176, 194 Petrarch, Francesco, 94, 125 Phallic stage, 507 Phase sequences, 571 PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) degree, 480, 615 Phenomena, 266 Phenomenological introspection, 265, 277 Phenomenologists, 116 Brentano, Franz Clemens, 264–265 Hering, Ewald, 227–229 Husserl, Edmund, 267–268 Stumpf, Carl, 265 Phenomenology, 437, 464, 535 pure phenomenology (Husserl), 267 use by Gestaltists, 437 Philo, 68–91 Philosophical Essays (Hume), 134 Philosophical Fragments (Kierkegaard), 206, 214 Philosophical Investigations (Wittgenstein), 621 Philosophical Studies, 251, 260 Philosophy See also Greek philosophy of Augustine, Saint, 74–77 of Constantine, Empeoro, 72–74 Descartes, Rene, 3, 16, 18, 20, 111–117 emphasis on spirit, 69–77 Epicureanism, 65–66 Islamic and Jewish influenes, 78–80 neoplatonism, 67–69 Paul, Saint, 71–72 psychology’s persistent questions, 624–625 renaissance science, 93–99 in Rome, 66–69 Russell on science and philosophy, 625 Wittgenstein on, 622 Philosophy of “As If” (Vaihinger), 272–274, 546 Philosophy of Madness (Daquin), 474 Philosophy of the Unconscious (Hartmann), 493 Phi phenomenon, 439, 444, 464 Phrenology, 5, 161, 246, 569 formal discipline, 232 Gall, Franz Joseph, 230 popularity of, 231–232 Spurzheim, Johann Kaspar, 231 Physical determinism, 14, 25 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 692 SUBJECT INDEX Physicalism, 407, 435 Physical monism, 394 See also Materialism Skinner, B F., 416 Physical reality Galileo on, 104 Hume on, 136 Kant on, 182 language and, Wittgenstein on, 621 Locke on, 129 Physicists, 30 Physiognomy, 230, 246 Physiology, 220 as basis of consciousness in objective psychology, 371, 372 correlates of psychological processes, 150 discrepancy and reality, 220 early research on brain functioning, 230–237 objective and subjective differences, 219–220 rise of experimental psychology, 237–243 Physis, 30, 60 field theory and Gestalt psychology, 439 Piaget, Jean influence on psychology, 599 Pico, Giovanni, 95, 121 Pinel, Philippe, 474–476, 490 Place of Value in a World of Facts, The (Köhler), 443 Plato, 20, 43–47, 60 allegory of the cave, 44–45 analogy of the divided line, 44 legacy, 47 nature of the soul, 45–46 Neoplatonism, 67–69 reminiscence theory of knowledge, 45 Renaissance humanists’ interest in, 86–87 sleep and dreams, 46–47 theory of forms, 43 Pleasure, emotions of, 171 Plotinus, 69, 91 Political philosophy Hobbes, Thomas, 125 Locke, John, 131 Mill, J S., 144 Popper, Karl, 8–9, 625 Porter, Noah, 321 Positive psychology, 560 Positive regard, need for, 557 Positivism, 109, 121, 158–162, 167, 405 Bacon, 107–111, 418–419 Comte, 161–162, 405, 406 defined, 436 logical positivism, 406 Mach, 161, 405, 419 Pavlov, 372 Skinner, 418–419 Positron emission tomography (PET), 624 Postdiction, 8, 25 Posthypnotic amnesia, 484, 490, 498 Posthypnotic suggestion, 484, 490, 498 Postmodernism, 620–624 family resemblance, 622–624 modernism vs., 624 truth, nature of, 624 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 621–624 Power Adler on, 522 Nietzsche on, 211 Practice, why it improves performance, 409, 410 Practice of Medicine, The (Plater), 473–474 Pragmatism, 274, 324, 331–332, 366 Prägnanz, 446 Predestination, 75, 91 Preestablished harmony, 17, 25, 175, 194 Premodernism, 620 Pre-paradigmatic stage, 11, 25 Preparedness continuum, 579 Prescription privileges for psychologists, 614 Presentism, 2, 26 Prevailing behaviorist paradigm, 460 Primary laws, 147, 167 Primary qualities, 121 Berkeley and, 132 Gallileo and, 104 Locke on, 127 Principle of closure, 450, 464 Principle of conservation of energy, 224, 246 Principle of contemporaneity, 457, 464 Principle of continuity, 448, 464 Principle of contrasts, 256, 277 Principle of falsifiability, 8–9, 26, 514 Principle of inclusiveness, 448, 464 Principle of proximity, 448, 464 Principle of similarity, 450, 464 Principle of the heterogony of ends, 255, 277 Principles of Behavior (Hull), 414, 415 Principles of Physiological Psychology (Wundt), 248, 254, 258 Principles of Psychology (Ebbinghaus), 271 Principles of Psychology (James), 325, 336 Principle toward the development of opposites, 256, 277 Problem solving, human minds and computer programs, 598 Productive thinking, 453–455, 464 Productive Thinking (Wertheimer), 440, 453 Programmed learning, 423 Project for a Scientific Psychology (Freud), 499 Propositional thinking, 546 Protagoras, 39–40, 60, 620 Protestantism, 98, 121 Psychiatry, 614 Psychical determinism, 14, 26 Psychic determinism, 172 Psychic mechanics, 188, 194 Psychoanalysis, 491–532 See also Freud, Sigmund antecedents of, 516–517 Breuer, Josef, and the case of Anna O., 496–497 clinical psychology after World War II, 614 contributions of Freud’s theories to psychology, 514 criticisms of Freud’s theories, 513 Dream analysis, 500 free association, 498 Freud, Sigmund, 493–495 humor, 503 hypnosis, 498 hysteria, studies on, 498–499 Oedipus complex, 501 Rogers’s challenge to, 555 Psychobiology, 567–584 genetic influences on intelligence and personality, 579–581 Lashley, Karl, 568–570 misbehavior of organisms, 578–579 new research tools, 624 sociobiology, 576–577 sociobiology vs evolutionary psychology, 577–578 Sperry, Roger W., 572–574 Psychological Care of the Infant and Child (Watson), 409, 392 Psychological Clinic, 480 Psychological Corporation, 352 Psychological facts, 457, 464 Psychological model of mental illness, 467, 468–469, 490 medication vs psychotherapy debate, 615 tensions with medical model, 480–481 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX Psychological Review, 352, 360 Psychological Science, 616 Psychological Studies, 251 Psychological vs medical model, 480–481 Psychology See also Psychology today Brentano, Franz Clemens, 264–265 Calkins, Mary Whiton, 335–338 characteristics of functional, 322–323 of Clark University, 339–340 Descartes’s contributions to, 116–117 early approaches, 248–274 early German, 264–274 early U.S., 320–322 Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 270–272 Galton’s, contributions to, 293 goals of, 252 Hall, Granville Stanley, 338–343 Husserl, Edmund, 267–268 James, William, 323–332 Kierkegaard and Nietzsche as, 214–215 limen, concept of, 176 materialistic (Wundt), 249 Müller, Georg Elias, 272 Müller’s doctrine for, 222 Münsterberg, Hugo, 332–335 paradigms and, 11 persistent questions, 16–22, 625 principles of, 325–326 problems in writing history of, 2–3 and race, 345–347 and religion, 342–343 as science, 6–7, 188, 617–620 Stumpf, Carl, 265–267 Sumner, Francis Cecil, 343–347 Titchener, Edward Bradford, 258–264 turning point of, 271 Vaihinger, Hans, 272–274 Völkerpsychologie, 256–257 voluntarism, 249–250 Wundt, Wilhelm Maximilian, 250–256 Würzburg School, 268–270 Psychology: An Introductory Study of the Structure and Functions of Human Consciousness (Angell), 349 Psychology: The Briefer Course (James), 325 Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (Brentano), 264 Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (Watson), 387 Psychology of Learning, The (Guthrie), 408 Psychology of Personal Constructs (Kelly), 545 Psychology of Subnormal Children (Hollingworth), 308 Psychology of the Adolescent (Hollingworth), 308 Psychology of Tone (Stumpf), 265 Psychology today, 609–628 APA divisions, 610–611 basic and applied psychology, 611–617 diversity of, 609 eclecticism, 609 new developments in psychology, 624–625 postmodernism, 620–624 psychology’s status as a science, 617–620 psychology’s two cultures, 616–617 Psychometrics, 312–313 Psychonomic Science, 616 Psychonomic Society, 616 Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 502 repressed memories, 510–513 revisions of the Freudian legend, 509 seduction theory, 499 theory of personality, 504–508 693 Psychopharmacology Kraepelin as pioneer, 477–478 medication vs psychotherapy, 614 prescription privileges for psychologists, 614 Psychophysical isomorphism, 461, 464 Psychophysical parallelism, 17, 26, 175, 194 defined, 394 Titchener, 262 Psychophysics, 240–241, 246 constancy hypothesis, 445 jnd as unit of sensation, 241–242 methods, 242 Weber’s law, 241 Psychosexual stages of development, 507–508 Psychotherapy, 467, 490 need for, after World War II, 613 Rogers on, 555, 614 PsyD (Doctor of Psychology degree), 480, 615 Ptolemaic system, 99, 121 Ptolemy, 99–100, 121 Public observation, 7, 26 Punishment Guthrie on, 411 Skinner on, 422 Pure phenomenology, 267, 277, 536 Purposive behavior, 426, 427, 436 Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men (Tolman), 427 Puysegur, Marquis de, 484, 490 Puzzle box (Thorndike), 358, 367 Puzzle solving, 9, 26 Pyrrho of Elis, 62, 91 Pythagoras, 32–33, 60 Q Q-sort technique (Rogers), 556 Qualities, 138–139 Quasi needs, 458, 464 Quercus macrocarpa, 451 R Radical behaviorism, 395, 403 artificial intelligence and, 597 denial of cognitive events, 585 refusal to admit consciousness, 567 Skinner, B F., 419 Watson and Skinner, 420 Radical empiricism Comte and Mach, 405 James, William, 325 Radical environmentalism, 389, 403 Radical relativism, 620 Rationale of Nervous Sleep, The (Braid), 484 Rationalism, 9, 18, 26, 152, 168–194 Aristotle, 48 artificial intelligence and the mind, 598 Bacon’s view of, 109 Brentano, Franz Clemens, 265 defined, 194 Descartes, 111–117, 120 vs empiricism, Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 185–187 Herbart, Johann Friedrich, 187–190 irrationalism vs., 18–19 James on, 332 Kant, Immanuel, 180–185 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 694 SUBJECT INDEX Rationalism (continued) Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 173–177 Malebranche, Nocolas De, 173 Plato, 45 Reid, Thomas, 177–180 Socrates, 56 Spinoza, Baruch, 169–173 Wundt, Wilhelm, 249 Rationalization, 507 Rational soul, 50, 60 Reaction potential (SER), 415, 436 Reaction time, 219–220, 246 Cattell’s testing of, 294 Donders’s experiments with, 254 Wundt’s use of Donders’s methods, 255 Reader, W., 577, 578 Realism, 82, 91 Reality, Müller on, 222–223 Reason, 50 Recall, 51–52, 60 Recapitulation theory, 340, 367 Reciprocal antagonism, 334, 367 Reconciliation of Christian faith and reason, 80–81 Reductionism, 35–60 Reflection, 127–128, 167 Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology, The (Dewey), 348, 362 Reflexes of the Brain (Sechenov), 370 Reflexology, 378–379, 403 Reformation, 96, 121 witch hunts, 472–473 Regression toward the mean, 292, 318–319 Reid, Thomas, 177–180, 194 common sense philosophy, 177, 178–179 direct realism, 179 faculty psychology, 179–180 Reification, 21, 26, 28, 31, 40 Reinforcement, 415, 436 drive-reduction theory, 415 Guthrie on, 410 Hull on, 415 nature of, 410, 420–421 negative, 422 positive, 422 Skinner on, 420–421, 422 Tolman’s position on, 429 Wertheimer on, 454 Relativism, 21–22, 26 Hobbes, Thomas, 125 radical relativism in postmodernism, 620 Relativity of truth Gorgias, 40, 59 Protagoras, 39–40, 60 Socrates, 41–43, 60 Xenophanes, 40–41, 61 Religion Christianity, 70 Comte’s religion of humanity, 161 deism, 106, 120 early Greek religion, 28–29 Epicureanism and, 65–66 Freud on, 503 heritability of attitudes on, 581 Hume’s view of, 134 Islam and Aristotelianism, 78–80 Judaism and Aristotelianism, 80 Judaism and Neoplatonism, 67–69 Kierkegaard on, 206 mystery religions, 70, 91 Nietzsche on, 211 personal religion of Renaissance humanists, 86–87 Plato’s legacy, 49 premodernism, 620 reason freed from faith, 80–81 replacement by social Darwinism, 282 science as, 107 Religious stage, 208, 218 Remembering, 51, 60 Reminiscence theory of knowledge, 45, 56, 60 Renaissance, 86–87, 93–99 See also Humanism anti-Aristotelianism, 94 defined, 92 Erasmus, Desiderius, 95–96, 120 individualism, 94 intense interest in past, 94 Luther, Martin, 96–98, 120 Montaigne, Michel de, 98–99, 120 personal religion, 94 Petrarch, Francesco, 94, 125 Pico, Giovanni, 94, 121 witch hunts, 472–473 Repressed memories, 510–513 current concerns with, 511–513 Freud on, 510–513 Repression Freud on, 499, 506, 508 Herbart on, 189, 492 Schopenhauer on, 204, 492 Republic (Plato), 44, 46 Resistance, 492, 498 determinism and, 10 Resonance place theory of auditory perception, 227, 246 Respondent behavior, 420, 436 Response, 375 Watson’s use of, 388 Responsibility, 538–539, 566 Revolutionary stage, 11, 26 Risky predictions, 8, 26 Rockefeller, John D., 282 Rogers, Carl, 554–558 client–centered therapy, 556 need for psychotherapy after World War II, 613 revolutionary approach to psychotherapy, 555 theory of personality, 556–558 Roman Empire Constantine, Emperor, 72–74 influence of Greek culture, 71 philosophers of, 63, 66 Romanes, George J., 355, 367 Romanticism, 196–204, 218, 534 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 200–201 in humanistic psychology, 534 Rousseau, Jean-Jaques, 197–200 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 201–204 truth as relative to cultural group, 620 Rome after aristotle, 62–63 christian faith and reason, reconciliation of, 80–81 dark ages, 77–78 emphasis on spirit, 69–77 islamic and jewish influences, 78–79 philosophy in, 66–69 renaissance, 86–87 scholasticism, 81–86 William of Occam, 86 Rosenthal, Robert, 266 Rote learning, 414 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX Rousseau, Jean-Jaques, 197–200, 218, 534 education, 199–200 feelings vs reason, 198 the general will, 198–199 noble savage, 198 Rush, Benjamin, 476, 490 Russell, Bertrand, 393, 625 S Savings, 272, 277 Scala natura, 50, 60 Schizophrenia, 477, 614 Scholasticism, 81–86 Abelard on, 81–84 Aquinas on, 84–86 School, 249, 278 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 201–204, 218, 492 sublimation and denial, 203–204 suffering, intelligent humans, 202–203 unconscious mind, importance of, 204 will to survive, 202 Science, 13–16 Aristotelian vs Galilean, 456 assumption of determinism, Bacon, Francis, 107–111 challenges to authority of Catholic church, 96 cognitive science, 600 combination of rationalism and empiricism, Comte’s hierarchy of sciences, 161 of conscious experience (Galileo), 104–105 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 100–101, 119 Descartes, René, 111–117 empirical and theoretical, logical positivism, 406 ethology, 148 Galileo, 102–105 humanistic psychology and, 550 human nature, 146–148 human science, May on, 543 Hume’s science of man, 135 Mill, J S., science of ethology, 148 Newton, Isaac, 105–108 philosophy of science, Karl Popper, 8–9 philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn, 9–10 psychology as, 13–16, 188, 617–620 questions, 16–22 as religion, 107 renaissance, 93–99 third–force psychology and, 534 traditional view, 7–13 Science, 352 Science of Colors (Goethe), 200 Science Wars (Goldman), 13 Scientific laws, 7, 26 Scientific theory, 6, 26 Scientism, 158 Scot, Reginald, 473 Searle, John B., 596–597, 604 Sears, Robert R., 306 Sechenov, Ivan M., 369–371, 403 Secondary laws, 147 Secondary qualities, 121, 128–129 Gallileo and, 104 Second-signal system, 303, 377 Seduction theory (Freud), 499–500, 509–511 Self, 21 Calkins on, 337 Condillac on, 157 James on, 328–329 695 Self-actualization, 566 Aristotle on, 51, 551 Maslow on, 551–552 Rogers on, 557 Self–alienation, 542 Self–analysis, 500–501 Self as knower (James), 329, 367 Self–characterization, 546 Self-esteem, 329, 367 Self-preservation Herbart on, 188 Schopenhauer on, 202 Seligman, M E P., 579 Semantics, 597, 604 Senescence: The Last Half of Life (Hall), 343 Sensation, 247, 278 Aristotle on, 50 Berkeley on, 133 conversion to perception (Helmholtz), 225 Hartley on, 141 jnd as unit of, 241–242 Mach on, 405 Müller on, 222 Wundt on, 253 Sensationalism, 152–158 Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de, 156–158 Gassendi, Pierre, 153 La Mettrie, Julien de, 153–156 mental events, 597 Senses and the Intellect, The (Bain), 149 Sensitive soul, 50, 60 Sensitivity training, 459 Sensory acuity in intelligence measurement, 289, 292 empiricist view of, 17 French sensationalists, 152–158 Sentiment, 397, 403 Servetus, Michael, 101 Sex education, Watson on, 393 Sex scandal, 385–386 Sexuality criticism of Freud’s theories, 513 Freud on seduction theory, 499–500 Freud on unconscious motivation, 499 Infantile sexuality, 502 libido, 505 Maslow’s research on, 549 Oedipus complex, 501 psychosexual stages of development, 507–508 Shaping of a Behaviorist, The (Skinner), 418 Shut–upness, Kierkegaard on, 542 Signs, theory of (Helmholtz), 227 Simon, Herbert, 598 Simon, Theodore, 296–297, 319 Simple ideas, 128 Hartley on, 141 Hume on, 136 Locke on, 128 Skepticism, 62–63, 91 Bacon on, 111 de Montaigne on, 98–99 Hume on, 138, 181 Skinner, B F., 111, 261, 416–424, 436 application of his principles, 424 attitude toward theory, 423 functional analysis of behavior, 419 importance of the environment, 421 influence on psychology, 431 nature of reinforcement, 420–422 operant behavior, 420 positive control of behavior, 422 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 696 SUBJECT INDEX Skinner, B F (continued) positivism, 418–419 Skinnerian principles, 422–424 Smith, L D , 427, 429 Snow, C P., 617 Social Contract, The (Rousseau), 198, 199 Social Darwinism, 281–283, 319 Wallace’s opposition to, 285 Social Learning and Imitation (Miller & Dollard), 416 Sociobiological fallacy, 577 Sociobiology, 287, 319, 576–577 evolutionary psychology vs., 577–578 Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (Wilson), 287, 578 Sociocultural determinism, 13, 26 Sociology, 161 Socrates, 41–43 Soft determinism, 15 Solipsism, 40, 60 Somnambulism, artificial, 484, 489 Sophists, 39, 60, 196, 620 Sorrows of Young Werther, The (Goethe), 200 Soul Aristotle’s hierarchy of souls, 50 Democritus on, 35 Philo on, 68 Plato on, 45 Plotinus on, 69 Pythagorean view of, 36 Space perception Hering on, 228–229 Kant on, 183 Spearman, Charles, 299–300, 319 Special Talents and Defects: Their Significance for Education (Hollingworth), 308 Species–specific behavior, 575, 584 Speech See also Language Broca’s area, 235 NETtalk speech synthesizer, 604 Speech comprehension (Wernicke’s area), 235 Spence, Kenneth W., 415, 453 Spencer, Herbert, 280–283, 319 social Darwinism, 281–283 view of evolution, 280–281 Spencer-Bain principle, 281, 319 Sperry, Roger W., 17, 572–574 honors, 574 split–brain preparation, 572–574 Spinoza, Baruch, 169–173, 194, 597 emotions, 171–172 free will, denial of, 170–171 influence, 172–173 mind–body relationship, 170 motivation, 171–172 passions, 171–172 Spirit emphasis on human spirituality, 69–77 humanistic psychology, 533 Plotinus on, 69, 91 Split–brain preparation, 572–574 Spontaneous activity, 151, 167 Spontaneous recovery, 375, 403 Sprenger, James, 472 Spurzheim, Johann Kaspar, 231, 247 S-R psychology, 420, 436, 437 Kelly on, 544 Maslow on, 550 Stanford-Binet tests, 304–305 Stephenson, Wiliam, 556 Stereotyped behavior, 410 Stern, William, 298, 319 Stevens, S S., 406 Stewart, Dugald, 321 Stimulus, 395 Guthrie on maintaining stimuli, 411, 435 input as, 598 Stimulus error, 261, 278 Stimulus-response (S-R) psychology, 420, 436, 437 Stimulus sampling theory (SST), 411 Watson’s use of, 388 Stoicism, 66–67, 91 Stranger, The (Camus), 537 Stream of consciousness, 326–327, 367 Strong artificial intelligence, 595 Searle’s argument against, 596 Structuralism, 11, 260–261, 278, 585 See also Titchener, Edward B constancy hypothesis, 445 decline of, 263 goals and methods, 260–261 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), 622 Struggle for survival, 285, 319 Studies on Hysteria (Breuer and Freud), 497 Subjection of Women, The (Mill), 149 Subjectivity as truth, Kierkegaard, 206–207, 534 Sublimation Freud on, 506 Gestalt psychology, 450 Hall on, 341 Schopenhauer on, 203, 492 Suffering, Schopenhauer on, 203 Suicide, Schopenhauer on, 204 Sumner, Francis C., 343–345, 367 Superego, 505, 508 Supermen, 212–214, 218 Supernatural model of mental illness, 467, 469–470, 471, 490 Survival of the fittest, 281, 319 Sympathetic magic, 469, 490 Syntax, 597, 604 Système de Politique Positive (Comte), 159 System of Logic (Mill), 149 Szasz, Thomas, 490 T Tabula rasa, 173, 174, 211 Task of Gestalt Psychology, The (Köhler), 443 Teleology, 49–50 Temple medicine, 36, 60 Terman, Lewis M., 303–307, 319 position on inheritance, 305 Stanford-Binet tests, 304–305 study of genius, 305–307 testing, psychological, 613 See also Measurement of intelligence Thagard, Paul, 600 Thales, 29–30, 60 Theoretical terms, 406, 435 Theory Hull’s attitude toward, 413 Skinner’s attitude toward, 422–423 Tolman’s use of, 427 Theory of forms, 43, 61 Third–force psychology See also Humanistic psychology antecedents of, 534–547 Thomas, Martha C., 342 Thorndike, Edward L., 354–360, 367, 410, 549 animal research before, 355–357 connectionism, 359 Gestaltists’ criticism of, 451 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it SUBJECT INDEX identical elements theory of transfer, 360 laws of exercise and effect, 359 puzzle box, 358 revisions in his learning theory, 359 Skinner’s approach compared to, 420 strain between animal research and introspective data, 369 transfer of training, 359–360 Thought, as subvocal speech (Watson), 389 Thought and Language (Luria), 381 Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous (Berkeley), 131 Thrownness, 539 Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Nietzsche), 208, 209, 212 Tillich, Paul, 540–541 Time Augustine’s analysis of, 76–77 Kant on perception of time, 182–183 Tinbergen, Niko, 574 Titchener, Edward B., 258–264, 278 context theory of meaning, 262 decline of structuralism, 263 goals of psychology, 260–261 law of combination, 262 mental elements, 261–262 neurological correlates of mental events, 262–263 relationship with female psychologists, 259–260 use of introspection, 261 view on imageless thoughts, 269 Titchener and female psychologists, 259–260 Titchener’s mental elements, 261–262 Token economies, 424, 436 Tolman, Edward C., 424–431, 436 animal research with rats, 427 contributions to psychology, 426 hypotheses, expectancies, beliefs and cognitive maps, 428 influence on psychology, 424, 429 intervening variables, 427–428 learning vs performance, 429 pacifism, 425 position on reinforcement, 429 purposive behaviorism, 426 resistance to McCarthyism, 425 Top-down analysis, 446 Trace system, 455, 464 Transference, 496 Transmigration of the soul, 29, 61 Transpersonal psychology, 553 Transposition, 452–453, 464 Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, A (Berkeley), 131 Treatise of Human Nature (Hume), 134 Treatise on Insanity (Pinel), 474 Treatise on Man: His Intellectual Faculties and His Education (Helvétius), 158 Tremendous cost, 422 Trepanation, 469, 490 Tridimensional theory of feeling, 253, 278 Tropism, 383–404 Truth correspondence theory of, 9, 24 postmodern view of, 624 psychology and, 625 relativity of, 39–43 subjectivity as (Kierkegaard), 206–207, 534 Tuke, William, 475 Turing, Alan M., 595–597 Turing test, 595–597, 596 information–processing psychology, 596 Twin studies Bouchard, Thomas, 579–581 Burt, Cyril, 301 697 Galton, Francis, 291, 293, 579 heritability of intelligence, 301 Two-point threshold, 238, 247 U “Uber Gestaltqualitäten” (Ehrenfels), 438 Umwelt, 539 Uncertainty principle, 14, 26 Unconditional positive regard, 557 Unconditioned reflex, 375, 404 Unconditioned response (UR), 375, 404 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 375, 404 Unconscious inference, 225, 247 Unconscious mind, Schopenhauer on, 204 Unconscious motivation, 3, 499 United States See also Functionalism army intelligence testing, 310 concerns over deterioration of intelligence, 310–312 early psychology, 320–322 Freud’s trip to, 347 functionalism, 322 Universalism, 21–22 vs relativism, 21–22 University of Chicago functionalism at, 347–350 Köhler at, 442 Watson at, 383–384 Unlearning, 410 Unmoved mover, 50, 61 Unpredictable behavior, 466 Unrealistic thoughts and perceptions, 466 U.S psychology See also Psychology Calkins, Mary Whiton, 335–338 characteristics of functional, 322–323 of Clark University, 339–340 early U.S., 320–322 Hall, Granville Stanley, 338–343 James, William, 323–332 Münsterberg, Hugo, 332–335 principles of, 325–326 and race, 345–347 and religion, 342–343 Sumner, Francis Cecil, 343–347 Utilitarianism, 144–145, 167 V Vaihinger, Hans, 272–274, 278, 546 Variable interval, 420 Varieties of Religious Experience, The (James), 325 Vaughan, Margaret, 423 Vedantism, 70, 91 Vegetative soul, 56, 61 Vibratiuncles, 141, 167 Vicarious trial and error, 428, 436 Vienna Circle, 406 Vision Hering’s theory of color vision, 229 Ladd-Franklin theory of color vision, 229 Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, 225 Vitalism, 26 Helmholtz’s opposition to, 223 McDugall’s beliefs, 396 mechanism vs., 17 Volition, James on, 331 Völkerpsychologie (Wundt), 251, 252, 256–257, 278 Voluntarism, 249–250, 278, 585 See also Wundt, Wilhelm M Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it 698 SUBJECT INDEX Voluntary Action (Münsterberg), 333 Voluntary behavior, 151–152, 167, 330–331 W Walden Two (Skinner), 418, 421 Wallace, Alfred Russell, 285, 319 Warfare, human motives for, 425 Washburn, Margaret Floy, 260, 357, 367 Watson, John B., 258, 381–395, 404, 414 advertising work, 386 behavior therapy, 392 Chicago years, 383–384 child psychology, 392 debates with McDougall on behaviorism, 398–399 dismissal from Johns Hopkins, 384 on emotions, 475 experiment with Albert, 390–391 goal of psychology, 387–388 influence on psychology, 394–395 influence on Tolman, 425 language and thinking, 388–389 learning theory, 393–394 Maslow on, 548 mind-body problem, 394 move to Johns Hopkins, 384 objective psychology, 387 radical environmentalism, 389 role of instincts in behavior, 389 sex education, 393 sex scandal, 385–386 Skinner on, 431 Titchener’s manuals, 385 undergraduate years, 382–383 Watson, Rosalie, 393 Weak artificial intelligence, 595 Weber, Eduard, 370 Weber, Ernst Heinrich, 237–238, 247 judgments, relative, 238 kinesthesis, 237, 238 touch sensation, 237, 238 Weber’s law, 238 Weber’s law, 238, 241, 247 Wechsler, David, 319 Weltanschauung, 539, 550, 616 Wernicke, Carl, 235, 247 Wernicke’s area, 235, 247 Wertheimer, Max, 440, 464 explanation of phi phenomenon, 444 field theory in analysis of brain function, 444–445 Maslow and, 549 productive thinking, 453–454 top-down analysis, 446 Whisperings Within, The (Barash), 57 Will, Wundt on, 250, 278 William of Occam, 86, 91 Will to power, 211–212, 218 Will to survive, 202, 218 Wilson, Edward O., 287, 576 on evolutionary psychology, 577, 619 leash principle, 577 Wish fulfillment, 500 Witch hunts (supernatural approach), 471–473 Witmer, Lightner, 478–480, 490 Witmer’s pioneering contributions, 479 Wittgenstein, Ludwig family resemblance, 622–624 on Freud, 511 language games, 620 Wolff, Christian von, 177 Women Darwin on, 287 Hollingworth (L S.), studies on intelligence, 308 Woodworth, Robert S., 353–354, 367 Hull’s reinforcement theory, 414 perception without influence of learning, 447 on Watson’s view of thinking and language, 389 Word-association test, 291 Work of the Principal Digestive Glands (Pavlov), 373–374 World as Will and Representation, The (Schopenhauer), 202 World–design, 539 See also Weltanschauung Worldview, 522–523 See also Weltanschauung World War I, 612 World War II, 459, 612–614 Wundt, Wilhelm M., 250–256, 278 Cattell’s studies under, 293 elements of thought, 253 first psychology laboratory, 325 Gestalt attack on elementism, 437 goals of psychology, 252 historical misunderstanding of, 256 mediate and immediate experience, 252 mental chronometry, 254–255 Münsterberg’s studies under, 333 perception, apperception, and creative synthesis, 253–254 psychological vs.physical causation, 255–256 pure, scientific psychology, 611 ranking of his importance to psychology, 431 use of introspection, 252–253 volitional acts, 256 Würzburg school, 268–270, 278 X Xenophanes, 40–41, 61 Y Yerkes, Robert M., 319, 424 Yerkes Laboratories, 568, 570, 572 Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision, 225, 247 Z Zeigarnik, Bluma, 458 Zeigarnik effect, 458, 464 Zeitgeist, 3, 26 Zend-Avesta (Fechner), 240, 241 Zeno, 31 Zeno of Citium, 66, 91 Zeno of Elea, 32, 61 Zing Yang Kuo, psychology program, 399 Zoroastrianism, 70, 91 Zusammenhängen, 448 Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserved May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it ... PROBLEMS IN WRITING A HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY Historiography is the study of the proper way to write history The topic is complex, and there are no final answers to many of the questions it raises... advancement, and economic conditions Together, these and other factors create a Zeitgeist, or a spirit of the times, which many historians consider vital to the full understanding of any historical... observed the rising and setting of the sun and the several phases of the moon The more thoughtful among them have then proceeded to ask the question, “Why? Why does the moon wax and wane? Why does the