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VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGO HOANG NAM THE NORTH VIETNAM MILITIA FORCES DURING THE PERIOD AGAINST THE DESTRUCTIVE WAR OF THE UNITED STATES IMPERIALISTS (1965-1973) Major: Vietnamese History Major code: 92 29 013 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS HANOI - 2019 NgưThe disertion is comp The PhD Thesis is completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES at: GRADUATE AC ADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr Dinh Quang Hai Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Dinh Xuan Ly Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Ngoc Ha Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Minh Duc The thesis will be defended in front of the Committee at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences On / / 2019 The Dissertion can be found at: Vietnam National Library Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences LIST OF THE AUTHOR’S PUBLICATION RELATING TO THE DISSERTATION Ngo Hoang Nam (2016), Contributions of Ha - Nam - Ninh militia forces in the national resistance struggle; In the book “Nationwide Resistance - The will to protect independence, freedom and historical lessons (December 19, 1946 - December 19, 2016) National Political Publishing House, Hanoi, 2016 Ngo Hoang Nam (2017), A brief description of Nam Ha's militia forces during the struggle against the destructive war (1965-1968), Journal of Military History, No 312 (12-2017) Ngo Hoang Nam (2017), The role of the militia and guerrilla forces in Tuyen Quang province in the victory in the Viet Bac campaign in the autumn- winter season of 1947; In the book “Tuyen Quang province in the victory campaign in the autumnwinter season of 1947, Tuyen Quang, 2017 Ngo Hoang Nam (2018), North Vietnam militia forces with the air defense tasks, 1965-1968, Journal of Archives, No 4-2018 Ngo Hoang Nam (2018), The role of the North Vietnam militia forces during the years against the first destructive war (1965-1968), Journal of Historical Studies, No 52018 Ngo Hoang Nam (2018), The North Vietnam militia forces on the waterway transport guarantee front (1967-1973), Journal of Vietnamese Communist Studies, No 7-2018 INTRODUCTION The meaning of the thesis Through thousands of years of building and protecting the country, the Vietnamese people have implemented “ca nuoc chung suc”, “tram ho deu la binh” movements or policy of “ngu binh u nong” to organize forces against enemies Inheriting the tradition of organizing the national forces to fight enemies, right from the establishment of the Party, it has set a policy of “quan doi cong nong”, “vu trang cong nong”, organize “doi tu ve cong nong” to fight enemies During the radical revolution of 1930-1931, the red self-defense (Tu ve do) teams were born and developed, becoming a core force to protect the movement of the masses and revolutionary establishments On March 28, 1935, the First Congress of the Party passed the “Resolution on Self-Defense forces” (Nghi quyet doi tu ve) in Macau (China), marking the birth of the militia forces after that After being officially established, the militia forces contribute to the victory of the August Revolution in 1945 During the two resistance wars against French colonialism (1945-1954) and the US imperialism (1954-1975), militia forces spread widely, always played an important role in combat, combat coordination and serving combat, contributing to defeat two invading empires, defending revolutionary achievements During the resistance war against the United States imperialism (1954-1975), the militia forces have played an important role, both in production and combat and available battle screen, combined with grassroots security forces to maintain social order, political security, and acted as a core for the local people’s movement to fight the enemy When the US imperialist expanded the destructive war by air and navy forces to the North (1965-1973), the North militia forces had just fought, produced and actively served combat, coordinating closely with local troops, main forces, public order and security ensure, arresting pilots, commandos, spies, contributing to defeat two the destructive wars of the US imperialist The period 1965-1973 was the peak development period of North militia forces in terms of organization and force building The North Vietnam militia forces have achieved many achievements in combat, combat coordination and combat service has affirmed its position and an important role as a part of the three-armed armed forces (the main force, local troops, militia and guerrillas) Affirming the role and strength of the North militia forces, President Ho Chi Minh pointed out: “The militia and guerrilla forces are the forces of the whole nation, a champion force, the iron wall of the country, no matter how fierce the enemy is to touch that force, that wall every enemy must disintegrate” Even in peacetime, militia forces still hold an important role in protecting the Party, government, livehoods and property of the State and people Militia forces is a core force, an ambassador to participate in the development of economic construction in localities, establishments and agencies, factories, enterprises and industrial parks At the same time, militia forces also contribute to building a national defense posture that is closely tied to the people’s security posture, coordinating with police and other forces against the enemy's sabotage plans, preventing social evils, disaster prevention, to ensure safety for people Research on the North militia forces has been concerned by domestic and foreign researchers in many different aspects and perspectives However, until now, it has not been a comprehensive and systematic research on North militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) To further clarify the important role and contribution of North militia forces this period needs studying systematically, comprehensively and depthly on organizational structure, force building, training work, weapons and equipment, combat and combat service In the context of the current situation of the world and the region, there are still many complicated developments, potentially many uncertain and unpredictable factors, along with the emergence of many types of war and new combat methods In the Asia-Pacific region, territorial, maritime and island disputes continue to take place For Vietnam, hostile forces are still implementing a strategy of “peaceful evolution”, violent overthrow, use of “democratic” and “human rights” movements to overthrow the socialist regime In this context, militia forces is still a strategic force, widespread and an important part to firmly protect the fatherland The experience from the operation of the militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) is still intacted, contributing to the construction of the current militia forces to ensure a stable defense position in the construction and defense of the country In these meanings, the research on militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) has a scientific meaning and practical value Therefore, the author decided to choose the topic “The North Vietnam militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (19651973)” as a thesis Research purposes and aims of the dissertation 2.1 Research purposes Comprehensive and systematic research on the process of construction and operation of militia forces in North Vietnam from 1965 to 1973 2.2 Research aims On the basis of the above objectives, the thesis deals with the following tasks: - An overview of previous researches - Analyzing the historical context, the conspiracy to conduct the destructive war of the United States imperialists; To address the policy of the Party, Military Commission of the Central, Ministry of Defense on organizing and building militia forces from 1965 to 1973 - To present the process of construction, equipment, training and tasks of militia forces from 1965 to 1973 - To present the activities of the militia forces from 1965 to 1973 on combat (Including fighting, serving soldiers fighting, catching pilots) and combat service (including air defense evacuating, ensuring transportation, ensuring order and security, participating in production labor, taking part in overcoming the consequences of war) - Addressing the characteristics, clarifying achievements, limitations and drawing experiences from practical activities of militia forces in North Vietnam from 1965 to 1973 Research subject and Scope of the thesis 3.1 Research subjects The militia forces of the North Vietnam from 1965 to 1973 The militia forces, mass armed forces, a member of the three forces of the Vietnamese people’s armed forces, which function as both productive and fighting and ready to fight, combined with grassroots security forces maintain social order and political security in the locality; is the strategic force of the people’s war, which is the core for the local peoplefighting movement Organized according to the requirements of the task of revolutionary struggle, resistance, construction and protection of the country, militia forces is led directly by the party committee, local authorities, leading and directing the local military commanders direct command In particular, the militia is a part of militia forces organized in communes, wards and townships, serving as the core for all people to fight the enemy, having the task of protecting the Party and local authorities; fighting and serving combat such as making roads, transporting wounded soldiers, transporting food, ammunition, protecting and organizing evacuation for people Self-defense is a part of militia forces organized in state agencies, nonbusiness units, economic organizations, political organizations and socio-political organizations It is tasked to protect the Party and the government, protect the life and property of the state and the people at their bases; fighting and serving to fight, maintaining order and security in the area 3.2 Research scope About time: From 1965 to 1973 The thesis selected the milestone in 1965 as the year when the United States imperialists officially conducted the first North destructive war (February 7, 1965); The year of 1973 was a point to end of the second North destructive war (January 15, 1973) About space: The entire territory and territorial waters of North Vietnam (from parallel 17 abow), in which, the thesis focuses on presenting mainly militia forces in localities located in key areas of raiding US’s aircraft such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, Quang Binh About content: The thesis focuses on studying the process of organizing and building militia forces; Presenting activities of militia forces in the areas of combat and combat service (including: shooting aircraft and warships of American; co-operation with soldiers fighting and catching pilots), and serving combat (including: organizing air-defense evacuation; transportation ensure, order and security ensure, participate in production labor, take part in overcoming the consequences of war); List achievements, limitations and causes; Describe the characteristics and draw some experiences from the practical activities of North Vietnam militia forces from 1965 to 1973 Research methods and resources Rationale: The theoretical basis of the thesis is Marxism and Leninism, Ho Chi Minh’s ideology, the views and guidelines of the Party, Military Commission of the Central and the Ministry of Defense on the methods of people’s war and war revolution, armed forces Research Methods: The main research method used in the thesis is historical and logical method The historical method aims to systematically and comprehensively reconstruct the process of construction and operation of the militia forces of North Vietnam from 1965 to 1973 according to historical process, right time and space frame Using logical methods to clarify the nature of phenomena, causes - results, giving objective awareness about militia forces in the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973); On that basis, it is necessary to evaluate and assess the reality of militia forces objectively on the basis of historical events and phenomena, find out the indispensable and inherent rules to clarify achievements and limitations and draw some experience from the operation of militia forces in the North of Vietnam during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists Besides, the thesis also uses other methods such as synthesizing, statistics, analyzing, comparing, surveying field surveys, interviewing witnesses to study the content of the thesis Document source: Resources are mainly exploited at the Military Library, National Library, library and museums of North provinces of Vietnam Focus on resources at the National Archives Center III, Department of Defense Archives Center The contribution of the thesis - The thesis systematizes the source of data on destructive war and North militia forces - The thesis is the first research project to restore a comprehensive and systematic picture of the construction and operation of militia forces in the North Vietnam during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) - The thesis contributes to affirm the position and role of militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists In doing that, the thesis is to bring into play the role of the militia forces in the cause of national building and defense - The thesis is a reference document for research and understanding of militia forces in the resistance war against American imperialism for national salvation At the same time, it contributes to provide scientific arguments for the armed forces development at present The theoretical and practical meaning of the thesis Theoretical significance: The thesis provides scientific arguments for the study of the organization of militia forces Provide a theoretical basis for building armed forces in the cause of national construction and defense Contribute to the scientific basis for the research and teaching of organizational structure, training and construction of militia forces in particular and for the study of military history, the history of resistance war against the United States, about the people war in national construction and defense Practical significance: The thesis contributes to promoting the role of militia forces in the current career of national defense The experiences raised in the thesis have high practical value, can be applied to the organization, construction and operation of the current militia forces The theses is a document for the study and research on the North Vietnam militia forces during the resistance war against American imperialism for national salvation The thesis’s structure In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion, List of Reference, Appendix, the thesis’s structure has chapters: Chapter 1: An overview of previous researches Chapter 2: The North Vietnam militaria forces from 1965 to 1968 Chapter 3: The North Vietnam militaria forces from 1969 to 1973 Chapter 4: Comments and some historical experiences Chapter AN OVERVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES 1.1 An overview of the researches relating to the thesis Researching on the resistance war against United States imperialism for national salvation (1954-1975) in general, militia forces in the North (1965-1973) in particular attracted many researchers at home and abroad Many books and articles have been published, can be divided into the following groups: 1.1.1 The researches on the resistance war against the US, the destructive war in North Vietnam, and the struggle against the destructive war of the US imperialists The 21-year war against the United States and the US (1954-1975) of the Vietnamese people has been a topic attracting the attention and research of domestic and foreign researchers Typical as: People’s war defeated the US imperialist destructive war by authors Van Tien Dung, Dang Tinh, Phung The Tai (People's Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1968); Catching the enemy to drive the United States and hitting enemy planes to rescue them (People's Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1972); Mastering the way of people warfare to defeat the destructive war of the American empire (Truth Publisher, Hanoi, 1975); People’s war defeated the destructive war of American imperialism (People's Army Publisher, Hanoi); Military Region years of fighting the US (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1989); Hanoi Capital - History of the resistance against the US Army, saving the country (1954-1975) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1991); Military Region IV - History of resistance against the US Army, saving the country (1954-1975) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1991); Military Region - History of the resistance against the US Army, saving the country (1954-1975) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1995); History of armed forces Military Region (1946-2016) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2016), The work of preventing, overcoming consequences and shooting low - altitude aircraft against the air force's destructive war American imperialism in Hanoi (1965-1972) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2001); Directing the construction and combat operations of the local antiwar against US forces on the North (1954-1975) History of the resistance war against the US, national salvation (1954-1975) consists of episodes (National Political Publisher - Truth, Hanoi); The Vietnamese history, 15 episodes (Social Sciences Publisher, Hanoi), 1.1.2 The researches on the militaria forces in the North during the war against the US imperialists Studying on militia forces in the resistance against the US Army, there have been a number of works and articles mentioned, researched and published in various genres Militia defends an armed forces of the entire people (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1960); Doing well the mountainous militia and self-defense work of Chu Van Tan (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1962); Strategic role of the militia in the cause of fighting against America and saving the great nation of our people (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1967); Promoting the role of self-defense militia in the people's war to defeat the destructive war of American imperialism in the area of Military Region of Le Van Huu, Nguyen Son Cao and Phan Minh Chau compiled (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1997) ; Promoting the role of militia and self-defense, contributing to defeating the war of sabotage mainly by US air force and navy on the river and sea front in the North (1964-1973) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1997); Summarizing the fighting style of militia and guerrilla militia in two resistance wars against French colonialism and American imperialism (1945-1975) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2000); Department of Militia and Self-Defense - Chronicle of the event (1947-2000) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2002); History of the Civil Defense Department (1947-2007) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2007); 65-year history of Vietnam Militia and Self-Defense Sector (1947 - 2012) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2012) Besides the books, topical issues, the issue of militia forces is also published in journals and scientific seminars Nguyen Xuan Thanh with the article “Tien Hai Army Artillery Army Company” (Journal of Military History, No.2, 1993); Phan Huong with the article “A brief description of artillery in the local army and militia” (Journal of Military History, No.3, 1996); Pham Viet with the article “Air defense force of Thanh Hoa militia and anti-sabotage war of America” ( Journal of Military History, No.2, 2001); Article “The role of the militia force, defending Hanoi Capital in the “Dien Bien Phu tren khong” in 1972 by author Nguyen Huu Dao (Journal of Historical Research, No.8, 2012); And some seminars such as: Vietnamese militia force 70 years of a glorious journey (March 28, 1935 March 28, 2005) (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2005); Vietnamese militia - champion force of the heroic nation” (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi 2015), 1.1.3 The researches of foreign authors on the Vietnam War relating to the topic In some studies of foreign authors, especially those of American scholars, the Vietnam war is mentioned quite specifically from many angles Below are the typical works that have been translated into Vietnamese Verdict on Vietnam (People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 1985); Looking back - The tragedy and lessons about Vietnam (National Publishing House, Hanoi, 1995); The longest war of the United States (Le Phuong Thuy compiled, National Political Publisher, Hanoi, 1998); No peace, no honor: Nixon, Kissinger and betrayal in Vietnam (Nguyen Manh Hung translated, Vietnamese Tide published, 2003); Anatomy of a Vietnam War (Nguyen Tan Cuu translation, People’s Army Publisher, Hanoi, 2003); Richard Nixon’s memoir (People’s Public Security Publisher, Hanoi, 2004; Fragile Peace - Washington, Hanoi and the process of the Paris Agreement (National Political Publisher, Hanoi, 2005), 1.2 The issues inheritance from other researches In the above research works, in a certain extent, the North Vietnam militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists were shown in many research projects These are quite elaborate research projects, with reference value, quite objective reconstruction of militia forces since its formation until 2015 Research projects on the resistance war against of the United States have clarified the conspiracy of the US imperialists in the North destructive war The policy of the Party and the Central Military Commission on fighting against destructive war At the same time, it was pointed out that the struggle against destructive war of the North Vietnamese army and people was shown as a people’s war, in which militia forces were the core with the local army and the main army fighting to fight paying North air strikes, protecting security and order, rear construction during the period against the North destructive war (1965-1973) The research projects on militia forces have clarified some issues such as: The importance of building militia force in plain, mountainous and coastal areas; militia forces artillery, infantry and the construction of militia in the provinces and military regions; Construction and training of militia forces; Activities of militia forces in emulation movements, on production fronts; Some features of militia forces’s weapons have also been mentioned; Experiences in leadership, leadership, combat and typical battles of militia forces from 1965 to 1973, Militia forces during the period against the destructive war, in the research projects, some typical battles of militia forces in the provinces of Hanoi, Hai Phong, Thai Binh, Thanh Hoa, Vinh Linh, Quang Binh, One the number of articles on militia forces in combat, combat service, prevention of overcoming consequences of war in Hanoi, Hai Phong, Vinh Linh, Quang Binh and localities; The role of militia forces in the war of liberation and construction, the national defense nowaday The research projects have contributed to the orientation, approach and presentation of militia forces Some summarizing works on militia forces, confirming the important role and position of militia forces in the cause of national defense The research projects provide the thesis with the documents on the destruction war of the United States imperialists, the period of against the destruction war of the United States imperialists; History of the Militia Department; Chronicle of events and some activities of militia forces, These research projects have provided a number of important documents, general awareness of militia forces and suggest approaches and research In summary, the research results of published works show that there is still no specific, specific study of systematic and comprehensive research on militia forces in the North Vietnam during the period of against the destruction war So that, the North militia forces during the period of against the destruction war there are still many issues that need to research 1.3 The issues need to continue researching Implementing this thesis, we inherited the research results of the previous projects and at the same time exploited new resources from newly published domestic and foreign books, newspapers and magazines; special attention should be paid to the exploitation of documents at archival centers (National Archives Center III, Center of Ministry of Defense Archives, ) Based on the rich and reliable resources, the thesis continues to study in a comprehensive and more complete about the militia forces of the North Vietnam during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists with the following issues: Firstly: Historical background, conspiracy to plot, plan to raid the North of the United States imperialists directly impact on the organization and operation of militia forces in the task of against American imperialism’s destructive war Secondly: The guidelines of the Party, State, Military Commission of the Central Committee, Ministry of Defense and the Department of Militia on organization, construction and tasks of militia forces during the period against the destructive war Thirdly: Organizational structure, equipment, training, tasks and the process of building militia forces from 1965 to 1973 Fourthly: Activities of militia forces in combat, coordination of combat, combat service, organization of evacuation prevention, traffic assurance, security order and security, production and overcoming war results from 1965 to 1973 Fifthly: Characteristics, achievements, limitations and some experiences on the organization and operation of militia forces from 1965 to 1973 Chapter THE NORTH VIETNAM MILITARIA FORCES FROM 1965 TO 1968 2.1 The process of building militia forces in the North Vietnam 2.1.1 Overview of the North Vietnam situation and militaria forces in the North Vietnam before 1965 2.1.1.1 The situation of North Vietnam before 1965 Victory in the East - Spring campagain (1953-1954), the culmination of the historic victory of Dien Bien Phu (May 7, 1954) of the Vietnamese people forced the French Government to sign the Geneva Agreement (July 21, 1954) recognized Vietnam's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity, this was an important victory, ending more than 80 years of French colonial rule and opening a new era of Vietnamese revolution However, due to complex correlation between forces and world politics, after signing the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions with two different political regimes The North was completely liberated, entering the transition period of socialism, the South was still under the yoke of imperialism and minions In that situation, the people of the whole country still have to continue the cause of building socialism and fighting for national liberation and unification 2.1.1.2 Militaria forces before 1965 After 10 years of construction, fighting and maturity (1954-1964), under the leadership of the Party Central Committee, the Government, the Ministry of Defense, the Department of Mobilization and Militia, the agencies of mobilization and militia, militia forces are built widely in the North, developing in quantity and quality In terms of quantity, by the end of 1964, the number of militia forces had nearly 1.5 million people, reaching 8% of the population, of which 14% were party members, 26% were youth union members, nearly 1,350 soldiers near district and platoon two forces: fighting and fighting service Particularly, militia forces mobile fought have 9,1 thousands, organized 3.000 battlefields of aircraft, equipped with 2.75 thousand guns of all kinds ready to hit the US from the border line, from the border and into the sea 2.2 Activities of militaria forces 2.2.1 Combat activities 2.2.1.1 Combat and co-operation Participating in the battle, militia forces not only fighting but also coordinating with the main forces, local troops to shoot US’s fighter aircraft and warships At Cang Gianh (Quang Binh), on March 2, 1965, shot down and shot injure four US’s fighter aircraft On March 15, 1965, a militia team of Dien Hung commune (Dien Chau, Nghe An) shot down a jet aircraft A4-D On March 26, 1965, militia forces in communes of Thach Ha district collaborated with local troops to shoot down four US’s fighter aircraft On May 26, 1965, Nam Ngan militia (Thanh Hoa) united with the local army and the naval forces fighting to protect naval ships shot down two F-8 fighter aircraft On August 13, 1965, Tan Phong militia (Phu Yen, Son La), on August 26, 1965, militia of Lang Thip commune (Van Yen), on May 28, 1965, Chieng La militia (Muong La, Son La) On June 13, 1966, three militia teams of Nghi Tan, Nghi Thuy, Nghi Khanh (Nghi Loc, Nghe An) shot down one F-4 fighter aircraft In December, 1966, militia forces of Capital along with anti-aircraft forces shot down dozens of American’s fighter aircraft On July 16, 1967, the women militia forces of Hoa Loc commune (Hau Loc, Thanh Hoa) shot down the AD-6 aircraft in Kenh De On October 14, 1967, the old-men militia of Hoang Truong commune (Hoang Hoa, Thanh Hoa) shot down one A-4 fighter aircraft On May 14, 1968, the militia of Vinh Quang commune cooperated with armed police of Cua Tung police station shot sinks one US’s warships From February to May 16, 1968, Ngu Thuy militia women’s team (Le Thuy, Quang Binh) also contributed to shooting down US’s aircraft 2.2.1.2 Serve the soldiers to fight and surround American pilots In the battle to shoot American’s aircraft of the main forces, local troops, militia forces is an active involved in transporting, setting up battlefields, receiving ammunition and doing emergency, ambulance and cleanup Typical for this activity is the Dong Phuong Hong militia women’s team (Ninh Binh), Nam Ngan, Ham Rong, Hoa Loc, Hoang Hai, Hoang Truong (Thanh Hoa), Ky Phuong (Ha Tinh) and women self-defense of the 8-3 Textile factory, Mai Dong mechanic (Hanoi), Militia forces also help the army of radar in over million workdays; High-altitude artillery units for over million workdays, participating in building an airport of over 50.000 workdays These contributions of militia forces partly limited the damage caused by the US, and created favorable conditions in promoting production and aid to battlefields In addition to fighting and serving combat missions, militia forces also has the task of participating in arresting downed American pilots Typically, the Ha Bac militia, Yen Bai militia used horses, Quang Binh militia used bicycles to maneuver to catch American pilots During the time US campaign “Rolling thunder 52”, the North militia forces contributed to capturing pilots in Tuyen Quang, Ha Bac and Ninh Binh provinces to Hoa Lo Prison and Hin-ton Hotel In April, 1967, the Thuy Khue’s militia captured two pilots 2.2.2 Combat service activities 2.2.2.1 Air defense and evacuation In the years 1965-1968, militia forces participated in main contents of air-defense evacuation: Alarm, shelter, cover room; Observe the alarm and shelter pit In addition, militia forces also clearly shows its role in building villages, communes, neighborhoods, combat enterprises, developing wartime transportation Militia forces participated in other actions such as: shelter trenches, alarm observation, camouflage cover the room By the end of 1967 in early 10 1968, the total of traffic trench in the North was about 43,000 km; 28 million individual pits, 12 million collective tunnels, 44 km of tunnels, 80 thousand machinery tunnel, 705.000 cattle shelter and 442.000 mobile tunnels, tens of thousands of road construction machines, equipment, renovate thousands of caves to store the property In the years 1965-1967, the localities were key destructive in the North, the evacuation was also conducted urgently and achieved results The militia force contributed to transfer about 60-70% of the population in cities of Vinh, Nam Dinh and Viet Tri to a safe place 2.2.2.2 Transportation ensure During the first period against the first destructive war (1965-1968), there were teams and key militia forces teams ensuring traffic The on-site militia forces are always present at the observing location, sticking to the river sections to mark the bombing point and conducting clearance Typical for that militia forces are 10 Lam Ha militia women (Phu Ly, Ha Nam) who have fought, the realm, and ensure traffic on the national highway 1A The militia women of Lai Vu (Hai Duong) of Road 5, the men and women of Cau Gie (Ha Tay), the militia women and men defended Cong Lan (Thai Binh), The 10 militia women on duty leveling bomb crater at Dong Loc fork (Can Loc, Ha Tinh) Or La Thi Tam militia is responsible for counting and marking unexploded bombs for soldiers to break at Dong Loc fork, Thanh Hoa province has also appeared many militia teams embark bomb breaking, such as the militia of Nga Thach commune (Nga Son), the militia of Quang Xuong, Tinh Gia and Thanh Hoa town In particular, 12 women militia in Thanh Thuy commune (Tinh Gia) always stick to the pillars where the focal point of Ghep ferry - an important, ensures traffic vessels 2.2.3 Participating to product, contribute to building the rear 2.2.3.1 Participating to product As the armed forces of Party, with the characteristics of being both military and civilian, militia forces not only performs combat tasks but also participates in production During the period against the first destructive war of the United States imperialists, the core role of the militia forces in production was developed extensively The “tay luoi tay sung”, “tay bua tay sung”, and “tay cay tay sung” campagains which motivated militia forces were widely organized Most of the core or spacious militia forces combine ready-to-fight and increased production on the spot With this arrangement and organization, militia forces not only produce to self-sufficiency to fight the enemy, but also ensure the merit for the family, so the peace of mind with the task of fighting 2.2.3.2 Ensuring order and security Ensuring order and security is one of the important tasks of militia forces In carrying out this task, militia forces participated in anti-commando, espionage in border areas and islands and ensured order and security in cities, towns, rural and mountainous areas In the border areas, islands, the militia force is regularly organized in order to quickly detect and suppress espionage In rural areas, militia help people to fight robbery, stabilize the political and where people evacuate eastward, watch out for bad elements to propagate and destroy revolution In cities and towns, militia forces perform the task of guarding, protecting order and ward streets, supervising houses of evacuation families Self-defense is on duty to protect assets, infrastructure of agencies, factories and enterprises to evacuate 2.2.3.3 Participate in overcoming the consequences of war Militia forces participated in overcoming the consequences of war caused by US’s aircraft raids, including rescue forces in place and mobile rescue forces, in which, mobile rescue forces were equipped with machines and equipment dedicated These two forces participated in most of the contents such as: Rescue collapsing, fire fighting, stabilizing life for distressed 11 families, overcoming and ensuring communication and transportation In the mission of fire fighting, militia forces are the core force and other forces join the people and the masses Militia forces also participated in rescuing dikes, dykes, storms and storms, The militia forces were trained and registered to use all kinds of machines crane and tools from rudimentary (hoes, shovels, rafts, the burden, the integrity, ) to the modern (, wiper, excavator, ) can be obtained in the area to perform the task of overcoming the consequences of war Conclusion From 1965 to 1968, militia forces, one of the important components of the three forces were strengthened, expanded and developed in terms of staffing, from teams to battalions, creating total power as well as the level of operation of North militia forces The achievements and contributions in the years 1965-1968 affirmed the important role and position of militia forces on all fronts such as combat, combat service, prevention, evacuation, transportation ensure, maintaining order and security, participating in production and overcoming consequences of destruction Militia forces have participated in and well performed the tasks of people's air defense in cities and towns, contributing to the destruction of the conspiracy to destroy infrastructure, the economic and defense system of the North With the achievements in ensuring transportation, militia forces have made an important contribution to defeat the US conspiracy in cutting off the expenditure from the North to the South Militia forces well implemented the policy of both production and fighting of the Party, actively participated in successfully completing the movements of “tay luoi tay sung”, “tay cay tay sung”, “tay bua tay sung”, contributing to the successful completion of the task of reinforcing the front line Militia forces in factories still maintain the pace and develop local industry Agricultural production remained stable, nearly the same output as the pre-war years The contribution of militia forces in the protection, maintenance and development of production not only protects the North, but also ensures the support of human and energy for the Southern revolution The achievements of militia forces have made an important contribution to defeat the goals of the US imperialism in the implementation of the first North American coping Chapter THE NORTH VIETNAM MILITIA FORCES FROM 1969 TO 1973 3.1 Consolidating and building the militia forces 3.1.1 The American Empire continued to expand and destroy the North and the Party's policy on fighting the destructive war, consolidate and build militia forces 3.1.1.1 The new historical context and the conspiracy of the American empire continued to expand and destroy the North On January 20, 1969, Nixon began taking office as President of the United States Soon after, President Nixon implemented a new global strategy called “Nixon’s Doctrine” and the military strategy “Practical deterrent” applied to Vietnam to improve the war situation in the two regions In the North, the United States imperialists continued to violate its commitment to stop bombing, bombarding and conducting air reconnaissance to gather information and prepare for new attacks The United States imperialists declared “America will bomb back to the North” if the source from the North to the South threatens the security of US forces and the Republic of Vietnam government In fact, from 1969 to 1971, US air reconnaissance activities were carried out regularly 3.1.1.2 The Party’s policy on fighting the destructive war to in the North and consolidate, build militia forces 12 Faced with the transformation of the Vietnam War and the action of destroying the North of the American Empire, at the 18th Central Executive Committee Meeting (Session III) (March 10, 1970), the Party Central Committee received The immediate task of Vietnam during the new period of the resistance is to mobilize the highest efforts of the whole Party, the entire army, the entire people on both regions, the victory has been achieved, persevered and promoting the resistance, continuing to develop a comprehensive, continuous and powerful strategy of advancing military advancement and political advancement, combining diplomatic advancement, advancing American troops just trying to build Vietnam’s growing military and political force For the consolidation and building of militia force, the Department of Militia has specific guidelines: Border areas, frontiers: building combat forces of guerrillas, self-defense, mobile forces, professional teams and militia forces in villages, ensuring every village has a militia organization; Coastal areas and islands: Strongly build mobile guerrilla forces, mobile combat teams, warships and commandos, bombs and mines ; Waterway-road traffic zone: To build strong professional security teams to fight, army teams, destroy bombs, repair bridges and roads, shoot airplanes and combat landings; The city-town area: To build a self-defense force to protect the police, act as a core in the people’s air defense and supplement the army, focusing on building a mobile combat force and a specialized team 3.1.1.3 New tasks of militia forces The militia forces and establishments continue to thoroughly grasp the motto of both production and fighting and tasks in the first destructive war In the second phase, the focus was on air defense combat missions ready to fight against the war of the second time of the United States imperialists Militia forces’s air defense forces focus on performing three tasks: Firstly, US aircraft flying, traffic protection, combined with anti-US attacks and commandos Secondly, set standards for direct combat participants, strengthen the alarm observation system, ensure timely detection of aircraft, warships, paratroopers, number and location of bombs falling into the locality Thirdly, directing and commanding militia forces shooting American planes, protecting the area in all situations Consolidate militia forces organization to focus on key points, when needed to both fight and serve combat and production 3.1.2 Strengthen and build militia forces 3.1.2.1 Strengthen organization and staffing Organization and staffing: Militia forces in the years 1969-1973 still had two main forces which were the core force (combat force) and the wide force (forces serving the battle) as in 1965-1968 However, the militia forces organization has the difference that it has established a mobile militia forces in the core militia forces The mission of the mobile militia forces is to maneuver and coordinate with the main force, the local army to move and fight from the area when required Regarding organization size and staffing: The organizational scale and staffing of the militia forces force in the 1969-1973 period remained basically the same as those in 1965-1968, particularly for the organization size, there was development, militia forces organization has a place where scale has reached the regiment level to meet the high combat requirements The Quang Trung Regiment in Hanoi is an example The organization up to regiment level to arrange firepower into clusters to promote the ability to shoot low and medium range aircraft of militia forces 3.1.2.2 Strengthening weapons, vehicles and renovation of training Strengthening weapons: Basically, the weapons of the militia forces equipped are still in the years 1965-1968, but are reinforced with anti-aircraft weapons The difference is that armed 13 weapons are concentrated in key points and are mainly weapons such as 12,7mm, 14,5mm and anti-aircraft cannons such as: 23mm, 37mm, 57mm and 100mm By 1970, militia forces were relatively equipped, with 214.826 rifles, 28.520 submachine guns, 5.178 mid-air guns, 1.631 heavy machine guns, 272 mortars, 74 guns of DKZ and 81 cannons 23mm, 37mm, 57mm, Costumes: Costumes and equipment for militia forces in the years 1969-1973 did not change compared to previous years 1965-1968 Training renovation: From 1969 to 1973, the training contents for militia forces had innovations compared to 1965-1968, the training for militia forces was conducted according to the intensive content, in which focus on a number of key tasks to prepare for the new imperialist sabotage District training is ready to fight for militia forces in three following situations: Ready to fight level is a normal situation where combat has not occurred; Ready to fight level is a situation where the enemy is about to fight; Ready to fight level is an emergency situation, militia forces is ready to fight 3.1.2.3 Strengthening and replenish forces After more than a year of consolidation, by December 1970, the total number of militia and self-defense was 2.101.625 people, of which the guerrilla militia was 1.579.362 people; Self-defense and self-defense combat is 522.263 people Deployed into 229 self-defense battalions, 3.234 guerrilla militia companies, 1.553 self-defense companies and fighting selfdefense, 6.259 guerrilla platoon, 2.003 self-defense platoon, with 30.257 guerrilla militia platoon By the end of 1972, the North militia forces organized dozens of companies armed with 37mm, 57mm, 100mm anti-aircraft guns; 170 companies and platoon equipped with antiaircraft machine guns; 20 companies, platoon equipped with 85mm guns Total militia forces shot aircraft throughout the North until 1972 have 414 teams with 1.411 cannons and guns of all kinds 3.2 The North militia forces intensified their combat and combat service activities 3.2.1 Combat activities 3.2.1.1 Combat and coordination On November 1, 1968, the US imperialist declared to stop bombing the North but in fact frequently raided the special area of Vinh Linh, two provinces of Quang Binh and Ha Tinh, and also reconnaissance aircraft drivers explore and collect information in many other provinces, especially big cities and towns Right from the first battles to destroy the North, the US air force faced a dense air defense system and suffered losses On June 27, 1972, defending the Van Dien phosphate factory shot down one F-4 On July 8, 1972, the militia of Me Tri commune shot down one F-4 when attacking the areas of Tu Liem, Mai Dich and Cau Giay On the 4th, 5th, 11th, 24th, 29th July 1972, militia forces of Capital and air forces continued to shoot down aircraft, paratroopers were captured by militants On August 5, 1972, in Hanoi, the self-defense of Quang Trung mechanical factory shot down one A-6 when flying into the city On August 13, 1972, the militia of Tien Dong (Tu Ky) shot down one A-6 From August 19, 1972 to September 17, 1972, the militia of Cong Hoa commune (Chi Linh), the militia of Dong Kinh commune (Khoai Chau), Tu Do (Kim Dong) and Tien Lu district and self-defense Hung Yen town, Co Thanh (Chi Linh) also shot down American’s aircraft at night with 12,7mm guns On June 24, 1972, the militia of Muong Do commune (Phu Yen, Son La) shot down one American’s aircraft On August 15, 1972, Vinh Phu’s militia shot down another F-4 On September 12, 1972, self-defense of Z1 factory continued to shoot down another F-4 From May to October 1972, the company of 94 people gathered in Quang Xuong district shot down American’s aircraft at the focal point of the ferry On December 20, 1972, the Vinh Bao militia platoon (Hai Phong) with 12,7mm and 14,5mm anti-aircraft machine guns fired one 14 American’s F-111 aircraft On the night of December 22, the 14,5mm machine gun cluster of the Hoan Kiem area self defense team and the Hai Ba Trung area (Hanoi) destroyed an F111-A On December 30, 1972, women militia of Hoa Loc commune (Hau Loc, Thanh Hoa) shot down an F4-H, 3.2.1.2 Serve the soldiers to fight and surround American pilots From 1969 to 1973, militia forces continued to contribute tens of thousands of days to build high-level artillery, missile, shore artillery, construction of airports, warehouses, to serve combat troops When the main force battled with American’s aircraft and warships, the militia forces soldiers bravely carried out the ammunition duty and when necessary needed to carry out the gunner’s mission Militia forces are also enthusiastic to help the main force solve well the works after the combat or help the regular army move away from the battlefield quickly and secretly It can be affirmed that every victory of the regular army has the contribution of militia forces 3.2.2 Combat service activities 3.2.2.1 Air defense and evacuation Following the achievements of the organization of prevention and evacuation during the first destructive war of the United States imperialists, from 1969 to 1973, the North militia forces joined with people to prevent and evacuate more effectively, contributing to minimizing losses caused by US’s aircraft with greater scale and density than before From the central to local levels, the People's Air Defense Council at all levels has organized militia forces to act as the core Militia forces’s observation system and watchtower continue to be deployed throughout the North At the end of 1972, when the American empire escalated to violently raid cities and towns, most people in the city were evacuated In Hanoi, it focuses on Dong Anh, Yen Vien, Gia Lam, Van Dien and Yen Phu power plants In Hai Phong, concentrated in Cau Rao, Cau Niem and Ben Binh areas, 54.000 out of 65.000 urban people (83%) were evacuated; Hai Phong evacuated 21 thousands (77%); Nam Dinh evacuated 12.5 thousands (96%); Thai Nguyen evacuated 2.7 thousands (90%); Viet Tri evacuated 4.9 thousands (80%) Many cities and areas such as Hanoi, Hai Phong, Nam Dinh, Thai Nguyen, Vinh, Viet Tri, have evacuated 80-95% of the population, so the casualties of the people have decreased very low The Hai Phong City, Nam Dinh, Ha Noi, have reduced losses by times compared to the first destructive war of the United States imperialists period 3.2.2.2 Transportation ensure Ensuring transportation is an extremely important mission of the North rear in the aid of the South front After the first destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1968), the militia forces of the localities and the transport sector actively participated in leveling and repairing bridges and roads Big bridges are repaired by bridges, railings and reinforced bridge piers The system of ports, warehouses, and gathering places is also remodeled As a result, after only a short time the traffic system and civil transport activities, the transport for the large front lines in the South was restored Every day, hundreds of shipments are still transferred to the South to serve the soldiers and the people fighting With the determination to ensure smooth transportation, timely delivery of goods to the big front lines, the militia forces teams clearing bombs and mines of the localities work around the clock, off the channel, open the route, and open the safe way for the boat and car back and forth Tens of thousands of workers who are the core force of militia forces have participated in rescue As for individuals, typically Mai Xuan Diem of ferry militia forces Ghep is the first person to voluntarily use canoes to pull ferries (instead of high-speed engines) carrying ejection machine, detonating torpedoes, ensuring for clear ferry The soldiers defended Ho Lay, self15 defended of the Nhat Le fishing enterprise, volunteered to be the pilot for the ship launched from torpedo destruction that was sacrificed during the mission The Nguyen Xao self-defense, Vo Ninh commune (Le Ninh, Quang Binh), on emergency volunteered to drive a motor-boat to cross the river and explode nearly 100 bombs TN, the route and Quan Hau ferry, and many other examples On the collective, notably the militia of Nghi Huong communes (Nghi Loc, Nghe An); Xuan Hoi, Xuan Truong, Xuan Dan (Nghi Xuan, Ha Tinh), 11 communes in the coastal area of Quang Trach, Bo Trach (Quang Binh) and other communes in the transit area These militia teams were not afraid to sacrifice, arduous, day and night always present by the coast, clinging to the road, clinging to each bag in times fighting fierce 3.2.3 Participating to product, contribute to building the rear 3.2.3.1 Participating to product In the period of 1969-1973, the North militia forces not only performed well the task of fighting and serving the battle but also achieved many achievements in production and economic recovery Typically, the self-defense fighter Dang Ba Hat of Quang Ninh Coal Company, in production has actively built up the production team For many years, Dang Ba Hat built his labor team from weak to good and good labor team With that tireless effort and striving, Dang Ba Hat became the Deputy Director of the workshop During the period against the destructive war, comrades who had good production organization and directly participated in combat, all tasks were successfully completed Self-defense in factories and enterprises also plays an important role in shock and production In terms of collectives, typically militias of Phong Thuy commune (Le Thuy, Quang Binh), militia of Ky Tan commune (Ky Anh, Ha Tinh), militia of Nghi Huong commune (Nghi Loc, Nghe An), militia of Nguyen Xa commune (Dong Hung, Thai Binh), militia of Hai Thinh commune (Hai Hau, Nam Dinh) always lead the movements in the commune, especially in the production, have contributed positively to the transplantation of all areas, giving productivity increases a year 3.2.3.2 Ensuring order and security Ensuring order and security is one of the North militia forces’s missions and activities throughout during the against the destructive war In the two years 1969-1970, the situation of security, politics, social order in border areas and islands, in some cities and towns, has complicated developments The the United States imperialists intensified commandos, detective units went deep into the mainland and coordinated with reactionary forces to carry out religious activities to open anti-destructive activities and cause disorder in many localities in the North Contributing to stabilizing the situation, ensuring order and security, militia forces have been strengthened to participate to help people evacuate their assets and keep their houses and houses in order to keep them safe Militia forces participated in regulating traffic, overcoming traffic incidents and accidents, making sure the waterway traffic is always smooth Militia forces also appoints regular staff with workers and self-defense of factories to keep assets, so that all activities of big cities are guaranteed 3.2.3.3 Participate in overcoming the consequences of war In the task of overcoming the consequences of war, militia forces has participated in repairing tunnels, holes, preventive ditches, roads, civil works, factories, factories, schools, and clearing waterways clearance of mines, mines and mines, stabilizing life and production From 1969 to 1971, the North militia forces joined with ministries, branches and local people to actively overcome consequences of th US imperialist in the first destructive war (1965-1968), quickly stabilizing living and production life In rural areas, mountainous areas, the militia with the people actively clean up the battlefield, repair roads, and rebuild embankments and repair houses 16 From May 1972, the issue of overcoming the blockade of mines and bombs of US imperialist to ensure road and coastal traffic, estuaries became very urgent Local military agencies at all levels urgently directed militia forces to take part in removing magnetic bombs and torpedoes In the spirit of initiative, actively not hesitate to sacrifice, arduous forces militia forces has broken, removed more than 70% of the total number of bombs and mines by primitive and relatively modern means In the first half of January 1973, basically all types of American mines and mines were dropped into coastal areas, at sea, on rivers, on roads that were scanned and exploded In general, the north waterways and channels have been smooth Conclusion From 1969 to 1973, the militia forces of North Vietnam have matured dramatically, gaining many achievements in building forces, fighting, fighting, protecting, maintaining production, and post-building direction Under the direction of the Party, Military Commission, Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Defense, militia forces always raise the level of synergies, maneuver, flexibility, timely change the layout, conduct the missions focused combat, protecting each area, objectives and each transport phase on strategic transport routes Militia forces air defense forces have been fighting and withdrawing experience, developing creative forms of tactics, combining courage, intrigue and tactics with techniques to fight In combat and combat service, militia forces participated in shooting down, firing many American’s aircraft and warships Militia forces participated and performed well the evacuation prevention missions in cities and towns, contributing to minimizing human and human losses Militia forces have shown an important role in the task of clearing mines and mines, ensuring transport and transport to destroy the monopoly, monotone and conspiracy to cut down the hospital expenditures from the North to the South of American empire Local militia forces also actively participated in production, contributing to the successful completion of the task of building the North rear and aid the South front Practical operation from 1969 to 1973, North militia forces raised the spirit and determination to defeat the American invaders, to mobilize the entire force to fight the bombardment of the US’s air force and navy, ensuring transportation, maintaining production, continuing to spend human and energy resources on the front line Militia forces’s contribution to combat and combat service contributed significantly to the North’s army and people to defeat the second destructive war of the American empire, forcing the US to return to the negotiating table with Vietnam in Paris Chapter COMMENTS AND SOME HISTORICAL EXPERIENCES 4.1 Comments 4.1.1 Characteristics The reality of organizing and building forces and combat activities and fighting services of the North militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) may raise some the main characteristics are as follows Firstly, the North militia forces is one of the main armed forces combat and mobile combat at the groundwork: The militia is the core force to protect, fight and produce mainly in rural areas, plain, mountainous and coastal Self-defense is the core force to protect, fight and produce in state agencies, factories and industrial parks Militia forces are the main violence tool of the grassroots people’s government led and built by the local Party Committee under 17 specific conditions and circumstances at the local level Besides fighting at the groundwork, militia forces also maneuver to fight when needed Secondly, the North militia forces is a large armed force, well-organized: Militia forces is a large armed force of the masses and a non-escapist armed force that both produces export and fight to protect production, protect people's lives and properties Militia forces include both men and women, with all ages from teenagers to middle-aged and seniors These components come from everywhere, in different industries, from plains and coastal areas to midland, mountainous areas, from rural to urban areas, from farmers to workers, officials and civil servants and other classes Militia forces are strictly organized, in accordance with state regulations and carefully selected Thirdly, North militia forces are organized in various forms and scales: This feature of militia forces comes from organization and operation Militia forces are divided into core forces, spacious and mobile With these forms of organization, militia forces can operate flexibly, changing tasks quickly, meeting the demand of resistance The militia forces has just produced and fought extensively, a form of no escape from production Militia forces and mobile militia forces are a form of escape that only produces only the task of fighting and serving the combat troops Fourthly, the North militia forces proficiently used the weapons that were equipped, way of fighting had a very diverse and creative: During the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973), militia forces’s weapons continuous development from the place of rudimentary weapons, developing to relatively modern and modern weapons While modern weapons still not disregard primitive weapons and equipment to effectively counteract modern and modern American weapons The corrugated iron sheet, iron plate, wire frame IM, PK of militia forces have promoted efficiency in the detection of magnetic bombs, modern mines of the US imperialists Militia forces’s fighting style in the North is very diverse, this is also a prominent feature of this force during the anti-war war of the American empire Militia forces’s fighting style not only fights with everything armed from infantry guns, anti-aircraft machine guns, anti-aircraft guns and coastal artillery but also can hit the US in all terrain and weather conditions, space, time difference North militia forces can fight in the rain, in cold conditions, can fight on the top of the mountain, under the plain and on the sea Fifthly, North militia forces can participate in many fields at the same time: This is a typical feature of the North militia forces during the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) At the same time, militia forces participated in almost all activities from combat, coordinated fighting, fighting service, arresting pilots to the task of organizing non-evacuation, ensuring traffic, participating in production labor, ensuring order and security and overcoming the consequences of war 4.1.2 Consequence, limitations and causes 4.1.2.1 Consequence First, the North militia forces has achieved success in organizing and building forces: From its inception until the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973), militia forces developed to the top in both organization, force and quality The development of the militia forces contributes to building a strong three-person people’s armed forces, able to cope with the American imperialist aggression Secondly, the fighting activities of the Northern militia forces contributed to defeating the great war by the US’s air force and navy: The achievements in the combat of militia forces were achieved during the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) 18 confirmed the position and important role of the North militia forces Militia forces contribute to defeating a large-scale naval and naval war of the American empire Militia forces shot down aircraft, fired fire warships, destroyed most of modern bombs, mines and mines of the US, contributing to prove that modern weapons, modern equipment of the American empire also certain limitations Thirdly, militia forces contributed to protecting the northern rear and reinforcing the South: With resilient will, determination and courage, North militia forces overcame the most fierce challenges To ensure smooth transportation, tens of tons of goods are brought to the front line every day The amount of goods transported into the South even during times when the US air force raided fiercely was also increasing, millions of tons of food, weapons, ammunition, medicines, were launched school Fourthly, contributing to ensuring production, maintaining political security in the North: During the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973), North militia forces made an important contribution to ensuring the operation and actively participate in labor and production In the locality, the most difficult production fronts are undertaken by militia forces Militia forces have actively participated in improving and managing cooperatives, always at the forefront of farming, clinging to the sea, improving techniques, implementing intensive farming to increase productivity Militia forces achieve these achievements and victories due to the following main reasons: This is the victory of the right military way, the way of the people’s war, flexible use of full strength the people fighting by the Party advocated and led by the Party; Do well the organization of the militia forces widely and closely in accordance with the actual situation of the war; Doing well in training and political education, militia forces have promoted their abilities and qualities; Militia forces also receive the love, support and help of the people 4.1.2.2 Limitations In addition to the achievements, during the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973), North Vietnam militia forces still had some limitations: Firstly, the process of directing and organizing force building and training in each period, in some localities and establishments is still not timely and comprehensive: In directing the activities of militia forces disclosed shortcomings and limitations such as: not closely coordinating between branches and forces; assessing the opponent is not correct; The organizational level has not kept up with the requirements of the situation, so it is possible to avoid or reduce losses in human and human losses Secondly, in fighting of militia forces some localities and establishments at each time, in some battles still subjective, lack of confidence and calmness: This limitation appears mainly in the first phase of the fight against destructive war In fact, during the period against destructive war, militia forces fought bravely, and were not afraid of danger, but there were still limitations, mainly of lack of calm, not mastering the combat techniques should lead to harrowing, shooting, causing waste of bullets Typically, in the battle on June 29, 1966 in Hanoi Capital, militia forces shot nearly thousand bullets of all kinds but failed to destroy any target Thirdly, activities of preventing evacuation and ensuring the order and security of militia forces in some places are not good: In the organization of air-defense evacuation, between prevention and fighting the United States, in the middle of the prevention and fighting the United States, with prevention and promotion of production and the prevention and assurance of people’s life, has many negative aspects The above-mentioned relationships are not closely linked to forming a unified content in wartime activities, especially the organization serving the life is not closely associated with the task of evacuation and dispersion In fact, in some 19 localities, militia forces perform the task of overcoming the bombs, American bullets are not really promptly and promptly bombarded Organizing remodeling of trenches, especially in public places which have not been implemented synchronously and uniformly, the regime of inspection and hygiene has not been regularly implemented The habit of concentrating on activities and lack of preventive organization in some places still takes place The above limitations of the Northern militia forces are due to the following main reasons: Not yet fully evaluated and fully aware of the position and role of militia forces; The contingent of managerial and organizational personnel in the grassroots forces in general is still weak, unable to undertake the task; Unsupervised training management, lack of basic documentation system; The work of building and reinforcing the forces of militia is not conducted regularly, continuously, and has not resolved well the relationship between the two economic tasks and national defense 4.2 Some historical experiences From the reality of the process of building and developing North militia forces, the achievements and contributions of militia forces during against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) have initially drawn some experiences Firstly, it is necessary to attach importance to the position and role of militia forces, strengthen the leadership of the Party, ministries, departments and branches in and out of the military to set the right guidelines in organization, construction and operation dynamic: militia forces has an important strategic position in the cause of national construction and defense Being aware of this position and role, we must first strengthen the leadership of the Party, the direction of the State, the responsibilities of ministries, departments, localities and advisory agencies in the military with the construction of militia forces Secondly, building militia forces must be comprehensive and ensure the quantity and payroll: This experience shows that, to defeat an invading army with a large number, great potential, want to maintain and developing the continuous advancement of the resistance war, as well as promoting the capability of assault in production and socialist construction, one of the most fundamental problems is that the militia forces must always ensure the quantity, payroll and good quality Building strong and widespread militia is the responsibility of the whole Party, the whole army, the people, branches, levels, social organizations, this work must be regularly strengthened, reviewed and sued whole organization Thirdly, attaching importance to political education and training in building militia forces: During the against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973), focusing on political and spiritual work for militia forces has brought into play its role in combat and fighting service Militia forces are increasingly improving their sense of responsibility, showing their determination to actively and proactively strike, unconcerned with difficult conditions and sacrifices, ready to ambush into difficult and evil places Most paralyzed to perform the task From that experience, today, building a militia force should focus on building a truly strong political base, strengthening and constantly improving party work, political work to build a strong base face Fourth, attaching importance to and modernizing equipment in accordance with the practical requirements of the country in the construction of defense forces: Practical equipment for militia forces is very important During the period of anti-American empire, the local military forces promoted the spirit of self-reliance and self-reliance and overcome all difficulties so that each person had a weapon to fight the enemy In addition to the equipped weapons, militia forces has taken advantage of explosives such as bombs, firecrackers, to make mines and weapons to fight Thanks to being equipped with weapons and self-made 20 weapons, militia forces teams and teams have maintained regular combat activities, creating continuous progress, actively contributing to destroying and consuming the enemy Fifthly, strictly implement the regimes and policies and ensure the balance between the economy and the defense in the construction of the military forces: To strictly implement and ensure the regime and policies for the militia forces is an important job, the factor that ensured the militia forces were assured and dedicated in all assigned tasks In fact, during the period of anti-war destruction, thanks to timely regimes, policies and allowances, and ensuring public regimes for families, the militia forces were encouraged to participate in fighting and fighting achieve many achievements Promoting the role, applying and developing the experience of militia forces during against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) for the country in the era of innovation and international integration today is a very necessary job These experiences have practical implications that need to be researched and applied creatively in the construction and defense of the country today Conclusion During the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists, the militia forces have developed rapidly, strongly and widely, meeting the requirements of the resistance war, affirming its position and strategic role national liberation career Militia forces have promoted their position and their role in fighting to destroy many American planes, successfully completing the task of evacuation prevention, traffic assurance and economic construction The achievements of the militia forces contributed to defeating the destructive war by the US air force and navy During the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists, North Vietnam militia forces had outstanding features such as: armed forces fighting and fighting at grassroots level; is a large, tightly organized armed force in the locality; militia forces's rich and creative ways of fighting and weapons; is an armed force that has just escaped and has not escaped production and work As one of the three forces of the Vietnam People’s Armed Forces, militia forces have played an important role, gaining many achievements in combat, serving combat and rear construction Militia forces with rudimentary and modern weapons has made an important contribution to defeat the destructive war by the US air force and navy The achievement of militia forces contributes to defeating a war of scale and strategic objectives of the US in the war of destroying the North Militia forces’s achievements in organizing and building forces, in fighting and serving that battle have demonstrated the advantages of this force in the cause of national construction and defense In addition to the achievements achieved in the organization of building forces, in fighting and serving combat, participating in the production of rear construction, the militia forces still exist limitations that need to be strengthened and overcome The process of construction, development and operation of militia forces has left many valuable experiences for the cause of national construction and defense today CONCLUSION The North militia forces during the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973) was an important mass armed force, with strong combat power and great combat service Regarding the organization and commanding level, militia forces are not equal to the local army and the main army, but militia forces is an armed force closely linked to the establishment, with the masses, contributing to maintaining and distributing mobilizing the power of the masses at the base During the period against the 21 destructive war, if militia forces are not focused on construction and development, it is difficult to protect the base, and keep the people safety and especially not to make the military and political power, the resistance economy has developed Therefore, during the war or peacetime, militia forces should be considered, so that this force will continue to promote its strategic role in national construction and defense At the same time, it is necessary to organize the building of strong militia forces in both quantity and quality, build shock teams, combat self-defense teams with strong political qualities, good combat capability and can concentrate and maneuvering flexibly, both manufacturing and fighting, acting as the core to ensure security and order in the locality and grassroots Militia forces are really an important component in the three forces of the Vietnamese people’s armed forces; and a reliable force of the Party, absolutely loyal to the Fatherland and the people During the period against the destructive war the North, militia forces have developed in terms of organization, force and quality In terms of organization, during the period 1965-1968, militia forces was organized into main forces: both production and combat forces (the basic form of organization), regular forces (organizing items) important targets and irregular forces (combining these two forms) In the period after 1969-1973, militia forces were organized more streamlined, and they were recruited into professional teams and teams according to the army militia forces are organized into army units like the regular army (soldiers, air defense, ) At the request of the resistance, militia forces is organized in three forms (mobile, core and widespread) This is the stage of organizing different militia forces and developing to the peak compared to the period before and after the war of American imperialism In terms of scale, militia forces develop mainly from teams and platoons to companies, some factories and enterprises to establish self-defense battalions This is also the period when militia forces has a high development in terms of organization, has a large number, attracting all gender, all ages to participate and is widely built In terms of equipment, the equipment of militia forces is not fully equipped, but the equipment is relatively strong For infantry forces equipped with assorted rifles and submachines; Particularly, militia forces’s anti-aircraft forces are strengthened with weapons that fire quite strong aircraft from 12,7mm, 14,5mm anti-aircraft machine guns to 37mm, 57mm, 100mm, 105mm guns Besides, there are other modern infantry weapons such as SKZ, mortars and grenades Militia forces are organized to participate in regular and regular training Such activities include political fostering, infantry combat training, military and medical operations, and air defense Therefore, the quality of militia forces in this period is more developed than other stages Northern militia forces participated in most activities of two combat missions (independent fighting, coordinating combat, serving combat troops, capturing pilots) and performing subjugation activities General combat (non-evacuation, ensuring transportation, participating in production labor, ensuring autonomous battle, overcoming the consequences of war) This is the period when the North militia forces were the most active, performing many jobs at a time In combat, militia forces have shot down hundreds of planes, fired dozens of warships, including the most modern American aircraft at that time, F-111A In addition, militia forces also cooperates with the local army, the main force to maneuver US’s aircraft at key points militia forces also participated in helping the local army, taking the initiative in ambulance, loading ammunition, setting up battlefields, disguising rooms, In combat service, militia forces are always the core, pulse click in the organization of non-evacuation prevention, transport protection, order and security protection, join production labor, contribute to building the northern rear and participate in overcoming the consequences of war 22 In terms of activities, compared to the local army and the main army, the militia forces not only fulfill the task of fighting, serving combat, both manufacturing and fighting at the grassroots but also coordinating and serving two forces on in combat; meanwhile, the force of the local army and the main force focused on the main combat mission In fact, this threearmed armed force always relies on each other to deploy and perform its tasks Militia forces is the on-site force that should be the fastest and timely force, acting as a core in the local resistance activities; At the same time, it is also a direct force to protect grassroots localities When the mission is difficult, beyond the capacity or in situations that require higher qualifications and technical means, militia forces is the on-the-spot force, directly involved, helping the local army and the host team force to perform the task If the local army, the main force is the direct force fighting at the front line, at the rear, the militia forces facility is the core force to undertake the task of fighting and protecting The multi-layered combat layout, multi-layer, seamless coordination from the rear to the front, from low to high between the main force, the local army and militia forces are unique in the art of Vietnamese people’s war The role and contribution of the North militia forces is very important Militia forces not only stop at contributing to defeating the two North Vietnam political bases of the US imperialism, but also contributing to the successful implementation of the two important tasks of protecting and building socialism in the North and continue to conduct the democratic national revolution in the South The role of militia forces in the period of anti-corruption is the reality that affirms the strength and correctness of the Party’s people’s way of war, on the role of the people for the cause of resistance, demonstrating a new development of the Party's military art in the war against the US, saving the country These roles and contributions of the militia forces contributed to defeating the North Vietnam War of the American Empire, contributing to protecting the northern rear and ensuring production and reinforcement for the South These contributions have contributed to the foundation of the signing of the Paris agreement on the end of war and the restoration of peace in Vietnam; at the same time, creating a favorable opportunity for the people of the whole country to conduct a general offensive and rebellion, to liberate the South and unify the country Noting the contribution and achievements of the North militia forces during period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (1965-1973), Party and State empires awarded the title “Hero of the People’s Armed Forces” to hundreds of collectives, personal of militia forces Typical for those heroic collectives and individuals are: Tien Hai women militia company (Thai Binh); Ngu Thuy women militia company (Quang Binh); The old-men militia platoon Hoang Hoa (Thanh Hoa), The heros such as: Nguyen Thi Bang (Ha Tinh), Tran Thi Ly (Quang Binh), Vu Thi Thanh Nham (Nam Ha1), Ngo Thi Tuyen (Thanh Hoa), Sung Dung Lu (Ha Giang) and many other comrades This is really evidence to confirm the role, position, contributions and importance of militia forces in the North Vietnam in the cause of building socialism and the resistance war against the United States imperialists, national salvation The militia forces organization during the period of destructive war was always variable, due to the need to supplement the local and strong army, most of the soldiers trained well have to be enlisted Therefore, some localities have added middle-aged men and women, even those over 50 years old to the militia forces, the organization and assignment of tasks are also difficult Attracting a large number of militia forces has had time to influence the work, production and construction of local and local economy The remuneration and policy regimes Nam Ha and Nam Dinh 23 for militia forces have not yet been clearly defined, such as the point regime, allowances, the regime of war invalids and martyrs, and the reward regime The equipment has not been properly cared for, all needs are minimal Leadership and direction in the organization and operation of committees, leaders in some places are not uniform, not believe in the ability of militia forces organization as well as the role of this organization These limitations are experience, need to be revised and supplemented in the construction of militia forces The process of organizing the construction and operation of militia forces during the period against the destructive war has left many valuable experiences The flexible and creative application of experiences in leadership, direction, building forces and activities will contribute to improving the role and contribution of militia forces to the cause of national construction and defense In building the current militia forces, it is necessary to continue to affirm the role and importance of this force in all levels, local levels, economic sectors, industrial parks and the people; attention must be paid to improving the quality, quantity, raising the combat strength, promoting the role of assault in labor and production; attach importance to training, equipment as well as regimes and policies for militia forces; In order to improve leadership and management, attention must be paid to the training and retraining of officers at all levels Local military agencies and establishments need to further strengthen to fulfill the task of advising the superiors and direct leaders of militia forces During the period against the destructive war of the United States imperialists (19651973), the North militia forces had an important position and role and are still being promoted The construction and defense of the entire Party, the entire army and the entire people is carried out in the context of international integration, the political situation in the world and the region has many uncertainties, which creates both opportunities unpredictable conferences and challenges Political, military and political conflicts and competition continue to occur, territorial, border, sea and island disputes are complicated and contain many risks of war outbreaks In this context, building a militia forces requires meeting new requirements and higher tasks In order to keep up with the trend of the era, militia forces must be built very strong, have a higher level of expertise and a higher level of comprehension, ensuring a wide, quality and elite element Good implementation of these contents, militia forces will contribute to maintaining political security, social order and safety in the locality, the grassroots level, together with the whole Party, the entire army, the whole people to build and protect firmly Homeland in the new situation 24 ... destructive war (1965- 1968), Journal of Historical Studies, No 52018 Ngo Hoang Nam (2018), The North Vietnam militia forces on the waterway transport guarantee front (1967 -1973), Journal of Vietnamese... Quang, 2017 Ngo Hoang Nam (2018), North Vietnam militia forces with the air defense tasks, 1965-1968, Journal of Archives, No 4-2018 Ngo Hoang Nam (2018), The role of the North Vietnam militia forces... Ngo Hoang Nam (2017), A brief description of Nam Ha's militia forces during the struggle against the destructive war (1965- 1968), Journal of Military History, No 312 (12-2017) Ngo Hoang Nam (2017),
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