Đánh giá chính sách bảo vệ môi trường đô thị ở việt nam hiện nay tt tiếng anh

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THI THUY HANG EVALUATION RESEARCH ON URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICY IN VIETNAM HỢP TÁC XVẬN TÀI THỦY-BỘ NỘI ĐỊA Major: Public Policy Major Code: 9.34.04.02 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS ON PUBLIC POLICY HANOI- 2019 The project was completed in: VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisor: Assoc.Prof.Dr Do Phu Hai Reviewer 1: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Huu Hai Reviewer 2: Assoc.Prof.Dr Nguyen Chu Hoi Reviewer 3: Assoc.Prof.Dr Le Bo Linh The thesis will be defended against the Thesis Review Board at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences At h, Date Month Year …… The thesis is available on: - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences - National library of Vietnam LIST OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE THESIS 1) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2018), Urban environment protection policy evaluation in Vietnam: Weaknesses and solutions, Journal of Political Sciences, Vol 5-2018 ISSN 1859-0187, pp 50-53 & 69 2) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2018), Urban environment protection policy: Weaknesses and solutions for sustainable development of the urban system in Vietnam, Management for Urban Development in Vietnam of the period of year 2008-2018, Construction Publisher, ISBN 978-604-82-2682-4 PP 210-217 3) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang (2018), Methodology for Environmental Policy Evaluation in the Netherlands and Experiences for Vietnam, Journal of Social Sciences in Vietnam, Vol 4-2018 ISSN 1013-4328 PP 42-49 4) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang et all (2017), Nuclear power safety policy in the world and implications for Vietnam, Journal of Social Sciences of Vietnam, Vol 11 2017 ISSN 1013-4328 PP 118-125 5) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang et all (2017), Policy Design in the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emission in Vietnam, Vietnam‟s Socio- Economic Development, A social Science review- No.89, April 2017 ISSN 0868-359X PP.55-63 6) Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang et all (2016), Policy instruments for the reduction of greenhouse gas emission of the period of year 2021-2030 and vision to year 2050 in Vietnam, International conference of Vietnam study V organized on 15-16th December 2016 in Hanoi, Vietnam ID: VS4.011 PREAMBLE Research motivation The urban environment protection policy (UEPP) plays a key role for sustainable development The UEPP is an important attribute of the environment protection policy in Vietnam which is strongly enforced after the following Decree 41-NQ/TW dated on 15/11/2004 to protect environment in industrialization and modernization in Vietnam The urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam is constantly being revised and based on the results of the policy evaluation However, there are shortcomings in the policy evaluation as not sufficient and not objective, ensuring the best policy improvement and improving the efficiency and effectiveness and appropriate of UEPP Policy evaluation is the last stage (and post appraisal phase) of the public policy cycle, and the urban environmental protection policy is the necessary minor public policy sector that is finalized based on the results of the policy evaluation fully, objectively and scientifically (Jame Q Wilson, Do Phu Hai, 2016) Therefore, it is imperative that theoretical research on environmental protection policy evaluation, it proposed models and measures to enhance the evaluation of environmental protection policy, contribute to the improvement of this policy in Vietnam in the coming time Research topic "Evaluation research on urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam" was selected for thesis of the PhD student Research objectives and research activities 2.1 Research objectives Theoretical research was conducted on urban environmental protection policy evaluation to propose a theoretical model for the urban environmental protection policy evaluation and measures to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental protection policy evaluation, contributing to the improvement of urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam in the coming time 2.2 Research activities A theoretical research was done for the evaluation of urban environmental protection policy, thereby developing a theoretical model for evaluating the urban environmental protection policy A practical research was done on the effectiveness of the evaluation of urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam in the period of 2005 - 2018 and conducted an empirical test for theoretical model of environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam The research substantively proposed models and solutions to improve the effectiveness of environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam Research unit and scope of research 3.1 Research unit The research was done on theoretical framework and tested in several chosen cities, so unit analysis is to focus on city to develop the practical model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam 3.2 Scope of research The scope of content: Research on theoretical framework on post-evaluation of urban environmental protection policy, it developed a theoretical model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation, did the empirical test within this model in Vietnam practice, it proposed practical model and solutions for the completion of urban environmental protection policy evaluation for Vietnam The time frame: 2005 -2018 The spatial scope: The sampling of 06 urban centers in Vietnam includes Ha Noi, Da Nang, Vinh, Quy Nhon, Lao Cai and Son La city Theoretical framework and research methodology 4.1 Theoretical framework The theoretical framework in public policy science includes public policy theory, public policy cycle, public policy analysis, public policy evaluation, environmental policy evaluation combined with the ruling Party and State point of views on urban environmental protection policy evaluation for Vietnam 4.2 Research methodology 4.2.1 Research approach The thesis used approaches to parallelize the research tasks set out as follows: multidisciplinary, multi-sector, systematic, historical, and participatory research 4.2.2 Research methods A combination of qualitative research methods and quantitative methods with their techniques is used as follows: Public policy analysis; method of observation, participatory research, case study method; multivariate linear regression analysis; technical analysis, synthesis, comparison The secondary and secondary data collection (in-depth interview and questionnaire) are collected The research framework is suitable, ensuring the basis for a systematic and logical implementation of the thesis (Figure 1) New contribution of the thesis The new contributions are theory development of urban environmental protection policy; theoretical model development of urban environmental protection policy evaluation It is a practical evaluation of urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam in 2005-2018 and empirical test of model evaluation of public policy in Vietnam It interpreted the basic point of views and requirements and proposed a practical model for urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam and solutions to improve this policy evaluation Figure 1: From theoretical framework analysis to research plan International National Urban areas Basic conception: Urban environment protection policy (UEPP) Policy instruments UEPP Evaluation Theoretical framework of UEPP evaluation Theoretical framework Set up independent variables of the model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation (identification of objective, approach, methodology, methods, participation of stakeholders, institutions, influencing factors) Evaluation of Urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam Findings from the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam: achievements, constraints, causes Practice of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 Practical independent variables of the model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam Solutions for the improvement of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in next period Recommendations Context Empirical test of urban environment al protection policy evaluation in Vietnam Context, point of views, orientations, objectives and recommended model and solutions for urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam Source: the author of the thesis, 2018 The theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical and practical significance The thesis contributed for the development of theoretical framework of public policy, policy evaluation; finalization of theoretical framework of urban environmental protection policy evaluation It developed successfully the theoretical model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation; it conducted an empirical test of the theoretical model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation and proposed the completion of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam 6.2 Practical significance The research results of the thesis are the scientific basis to help renovate the evaluation of urban environmental protection policy; evaluate the urban environmental protection policy evaluation, aiming to more objective and scientific evaluation; it thereby contributed to strengthening the policy planning, formulation and implementation of urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam; These results of the research can be used as a reference for research, education and training on urban environmental protection policy at research and educational institutions in public policy, environmental protection policy The thesis is also a useful reference source for urban environmental protection policy actors Structure of the thesis For the exception to Preamble, Conclusions and References and Annexes, the thesis is included of 04 chapters as follows: Chapter Literature review and research planning; Chapter Theoretical framework of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam; Chapter Empirical analysis of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam period 2005-2018; Chapter Model and solutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH PLANNING 1.1 Literature review 1.1.1 Literature review of urban environment protection policy The urban environmental policy problems are such as environmental pollution (air, water, land), waste management (solid, liquid, gas), subsidence, change of urban heat (Party Committee of Government, 2013; Castrechini, E Pol, J GuàrdiaOlmos, 2014; WB, 2014; Chunyang He et al., 2017 ) and many studies indicated the complexity of such problems The environmental protection policy solutions are included: "Green Building Vietnam, Strategy - Solutions" (2015) and "Setting up sustainability criteria for the city to become the leading sustainable development of the country" (2016) by Pham Ngoc Dang… The research on environmental policy instruments are such as "OECD's Comprehensive Environmental Policy Instruments", 2007; "Environmental Assessment Report 2010 in Japan" of OECD, 2010; "Politics and Environmental Policy in Germany" by Helmut Weidner, 2002; "Challenges for the Institutionalizing Strategic Environmental Assessment" by Daniel Slunge, Trang Thi Huyen Tran, 2014; "An evaluation of the environmental impact assessment system in Vietnam: The gap between theory and practice" by Alison Clausen, Hoang Hoa Vu, Miguel Pedrono, 2010; "Environmental Impact Assessment in Vietnam, November 2011" by Mai Thanh Dung; "Law on environmental protection charges for wastewater in Vietnam" by Nguyen Ngoc Anh Dao, 2010; The report on "Research on theoretical and practical basis and propose solutions to apply governance… market economy institutions management" by the Institute of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy (2016) Some research results are pointed to the interactions, constraints amongst environmental policy objectives, environmental policy instruments and the objectives of other public policies 1.1.2 Literature review of urban environment protection policy evaluation A number of studies assessing the impact of national policy on environmental protection assessing environmental policy instruments (Nguyen Manh Ha et al., 2008, Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Policy, 2013 & 2014, Institute of Environmental Science, 2014 & 2015, Thu Thuy Pham et al., 2015) Studying and evaluating the results, impact of environmental protection policy, urban environmental protection policy of ministries/ Departments of Natural Resources and Environment in provinces and cities in recent years reflected in the status reports of environment, is Driving Forces – Pressure – State – Impact – Response (DPSIR) In general, these policy evaluation reports have included the evaluation of the impact of environmental protection policy on environmental quality, socioeconomic development, and shortcomings and the cause of the solution, the policy instruments but quite subjective There are a number of international, regional, national and other studies on environmental policy evaluations such as the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD 2010-2016, the ASEAN, 2009 & 2017; Rob Maas et al., 2011; Guangqin Li et al., 2017; Huiming Zhang et al., 2017; M TahaKasim, 2017 These studies showed that various models of urban environmental protection policy evaluation are appropriate Evaluation studies are conducted by a variety of stakeholders who are not subject to policy formulation and implementation that assists in the objectivity of the evaluation 1.1.3 Liturature review of approach, methodology and evaluation methods of public policy and environment protection policy evaluation A number of studies were done on evaluation approaches, evaluation methodologies and evaluation methods for evaluating public policy and environmental policy have been reviewed by many national and international scholars such as Per Mickwitz (2003); Joos Gysen et al (2006); Ann Crabbe 'and Pieter Reroy (2008); Do Phu Hai (2012, 2016, 2017); Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Policy (2015) 1.2 Research planning The thesis planned to study the systematization of theoretical framework, empirical research and it proposed a theoretical model for environmental protection policy evaluation From that, the key research question is as follows: What is the theoretical framework of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation? What is the practice of environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam? What is the appropriate, effective and effective model for evaluating urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam and what are measures to improve the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam in the coming time Summary of chapter The literature review of the research has clarified the research findings related to the environmental protection policy evaluation and it pointed out a lot of gaps related to the research of urban environmental protection policy evaluation It is specific that the theoretical framework of environmental protection policy evaluation is still limited The research focuses on the theoretical framework of environmental protection policy evaluation, development of a theoretical model for evaluating the urban environmental protection policy The research required an empirical test of this theoretical model for the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in the context of Vietnam The result of empirical analysis of the policy evaluation model is a basis for recommending solutions to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of this policy evaluation in the coming time CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICY EVALUATION IN VIETNAM 2.1 Urban environmental protection policy From theoretical studies on public policy and environmental policy, the thesis came to the definition "Urban environmental protection policy is a related set of decisions to choose policy objectives and its solutions and instruments to solve the problem of urban environment protection policy to follow the overall objective of ruling Vietnam communist party" 2.2 Policy instruments of urban environmental protection policy Per Mickwitz (2003), OECD (1994 & 2010), Helmut Weidner (2002), Do Phu Hai (2017), group of policy instruments for urban environmental protection policy including organizational policy instruments; command-based instruments; economic policy instruments; information policy instruments for persuasion The policy instrument for evaluating environmental protection policy is the overall survey, socio-economic survey, expert panel discussion, social evaluation (social feedback model) 2.3 Urban environmental protection policy evaluation According to the theory of the public policy cycle, the public policy evaluation is the last stage (and post phase) of the public policy cycle, defined as: "urban environmental protection policy evaluation is an examination of the public policy containing administrative political legal characteristics by specific criteria or principles such as relevance, completeness, efficiency, effectiveness and policy impact to improve policy planning, policy formulation, policy implementation in order to solve successfully the environmental protection policy problem in the future 2.4 Effectiveness of urban environmental protection policy evaluation The effectiveness of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation is understood as the achieved results of post policy evaluations (Hai Do 2017) This is the learning from the results of the policy evaluation including information that helps improve policy capacity through a sound understanding, leading to change in awareness and behavior from „learning by doing‟ of policy actors such as people, enterprises, environmental and social management agencies, politicians and public media influences the formulation, amendment, supplementation, reform of this policy The effectiveness of policy evaluation, on the one hand, is the perception of policy problem and the degree to which policy instruments are being implemented, and the extent to which these policy objectives are met Finally, how does this policy evaluation lead to change in the decision-making process of the revised policy? The effectiveness of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation has a linear dependence on independent variables, namely, the identification of policy objectives, policy evaluation approaches, policy evaluation methodology; the methods are used in policy evaluations, the level of participation of policy evaluations, institutions of policy evaluation, factors influencing policy evaluation 2.5 Theoretical model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation The conception defined: "Theoretical model for evaluating urban environmental protection policy is a set of independent variables simulating urban environmental protection policy evaluation" Theoretical model for evaluating urban environmental protection policy is elaborated as follows Y = F (X1i , X2i , X3i , X4i , X5i , X6i , X7i) Y: Effectiveness of urban environmental protection policy evaluation; X1i: Identification of objectives of urban environmental protection policy evaluation; X2i: Approach of urban environmental protection policy evaluation; X3i: Methodology of urban environmental protection policy evaluation; X4i : Methods of urban environmental protection policy evaluation; X5i: Level of policy actors participation in urban environmental protection policy evaluation; X7i: Factors influencing urban environmental protection policy evaluation 2.6 Set up the model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation 2.6.1 Objective of urban environmental protection policy evaluation Identifying the objective of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation, that has a causal relationship with the effectiveness of public policy evaluation Identifying policy objectives from beginning has a powerful influence on the effectiveness of policy evaluation As a result, the literature review suggests that the objective of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation may be is to revise and improve the public policy making toward better and more appropriate, more feasible, more effective and bring about more positive impacts, high sustainable policy impacts and reduce undesirable negative impacts on the urban environment towards sustainable development, to contribute to national, regional and global sustainable development 2.6.2 Approach of urban environmental protection policy evaluation The effectiveness of urban environmental protection policy evaluation depends largely on the approach taken in evaluating urban environmental protection policy The results of a literature review of the study and empirical analysis are shown that 10 propose amendments to policy solutions and policy instruments Figure 1: Choosing objective of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 in Vietnam (Source: Social survey in 2018) 1.3 Do not know A need of transparency Society requirement A need for state management Command of higher level Amendment and suplement End of policy 32.9 49.4 88.4 34.2 87.3 15.2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Rate (%) 3.2.2 Approach of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 As a result of sociological survey shown that the top-down approach and little participatory approach are the two most common approaches in urban environmental protection evaluation in Vietnam, with a the number of cadres and civil servants was confirmed as 67.1% and 57.1%, respectively The bottom-up approach, independent evaluation approach, learning approach was confirmed at a relatively low rate, respectively 34.2%, 15.2% and 19% (Figure 2) Figure 2: Approach of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 in Vietnam (Source: Social survey in 2018) Do not know 3.8 Learning approach 19 Independent approach 15.2 Participatory approach 57.1 Bottom-up approach 34.2 Top-down approach 67.1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Rate (%) 3.2.3 Methodology of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 The methodology used to evaluate the environmental protection policy in Vietnam in the practice of the evaluation model from 2005 to present is mainly applied as a exante-expost comparison, with the confirmation rate in the quantitative survey via questionnaire 88,6% In addition, the controlled group and in difference difference methodology were used but at a relatively low rate, 31.6% and 10.1%, respectively 11 3.3.4 Methods of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 The quantitative evaluation methods, qualitative methods, mixed quantitative qualitative methods matching in which the mixed qualitative – quantitative methods with the respective percentages of respondents acknowledging 19%, 30.4% and 79.7% (Figure 3) As a result of analysis, it shows that the evaluation methods for urban environmental protection policy in Vietnam decide the quality of the evaluation report on urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam Figure 3: Methods of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 in Vietnam Source: Social survey in 2018 79.7 A mixed quatitative and qualitative… 30.4 Qualitative methods 19 1.Quantitative methods 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Rate (%) 3.2.5 Level of stakeholder participation in urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 The policy stakeholders participation in evaluating urban environmental protection policy from 2005 up to now are mainly state management agencies on environmental protection, elected bodies (National Assembly, People's Committees) and community of people The sociological survey shows that the proportion of respondents participating into the policy evaluation was 96.2%, 53.2% and 50.6% (Figure 4) Figure 4: Level of stakeholder participation in urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 in Vietnam Source: Social survey in 2018 1.3 Others 50.6 Communities/people 32.9 Businesess Social organisations/NGOs 40.5 Socio-political organisations 43 31.6 Justice or legal entities 53.2 Elected bodies 96.2 State management 20 40 Rate (%) 60 80 100 12 3.2.6 Institutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 The urban environmental protection policy evaluation from 2005 to now is based mainly on the Law on Environmental Protection (2005, amended in 2014) and guiding documents detailing the implementation of this Law In addition, other laws, such as the Urban Planning Act (2009), the Construction Law (2003, amended in 2014), the Budget Law, the Public Investment Law, Law of National Assembly Evaluation (87/2015/QH13) … and many other legal normative documents under these Laws may also be the legal framework for evaluating the outcomes and the effectiveness of environmental protection policy According to the results of date analysis, 97.5% informants confirmed that the legal basis for assessing environmental protection policy from 2005 up to now is also mainly the Law on Environmental Protection and the detailed documents, followed by public opinion, the official Directives of the higher level, the Party's Directive and the Constitution with corresponding rate of 62%, 55.7%, 48.1% and 30.4% respectively (Figure 5) Figure 5: Institutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 in Vietnam Source: Social survey in 2018 7.6 7.6 Do not know Social rumours 48.1 Directives and plans of Party 62 55.7 97.5 30.4 Constitutions 20 40 60 80 100 Rate (%) Figure 6: Factors influencing on urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 in Vietnam Source: Social survey in 2018 25.3 International factor 65.8 Public media and social rumours 69.6 Human resource 86.1 Financial resource 24.1 Constitutions Political institutions 38 Administrative culture 35.4 26.6 Political culture 10 20 30 Rate (%) 40 50 60 70 80 90 13 3.2.7 Factors influencing on urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 The three most influential factors were financial resources, human resources for policy evaluation, communication and public opinion, which were confirmed by respondents with the highest percentage of 86.1%, 69.6% and 65.8% respectively Other factors confirmed by the percentage of respondents who agreed to have an impact on the assessment were less than 50% (Figure 6) 3.3 Effectiveness of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 3.3.1 Urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 The reports on the evaluation of urban environmental protection policies included:  All types of evaluation reports reviewed the performance of annual tasks by the State management agencies in charge of environmental protection more than a focus on the evaluation of urban environmental protection policy  Report on the evaluation of outcomes to evaluate the implementation of legal normative documents on environmental protection or the evaluation of implementation of urban environment protection policy of expost years of implementation Survey reports, evaluation reports on preparation of theoretical foundations and practical summaries for the elaboration of undertakings and solutions for environmental protection, including the urban environment protection  Some reports are to evaluate the results of implementation of strategies, programs, projects, and solutions on urban environmental protection  Some reports are to evaluate on the evaluation of the current state of the national and local environment status every years or annually  Some reports are to evaluate the annual environmental protection of People's Committees at all levels Some reports are to evaluate the management boards of economic zones, industrial parks, export processing zones, hi-tech parks and industrial clusters  Some reports are to evaluate on the results of survey and supervision of policy instruments and policy solutions for urban environmental protection by the elected bodies (the National Assembly, the People's Councils)  Some research reports are to evaluate by research organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and individual researchers 14 Figure 7: Major content of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 (Source: Social survey in 2018) 2.5 Other contents 27.8 Shortcomings and difficultiesv in policy 77.2 25.3 55.7 Impacts of policy on sector development 54.4 53.2 59.5 57 Impacts of policy on ecological system Relevance and effectiveness of policy Comparison of estimated cost and policy… 31.6 55.7 12.7 Evaluation of other resources 70.9 74.7 Evaluation of human resource 10 73.4 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Rate (%) The content of these reports is also reflected in the results of the social survey in Figure The major respondents commented that the content of the policy evaluation reports evaluated the outcomes of the environmental protection policy on socio-economic outcomes and impacts as well as they pointed out the shortcomings, limitations and causes and recommended solutions, policy instruments, evaluation of investment finance for implementation of urban environmental protection policy, evaluation of human resources (quantity, quality) for implementation of urban environmental protection policy As a result of survey shown that the achievement of the objectives of urban environmental protection policy in the recent past experience has led to significant investment in urban areas, general environmental protection policy objectives such as environmental protection and urban sustainable development, deserved living city received average level, smart urban development targets respond to climate change is very low (Figure 8) Figure 8: Outcomes of urban environmental protection policy in a period 2005-2018 Smart city climate change adaptation Increase of investment on urban… Deserved living city 21.5 22.8 21.5 25.3 5.1 2.5 5.1 Urban environment protection Low 35.4 8.9 Urban sustainable development Average 10 40.5 36.7 19 2.5 6.3 6.3 50.6 46.8 48.1 67.1 25.3 20 High 30 40 50 60 70 Very high The implementation of environmental protection policy evaluation has had a 15 positive impact on sustainable economic development, sustainable social development, increasing people's welfare, making people happier (Figure 9) Figure 9: Impacts of urban environmental protection policy in a period 2005-2018 Increase welfare and happiness for people 20.3 10.1 7.6 Equity 7.6 46.8 22.830.4 46.8 12.7 1.3 3.8 8.9 Sustainable social development Sustainable economic development Do not know 27.8 17.7 Gender equality 62 Positive impact 10 20 86.1 87.3 30 No impact 40 50 60 70 80 90 Negative impact 3.3.2 Weaknesses and constraints on urban environmental protection policy evaluation in a period 2005-2018 Firstly, there are limitations on assessment on the identification of policy evaluation objectives Secondly, there is inadequate and unreliable assessment of human resources in the organization of the state management apparatus for environment protection policy formulation as well as implementation of urban environmental protection policy Thirdly, there is inadequate assessment of financial resources for implementation of urban environmental protection policy Fourthly, there is a limitation of cost/benefit analysis and cost/effectiveness analysis of urban environmental protection solutions and policy instruments, thereby identifying effective policy solutions and smart policy instruments Fifthly, the policy evaluation also limited on the level of adequacy, suitability, feasibility and sustainability of urban environmental protection policy solutions and policy instruments Sixthly, the policy evaluation did not clarify the participation of policy makers and policy stakeholders and their capacity to implement urban environmental protection policy solutions Seventhly, the policy evaluation did not provide clearly the changes in awareness and behavior of enterprises and people in the implementation of urban environmental protection policy Eighthly, the policy evaluation did not provide the impacts on strategic environmental assessment tools and environmental impact assessments 3.4 Empirical analysis in Vietnam model of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam 16 The degree of causal effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable is based on the linear regression analysis From Table 1, we have: The effectiveness of urban environment protection policy evaluation (Y) = 10,829 + 2,686 * "identification of objectives of environmental protection policy evaluation" and re-rewite: Y= 10.829 + 2.686* X1 The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y) = 7,950 + 4,128 * "participatory approach in urban environmental protection policy evaluation"; Y=7.950 + 4.128*X2 The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y) = 16,744- 2,594*"evaluation methodology"; re-write, we have: Y=16.744- 2.594 * X3 The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y)= 9.677+3.474*“methods for urban environmental protection policy evaluation”; Y= 9.677 + 3.474 * X4 The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y) = 9.721+2.655*“participation level of policy stakeholder in urban environmental protection policy evaluation”; Y= 9.677 + 3.474 *X5 The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y) = 17.909 - 3.955 * “institutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation”; Y= 17.909 - 3.995 *X6 The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y) = 8.917 + 3.824 * “financial resource for urban environmental protection policy evaluation”; Y = 8.917 + 3.824 * X7 Table 1: Synthesis of values in linear regression analysis Independent variables Identification of objectives of policy evaluation Approach of policy evaluation Methodology of policy evaluation Methods of policy evaluation Participation level of policy evaluation Institutions of policy evaluation Financial factor of policy evaluation  2.686 4.128 -2.594 3.474 2.655 -3.955 3.824  10.829 7.950 16.744 9.677 9.721 17.909 8.917 R 111 254 102 173 261 077 216 R2 012 064 010 030 068 006 046 p 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 Source: SPSS analysis in 2018 (Version 22) The correlation coefficient R of the model has the highest participation level of policy stakeholders (R=0.261), and then> public policy evaluation approach (R=.254) > the financial factor affecting the urban environmental protection policy evaluation (R=0.216) > the specific methods of evaluating urban environmental protection policy (R=0.117)> the identification of objectives of urban environmental protection policy evaluation (R=.111) > the methodology of urban environmental protection policy evaluation (R=0.102) > institutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation (R=.077) Thus, the two independents are the participation level of urban environmental protection policy evaluation and the approach for urban environmental protection policy evaluation are the two most important independent variables in the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam For R square (R2), the R2 in these regression models is explained as follows: (i) 17 The change in the participation level of urban environmental protection policy evaluation can explain 6.8% the effectiveness policy evaluation of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam and (ii) The change in the approach of urban environmental protection policy evaluation can explain for 6.4% the effectiveness policy evaluation of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam (iii) The change of financial factor used for the urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam explains 4.6% of the change in effectiveness policy evaluation of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam In general, all these factors account for 23% of the variation in the effectiveness policy evaluation of urban environmental protection policy evaluation in Vietnam As such, there may be other variables that enhance the effectiveness policy evaluation of the urban environmental protection policy evaluation are such as administrative reform, democratic quality, executive policy capacity, and accountability of the executive branch which are all outside the research model In the analysis of multivariate models, we have: The effectiveness of policy evaluation (Y) = 9.576 + 617 * “Approach of urban environmental protection policy evaluation” - 3.573* “methodology for urban environmental protection policy evaluation” + 3.549 * “methods for urban environmental protection policy evaluation” + 2.607* “participation level of urban environmental protection policy evaluation” – 7.315 “institutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation”+ 3.642* “financial resource used for urban environmental protection policy evaluation” Re-write, we have: Y = 9.576 + 2.617 * X2 - 3.573*X3 + 3.549*X4 + 2.607* X5 - 7.315 * X6 + 3.642*X7 The overall correlation coefficient is R = 0.452, and all 07 of these independent variables explain only 20.4% (R2 = 0.204) of the change in the effectiveness of policy evaluation of urban environmental protection policy evaluation Look at the p-value (column-Sig.), the independent variables: Approach for urban environmental protection policy evaluation and the methodology for urban environmental protection policy evaluation, the methods for urban environmental protection policy evaluation, the participation level of urban environmental protection policy evaluation, the institutions of urban environmental protection policy evaluation, the financial resource for urban environmental protection policy evaluation are all significant as such p