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Đọc hiểu Ambient divers are, unlike divers who go underwater in submersible vehicles of pressure resistant suits, exposed to the pressure and temperature of the surrounding ambient water Of all types of diving, the oldest and simplest is free diving Free divers may use no equipment at all, but most use a face mask, foot fins, and a snorkel Under the surface, free divers must hold their breath Most free divers can only descend 30 to 40 feet, but some skilled divers can go as deep as 100 feet Scuba diving provides greater range than free diving The word scuba stands for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Scuba divers wear metal tanks with compressed air or other breathing gases When using open-circuit equipment, a scuba diver simply breathes air form the tank through a hose and releases the exhaled air into the water A closed-circuit breathing device, also called a rebreather, filters out carbon dioxide and other harmful gases and automatically adds oxygen This enables the diver to breathe the same air over and over In surface-supplied diving, divers wear helmets and waterproof canvas suits Today, sophiticated plastic helmets have replaced the heavy copper helmets used in the past.These divers get their air from a hose connected to compressors on a boat Surface-supplied divers can go deeper than any other type of ambient diver Question 1: Ambient divers are ones who _ A can descend to extreme depths B use submersible vehicles C use no equipment D are exposed to the surrounding water Question 2: According to the passage, a free diver may use any of the following EXCEPT A a rebreather B a snorkel C foot fins D a mask Question 3: According to the passage, the maximum depth for free divers is around A 40 feet B 100 feet C 200 feet D 1,000 feet Question 4: When using closed-circuit devices, divers _ A exhale air into the water B hold their breath C breathe the same air over and over D receive air from the surface Question 5: What does the word “descend” in the paragraph probably mean? A move to a lower level B climb to a higher place C swim on the river bed D go up and down slowly Question 6: The word “This” in bold in paragraph refers to _ A filtering out carbon dioxide B adding oxygen C exhaling air into the water D filtering out harmful gases and adding oxygen Question 7: What are the helmets that surface-supplied divers use today made from, according to the passage? A glass B copper C plastic D canvas There are a number of natural disasters that can strike across the globe Two that are frequently linked to one another are earthquakes and tsunamis Both of them can cause a great amount of devastation when they hit However, tsunamis are the direct result of earthquakes and cannot happen without them The Earth has three main parts They are the crust, the mantle, and the core The crust is the outer layer of the Earth It is not a single piece of land Instead, it is comprised of a number of plates There are a few enormous plates and many smaller ones These plates essentially rest upon the mantle, which is fluid As a result, the plates are in constant – yet slow – motion The plates may move away from or toward other plates In some cases, they collide violently with the plates adjoining them The movement of the plates causes tension in the rock Over a long time, this tension may build up When it is released, an earthquake happens.Tens of thousands of earthquakes happen every year The vast majority are so small that only scientific instruments can perceive them Others are powerful enough that people can feel them, yet they cause little harm or damage More powerful earthquakes, however, can cause buildings, bridges, and other structures to collapse They may additionally injure and skill thousands of people and might even cause the land to change it appearance Since most of the Earth’s surface is water, numerous earthquakes happen beneath the planet’s oceans Underwater earthquakes cause the seafloor to move This results in the displacement of water in the ocean When this occurs, a tsunami may form This is a wave that forms on the surface and moves in all directions from the place where the earthquake happened A tsunami moves extremely quickly and can travel thousnads of kilometres As it approaches land, the water near the coast gets sucked out to sea This causes the tsunamis to increase in height Minutes later, the tsunami arrives A large tsunami – one more than ten meters in height – can travel far inland As it does that, it can flood the land, destroy human settlements, and kill large numbers of people Question 8: Which of the following statements does paragraph support? A A tsunami happens in tandem with an earthquake B The most severe type of natural disaster is an earthquake C Earthquakes cause more destruction than tsunamis D Earthquakes frequently take place after tsunamis Question 9: The word “it” in the first paragraph refers to _ A The core B The crust C The Earth D The mantle Question 10: What is the passage mainly about? A When earthquakes are the most likely to happen B What kind of damage natural disasters can cause C How earthquakes and tsunamis occur D Why tsunamis are deadlier than earthquakes Question 11: The word “adjoining” in bold in paragraph is closest in meaning to A residing B approaching C bordering D appearing Question 12: The word “perceive” in bold in paragraph is closest in meaning to A detect B prevent C comprehend D locate Question 13: Which of the following is true regarding the crust? A It is the smallest of the Earth’s three layers B It is thicker on land than it is under the water C There many separate pieces that make it up D The mantle beneath it keeps it from moving too Question 14: Based on the passage, what is probably true about tsunamis? A They kill more people each year than earthquakes B They are able to move as fast as the speed of sound C They cannot damage ships sailing on the ocean D They can be deadly to people standing near shore Question 15: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph about earthquakes? A How severe the majority of them are B What kind of damage they can cause C How often powerful ones take place D How many people they typically kill In many ways, the increasingly rapid pace of climate change is a direct result of the growth of the human population In the last 100 years, the world population has more than tripled, from just under billion at the beginning of the century to nearly billion today In addition, the average person uses more energy and natural resources than the average person one hundred years ago, meaning that the rates of consumption are actually much higher than just the increase in population would imply For example, it took the world 125 years to use the first one trillion barrels of oil The next trillion barrels will be used in less than 30 years, which is almost times as fast, not three All of these activities: food production, energy usage, and the use of natural resources, contribute to climate change in some way The greater amounts of oil and other fuels burned to create energy release chemicals which add to global warming In order to produce more food, farmers cut down trees to gain more land for their fields In addition, we cut down trees to build the houses needed for a larger population Those trees are an essential part of controlling global warming; others are too numerous to mention In addition to a growing population, the world also has a population that desires a higher standard of living than in the past, and a higher standard of living requires the use of even more natural resources A look at one country will provide a clear example of this fact China is the world’s most populous nation, with 1.3 billion people Currently, the standard of living for most of those people is far below that of people in first world nations Therefore, the average Chinese citizen uses far fewer natural resources and less energy than the average citizen of the US or Japan But China is growing in power, and more of its citizens are beginning to expect a first world lifestyle If every Chinese person attains a first world lifestyle, the amount of energy and natural resources needed in the world will double, even if the standard of living in every other nation on Earth remains the same as it is today Question 16: ow many years did it take the world years to use the first one trillion barrels of oil? A 100 years B 125 years C 30 years D years Question 17: The word “consumption” in the passage is closest in meaning to _ A development B usage C population D increase Question 18: According to the passage, which of these activities Does NOT contribute to climate change in some way? A food production B energy usage C wild animals hunting D natural resources consumption Question 19: According to the passage, how does food production contribute to global warming? A Producing more food leads to growth in the world population B Food production uses many chemicals which add to global warming C Food production requires that the forests be cleared to create farmland D Food production decreases the ability of the air to release heat Question 20: The word “others” in the passage refers to A problems of global warming in the modern world B examples of the environmental consequences of population growth C ways in which our usage of oil will affect the world climate D the reasons why trees are essential in controlling global warming Question 21: According to the passage, how does the standard of living affect global warming? A Higher standards of living are better for the environment B First world nations create less population than developing nations C The use of natural resources is directly related to the standard of living D High standards of living lead to increases in world population Question 22: Why does the author discuss China, Japan, and the United States? A To compare the standard of their citizens B To explain why China will not be able to become a first world nation C To better illustrate the effects of an increase in standards of living D To explain why the world's use of energy will need to double soon Carnegie Hall, the famous concert hall in New York City, has again undergone a restoration While this is not the first, it is certainly the most extensive in the building’s history As a result of this new restoration, Carnegie Hall once again has the quality of sound that it had when it was first built Carnegie Hall owes its existence to Andrew Carnegie, the wealthy owner of a steel company in the late 1800s The hall was finished in 1891 and quickly gained a reputation as an excellent performing arts hall where accomplished musicians gained fame Despite its reputation, however, the concert hall suffered from several detrimental renovations over the years During the Great Depression, when fewer people could afford to attend performances, the directors sold part of the building to commercial businesses As a result, a coffee shop was opened in one corner of the building, for which the builders replaced the brick and terra cotta walls with windowpanes A renovation in 1946 seriously damaged the acoustical quality of the hall when the makers of the film Carnegie Hall cut a gaping hole in the dome of the ceiling to allow for lights and air vents The hole was later covered with short curtains and a fake ceiling, but the hall never sounded the same afterwards In 1960, the violinist Isaac Stern became involved in restoring the hall after a group of real estate developers unveiled plans to demolish Carnegie Hall and build a high-rise office building on the site This threat spurred Stern to rally public support for Carnegie Hall and encourage the City of New York to buy the property The movement was successful, and the concert hall is now owned by the city In the current restoration, builders tested each new material for its sound qualities, and they replaced the hole in the ceiling with a dome The builders also restored the outer walls to their original appearance and closed the coffee shop Carnegie has never sounded better, and its prospects for the future have never looked more promising Question 23: This passage is mainly about A changes to Carnegie Hall B the appearance of Carnegie Hall C Carnegie Hall’s history during the Great Depression D damage to the ceiling in Carnegie Hall Question 24: The word “it” in the first paragraph refers to _ A Carnegie Hall B New York City C a restoration D a plan Question 25: What major change happened to the hall in 1946? A The acoustic dome was damaged B Space in the building was sold to commercial businesses C The walls were damaged in an earthquake D The stage was renovated Question 26: Who was Andrew Carnegie? A A violinist B An architect C A steel mill owner D Mayor of New York City Question 27: What was Isaac Stern’s relationship to Carnegie Hall? A He made the movie “Carnegie Hall” in 1946 B He performed on opening night in 1891 C He tried to save the hall, beginning in 1960 D He opened a coffee shop in Carnegie Hall during the Depression Question 28: What was probably the most important aspect of the recent renovation? A Restoring the outer wall B Expanding the lobby C Restoring the plaster trim D Repairing the ceiling Question 29: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “unveiled” in paragraph 3? A Announced B Restricted C Overshadowed D Located Question 30: How does the author seem to feel about the future of Carnegie Hall? A Ambiguous B Guarded C Optimistic D Negative We live in a world of tired, sleep deprived people In his book Counting Sheep, Paul Martin – a behavioural biologist – describes a society which is just too busy to sleep and which does not give sleeping the importance it deserves Modern society has invented reasons not to sleep We are now a 24/7 society where shops and services must be available all hours We spend longer hours at work than we used to, and more time getting to work Mobile phones and email allow us to stay in touch round the clock and late-night TV and the Internet tempt us away from our beds When we need more time for work or pleasure, the easy solution is to sleep less The average adult sleeps only 6.2 hours a night during the week, whereas research shows that most people need eight or even eight and a half hours’ sleep to feel at their best Nowadays, many people have got used to sleeping less than they need and they live in an almost permanent state of ‘sleep debt’ Until the invention of the electric light in 1879 our daily cycle of sleep used to depend on the hours of daylight People would get up with the sun and go to bed at nightfall But nowadays our hours of sleep are mainly determined by our working hours (or our social life) and most people are woken up artificially by an alarm clock During the day caffeine, the world’s most popular drug, helps to keep us awake 75% of the world’s population habitually consume caffeine, which up to a point masks the symptoms of sleep deprivation What does a chronic lack of sleep to us? As well as making us irritable and unhappy as humans, it also reduces our motivation and ability to work This has serious implications for society in general Doctors, for example, are often chronically sleep deprived, especially when they are on ‘night call’, and may get less than three hours’ sleep Lack of sleep can seriously impair their mood, judgment, and ability to take decisions Tired engineers, in the early hours of the morning, made a series of mistakes with catastrophic results On our roads and motorways lack of sleep kills thousands of people every year Tests show that a tired driver can be just as dangerous as a drunken driver However, driving when drunk is against the law but driving when exhausted isn’t As Paul Martin says, it is very ironic that we admire people who function on very little sleep instead of criticizing them for being irresponsible Our world would be a much safer, happier place if everyone, whatever their job, slept eight hours a night New English File Upper-intermediate by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham-Koenig, OUP Question 31: The phrase “round the clock” in the second paragraph is similar in meaning to A surrounded with clocks B all day and night C during the daytime D having a round clock Question 32: The writer mentions the Internet in the passage as A a temptation that prevents us from sleeping B an easy solution to sleep deprivation C an ineffective means of communication D a factor that is not related to sleep deprivation Question 33: According to the third paragraph, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A Our social life has no influence on our hours of sleep B The sun obviously determined our daily routines C The electric light was invented in the 19th century D The electric light has changed our daily cycle of sleep Question 34: The word “which” in the third paragraph refers to A reaching a point B masking the symptoms C the world’s population D caffeine consumption Question 35: Which of the following would the writer of the passage approve of? A Our world would be a much safer place without drinkers B Both drunken drivers and sleep-deprived people should be criticized C There is no point in criticizing irresponsible people in our society D We certainly can function well even when we hardly sleep Question 36: All of the following are mentioned as those whose performance is affected by ‘sleep debt’ EXCEPT _ A doctors B drivers C biologists D engineers Question 37: Which of the following could best serve as the title of the passage? A Accident Prevention: Urgent! B Sleep Deprivation: Causes and Effects C A Society of Sleepless People D A Well-known Biologist American movies create myths about college life in the United States These stories are entertaining, but they are not true You have to look beyond Hollywood movies to understand what college is really like Thanks to the movies, many people believe that college students party and socialize more than they study Movies almost never show students working hard in class or in the library Instead, movies show them eating, talking, hanging out, or dancing to loud music at wild parties While it is true that American students have the freedom to participate in activities, they also have academic responsibilities In order to succeed, they have to attend classes and study hard Another movie myth is that athletics is the only important extracurricular activity In fact, there is a wide variety of nonacademic activities on campus such as special clubs, service organizations, art, and theater programs This variety allows students to choose what interests them Even more important, after graduation, students’ résumés look better to employers if they list a few extracurricular activities Most students in the movies can easily afford higher education If only this were true! While it is true that some American college students are wealthy, most are from families with moderate incomes Up to 80% of them get some type of financial aid Students from middle and lowerincome families often work part-time throughout their college years There is one thing that many college students have in common, but it is not something you will see in the movies They have parents who think higher education is a priority, a necessary and important part of their children's lives Movies about college life usually have characters that are extreme in some way: super athletic, super intelligent, super wealthy, super glamorous, etc Movies use these stereotypes, along with other myths of romance and adventure because audiences like going to movies that include these elements Of course, real college students are not like movie characters at all So the next time you want a taste of the college experience, not go to the movies Look at some college websites or brochures instead Take a walk around your local college campus Visit a few classes True, you may not be able to see the same people or exciting action you will see in the movies, but you can be sure that there are plenty of academic adventures going on all around you! Question 38: Which of the following is true according to the passage? A American students not like to watch Hollywood movies B You should see college movies to understand college life C American colleges in the movies are not like those in reality D Movies about college life are similar to life and fun to watch Question 39: Which of the following is NOT true? A There is a wide choice of extracurricular activities for college students B Extracurricular activities are of no importance to employers C Not all extracurricular activities are students’ academic responsibilities D Learning is not only part of students’ college life Question 40: The word “they” in the third paragraph refers to A activities B résumés C employers D students Question 41: The word “moderate” in the fourth paragraph is closest in meaning to “ ” A not steady B sensible C unlimited D not high Question 42: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? A Most college students’ families are not well-off B All college students have to work part-time C It is important for students to get higher education D Most students in the movies can afford college expenses Question 43: American parents believe in A the necessity of higher education in their children's lives B the quality of their children's college lives C the extracurricular activities that help ensure their children’s jobs D how movie-makers describe American college life Question 44: Many American students have to work part-time throughout their college years because A they are not allowed to work full-time B their parents force them to C they can earn money for their expenses D they want to gain experience Question 45: Which of the following could best serve as the title of the passage? A Extracurricular Activities and Job Opportunities B American College Life and the Movies C Hollywood Movies: The Best About College Life D Going to College: The Only Way to Succeed in Life Paul Watson is an environmental activist He is a man who believes that he must something, not just talk about doing something Paul believes in protecting endangered animals, and he protects them in controversial ways Some people think that Watson is a hero and admire him very much Other people think that he is a criminal On July 16th, 1979, Paul Watson and his crew were on his ship, which is called the Sea Shepherd Watson and the people who work on the Sea Shepherd were hunting on the Atlantic Ocean near Portugal However, they had a strange prey; instead of hunting for animals, their prey was a ship, the Sierra The Sea Shepherd found the Sierra, ran into it and sank it As a result, the ... higher education in their children's lives B the quality of their children's college lives C the extracurricular activities that help ensure their children’s jobs D how movie-makers describe American... everyone, whatever their job, slept eight hours a night New English File Upper-intermediate by Clive Oxenden and Christina Latham-Koenig, OUP Question 31: The phrase “round the clock” in the second... earthquakes Question 11: The word “adjoining” in bold in paragraph is closest in meaning to A residing B approaching C bordering D appearing Question 12: The word “perceive” in bold in paragraph
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