Platinum plladium printing 2nd b y arentz

DICKARENTZ With contributions by: Bob Herbst Sandy King Stan Klimek Mark Nelson Keith Schreiber ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Focal Press is a n imprint of Elsevier Copyright C 2005, Dick Arentz All rights reserved All photographs Dick Arentz, unless otherwise specified No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science 8i Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier corn.uk You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid- @ free paper whenever possible Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 0-240-80606-9 For information on all Focal Press publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 Printed in China To Phil Davis Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan Teacher, Mentor, and Friend In 1970, I was an Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan in a discipline far removed from art or photography I was also an advanced amateur photographer, having taken a number of Ansel Adams workshops Phil Davis was, at that time, head of the Department of Photography One winter weekend, I hitched a ride with Phil and his students to a Society of Photographic Education meeting in Rochester, NY For some reason, Phil and I were billeted at a motel removed from the rest A typical Rochester snowfall came to bury the city, completely removing parked cars from sight, and confining us to our rooms and the bar It was there that Phil finally suggested that I knew practically nothing about photography If, however, I would be willing to make the effort, he would tutor me Almost thirty-five years later, Phil, the source of one of the most significant changes in my life, is still my teacher A good portion of this text, and the entire basis for Part Two, come from Phil’s research, his book Beyond the Zone System, and his Plotter ProgramR He has read and, mercifully, graciously criticized only those sections of this book Preface t o the Second Edition and Acknowledgments Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction PARTONE CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER vi xiv xvii xx THE PROCESS PlATiNUM ANd PA1lAdiUM Platinum Printing in the Twentieth Century The PlatinurdPalladium and Silver Processes Compared Platinum and Palladium Compared SETTiNCj u p A L A b O R A T O R y The Wet Space and Coating Area The Drying and Exposure Area Materials The W e t Area The Coating Area The Exposure and Finishing Area Contact Printing Frames The Ultraviolet Light Source The Sun Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, and UV Fluorescent Lights Commercial Plate Burner Densitometers Modifying a Light Meter Inexpensive Table-Model Densitometers Hand-Held Densitometers The Professional Models 10 10 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 T h E NECjATivE 15 Photographic Sensitometry Definitions Transmission Densities The Logarithmic System The Density Range for a Platinum or Palladium Negative Negative Contrast Versus Negative Density Exposure Development The Negative Density Range 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 CONTENTS vii Exposing and Developing the Platinum or Palladiuin Negative Zone System Development Compared to Subject Brightness Range Development for Subject Brightness Ranges Average Gradient Effective Film Speed Characteristics of the Platinum/Palladium Negative Sharpness Graininess Scratches and Pinholes The Circle of Confusion The Use of Selenium Toner to Increase Negative Contrast The Pyro Negative CHAPTER CkEMiCAlS The Reasonable and Prudent Use The Material Safety Data Sheet Health Contact Monochromatic Film Developing Agents (MSDS ) About Measurement Units The Metric System Purity of Chemicals and Water Sizing of Paper Solutions Used for Paper Coating, Developing, and Clearing The Coating Solutions Oxidizing Agents Developers Clearing Agents Coating Solutions Sensitizers (MSDS 2-3) The Restrairiers (Oxidizers) (MSDS 3-4) The Metal Salts (MSDS 2-3) The Use of Metal Utensils Developers (MSDS 1-2) Formulas The pH Filtering of Deueloper Temperature of Developer Clearing Agents Choosing a Clearing Agent Etylene Diamiiie Tetraacetic Acid and the Sulfites (MSDS ) The Dilute Acids ( M S D S 2-3) Formulas A Matter of Print pH Bit ffering S o h tions Toners Negative Toning for Contrast Print Toning Sources of Chemicals CHAPTER PAPER Platinotype Papers Practical Matters 20 21 21 22 22 24 24 24 24 2.5 25 2.5 27 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 32 32 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 3.5 36 36 36 36 36 38 39 40 41 viii CONTENTS Some Characteristics Required of a PlatinudPalladium Paper A Word About Paper Weight Measurements Selected Platinotype Papers and Their Characteristics Testing Techniques Notes on Suitable Papers for the PlatinumPalladium Process Papers for Single Coating Acidification Papers Ainenable to Acidification Papers for Double Coating CHAPTER Tkt F i R S T PRiNT The Sun Print The Basics Chemicals Paper Utensils Negative Procedure Assessment of the Print CHAPTER CkoosE YOUR M d o d Methods of Contrast Control The Ratio Method Sodium Chloroplatinate (Na2) Combining the Ratio and Na2 Methods The Dichromate Method: Contrast Control Ingredient in the Developer Standard Negative Contrast Ranges: The Dichromate Method A Standard 41 42 42 42 44 44 47 47 48 49 50 50 50 50 50 so 50 52 53 54 54 56 58 60 61 61 CHAPTER CAli bRATiON 63 CHAPTER Tkt 75 Calibrating the Light Source Choosing a Pririt-to-Light Distance with a Point Light Source Choosing a Print-to-Light Distance with a Fluorescent Tube Bank The Step Tablet The Visual Comparison Densitonieter Methods of Contrast Control Supplies Notes on the Making of Test Strips Technique: Time/Distance Technique: Contrast Control Palladium Printing with the Ratio Method Standard Negative Contrast Ranges Calibrating with the Dichromate Method PlATiNUM ANd PA11AdiuM PRiNT Utensils The Test Strip Coating the Test Strip Materials Used for Developing and Clearing the Test Strip Developing and Clearing The Final Print The Coating Instruments Brushes Coating Rods 64 64 64 64 66 66 66 67 68 68 72 73 73 76 76 76 78 78 78 78 79 82 CONTENTS ix The Brush Versus the Coating Rod Making the Final Print Coating Drying Exposure Dodging and Burning Developing aiid Clearing Dry Down Using the Combined Step Tablet and Print to Adjust Printing Time and Contrast The Visual Comparison Densitonzeter Both Shadows aitd Highlights Are Too Dark Both Shadows and Highlights Are Too Light Shadotus Are Good, Highlights Are Too Dark Shadows Are Good, Highlights Are Too Light Shadows Are Too Dark, Highlights Are Good Shadows Are 7-00 Light, Highlights Are Good More Combinations CHAPTER 10 83 83 83 84 85 85 85 87 87 87 88 89 89 89 90 90 90 A d v A N c E d TECkNiQuE 91 Masking of Negatives Materials Process Working Light Relative Humidity in the Laboratory The Effects of High Paper Humidity Prevention of Solarization The Elusive Dinax Observations Hydrogen Peroxide Brushes The Use of Sizing Medium in the Sensitizer Image Hue Sizing Developer and Tenzperature Controls Metal loiis in the Developer Combinations of Platinum and Palladium Toning Glycerin Materials Double Coating Drying of the Coating Materials Method Preparation of the Final Print Drying Principles of Etching and Spotting Platini~nzlPalludiiclnPrints Materials The “Black Plague” Cure Presentation Lighting Matting Framing 95 96 96 96 97 97 97 97 98 98 99 99 99 99 100 101 201 01 201 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 94 95 95 95 95 95 220 SOURCES ANTI STAT Ic So LUTIo Ns CHEMICALS MD AC Modern Solutions 6370 Copps Ave., Madison, WI 53716 Tel: (800) 288-2023 Fax: (608) 222-2704 http://www modernsolutionsinc.com ARCHIVAL PRODUCTS CR GA LI Conservation Resources 5532 Port Royal Rd., Springfield, VA 22151 Fax: (703) 321-0629 http://www.conservationresources.com Gaylord Brothers P.O Box 4901, Syracuse, NY 13221-4901 Tel: (800) 448-6160 Fax: (800) 272-3412 http://www.gaylord.com Light Impressions P.O Box 940, P.O Box 787, Brea, CA 92822-0787 Tel: (800) 828-6216 Fax: (800) 828-5539 http://www.lightimpressionsdirect.com BL BS PF BEYONDTHE ZONESYSTEM( B T Z S ) PRODUCTS VCS View Camera Store P.O Box 19450, Fountain Hills, AZ 85269 Tel: (480) 767-7105 Fax: (480) 767-7106 http://www.viewcamerastore.com info@viewcamerastore.com (Also a source for large format film, cameras, and densitometers) CAMERA MAKERS KC HC PC WC K.B Canham 2038 East Downing, Mesa, AZ 85213 Tel: (480) 964-8624 Fax: (480) 892-4146 http://canhamcameras.com Hoffman Camera Company 19 Grand Ave., Farmingdale, NY 11735 Tel: (516) 694-4470 Fax: (516) 935-0748 hi20301 9@nassaulibrary.org R.H Phillips & Sons P.O Box 1281, Midland, MI 48641-1281 Tel: (517) 835-7897 Fax: (517) 839-9745 rhphill@concentric.net Wisner Company P.O Box 21, Marion, MA 02738 Tel: (800) 848-0448 Fax: (508) 748-2733 http://www.wisner.com QC SL Artcraft Chemicals Box 583 Schenectady, NY 12301 Fax: (518) 355-9121 Tel: (800) 682-1730 http://www.artcraftchemicaIs.com j acobson@juno.com Bryant Laboratory, Inc 1101 Fifth St., Berkeley, CA 94710 Tel: (800) 367-3141 Fax: (510)528-2948 http://www.us.chemnet.com/dir/Glass/ index2 html (A good source for bulk chemicals) Bostick & Sullivan Box 16639, 1541 Center Dr., Santa Fe, NM 87505 Tel: (505) 474-0890 Fax: (505) 474-2857 http://www bostick-sullivan.com richsul@roadrunner.com Orderinfo@earthlink.com (Arentz Kit: One of two suppliers of PtRd coating solutions; also paper, printing supplies, printing frames) Photographer’s Formulary Box 950, Condon, M T 59826 Tel: (800) 922-5255 Fax: (406) 754-2896 http://www.montana.com/formulary formulary@montana.com (Arentz Kit: One of two suppliers of PtPd coating solutions) Quality Camera Company 382 Trabert Ave., Atlanta, GA 30309 Tel: (404) 881-8700 Fax: (404) 881-9010 (Ammonium platinum and palladium salts) Spectrum Labs, Sales Department 14422 S San Pedro Street Gardena, CA 90248 Tel: (310) 516-8000 or (800) 772-8786 Fax: (310) 516-7512 techexpo@techexpo.com (A good source for bulk chemicals) CO~TACT PRINTING FRAMES AND FILM HOLDERS AWB AWB Enterprises 33320 Gafford Rd., Wildomar, CA 92595 Tel and Fax: (909) 674-0466 http://www.cosmoaccess.net/ awbent awbent@access.net Bostick & Sullivan Box 16639, 1541 Center Dr., BS Santa Fe, NM 87505 Tel: (505) 474-0890 Fax: (505) 474-2857 http://www bostick-sullivan.com SOURCES DENSITOMETERS DI ES GM XR Diversified Equipment Company, Inc 7213 Lockport Place, Lorton, VA 22079 Tel: (703) 550-1994 Fax: (703) 354-9047 http://www.diversified-equipment.com (Used densitometers) Eseco Speedmaster One Eseco Road, Cushing, OK 74023-9912 Tel: (800) 331-5904 Fax: (918) 225-1284 ESECO-speedmaster@worldnet.att.net Gretag-Macbeth Tel: (800) 622-2384 http://www.gretagmacbeth.com X-RITE Tel: (800) 292-4435 http://www.xrite.com DIGITAL SERVICES AG CG EC PW RA LIZARDTECH Tel: (206) 902-2500 http://www.lizardtech.com (Genuine Fractals interpolation and compression software) Copygraphics (Peter Ellzey) 314 Read St., Santa Fe, N M 87501 Tel: (505) 988-1438 http://www.creativepro.com/outputresource/ home11 643.html (Digital scans and imagesetter negatives) Evercolor 70 Webster St., Worcester, MA 01603 Tel: (508) 757-2216 or (800) 533-5050 Fax: (508) 757-2216 http://www.treeo.com/out-optdevercolor.htm1 light@evercolor com Photographic Works 3550E GrantRoad,Tucson, AZ 85716 Tel: (520) 327-7291 http://www.photographicworks.com (Digital scans) RASTUS http://www.telegraphics.com.au/sw/info/ rastus.htm1 (A plug-in for Adobe Photoshop that creates stochastically screened bitmaps; available for Mac and PC) 221 FILM, ULTRA.LARGE FORMAT J and C Photo P.O Box 366, Grover, M O 63040 Fax (for orders): (702) 920-8826 http://www.jandcphotography.com sales@jandcphotography com ( E k e and Classic film) PM Photomark 2202 E McDowell, Phoenix, AZ 85006 Fax: (602) 273-0928 Tel: (800) 777-6627 http://www.photomark.com VCS View Camera Store P.O Box 19450, Fountain Hills, AZ 85269 Tel: (480) 767-7105 Fax: (480) 767-7106 http://www.viewcamerastore.com info@viewcamerastore.com (Also a source for large format film, printing frames, cameras, and densitometers) JC LABORATORY EouI PMENT Chem Lab Supplies 1060 Ortega Way, Unit “C”, Placentia, CA 92670 Tel: (714) 630-7902 Fax: (714) 630-3553 http://www.chemlab.com CPI Calumet Photographic 890 Supreme Dr., Bensonville, IL 60106 Tel: (800) 225-8638 Fax: (800) 828-5539 http://www.calumetphoto.com ESc Edniund Scientifics 101 E Glouster Pike, Barrington, NJ 08007 Tel: (800) 728-6999 Fax: (609) 547-3292 scientifics@edsci.com GAS Graphic Arts Supermarket 9701 Canoga Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311 Tel: (818) 997-7771 or (818) 882-0168 http://www.magicyellow.com (Stouffer’s Step Tablets) Slosher by John Sexton SL http://www.photo.net/bboard/q-and-a-fetchmsg?msg-id=003q8Q Tri-Ess Sciences, Inc 1020 W Chestnut St., TS Burbank, CA 91506 Tel: (800) 274-6910 http://www.tri-esssciences.com (Almost everything for the alchemist) VRW VRW Science Products P.O Box 1002, S Plainfield, NJ 07080 Fax: (908) 757-0313 Tel: (800) 932-5000 http://www.vrwsp.com (Hygrometers) CLS 222 SOURCES PAPER MA Martin Axon Tel: 203-245-7674 ASW Art Supply Warehouse 5325 Departure Dr., North Raleigh, NC 27616-1835 Tel: (800) 995-6778 Fax: (919) 878-5075 http://www.aswexpress.com aswexpress@aol.com Daniel Smith 4130 First Avenue, S., Seattle, DS WA 98124-5568 Tel: (800) 426-6740 Fax: (800) 238-4065 dsartmatrl@aol.com NYC New York Central Art Supply 62 Third Ave., New York, NY 10003 Tel: (800) 950-6111 Fax: (212) 477-0400 http://www nycentral.com Paper Technologies, Inc 6333 Chalet Dr., PT Commerce, CA 90040 Tel: (562) 928-5600 Fax: (562) 927-6100 http://www.papertech.com ss Stationery Store Stephen Kinsella, Inc P.O Box 32420, Olivette, SK M O 63132 Fax: (314) 991-8090 Tel: (800) 445-8865 Twinrocker 100 East Third St., P.O Box 413, TR Brookstone, IN 47923 Fax: (765) 563-8946 Tel: (800) 757-8946 http://www twinrocker.com twinrock@twinrocker.com uv LIGHT SOURCES RuBY L I T H ~ UL Mister Art: Ulano Masking Films Tel: (866) 762-7811 http://www misterart.com UNITS Aristo Grid Lamp Products 35 Lumber Rd., Roslyn, NY 11576 Tel: (516) 484-6141 Fax: (516) 484-6992 http://www.aristogrid.com Bostick & Sullivan Box 16639, 1541 Center Dr., BS Santa Fe, N M 87505 Tel: (505) 474-0890 Fax: (505) 474-2857 http://www bostick-sullivan.com Edwards Engineering 5304 Arrowhead Dr., EE Lago Vista, TX 78645-5803 Tel and Fax: (512) 267-4274 http://www.eepjon.com (Also print dryers) NA NuArc Company, Inc 6200 W Howard St., Niles, IL 60714 Tel: (800) 962-8883 Fax: (847) 967-9664 http://www.mrprint.com/nuarc/default.asp Olec http://www.olec.com Psoralight Corp 2806 William Puller Dr., PS Columbia, SC 29205 Tel: (800) 331-3534 Fax: (803) 748-9985 (Solar Specs) AR METAL HALIDE FIXTURES AND LAMPS http://www.grainger.com/Grainger/start.jsp http://www bulbman.com http://www.olec.com/graphicarts/OLECSpectramatchTM-Lampslolec-spectramatchtmlamps.htm1 TUBES AND BALLAST http://www.aquadirect.com/lighting/flourescent.html http://www.americanlight.com/americanlight/home.htm http://www.topbulb.com/default.asp http://www.fullspectrumsolutions.com/UltraLuxBallast.htm http://www.afforda blelighting.com/blowout.html http://www.uriworld.com/PRODUCTS/mlam.htm http://www.hamiltontechnology.com/shop http://www bulbman.com 1996 12 x LO RIMINI I T A I ~ lNck PriPd 224 BIBLIOGRAPHY HISTORIC CHEMISTRY Abney, William Platiiiotype: Its Preparation and Manipulation London: Sampson, Low Marston, 1895 Anderson, Paul L Technique of Gum-Platinum: The Technique of Pictorial Photography New York: J.B Lipponcott, 1939 Newhall, Beaumont The History of Photography New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1982 Hubl, Baron A Pizzighelli, Captain, and Platinotype London: Harrison and Sons, 1886 Reprinted from The Photographic ]ourrial 1883, pp 5-59 Steiglitz, Alfred Platinum Printing: The Modern Way in Picture Making Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak, 1905 Anchell, Stephen G The Darkroom Cookbook Boston: Focal Press, 1994 Bunting, Roger K The Chemistry of Photography Normal, IL: Photoglass Press, 1987 (Available from www.photoglass coin ) Rempel, Siegfried, and Rempel, Wolfgang Health Hazards for Photographers New York: Lyons and Burford, 1992 CURRENT Arnow, Jan Handbook of Alternative Photographic Processes New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982 Crawford, William The Keepers of the Light New York: Morgan and Morgan, 1979 Farber, Richard Historic Photographic Process New York: Allworth Press, 1998 James, Christopher The Book of Alternative Photographic Processes New York: Delmar, 200 Malde, Pradip, and Ware, Michael The Ammonium System: A Contemporary Method for Making Platinum and Palladium Prints http://mikeware demon.co.uk Nadeau, Luis History and Practice of Platinum Printing New Brunswick, Canada: Atelier Luis Nadeau, 1994 Rexroth, Nancy The Platinotype 1977 Condon, MT: Formulary Press, 1977 (Available from Photographers Formulary.) Shellea, Thomas J Instruction Manual for the Platinum Printing Process Philadelphia: Thomas J Shellea, 1982 (Available from Photographers’ Formulary) Sullivan, Richard, and Weese, Carl The New Platinum Print Santa Fe, NM: Working Picture Press, 1998 (Available from Bostick Sullivan: www.bosticksullivan.coni) DIGITAL Blatner, David, and Fraser, Bruce Real World Photoshop CS, 6th Ed Peachpit Press, 2004 Burkholder, Dan Making Digital Negatives for Contact Printing San Antonio, TX: Bladed Iris Press, 1998 (Available from tuzuw.cinnburkholder.com) Fokos, David www.wovkingpictures.com GENERAL Davis, Phil Photography, 7th Ed Dubuque, WI: Brown and Benchmark, 1995 Edwards, Betty Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain Los Angeles: J.P Tarcher, 1979 Kodak Building a Home Darkroom Kodak Publication KW-14 New York: Eastman Kodak, 1996 Schaefer, John P., ed An Ansel A d a m Guide Basic Techniques of Photography, Book Two Boston: Little, Brown, 1998 Simmons, Steve Using the View Camera New York: Amphoto, 1992 Stroebel, Leslie View Camera Technique, 6th Ed Boston: Focal Press, 1993 S ENSITOMFTRY Adams, Ansel The Negative Book Boston: Little, Brown, 1981 Davis, Phil Beyond the Zone System, 4th Ed Boston: Focal Press, 1998 Kodak Professional Black and White Films Kodak Publication F-5 New York: Eastman Kodak, 1998 Bibboqnnpky Todd, Hollis N., and Richard D Zakia Photographic Sensitometry New York: Morgan & Morgan, 1969 PAPER Airey, Theresa Creative Photo Printmaking New York: Amphoto, 1996 225 Hunter, Darth Paper Making: T h e History and Technique o f a n Ancient Craft New York: Dover, 1974 P Y RO Hutchings, Gordon T h e Book of Pyro (1991) Available from: Gordon Hutchings, P.O Box 2324, Granite Bay, CA 95746 This page intentionally left blank Acidification, 47 Adams, Ansel, 16, 19, 120, 150, 182, 183 Advanced technique, 91-103 “black plague” cure, 100-101 double coating, 97 drying of the coating, 97-99 final print preparation, 99-100 glycerin, 97 humidification, 93-95 image hue, 95-96 masking negatives, 92 negative handlinghtorage, 103 presentation, 101 working light, 92 Albumin, 93 Alcohol, polyvinyl, 95 Alum, 30 Ammonium citrate, 31, 33 developing and clearing with, 85,216 print hue and, 96 Anderson, Paul, 33 Anemic prints, 106 ANSI (American National Standard Institute), 113, 1221-1 AQUA tubes, 205 Arches Cover, 43, 47 Arches Platine, 40,42,43, 44, 213 double coating, 97 humidified, 94 Arentz, Dick, 35,42,45, 188, 195, 197, 212 ASA (American Standards Association), 17 Average gradient, 17, 19, 22, 114 Axon, Martin, 44 Ballast, 205 Ballasted HID lamps, 204-205, 208 Banquet cameras, 152-153 Base fog (BSF), 17, 18, 114 Basis size, 42 Basis weight, 42 Bergger 200 BPF, 161 Bergger BFP200, response to pyro, 181, 182, 182n Bergger COT 320, 42, 45 Berkeley’s formula, 146-147 Beyond the Zone System (1998), 13, 21, 70, 112, 156, 15611, 157 Bienfang Graphics 360, 42, 44-45 Black convincing, 21, 70 streaking, 107 Black defects, 99-100 Black light blue (BLB) tubes, 205, 206 Black light (BL) tubes, 205 “Black plague”, 21 “Black plague” cure, 100 Black spots, 107 Blamer, David, 190 Bloom gelatin, 30 The Book ofPyro (1991), 182 Brush development, 97 Brushes, 95 coating, 79-81, 83 Richeson, 10 + BTZS tubes, 1SSn, 156-157 Buffering solutions, 36 Burkholder, Dan, 188 Calibration, 63-73 contrast control technique, 68-72 dichromate method, 73 light source, 64-66 printing with digital negatives, 194-199 ratio method, 72-73 standard negative contrast ranges, 73 supplies, 66-67 time/distance technique, 68 Calumet Photo, Inc., Cameras banquet, 152-153 size of, 152-153 view, 151, 152, 153 Chalky prints, 106 Chemicals, 27-38 clearing agents, 31, 34-36 coating solutions, 30, 31-33 developers, 1, 33-34 measurement units, 29 monochromatic film developing agents, 29 MSDS and, 28-29 oxidizing agents, 30-3 paper sizing, 30 purity of, 30 sources of, 38 toners, 36-38 227 Chemistry, 145-148 Berkeley’s formula, 146-147 clearing, 148 oxidation, 146, 147 oxidation-reduction reaction (redox), 146 oxidizers, 147 palladium printing with Na2, 147-148 reduction, 146, 147 Chlorates, Chlorine, 100 Circle of confusion, 25 Citric acid, 35, 36 Clearing, 85-86 chemistry of, 148 technique, 216 test strips, 78 Clearing agents, 31, 34-36, 41 Clearprint vellum, 21 Clinical print, 142, 150 Coating, 83-84 drying of, 97-99 papers for double coating, 43 papers for single coating, 42 technique, 215-216 uneven, 106 Coating area, 8-9, 10 Coating brushes, 79 coating rods versus, 83 technique, 79-81 Coating rods, 82 coating brushes versus, 83 technique, 82-83 Coating solutions, 30, 31-33 filtering, 84 metal salts, 32-33 metal utensils and, 33 restrainers, 32 sensitizers, 31-32 Color density range control, 186, 193 Color density range palette, 186, 195-196 Commercial plate burners, 13 Compression of brightness ranges, 20-21 Computer-generated negatives, in-camera negatives versus, 150-1 Conner, Lois, 44 Contact hazard, 28 Contact printing frames, 11-12 Contrast, 20 adjusting, 87-90 negative, 18-24 Contrast control, 214 calibration, 68-72 combining ratio and Na2 methods, 58-59, 60 dichromate method, 60-6 methods of, 53-61 percentage method, 58, 60 platinudpalladium curves and, 115-118 print curves and, 129 ratio method, 54-56 serial dilution method, 57-58 sodium chloroplatinate, 56-58 Contrast Control in Iron Based Printing Processes (2001), 56, 14711 Contrast index (CI), 17 Contrast mixtures digital negatives and, 195 speed changes produced by, 130, 133-134 Convincing black, 21, 70 Corrected speed point, 134, 135, 139 Crane’s Kid Finish, 42, 45 Crane’s Natural Crest White Wove, 42, 43, 45-46, 46n contrast control and, humidified, 94 Crane’s Platinotype, 42, 43, 45-46, 46n, 213 contrast control and, 67 humidified, 94 Crocein Scarlet, 24, 99 Crown glass, 208 Darkroom Cookbook, 155 Davis, Phil, 13, 60, 107, 112, 156, 15611, 157, 160, 162, 188 Daylight plastic tanks, 157 Defects black, 99-100 white, 100 Densitometers, 9, 13-14 hand-held, 14 professional models, 14 pyro negatives and, 178-1 80 reflective, 201-1,65 table-model, 14 transmission, 17, 19 visual comparison, 66, 87-88 Density, negative contrast versus, 18-24 Density range (DR), 16, 17, 19-20 digital negatives, 186-187 film curves and, 113, 114 Developers, 1, 33-34 film combinations with, 159-172 filtering of, 34 formulas, 33 metal ions, 96 PH, 34 potassium oxalate, reuse of, 96 temperature controls and, 34, 95-96 Development, 85-86 average gradient and, 22 brush, 97 effective film speed and, 22 glycerin and, 97 paper toe and, 124 pyro, 182-184 shadow density and, 19 technique, 216 test strips, 78 zone system versus SBR, 21 Dichromate method calibration with, 73 contrast control, 60-61 contrast mixtures for, 133 Dichromates, Dick Arentz Kit, 38 Digital 21-Step Tablet, 186, 200 Digital imaging, 185-202 calibration for Pt/Pd printing, 194-199 glossary, 186 image file, 190-191 imagesetter negatives, 192 in-camera negatives versus, 187-1 8 inkjet negatives, 192-194 making a digital negative, 199-201 making a PtRd print, 200-201 materials list, 188 pixels versus dots, 188-189 tones, 189 Dilute acids, 35 Distilled water, 30 Dmax, 112 double coating and, 97 paper curves and, 112, 115 paper humidification and, 94 shadow values and, 129, 129n Dmin, 112 film curves and, 112, 114 paper curves and, 112 Dodging and burning, 85 Dots, pixels versus, 188-1 89 Double coating, 43, 48, 97 Droppers, serial dilution method using, 57 Drum processing filddeveloper combinations, 162 large negatives, 156 Dry down, 87 Drying, 84-85 of coating, 97-99 of the final print, 99 Drying area, Dry mounting, 101 Duplicating negatives, 212-213 Editions, 101 EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid), 31, 34, 3.5, 3611, 148 Effective film speed (EFS), 17, 22-24 Efke 100 PL, 160-161, 162, 164 Efner, Howard, 30n, 147n, 147- 48 Electronic ballasts, 205 Ellzey, Peter, 212 Emerson, P.H., 151 Emulsifiers, 95 Enyeart, Jim, 86 Equipment, digital imaging, 188 Etching, 99, 100, 217 Evaluation negative, 200-201 process, 200 Evans, Frederick, 151 Exposure, 18-1 digital negatives and, 195 negatives and, 85 technique, 216 Exposure area, 9-10, 11 Exposure range (ER) See exposure scale (ES) Exposure scale (ES), 16, 65 definition of, 17 paper curves and, 113 UV light sources and, 208 Eye protection, 9, 10 Fabriano Artistico, 43, 47, 93, 94 Fabriairo Artistico Extra White, 213, 214 Fabriano Classic0 CP, 43, 47, 48 Fabriano Murillo, 42, 43, 46, 48 Fabriano Perusia, 42, 46 Fabriano Uno HP, 43, 47 Ferric oxalate, 30, 3111, 31-32 humidification and, 94 hydrogen peroxide and, 95 reduction of, 78, 146, 147 Ferric oxalate ratio method, 54 File capture, digital image, 190 File preparation, digital image, 190-191 Filling in, 217 Film 320 TXP, 161, 162, 171 400T max, 160, 161, 166 Bergger 200 BPF, 161 choosing, 160-1 62 Classic 400, 162, 168, 172 Delta 100, 160, 161, 162, 163 developer combinations with, 159-172 Efke 100, 160-161, 162, 164 FP4 plus, 161, 162, 165, 169 HP5 plus, 161, 162, 167, 179 organization of, 153-154 response to pyro, 180-182 Film curve, 19, 23 platinum/palladium, 115 silver, 113-1 14 Film hangers, 157 Filtering coating solutions, 84 developer, 34 Final print, preparation of, 99-100 Finishing etching, 217 filling in, 217 flattening, spotting out, 217 waxing, 217-218 Flammability hazard, 28 Flashlight test, 153n Flattening, 217 Flocculation, 1, 40, 54-55 Fluorescent lights, 13 choosing print-to-light distance with, 64 exposure and use of, 8Sn Fluorescent tube bank, 205 Fog, 146, 147 causes of, 106 controlling, 32 hydrogen peroxide and, 95 platinum/palladium curves and, 116, 117 versus stain, 107-108 Fokos, David, 188 Formaldehyde, 30 Framing, 101 Fraser, Bruce, 190, 191 Fresnel lens, 24 Full tonal range print, 142 Gamma ( y ) , 17 Gamma infinity, 22, 57, 160 G'impi, 42, 46 Gelatin sizing, 95 Gilpin, Laura, Glass, 208-209 Glasses, anti-actinic, 9, 10 Glycerin, 38, 97 Gold chloride, 37, 96 Graininess, 24, 107 Graining, chlorates and, Gram weight, 42 Guinness, Sir Alec, 151 Hand-held densitometers, 14 Handling, of negatives, 103 Harrison Film Changing Tent, 153n Heated developer, 34 Herbst, Bob, 2Sn, 1551-1,173, 179, 181 High-contrast negative palladium curve, 120 platinudpalladium curve, 115-116 print curves, 138-139 High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, 204-205,208 High-key print, 142 Highlights IDmax and, 114 pyro and, 177 Hue, 9Sn, 95-96 Humidification, 93-95, 215 Humidity, in the laboratory, 92-93 Hutchings, Gordon, 174, 182 Hydrochloric acid, 31, 35, 36, 100,216n Hydrogen peroxide, 31, 95, 147 Hydroquinone, 29 Hygrometer, 8, 10 Hypo clearing agent, 35-36 IDmax, 70, 93-94, 112, 113 film curves and, 112, 114, 115 paper curves and, 112,113,115 IDmin, 112n, 112-113 film curves and, 112, 114, 115 paper curves and, 11211, 112-1 13 Ilford 100 Delta, 160, 161, 162, 163 Ilford 125 FP4+, 161, 162, 165, 169 Ilford 400 HP5+, 161, 162, 167, 179, 181 Image densities, 112, 113 Image hue, 95-96 Image Perfect R , 101 Imagesetter negatives, 192 creating, 199 density range, 195 In-camera negatives, digital negatives versus, 187-1 88 Inkjet negatives, 192-1 94 creating, 200 printer settings, 193-1 94 I S (International Organization for Standardization), 17, 22-24 J & C 400 Classic, 162, 168, 172 JOBOR processor, 156, 1.5611 advantages of, 154-155 filddeveloper combinations, 162, 163 King, Sandy, 12, 188, 203, 205 Klimek, Stan, 47, 211 Knox gelatin, 30 Kodak 320 TXP, 161, 162, 171 Kodak 400Tmax, 160, 161, 166, 180-181 Kodak: Building a Home Darkroom, Kodak Professional: Black-and- White Films (1998j, 157 Laboratory coating area, 8-9, 19 contact printing frames, 11-12 densitometers, 13-14 drying and exposure area, 9-10, 11-12 materials needed for, 10, 11 relative humidity in, 92-93 ultraviolet light source, 12-13 wet space, 8, 10 Lamps, ballasted HID, 204-205, 208 Large negative, 149-157 BTZS tubes and, 156-157 camera size and, 152 film hangers, 157 in-camera versus computergenerated, 150-151 organization of exposed film, 153-1 54 processing, 154-156 ultra-large format, 152-153 Lead oxalate, 38 Lenox ZOO, 42, 46 Lens aperture, 18 Lens flare, 17, 18, 114 Light calibration, 64-66 ultraviolet, 203-209 working, 92 Lighting, presentation, 101 Light integrators, 13, 67n Lights fluorescent, 13, 205 mercury vapor, 13 metal halide, Light table, Linters, 40 Liquitex acrylic sizing medium, 95 Logarithmic system, 17-1 Low-contrast negative platinudpalladium curve, 116-1 18 print curves, 138-139 Luminaire, 64, 204 Magnetic ballasts, 205 Malde-Ware Method, 54, 93 Masa, 42, 46 Masking of negatives, 92 Matcher Program', 121 combining matcher files, 123-124, 125 palladium print, 122-123 silver gelatin print, 121-122, 123 Materials calibration, 66-67 digital imaging, 188 laboratory, 10, 11 masking negatives, 92 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), 28-29 Matting, 101 Measurement units, 29 Melvin, Stuart, 212, 215 Mercuric chloride, 38 Mercury vapor lights, 13, 204 Metal halide lights, 13, 204-205 Metal ions, in developer, 96 Metal salts, 30, 32 Metals, noble, 147 Metal utensils, 33 Metol, 25, 29 Metric system, 29 Millea, Tom, 92 Monochromatic film developing agents, 29 Mounting, 101 Muriatic acid See hydrochloric acid Mutmansky, Michael, 100, 100n Mylar, 85 Na2 method See sodium chloroplatinate method Nanometer, 12 The Negative (1981j, 182 Negative contrast, 18 negative density versus, 18-24 selenium toning and, 25 toner and, 36 Negatives, 15-25, 212 See also sensitometry, photographic average gradient and, 22 circle of confusion, 25 computer-generated, 150, 151 contrast versus density, 18-24 density range, 19-20, 195-1 96 density values, 135-139 development, 19, 20-21, 124 duplicating, 212-213 effective film speed and, 22-24 exposing, 18-1 9, 20-21 graininess, 24 handling of, 103 high-contrast, 115-116, 120, 138-1 39 imagesetter, 192, 195, 199 inadequate contrast in, 118 in-camera versus digital, 187-1 88 inkjet, 192-194, 200 low-contrast, 116-1 18, 139-141 masking of, 92 overexposed, 20 pinholes, 24-25, 107 platinudpalladium prints, 115 processing large, 154-157 pyro, 25, 178-180, 183-184 scratches, 24-25 selenium toning, 25 sharpness, 24 silver paper, 113-1 14 storage of, 103 subject brightness range (SBR), 1-24 underexposed, 20 Nelson, Mark, 151, 185, 18511, 201 Noble metals, 147 NuArc, 13, 13n Numbering, of editions, 101 Opacity range, 20 Opaline, 42, 46 Overexposure, 23 Oxalic acid, 35, 36, 43 Oxidation, 31, 146, 147 Oxidizers, 30-31, 32, 147 Palladium combinations of platinum and, 96 contrast control and, 55 print curves and, 140, 142 PdPd comparison, 5-6 solarization and, 108 Palladium chloride, 32, 33 Palladium curves, 118-121 high-contrast negative, 120 Na2 method, 119 normal contrast negative, 119 previsualization and, 120 ratio method, 118-1 19 Palladium printing matching film to paper, 122-123 ratio method, 72-73 with sodium chloroplatinate (Na2), 147-148 Paper, 39-48, 213 acidification, 43, 47-48 characteristics of, 41-48 double coating, 43, 48 humidity and, 93-95 platinotype, 40-41 platinum, print curves and, 139, 141 silver gelatin, 4-5, 20-22 single coating, 42, 44-47 sizing of, 30 variations in, 41 weight measurements, 42 Paper curves platinurdpalladium curve, 114-115 silver curve, 112-1 14 silver versus Pt/Pd, 112 using portions of, 141-144 Paper testing techniques, 42-44 Paper toe, 113, 122n, 124 Penn, Irving, Percentage method, contrast control, 58, 60 PerfectGlassm, 101 PH of developer, 34 of paper, 42, 43 of prints, 36 Phosphoric acid, 35, 3511, 36 Photographic sensiometry See sensiometry, photographic Photoshop"", 151, 15111, 191 duplicating negatives with, 212 imagesetter negatives and, 192 process adjustment curve and, 198 sharpening with, 190 Pinholes, 24-25, 107 Pipettes, serial dilution method using, 58 Pixels, dots versus, 188-1 89 Pizzighelli, Giuseppi, Plate burners, 13, 206 Plating, 93 Platinotype papers, 40-41 acidification, 43, 47-48 characteristics of, 41-48 double coating, 43, 48 single coating, 42, 44-47 Platinum combinations of palladium and, 96 contrast control and, 55 Platinudpalladium curve, 114-115 family of, 118, 119 high-contrast negative, 115-116 inadequate contrast negative, 118 low-contrast negative, 116-1 18 Platinudpalladium printing adjusting contrast, 87-90 algorithm for, 77 calibration for digital negatives, 194-199 coating, 83-84 coating brushes, 79-81, 83 coating rods, 82-83 contrast control, 53-61, 214 developing and clearing, 85-86 dodging and burning, 85 dry down, 87 drying, 84-85 duplicating, 212-213 etching, 99, 100 exposure, 85 finishing, 217-218 first print, 49-52 laboratory set-up, 7-14 negatives, 212 paper, 213 photographic sensiometry and, 16 printing history of, PdPd comparison, 5-6 Platinundpalladium printing (continued) Pt/Pd solution, 213-214 silver process compared with, 4-5 spotting, 99-1 00 technique, 14-2 16 test strip, 76-78 utensils for, 76 Plotter Program'"', 112, 121, 156, 160 Plus percent, 58 Point light source, choosing print-to-light distance with, 64 Polyvinyl alcohol, 95 Posterization, 189 Potassium chlorate, 31, 32 Potassium chloroplatinite, 32, 146 Potassium dichromate, 1, 32 Potassium oxalate, 31, 6711, 216 developing solutions with, 33 EDTA and, 35 print hue and, 96 temperature of, 8n, 34 PowerDial", 156, 161 Power J & C Classic, 161 Precision Digital Negatives for Alternative Photographic Processes (2004), 186n, 193, 20 Presentation, 101 Previsualization, 1711, 120 Print curves, 127-144 algorithm use, 134-135 analyzing, 129-130 contrast control, effects of, 129 Na2 method, 130, 132, 133 negative density values and, 135-1 39 shadow values, 128-129 speed changes, 130, 133-134 speed point, 141 using portions of, 142-144 Printers building, 205-206 settings for inkjet negatives, 193-194 Printing digital imaging, 200-201 first print, 49-52 pyro, 173-1 84 Prints anemic, 106 assessments of, 52 black spots on, 107 chalky, 106 clinical, 142, 150 evaluating, 200-201 full tonal range, 142 high-key, 142 hue, 95-96 pH of, 36 presentation of, 10 sun print, 50-52 toning, 36-38 Print speed contrast control and, 129 contrast mixtures and, 130, 133-1 34 pyro and, 177 UV light sources and, 208 Print-to-light distance, choosing, 64 Problems, 105-108 black spots, 107 chalky or anemic prints, 106 fog versus stain, 107-108 graininess, 107 solarization with palladium, 108 streaking blacks, 107 uneven coating, 106 Process adjustment curve, 186, 187, 196-199 Process evaluation, 200 Processing large negatives, 154-157 pyro, 182-1 84 Psoralight Corporation, 12n PtIPd printing See platinum/ palladium printing Puddle Pusher R , 82 Purity, of chemicals, 30 Pyrogallol (pyro), 25,29, 173-184 advantages of, 176-177 characteristics of, 174, 176 densitometers for reading negatives, 178-180 disadvantages of, 177-178 film response to, 180-1 82 formulas, 182 processing, 182-1 84 sensitometric effects of, 174, 175 Pyro negative, 25 Quad tap, 204 Rapid Selenium Toner, 36 Ratio method, 64 calibration and, 72-73 contrast control, 54-56 contrast mixtures for, 133 palladium curves and, 118-119 platinundpalladium curves and, 117 print curves using, 129-130, 131 Reactivity hazard, 28 Real World Adobe Photoshop CS (2004), 190 Ream, 42 Redox reaction, 146 Reduction, 146, 147 Reflection opacity ratio, 20 Reflective densitometer, 2011, 65 Reflective density, 64, 65-66, 112-1 13 Reflective density range, 20, 21 Relative humidity, 92-93 Restrainers, 30, 32, 147 Richardson, John, 212 Richeson brush, 10 Rising Drawing Bristol, 41, 42, 46 Rising Gallery 100, 43, 48 Rives BFK, 43, 47, 48, 213 Rods, coating, 82-83 Rotary development advantages of, 154-155 filddeveloper combinations, 162-1 63 Rubylith", 64, 78, 85, 92, 215 Sabattier effect, 93 Safelight, 92 Schreiber, Keith, 35, 39, 42, 44, 45, 47, 57n, 83, 84, 97, 102, 162 Scratches, 24-25 Selenium toner, 25, 36 Sensitizer contrast control and, 30 reduction of metals and, 146 sizing medium in, 95 solutions, 31-32 Sensitometry, photographic, 16 definitions, density range for negatives, 18 film and paper curves, 109-125 logarithmic system, 17-1 negative contrast versus density, 18-24 print curves, 127-144 transmission densities, 17 Serial dilution method, contrast control, 57-58 Shadow density, 18-19 See also print curves effective film speed and, 22 film curves and, 114 Shadow values, print curves and, 128-129 Sharpening, digital images, 190, 191 Sharpness, 24, 208 Shoulder, of paper curves, 113 Silver gelatin prints, 20, 22 Silver process film curve, 113-1 14 matching film to paper, 121-122, 123 paper curve, 112-1 13 previsualization and, 120 Pt/Pd comparison with, 4-5 Simili Japon, double coating, 97 Sizing acid paper and, 40 image hue and, 95 technique, 214 use in sensitizers, 95 Skies, coating and, 81 Slosher, 156 Smith, Norma, 212 Smooth gradient test tablet, 186 Socorro Platinum, 47 Sodium acetate, 36, 87 Sodium carbonate, 36, 87 Sodium chloroplatinate (Na2), 5n, 31, 32, 43n Sodium chloroplatinate (Na2) method contrast control, 56-58, 68, 70, 71, 214 palladium printing with, 147- 148 print curves using, 130,132,133 time/distance technique, 68 Sodium citrate, 31, 33 Sodium dichromate, 31, 32 Sodium hexachloroplatinite, 30 Sodium sulfite, 34, 35 Sodium tetrachloropalladate, 32, 33, 146 Solarization humidification and, 93, 94 palladium and, 6, 108 prevention of, 93 Solar Specs“, 1211, 20411 Solution buffering, 36 coating, 30, 31-33, 84 PtIPd, 213 Somerset, 213 Specialty glasses, 208-209 Spectral density, 174 Speed contrast control and, 129 contrast mixtures and, 130, 133-1 34 pyro and, 177 UV light sources and, 208 Speed bar, 135-138, 143, 143n Speed index, of paper, 42, 43 Speed point, 129, 135, 141 Spot meter, 1711 Spotone”, Spotting, 99-100, 217 Stain, versus fog, 107-108 Standard 21-Step Test Tablet, 186, 200 Standard Contrast Range Chart, 55-56 Standard density color, 196 Standard Negative Contrast Ranges, 73 Starch sizing, 95 Starfire, 208-209 Starrenburg, Bruce, 188 Step tablet, 34, 47 calibration with, 64-65 color density range palette, 186 contrast adjustment using, 87-90 Digital 21-Step Test Tablet, 186 smooth gradient test tablet, 186 Standard 21-Step Test Tablet, 186, 200 Stouffer, 174, 175 Stouffer TP, 65, 67, 6711 tonal palette, 186 Step wedge, 186 Stieglitz, Alfred, 97 Stir-and-heat plate, 8n, 9, 10 Stochastic screening, 192 Stonehenge Rising, 213, 214 stop, 18, 20 Storage, of negatives, 103 Stouffer step tablet, 174, 175 Stouffer TP step tablet, 65, 67, 67n Strand, Paul, 151 Strathmore Series 500 Bristol, 42, 46 Streaking blacks, 107 Subject brightness range (SBR), 17 compression of, 20, 21 development for, 21-24 effective film speed and, 22-24 film curves and, 113-1 14 high, 22 low, 21-22 zone system development versus, 21 Subject-luminance ratio, 17, 20 Sulfites, 34, 36n Sullivan, Kevin, 100n Sullivan, Richard, 31, 56, 96, 97, 1OOn Sullivan’s cold water developer, 33 Sullivan’s gold tone, 37 Sunlight, 12, 204 Sun prints, 50-52 Super actinic (SA) tubes, 205, 20 7-20 Supplies calibration, 66-67 digital imaging, 188 laboratory, 10, 11 masking negatives, 92 Swiss Opaline Parchment, 42, 46 Tank development, 157 Target log density, 197, 198 Technique advanced, 91-103 buffering, 36 coating, 30, 31-33, 84, 21 5-216 coating, with brushes, 79-81 coating, with rods, 82-83 developing and clearing, 216 Technique (continued) exposing, 21 humidifying, 215 paper testing, 42-44 sizing, 214 time/distance, 68 toning, 96-96 Temperature, developer and, 8n, 34, 95-96 Test strips coating, 76-78 developing and clearing, 78 making of, 67 Threshold, 18 Tice, George, Time/distance A+B method, calibration, 68 Toe, paper curves, 113 Tonal palette, 186, 196 adjusting image file using, 199 process adjustment curve and, 197 Tone, 9511, 189 Toners, 36-38 Toning, advanced technique, 96-96 Transmission densities, 17, 64, 65, 66 See also print curves Transmission densitometer, 17, 19 Tray development filddeveloper combinations, 162-163 large negatives, 156 pyro and, 183 Tri-X Pan Profession Film (TXT), 23,2311, 25 Tubes, fluorescent, 205, 206 Tween 20'", 84, 97 Twinrocker Watercolor, 43, 48 Twinrocker White Feather Watercolor Deckle, 48 Ultra-large format cameras, 152-153 Ultraviolet (W)light, 12-13, 203-209 ballasted HID lamps, 204-205 building a UV printer, 205-206 fluorescent tube bank, 205 plate-burners, 206 printing lights, 204 pyro negatives, 178-179 the sun, 204 testing, 206-207 UV blockers, 208-209 Underexposure, 23 Vacuum easel, 11, 12 Vacuum frames, 208 V a n Gelder Simili Japon, 42, 43, 47,48 Vellum, 41, 41n View cameras, 151, 152, 153 Visual comparison densitometer, 17, 66, 87-88 Wang, Sam, 188 Water, distilled, 30 Waxing, 217-218 Weese, Carl, 97 Weight, paper, 42 Weston, Edward, 182 Wet space, 8, 10 White defects, 100 White, Minor, 21, 70, 120 Willis, William, 4, 145 Wimberley, John, 174, 182 Window glass, 208 Working light, 92 X-Rite densitometers, 178-180 Ziatype'" process, 5, 54, 93 Zone system photography, 19, 20, 120, 1201-1 ... possible Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library... as the subject is mastered This book is flexibly bound with the intent that it be used as a laboratory manual rather than a library text The step-by-step format is meant to guide the platinum. .. examples of carbon, gum bichromate, bromoil, photogravure, Woodburytype, and platinum At that time, all processes required a large negative for contact printing By the early twentieth century, however,