THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SHELLS, INCLUDING FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE SPECIES HITHERTO DISCOVERED GREAT BRITAIN, IN SYSTEMATICALLY ARRANGED IN THE LINNEAN MANNER, WITH SCIENTIFIC AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON EACH, VOL II UB'©(! By E DONOVAN, F.L.S, 'author of the natural HISTORIES OS BRITISH BIRDS, INSECTS, &C &C -T-igl ^ 'gTiBTm LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR, AND FOR F AND C RIVINGTON, N« SY BYE AND LAW, ST; 62, ST PAUL'S CHURCH- YARD, JOHN'S SQUARE, GLERKENWELL, I8OO4 M 37 THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BRITISH SHELLS M4SM4 PLATE XXXVIL ARCA GLYCYMERIS ORBICULAR ARK GENERIC CHARACTER Bivalve, valves equal Teeth of the hinge numerous, and between each SPECIFIC inserted other CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS Orbicular, concave, very finely striated transversely and longitudinally, and variegated with zigzag marks Arca Glycymeris: Margin crenated testa suborbiculata gibba, substriata, natibus incurvis, p 1143 margine crenato No 181 A Linn Syst Nat PLATE Chama Pectunculus ingens variegatus ex rufo glycemeris, Bellon H List Concha XXXVII Conch, tab 247 fig 82 crassa, lasvis, subalbida, luteis macuiis radiata, signata, fasciata, rata et virgulata, intus Gnalt.l Conch, macula fusca obscutab 72 Mas Glycymeris cornubiensis crassa marmorata fig & Petiv p 84 No 816 Bastard, or dog's cockle Area glycymeris, orbicular, Ratty Dublin, Perm Br p 379 Zool No 58 tab 58 fig 58 Orbicularis crassa subalbida lineis rufulis sagittaeformi- Glycymeris bus variegata, crenato intus obfuscata margineque Orbicularis Da Cotta Br Conch, p 168, tab H.fig 22 This species those which is found, of a large size, in the Mediterranean sea inhabit the English coast, as rarely exceed the size of the smallest specimen It is land, ; Falmouth and Cornwall, we have represented found likewise on the shores of Guernsey, and the coast of Ire- where it is called the clog's cockle 38 PLATE XXXVIII MUREX CORNEUS HORNY, Or SLENDER WHELK GENERIC CHARACTER Spiral, rough The aperture ending in a strait, and somewhat pro^ duced gutter, or canaliculation SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS Slender, white Mouth oblong Spires eight, swelled oval, ending in a produced or lengthened deep twirled gutter Murex corneus : testa oblonga rudi, tuberculoso, apice planatis, anfractuum marginibus com- cauda adscendente Linn apertura Srjst edentula, Nat p 1224 Xo 565 Buccinum angustius, admodum tenuiter spirarum tab Z.fig striatum, octo H An Angl p 4.—App H An Angl List minimum 157 p 15, Lesser long and smooth whelke, Dale Harw p 381 No Smith Cork, p 401 No Narrow-mouthed whelke, with p 401 Murex corneus, Horny No 16 — eight wreaths Wallis Northumb Penn Brit Buccinum canaliculatum medium, spirarum tit Zool No 99 tab 76 Jig 99 angustius, album, striatum, octo Gracile Da tab Jig A Costa, p 124, sp 74 PLATE This alive is shell is XXXVIII white, semi transparent, and rather glossy ; and when covered with a fine thin brown film, or epidermis, which striated spirally It is is found on several of the English coasts, as Yorkshire, Northumberland, Essex, &c and also on the shores of Scotland and Ireland I PLATE LXXII TURBO PERVERSUS REVERSED, OR OAT GENERIC CHARACTER Animal Limax Univalve, somewhat compressed, or of a taper form spiral, Aperture entire orbicular, SPECIFIC CHARACTER Taper, somewhat transparent Mouth jagged turn from Spires left to right or beset with teeth Turbo Perversus : testa turrita pellucida, apertura edentula anfractibus contrariis Linn Syst Nat p 1240 No 650 Cochlea testa pellucida oblonga, spiris Linn Faun Suec subrptunda No 1300 Buccinum pulliim, decern sinistrorsis, apertura p 372 No 2172 opacum, ore compress'), giatum List circiter denis spiris fasti- H\ An Angl p 123 tit 10 tab fig 10 Buccinum exiguum pullum duodecim orbium tab 41 fig 39 H Maj et List H Conch, PLATE Buccmum JLXXII alteram pellucidum subflavum, intra senas circiter spiras mucronatum List tab fig 11 The small Whirl —Phil, An Angl p 124 No 105 trans tit mouth towards p 132 the right hand Grew Mus p 415.— Et Buc- —Morton Northampt rarum ore subrotundo Id p 416 Buccinulum Anglicum heterostrophon oblongum Petiv perversus • fig 11 cinum heterostrophum minutum fuscum sex Turbo 1 with numerous rounds, and winding from Snail, the II Mus No p 65 tab LS.fig 1» striis capillaceis 70:3 Perm Br Zool No 116 Reversed spi- tab 82, fig,U6 Strombiformis parvus pullus, ore compresso, anfractibus contrariis striatis Perversus, Reversed Oat Br Conch, This is one of the heterostrope Shells, qr such as have the moutli left, as is usual in most spe- In general, heterosphe Shells are mere accidental varieties only cies of such as turn in the usual manner * but in the present instance, ; constitutes a striking character of the species It is a matter of some difficulty to reconcile the various opinions Costa has entered into the enquiry appear at least of this species ; and the result of his remarks to us satisfactory * Reversed shells of the is ; it itself authors respecting the several varieties and growths of One Costa p i07 tab fig 15 15 placed on the right side instead of the Da Da common mentioned by Dr Latham garden snail have been found, though very rarely in his Synopsis of Birds, PLATE M These Da smaller ones," says LXXII Costa, " are the young Shells, but always with them are found old ones of double or treble the size in ; and every other respect like these, but proportionally larger The stronger in their several parts and work near the mouth are deep and very strong distinct broad, ; the border round the milk white, thick, flat, mouth the ; striae or foldings plaits stronger and greatly turned outwards, very and the jags or teeth, sinuosities, within, are large, white, and very conspicuous ; some are bidentated, and most of these old ones have eleven, and some even twelve " From these circumstances, making the different authors run growths different has formed judicious Lister himself two species The spires No by The accurate and 10 tit and other and 11 slight parti; and the No 649 and of Mr Pennant, 17 tab 81 fig 117 spires, confusion, several figures in Gualtieri are only varieties bidens of Linne, Syst Nat p 1240 Brit Zool into species, in his on the difference of the number of the culars more is apparently no other than an old Shell, for such large and bidentated ones I have not unfrequently found nestled with these " Though the common number of not an infallible one, for the either spires in a Shell number of from the growths or sexes always a less smaller Shells, : a criterion, yet spires vary in some species, This very species is, their spires less numerous perhaps, as strong an instance of the difference in the number of the spires as can be, for found from six to twelve spires, it is such cases the young Shells have in number, and the males have than the females is as it is Linne has also noted in his Fauna Suecica." Linnaeus, and Gmelin in his last Systema Naturae, distinguish the PLATE two LXXIL species Bidens and Perversus chiefly latter two is by the number of teeth The described with three teeth, the former of course with only the natural size Fig 1.1 denotes Fig magnified INDEX VOL II LINNiEAN ARRANGEMENT MULTIVALVIA Plate IiEPAS DIadema 56 Pholas crispata 6z parvus 63 BIVALVLE CONCHA Solen Siliqua Legumen Ensis Tellina inaequivalvis —— — variabilis — —— trifasciata — carnaria —— borealis rivalis Cardium laevigatum Mactra Lutraria — solida Venus decussata —— — —— — striatulus exoleta sinuosa ——— verrucosa Area glycymeris —— nucleus Ostrea —— — maxima striata 46 Fig INDEX Plate - Mytilus Umbilicatus cygneus ' » - - - barbatus _ - - "55 40 70 UNIVALVIA Cypraea ped'iculus Bulla pallida Voluta tornatilis Murex Comeus Trochus Zizyphinus Turbo Lineatus -1 striatus perversus Helix cornea lapicida Auricularia stagnalis zonaria Dentalium entalis 43 Fig INDEX TO VOL II ACCORDING TO TESTACEORUM DA COSTA IIISTORIA NATURALIS BRITANNIA of PART GENUS • I MARINE SEA Plate -De nt ale vulgare, common * tooth-shell PART 48 II UNIVALVIA INVOLUTA GENUS Bulla cyllndracea cylindric GENUS - BULLA - DIPPER ô 66 CYPR^A, COWRY Cypiasa pediculus, seu monacha, the Sea Louse or Nun - 43 Fig INDEX PART III UNIVALVIA TURBINATA TROCHUS TO? SHELL * MARINE SEA Plate GENUS Helix Acuta, HELIX 39 fliarp FLUVIATILES RIVER GENUS Comu Arictis, k Ram's Horn 39 COCHLEA SNAILS TERRESTRES LAND Cochlea virgata, ftriped GENUS 41 TERRESTRES LAND TURBO Turbo striatuSj striated Fig 52 Trochus Zizypblnus, Livid 59 * INDEX FLUVIATILES, RIVER Plate Turbo stagnates; Lake Turbo Patulus, Wide Mouth N D I & E PART MARUZJE GENUS IT SHA GLYCYMERIS Mate • Glycymeris orbicularis, orbicular - Glycymeris Argentea, silvery GENUS 63 HEART COCKLE, CARDIUM C MARINE SEA Cardlum Lsevigatum, smooth 54 i Cardium carneosum, flefh-coloured SEA - - - - PURR CUNEUS - reticulatus, reticulated Purr GENUS Ttllina radiata, rayed 6t 62 flat GENUS Cuneus 44 42 TRIGONELLA MARINE Ifrigonella zonaria, girdled i - Pectunculus capillaceus, Hair streaked GENUS 47 COCKLE » -' Pectunculus strigatus, ridged - PECTUNCULUS Trigonella plana, Fig 37 10 TELLINA * » 67 TELLEN « 60 i INDEX GENUS MYTILUS MUSCLE 11 FLUVIATILES RIVER Plate • Mytilus Cygneus, great Horse Muscle MARINE SEA • Mytilus curvirostris, wry beak PART GENUS 13 III CHAMA MARINE GAPER SEA 5S large GENUS SOLEN." 14 Pod Solen siliqua Solen ensis 4° - Mytilus barbatus, bearded Chama magna, 55 - - - - Scymetar Solen legumen - - SHEATH OR RAZOR SHELL Peasecod 46 50 - - - PART - 53 IV MULTIVALVES GENUS Pholas bifrons, double-fronted Pholas parvus vol 11 - 16 PHOLAS PIDDOCKS, I 6a 69 Fig INDEX GENUS 17 BALANUS MARINE ACORN SEA Plate Balanus Balaena, Whale - 5