THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS V02

: THE NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS BY H BAILLON, PEESIDENT OF THE LINN^AN SOCIETY OP PABIS, PROrBSSOB OP MEDICAL NATITRAI HISTOBY AND DIBECTOR OP THE BOTANICAL GABDBN OP THE PACULIY OP MEDICINE OP PABIS TRANSLATED BY MA EC US M HAETOa, B Sc (Lond.) SCHOLAB OP TBINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE VOL n CONNABACBiE, LEGUMINOSiE-MIMOSE^, LEGUMINOSiE- C^SALPmiB^, LEGUMINOS^-PAPILIONACE^, PEOTEACE^, LAURACB^, ELiEAGNACE^, AND MYJJISTICACE.^ LONDON L REEVE & CO., 6, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN 1872 : qk v.x 274135 \^^-r,- ' FY Lonsoir SAVIIL, BDWAEBS AHD 00., PBIHTDRS, CHANDOS BTKIiBT, COTEKT OAEDES TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE In bringing this second volume of Professor Baillon's Histoire des Plantes before the English reader, I think it well to say a on what I have held to be the duty of the I have attempted to marized : and how shortly sum- book as the Author might have done had he This I have tried to carry out by striving in written in English all cases to The former may be very fulfil it to present the translator, word master the sense accurately in the first instance ; in the few cases where the text was ambiguous or obscure I have consulted other authorities "Where the sense "of an English writer have given or condensed the French text Many necessary, corrected is given I plan of the original, following the of the references have been collated and, where ; while I have added a number referring to Vol II of Professor Oliver's Flora of Tropical Africa, and Vol V of Mr Bentham's Mora since the issue of the In this Numa to French edition my brother He- translated the " genera" of Connaracea, LeguminoscB (up Pafiilionaceee), M^agnacece, Mgristicaeece, and the few of ProteacecB and Lauracece heavy press of academic work, this task, which have been published volume I have again to acknowledge the aid of No 393 of first Australiensis, he, To free me partially for a with rare kindness, undertook which was stopped by his fatal illness I cannot refrain TBANSLATOB'S PBEFAOE vi from mentioning how much I have always owed to his unfailing brotherly love and sympathy feelings, But words and I have no right to say more here on this matter; so much I could not omit One word on the unfortunate delay volume are powerless to express It is appearance of this in the may mention due to various causes, whereof I domestic losses, and heavy examination work strike caused- still more next volume,, which is delay, now ; whUe severe the printers' I trust this wiU not occur with the fairly in hand Marcus M Hartog TEnriTY CoiLEGE, Cambeidqe, September, 1872 NATUEAL HISTORY OF PLANTS VII CONNAKACEiE I Connarus^ (figs CONNAEUS SEEIES 1-8) has regular hermaplirodite flowers tacle is convex, or sligMly concave at tlie apex, Connams {OmpTialobimn) Fig ' ii L., Gen., n 343.— J., VOL II and bears successively Patrisii 1.— Habit 830.—Adans., Fcm des PL, 453.—Lamk., Diet., Gen., 369, 452, Its recep- ii 94; Snppl., ii So Nat., ser 1, 343; III, t 612.— K., in Am 359.— B Bb., Congo, 433 ; ii —— — — NATUBAL EISTOBY OF PLANTS quincuncially imbricated in the bud, and a in the bud corolla of five alternating petals,' also free and imbricated by the cohering The androceum consists of two whorls of stamens, part of the bases of the filaments, which are then free for the greater a calyx: of five free sepals/ Comiarus (Omphalolium) Patrisii FlQ Fi& Lonijitudinal section of flower Flower Fio Fia Diagram length, and bear introrse two-celled anthers dehiscing tudinal clefts The five Longitudinal section of frnit by two longi- stamens superposed to the petals have usually shorter filaments and smaller anthers than in the alterni- petalous stamens, and their anthers is no true disk.' The gynseceum — — even become sterile There consists of five free oppositipetalous^ Misc Worlcs, ed Benn., i 113 DC, Mem sur les Connarus et Omphalobium, ou sw les Connwracees Sarcoloiees (^in Mem Soo Hist Nat de Par., ii 383, 16, IV) j Prodr., ii 84 Ekdi., Gen., n 5948.— B H., Gen., 432, 1001, n H lilt, in Ann de la Soo lAwn de Maine-et-Loire, ix 57; Adansoma, vii 233 Tapomana Adans., loc cit Omphalohium Gjektn., Priwt., i 217, t 46.— DC, loc cit., Santaloides L., 386 Enbi., Gen., n 5949 Malbrancia Neck., Mem., Fl Zeyl., 11 408 ? Erythrosiigma Hassk., in Bot Zeit., 1171 XXV Beibl., ii 45; Cat ITort Bogor., 24S Anisostemon TuECZ., in Pull Mosc (1847), ii — may — — — 152 ' They are elongated, usually thickened, and becoming more or less succulent at the base There is often a projecting dorsal rib They are narrow and elongated, contracted near the base, and thinning off at the edges, by which they often They stick together at the points of always longer than the and usually extend a good way beyond them They are almost always sprinkled with irregular blackish or dark purple spots Sometimes these are of very unequal size, and the limb of the petal looks like " chin^ " stuff In several of our herbarium species, collectors have remarked that the corolla is very odoriferous, and that its scent attracts numbers of insects * What has been described as such is procontact are sepals, bably the circular swelling of the base of the androceum, which is so well marked in certain African species, especially in our C Dtipargwetiaims (see Adamsonia, loc cit., 236, note 1) * R Beown thought that the fertile carpel of Omphalobium was superposed to a sepal, not a petal But we have shown that there is in this respect no difference between the two types (see Adansonia, loc cit., 233) — — — — CONNAEAOE^ more of which may abort when Each carpel is formed of a carpels of unequal development, one or the flower has attained a variable age.' one- celled ovary, tapering above into a style of variable length, which In the ventral angle dilates at the tip into a stigmatiferous head.'' of the ovary-ceU, and somewhere near base, is seen a placenta its bearing two collateral ascending ovules, which are orthotropous, or nearly so,* so that the micropyle is quite superior The fruit, which may be accompanied by the remains of the non-accrescent calyx,* consists of only a single fertile follicle which is stipitate, with a more or (figs less and 8), Conna/ns africanus elongated dry coriaceous pericarp,* dehiscing over a variable extent, beginning at the ventral angle It contains a single whose of variable form erect orthotropous or suborthotropous seed,^ at base is and size a lobed fleshy umbilical aril (figs and 7) Within the seed coats is a large fleshy exalbuminous embryo, with a superior radicle and thick plano-convex cotyledons The genus Connarus consists of half a hundred species of trees and shrubs from the tropical parts of America,' Africa,* and Asia," and, in a few rare cases, Oceania.'" Their branches, which are sometimes sarmentose, bear persistent alternate exstipulate leaves, impari- more rarely trifoliolate The flowers are in racemes, simple or with cymose ramifications these racemes, usually many-flowered, pinnate, or ; are axLUary to the leaves, or terminate the branches ' On this character alone was founded the genus OmpTialobium, whose flowers have often, though not constantly, only a single well-developed carpel at anthesis, and have normally but one capsule in the ripe fi'uit Some fruits of Cotmarus Patrisii are however exceptional, and consist of two carpels (flg 1) ' In this genus, as in several others, the form sometimes of this dilatation is very variable regular and subcircular, sometimes flattened and turned outwards, here entire, there more or less deeply two-lobed ' The hilum is not constantly basilar, and diametrically opposed to the micropyle; but is — often some way up the side of the ovule, looking towards the ventral angle of the ovary The first step towards the incomplete anatropy of the ovule, which we shall find in several genera ; and this shows how little real value should be attached to this character of orthotropy which, we shall see, is not absolute, in all the as genera of this order, and of several others * When the calyx persists, as is usually the are pretty closely applied to th^ case, its leaves stalk of the fruit it surrounds Iways slightly oblique and nnsymmetrical * when we get its exact profile, looking at it so that the midrib of the pericarp is on the one side, and the ventral angle on the other ^ The hilum varies in situation just like the ovule ' Pi., in Brit 137 ' W Lirmaa, — H Bn., ScHUM Diet., ii xxiii 429 Gbiseb., Fl 228.— Kaest., Fl CoTmnb., in Adcmsoma, ix 151, u 25 Ind., & Thonn., Beskr., 299 95.— GuiLl & Peeb., —H^ Fl Lamk., Seneg., Adansonia, vii 235 Bakee, in Olit Fl Trap Afric., i 456 W., Sfec, iii 692.— G^etn., Fruct., Tent., 156 t ,Bn., in i — Cat., Dissert., vii 375.^ Pi., loc cit, 425.— Thw., Fntim Fl Zeyl., 80 '» Bl., Mus Bot Imgd.-Bat., 266.— MiQ., 27 Fl Ind.-Bat., i p 2, 662; Suppl., i 529.— A Geay, in Unit States Fxpl Fxpd Bot., 375, t 45.— Walp., Ann., ii 300 ; iv 451 B —— —— — —— — — —— NATURAL SISTOBY OF PLANTS formerly confounded with Connarus, Agelcsai^ from by characters of very it always trifoliolate the calyx persists around the ; only distinguished slight importance being closely applied, as in Connarus, to ever, is The its foot, which even quite wanting The petals and stamens shorter, or and variations in form leaves are without, how- fruit, here is offer several size the genus AgelcBa botanists are generally agreed in adding To Hemiandrina^ which consists of plants from India and the Indian Archipelago, whose flowers are usually trimerous or tetramerous, and only rarely pentamerous, with the petals narrow and elongated, and Thus the sepals valvate, or scarcely imbricate in the bud.^ consti- from the tuted, the genus Agelcea consists of half a score species* of the Old "World, namely, Gruinea, Madagascar, and the Indian Archipelago They are bushy shrubs, erect or climbing, with trifoliolate leaves, whose lateral leaflets are unsymmetrical, and with usually numerous flowers in axiUary or lateral tropical regions India, ramified racemes of cymes Boured' (Fr., Bourelle), from differs with all the floral characters of Connarus, in the two following points it number, which go to form the : —The fruit, are sessile carpels, variable in instead of possessing a slender foot; and the calyx begins enlarging around moment the fruit About two sets, species are score more or so as to hide it known, or trees them from the less completely shrubs (sometimes The climbing) from tropical Asia," Africa,' and America.' ' SoiAND., ex Pl., in lAmuBa, xxiii 437 B H., Gen., 432, n H Elf., in Adwnsonia, — 297 vii Hook 28 t Suppl., 88 — ' F., in Trans Linn Soc, xxiii 171, Troostvryckia MlQ., Fl Ind.-Bat., — i 531 Ann Mus iMgd.-Bai., in ; iii B H., Gen., 434, n 12 J HooKEE has made nse of these variable up Agelma characters to split characterized as iSlamina Stamina follows: libera inchtsa 10 — hasi into five sections, "'\.Pelala Petala — breviter connata libera libera exsevta Petala leviter connata Stamina 10 basi connata exserta Ovaria 5, Petala libera Stamina libera; Jilamenfis scepe apice recunis ; ani/ierancm loculis deniwm confluent Ovaria 3-5 Petala libera Siatibus Ovaria — — mina 10 libera; antheris rec.irvis extrorsum DC, Select., iii Frodr., 35, t ii 58 86 — Deless., Nat., 276 t Icon., Tuep., in Diet, des Ann., -Waip., 305 ii H Bu., loc eii., 240 Bakee, loa cit., 453 Sowrea AuBl., Ghiian., i 467, t 187 J., O-en., 369.— Lamk., Diet., vi 317 B H., Qen., 432, n H Bn., in Adansonia, vii — — — 228 Sobergia Soheeb., Gen., 309 Canicidia Vblloz., FL Fhim., iv t 129 Uowreopsis Pl., in Linncea, xxiii 423 Frodr., ? ii 85 — Enbl., Santaloides h., Fl ^ Vahl., 81/mb:, — Conma/ri Gen., Zei/l., a iii 87 spec n DC, 5948 iOS WiaHT & Aen Frodr., 144 Hook & Aiw., Bot Beech Voy,, 179 MiQ., ii'i /neZ.-^af., i p 2, 657; Suppl., i, 528 Bl., op cit., 262 — ' Pal Beaut., Fl Ow et Ben., H, Bn., loc cit., 230-232 • viii i 98 198 t 60 Bakee loc 455 See also for the species of different countries, Pl., in iimMtsa, xxiii 413 cit., Walp., Ann., speetanlibus (Hemiandrina)." * So leaves are ^ cit., ii 295 Gkisee., Fl Brit W Ind., 228 Pl., loc iii H Bn., in ^iZoasowa, ix 149, n 23 — —— — —— — — ; GONNABAOEM alternate imparipinnate,' and the flowers are axillary to the leaves, as in Gonnarus A genus has been made of Byrsocarpus^ in which the distinct calyx, instead of being closely applied to the base of the diverges more or less, or even becomes spreading at maturity this character is often ill-marked,' value that it and moreover, of so very is, fruit, But little will only allow us to consider Byrsocarpus as a section of the genus Bourea, of which tive organs/ This it has altogether the and vege- floral group contains seven or eight African little some from the west and Madagascar/ So we have been unable species, coast,' and others from the east coast from the genus Bourea to exclude the Brazilian species Bernardinia fluminensis,^ in which the calyx falls off" before the fruit ripe/ is Thus we admit three sections" by these in the genus Bourea, often difficult of clear discrimination characters drawn from the II Cnestis^" (figs calyx CNESTIS SEEIES 9-11) has hermaphrodite or polygamous flowers In the former the receptacle is the same The as in Gonnarus calyx consists of five free sepals, valvate in the bud, while the alternating petals, of the same number Sometimes reduced to three ' leaflets, to a single one; these variations as the sepals but usually shorter," have or even may be met with on one and the same plant, as indicated by the specific name of M heterophylla * SCHUM & Thonn., Seslcr., 226 B H., — — Oen., 431, n H Bn., in Adaasonia, vii 229 ^ " In the series of species from Madagascar we find * 229.) And again, we have observed, "If Byrso- carpus were considered as a section of the genus Bourea, it would be very difficult to separate this section from Mirourea, which would contain ^ 290 Bowrea proper." Pi., Linneea, in Bakbb, loo cit., 412 452 294 the calyx thus comes off from the base of the fruit, ftom the rest of the genus ' H Bn., loc cit., 230-234 Hook., Niger., Waip., Ann., ii I Uitrotirea, Syrsocarpus, Semdr- dinia '"J., every intermediate stage in this respect between the Bengal species of Byrsocarpus, with spreading sepals, and those mimosoid Sonreas from Tropical Africa, w^here the calyx is more or less markedly constricted." (See H Bn., loo cit., — ' Pl., in Linncea, xxiii 412 B H., &en., Walp., Arm., ii 295 431, n ° See Adansonia, vii 232 It is not usual to separate those species of Coimams in which Suppl., G^en., ii 828 ; 374 III., 423; Misc Worlcs, — Lamk., t ed 387 Diet., — R Benn., Ann i iii 23 ; Bb., Congo, 113 DC, — Nat ser 1, Enbl., Gen., n 5950.— B H., Gen,., ii 359 H Bn., in Adansonia, vii 240., 433, n " Their breadth is often nearly equal to their length, and the apex is rounded or emarginate, but in some species they are more elongated In C corniculata Lamk (Diet., like ribbons Agelaa pruriens Soland., herb iii 23, n ; Spondioidts pruriens Smeatum., herb.), the petals may exceed the sepals in length by a variable extent So too iu C polypM/lla Lamk Prod/r., 86 ii K., in — — {Diet., loc cit., n 2) 8c — NATURAL EISTOBY OF PLANTS may in C glabra^ they are valvate, or Thus a variable prsefloration even not touch at all by their edges in the very young bud In other species, such as C.femginea^ they are narrowly The androceum consists of imbricated, or more rarely contorted ten stamens, five superposed to the sepals, and five, smaller, to the petals for a short distance they are all united by the base of their filaments, which then become free, and bear an introrse two-celled 11) (fig ; anther dehiscing longitudinally.' On the expansion of the flower Cnestis glabra Fia 10 Longitudinal section of flower much the elongated apex of the filament is reflexed outwards, The gynseceum whose ovaries are sessile, each surmounted by a usually short style, truncate or more or less dilated and stigmatiferous at the apex In each ovary we find two inverting the anther so as to make it extrorse consists of five oppositipetalous carpels, collateral ascending orlhotropous or suborthotropous ovules, inserted towards the base of the ovary may calyx but by Lamk., ' fig may long, rigid, stinging hairs.* — DC, loc Diet., loc Frod/r., cit., Smeathm., 'In their micropyles are superior u cit., n 440 ; lU., t 38V, Sarmienta cavli285 ii ii 3.— C fraterna — Spondioides ferruginea such as femgmea lierb certain species C DC, each anther-cell is prolonged downwards into a sort of point which is turned up when the anther is reversed so as to he extrorse ^ The hairs have fruit of Cnestis in certain two sessile species) is in C where they are stinging, which the name Agelaa erect seed, fact accounts for prvriens, given to that species by SoiANBEK Under a sufficient magnifying power they appear simple, unicellular, and tapering to a long point Around the base are seen a large number of younger hairs, projecting but slightly, though similar in form; besides prominent conical ohovate or clavate nucleated cells containing a coloured fluid On the whole of the inner surface of the pericarp all the species seats in the possess similar pointed unicellular hairs in great abundance and closely pressed together j in some may he counted by thousands These also sting, we are told, in the fresh state This property has given the names of Orattelier found on pericarp They contain an of hair (only found difierent One kind epidermis of the developed greatly The fruit, often tapering at the base, covered with velvety down, and flora SlEB., Fl Mawr Fxs., p DC, Frodr., ii 87, n I'L., ; not be persistent, often reflexed around the never accrescent; the fruit consists of one or more it is follicles, lined or the The exterior hairs are corniculaia Lamk., pericarps they — NATURAL HISTORY OF PLANTS 494 they enclose a deeply ruminated albumen 306), containing the embryo in a little cavity near the micro- and hard; are thick (fig The pyle radicle is inferior, short all its ; the cotyledons are M fragram is a tree from the Moluccas, The leaves are alternate simple entire diverging and undulate with and conical parts aromatic petiolate exstipulate Its flowers are in false racemes,' few-flowered, Each pedicel has a and pedunculate caducous bract at its base, and bears at a variable height, usually close under the flower, another caducous bract alternating with the two anterior perianth-leaves axillary or supra-axillary Myristioa fragrans Female Seed The other Fia 306 Pia 304 Fia 305 members of the Longitudinal section of flower, diagram e same In Virola^ section Eumyristica have all the general organization, with from eight to thirty anthers which was formerly made a distinct genus, there are usually only as many stamens as there are perianth-leaves, with which they alterThis too is the case with the section Otoha f but the anthers nate Bot., 380), hold the -view diametrically opposed to this, saying that they "have preferred to retain the name of aril for this," because, " in the examination of two ovules, we thought we were ahle to remark that this organ rises more from the base of the ovule than from the exostome, as asserted by A de Candolle and However, we had shown more PliANOHON." than three years before that the aril is a thickening which, arising on the right and the left of the base of the ovule, reaches horizontally back to the hilum, and gradually extends on either side to the exostome j so that the hypothesis of J HooKEB & Thomsok i^l Ind., 154), according to which the mace nature both arillode and true aril — is — of is i mixed the only one that comes near the truth It is an aril produced by both hilum and micropyle ' The female inflorescences of M fragrcms a,ve rather comparable to cymes In the 3-flowered ones, for instance, we may observe this One flower is central, older, and on a longer pedicel than the others Where its pedicel separates from the common peduncle of the inflorescence there are two bracts, situated near one another and ,on the same side ; each of these has a younger pedicellate flower in its axil Attbi., Guian., 904, t 345 ProAr., 194 {Myristicm, sect iii.) Neck., Elem., 907 *A DC, in Ann Prodr., 198 (sect v.) So Nat., — A DC, Sehophora ser 4, iv 30; — — — —— — — — — — MYBISTIOAOB^ 495 are nearly free instead of united In Compsonevrd' there are six, androceum is pear-shaped, with a concave summit surrounded by a circle of short anthers, attached around its outer edge In the male flowers and erect M of In verticillate corticosa^ (figs Irya," the central part of the 307, 308), for- merly made the type of a Knema* the perianth MyriHica {Knema) genus leaves corticosa are and bevelled into a wedge shape internally and the andro- thick, ; ceum, very short in proportion, forms a column dilated above into a little prominent, diverge a the edge of this head short short bearing each rays, oval whose two concave or flattened From head Fia 307 rounded anther, open by longitudinal or cells Male flower looking downwards and outwards slits FiO 308 (i) Androceum (Y')- Finally in Fyrrhosa^ also rank by some, the androceum consists of a little ovoid or obovoid elongated mass, the whole of whose surface is divided into a variable number of divisions, each of which is a linear anther, sometimes of extreme delicacy Thus constituted* the genus Myristica contains about eighty raised to generic aU arborescent species," penniveined leaves sometimes simple sometimes cences, male especially in the DC, ' A ' HooE SampMa, 202 ' or frutescent, with alternate, often distichous All have axillary or supra-axillary 199 Proij-., & p i M 190 (Fi/rrhosa) Ind., —A y 159 Bl., D€;, Frodr., Prodr., n 70 Thoms., M loc cit., 158 —A DC, globularis Lamk., in — Mem — cJimch., Misc * i ; 14:2 — K glaucescens Jack., Mai i 149 in HooJc Convp Bat Mag., — LouE., Fl Cochinch., 742 Bi., Mvmphia, t 60, 61.— Endi., Qen., u 4707.— A 187, DC, » Frodr., 204 Bi., Thoms., Fl Ind., 202 (sect xii.) i flowers 160.—A DC, Prodr * To the preceding sections A de Candollb has added four others Caloneura {Frodr., 192) j Horsfieldia (W.), nee Bi., nee Beiw (Prod^., 200) ; Dictyonewa {Prodr., 201) ; Iryanthera : & Ac Sc Far (1788), 162 M glcmca Bl,., Fijdr., 576 if sumatrana Bi., Sumphia, i 187 M cmgustifolia EoXB., Fl Ind., iii 847 M glaucescens Hook p & Thoms., loc eit,, 157 Knema corticosa LoFE., Fl Co- — number of & i, (sect xi.) Hook ramified and formed, flowers, of a very large (sect vi.) Thoms., much inflores- (sect xiii.) FmifUa, i 190, t 62, 63 Hook p {Frodr., 201) ' PoiE., Blot., Suppl., — iv 35 Sw., Fl Ind Ooc, 1129.— Bl., Pijdr., 575; Fwmphia, 180 SOHOTT., in Sprang Syst., App., 409 H B K., Nov Gen et Spec, ii 156.— R Be., Frodr 2f Soil, 400 Maet., Seise, ii 543 Bianco, Fl d Filipp., 664 Eoxb., Fl Ind., iii 847 Benth., in Book Jowm (1853), Bbntf & F MUEII., Fl Austr., v 281 Hook p & Thoms., Fl Ind,, i 156 Miq., Fl Jungh., 171 A DC, in Ann Sc Nat., ser H Bn., in Adansonia, viii 79 — 4, iv 29 Walp., Ann., iv 80 ; v 743 — — — — — NATUBAL EISTOBY OF PLANTS 496 Some with stellate or malvegetative organs their with aromatic, All the spriniled with pellucid dots or reservoirs of essential oil species are glabrous, others are covered pighiaceous Many species are tropical, are some are American, the rest from Asia, Africa, and Oceania on the little order formed It has, in some larger group with Proteacece and Lauracem, as Egbert It has often been attempted to tack by the single genus Myristica to many affinities first Brown remarked, and then with fact, ; Monimiaceee, Anonacem, Menisper- In the two former orders we find and Lardizabalacece aromatic plants, and often dioecious flowers in the two latter, as maceee, ; commonly in AnonacecB, the flowers are The albumen trimerous often ruminate in the Menispermaceee, always in Anonacece, in is which order, moreover, the seed is often arillate, as in Myristica some day an intermediate type may be found linking Myristica with some one or other of these orders, which shall throw more light on their affinities with it.' In the It is very possible that meantime, Myristicacees is well defined by the structure of the androceum, the enormous development of the aril the very marked rumination of the albumen, the form of the small embryo, and above aU, by the single perianth with its three thick fleshy axillary valvate divisions The Lardizabalacea possessing a mona- between the androceum and the true Berleridce, which, Uke them have a single carpel and the dehiscent, though fleshy, pericarp of this order is found in Holbcellia, Akebia, &c delphous androceum, however, afford a transition MyristicacecB with a coherent ; Whatever be the reasons that led Jussieu^ to place the Nutmegs in the LauracecB, and Adanson' to class them with Anacardiaceoe (^PistacMers)* we are compelled for the present to follow E Brown, who, in 1810, established the distinct order Myristicacece^ Most of the plants of • Myristica is said occasionally carpels instead of one (Bl., Qen (1789), 81, 448 this genus^ are useful for their spicy aro- to possess Mmwghia, i two 179) Fam des PL, ii 345 {Comacum) Ebichenbach (Coasp., 86) even made them J G AftAHDH {Theor Syst Aristolochiads Plant., 126) considers them " Schizandraceis et * : Visoaceis evohdione fiorvm fere aaaloga, Ano- naceis affinitate proximiB, formam eamm consii- ttientes inferiorem,floribus diclinilus monochlamydeis potissimvm distinetam." ^ Prodr Nov Soil., 86.— Endi., O-en., 829 Myristicacea Hoban., Prim Lin., 61 Liroi, Veg Kingd., 301 (part.) —A DC, Prodr'., 186 " Emdl., Unchirid., 419 Lindl., op Sit., ——— —— —— ——— — — — — — ; MYBISTIOAOE^ matic 497 the parts of which are rich in odoriferous matters fruits, all but the fleshy pericarp, which easily ; removed from them for exportation The common Nutmeg of commerce, produced by M fragrans^ is the seed freed from its aril and coats i.e., the albumen, containing the small embryo near one end The Nutmegspoils, is warm tree {Muscadier) introduced into all Mace, the arU, and the of nutmeg {essence, from both known oils countries, also supplies as essence, balsam, haume, beurre de muscade), extracted and butter by pressure and albumen These different products are used as and stimulating drugs.^ The same properties aril perfiimes, condiments, found in varying degrees in many other species, notably in the fruits of M succedanea Bl.,' of Timor, fatua Houtt.* or Mantles of the Indian Archipelago, malaharica Lamk.,^ HorsJieMia Bl.,° of Java, are spuria Bl., of the Philippines, tingens Bl.,' of Amboyna, Aruana HouTT.,^ of the Moluccas, and other Indian species, such as M Wall.,' corticosa Hook & Thoms.,'" Irya Gt^btn." America has similar aromatic species, M surinamensis Eoland.," sebifera Aubl.," officinalis Mark.," Otoia BE B.," Bicuhyha Schott." amygdalina — EosBNTH., 302 1140 Syn 1, 2, fig 299-306.— GtriB., Brog figs Biaphor., PI 586, 298 j 493, 494, Simpl., 6d 6, u 415 Peebiba, Ulem Mat Med., ed 4, ii Fl Med., 21 * They have been indiscriminately praised as tonics, stomachics, antiperiodics, and antlputres- p 470.— LiKDt., i Nutmeg enters into the elixirs diaphcenix cents and de gams, earn de Melisse, de Carmes, thethe carminative spirit of Sylvius, vinaigre des quatre voleurs, &c riaca, BumpMa, ^ 186, in adnot 337 (nee Sw.) A DC, Prodr., n Wux Myriitica mascula Club., Bxot., i 14 M macropkylla Roxb M dactyloides G^etn., Fmct i 195, t 41 (part.) Wild or male nutmeg of the Moluccas * In Act Acad Par (1788), 162.— A DC, Prodr., n 25 Palam palaca Rheed., Sort ii p iii — — Malab., « ? M iv DC, Prodr., Iryaghedhi G^etn., Fruct., i 196, Borsfieldia odorata W., Spec, 41, fig 872 Pyrrhoaa Horsfieldii t 4, t Bijdr., til (nee Waii,.).— A n 51 1857 Wight., — This species is also supposed (Rosenth., 588) to yield a kind of dragon's blood j which leads one to think that it is analogous, if t cit., VOL II, — 24, t, fig Pl.Asiai Mar., i.t.90.— A DC.,P»-o