GIÁO ÁN TỰ CHỌN 12- HKII

Đa số các động từ 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm chính nhấn âm tiết thứ 2 : Example : enjoy collect escape destroy enjoy repeat allow assist accept relax attract accent explain descend forget al

Help students understand the vocabulary and grammar of the lesson

- mysterious (adj) [mis'tiəriəs] bí ẩn, huyền bí

- name after (v) [neim] đặt theo tên

- geographical (adj) [dʒiə'græfikəl] thuộc về địa lý

- territory (n) ['terətri] Lãnh thổ, Hạt, Địa hạt

- scientific (adj) [,saiən'tifik] có tính khoa học, thuộc khoa học

- expedition (n) [,ekspi'di∫n] cuộc thám hiểm

- northerly (adj/adv) ['nɔ:ðəli] bắc, về hướng bắc

- eucalyptus (n) [,ju:kə'liptəs] cây khuynh diệp, cây bạch đàn  (pl) eucalypti

- cactus (n) ['kæktəs] cây xương rồng  (pl) cacti ['kæktai]

- frightening (adj) ['fraitniη]] kinh khủng, khủng khiếp

- moisture (n) ['mɔist∫ə] hơi ẩm, độ ẩm

- oases = oasis (n) [,ou'eisi:z][,ou'eisis] ốc đảo

- antelope (n) ['æntiloup] loài linh dương, con sơn dương

II.EXERCISES 1: Choose the option that is closest in meaning to the underlined

1- Three stretches of sandy desert almost circle the centre of Australia.

2- The Gibbon, Great Sandy, and Tanami Deserts comprise an enormous sandy area.

3- In the north of Lake Eyre, lies the Simpson Desert, the past part of Australia to be explored.

4- The camels traveled roughly along the border of South Australia and the Northern Territory.

5- Three years later Madigan led a scientific expedition across the sand dunes on the more northerly route.

6- The dunes are parallel and separated by corridors of low, open shrub-land.

EXERCISE 2: Complete each sentence with a suitable word in the box

reach – network – explore – comprises – stable – enormous – expedition – pale – remain – loose – lie

1- If you don’t fee good, just in bed and rest lie

2- Metro has created a of supermarkets all over the world network

3- Tom is not tall enough to the book on the top shelf reach

4- What he needs now is a job and a place to stay stable

5- Do you have a screwdriver? This handle is loose

6- Tim won the lottery and gained an amount of money enormous

7- You look Are you all right? pale

8- Many people agreed to join him on an to the North Pole expedition

9- The club international students studying at the university comprises

10- Despite all the encouragement and criticism, the boy silent remained

11- After the event, more and more scientists came to the island explore

EXERCISE 3: Choose a word that best completes each sentence

1- Captain Scott an expedition to Antarctica in 19190.

2- Albert was named his grandfather.

3- At the end of the garden there’s a steep

4- The exact origin of the universe remains .

5- The soil was , and nothing seemed to grow on it.

6- A is a large animal which is often used in deserts for carrying people or things.

7- The plane flew into the wind.

8- A is a landscape or region that receives very little precipitation (rainfall).

9- Deserts are often composed of and rocky surfaces.

10- Thanks to pictures taken by satellites, deserts have not a mystery in our time.

11- More and more _ are very excited about discovering as many interesting things in the deserts as possible

12- After Peter had returned from the Sahara desert, he was confined to bed by a disease.

13- In, 1953, Perveril Meigs divided desert regions Earth three categories according to the amount of precipitation they received.

14- In the northern part of the Simpson Desert, the dunes are separated by of low, open shrub-land.

15- A is a small raised area of ground, like a very small hill.

16- We used to climbed up the crest of the hill to get a good view of the surroundings.

17- To a desert is a dangerous activity which requires careful preparation for risk.

18- Scientific helps to explore some places and discover more and more remote parts of the world.

19- The hill was so that it took us more than five hours to climb up.

20- Several deserts are a quite vast and uninhabited

21- Most deserts are enormous sandy areas.

22- We often enjoy walking barefoot across the damp to the water edge.

WEEK 20

PERIOD 20

CONNECTORS

SO, BUT, HOWEVER

Exercise1: Choose the best answer to complete each sentence by circling A,B,C, or D

1.I wanted to go he wanted to stay.

A and B but C or D so

2.She’s not only beautiful _ intelligent.

A but also B but C however D yet

3.I was very tired; , I determined to walk on to the next village.

A therefore B however C and D for

4.You can come either on Monday on Friday.

A or B nor C both D and

5.He had to act immediately; _ he would have been too late.

A consequently B nevertheless

6.Jane is beautiful but intelligent .

A too B so C both D moreover

7.They said both he _ I were to come.

8.The weather in Dalat is neither too hot in summer too cold in winter.

A or B nor C or else D otherwise

9.Jane is beautiful but intelligent; she’s very kind.

A however B for all that

C moreover D on the other hand

10 He never works he gains all the prizes.

A furthermore B whereas

11 The sun is shining and there are very few clouds; I am sure it is going to rain.

A what’s more B hence

C thus D nevertheless

12 Bill is in class 12, John, who is a year older, in only in class 4.

A and B whereas C either D also

13 You must leave at once, you miss the train.

A however B yet C still D otherwise

14 You had better come yourself send a friend.

A either B neither C or else D while

15 He felt ill _ he went to bed early.

A and B but C or D so

16 The examination was very difficult, very few were able to pass.

A consequently B as well as

C on the other hand D whereas

17 We know him and his wife.

A either B neither C both D and

18 You can send letter from Hong Kong _ by Suez or by Canada.

A either B neither C both D and

19 There was no one there; I went away.

A and B but C or D so

20 He was very young and had no experience of that type of work _ he was not given the post.

A and B but C or D therefore

21.He had to pay a fine of $ 10, _ he had to spend 10 days in prison.

A or else B while C whereas D however

22.He is clever and wins all the prizes _ his brother never seems to know a thing.

A and B while C therefore D or

23.You must tell him where you are going when you will be back.

A and both B as well as

24.Geography is a very interesting subject; very few people study it thoroughly.

A and B however C moreover D so

25. Nancy is an honest person, I still wonder whether she’s telling the truth about the incident.

26.The professor told me that I was doing well, _ my final grade was awful

A so B therefore C in spite of

D yet

27. _ Daisy has a new car, she no longer takes the commuter train to work.

A Now that B While C Although D In case 28.You’d better give me your answer quickly, I’ll withdraw the invitation.

A although B nevertheless C even though D or else

29.I have to go to the meeting _ I want to or not

A provided that B whether C even if D only if

30.What time do you expect Tom to be home ? I must talk to him, I usually go to bed around ten, but tell him

to call me tonight it’s past midnight.

A however B in case C even if D as long as

31. you’re going to the fruit market, would you please pick up a few apples for me ?

A Even if B Although C So D As long as

32.I guess I’m a soft touch I just lend Jane some money for lunch _ she never paid me back my last loan.

A even though B unless C or else D only if

33.I think I did OK in my speech last night _ I’d had almost no sleep for 24 hours.

C unless D despite the fact that

34.I ask Mary to run the office while I’m away _ I know I can depend on her.

A unless B since C although D therefore

35.The sky was grey and cloudy , we went to the beach.

A Consequently B Nevertheless

C Even though D In spite of

36.I turned on the fan _ the room was hot.

D because

37.Sam and I will meet you at the restaurant tonight _ we can find a babysitter.

A although B unless C otherwise D only if

38 Carol showed up for the meeting _ I asked her not to be there.

A even though B despite

C provided that D because

39 You must lend me the money for the trip _, I won’t be able to go.

A Consequently B Nevertheless

C Otherwise D Although

40 He told me not to do it; _ I did it.

A Therefore B So C But D however

41 We have not yet won; , we will keep trying.

A moreover B however C therefore D so as

42 Everyone thought Emma should accept the offer , she turned it down.

A Moreover B Nevertheless C Therefore D But

43 The building has a smoke detector _ any fires can be detected immediately.

A so that B if C as if D in case

44 I like to keep the windows open at night no matter how cold it gets My wife , _, prefers a warm bedroom with all windows tightly shut.

A nevertheless B on the other hand C consequently D whereas

45 I wanted to give him some money after he helped me with the car he absolutely refused to accept it.

46 _, I can not keep pace with Johnny.

A So I have tried hard B I have tried hard so

C However hard have I tried D However hard I have tried

47 He has done nothing to prepare for the final examination, played.

A but B so C therefore D and

48 He is only sixteen, and _ he is not eligible to drive a car.

A nevertheless B but C therefore D however

49 Maria tried to read a novel in French _ the book was too difficult for her to understand.

A so that B therefore C but D and

50 The man had a motive for the murder , he was seen in the area at the time.

A Moreover B Consequently

C However D Nevertheless

IV Lesson Evaluation:

WEEK 21 PERIOD 21 Preparing date:

Stress - Qui tắc đánh dấu trọng âm Trọng âm (stressed syllable) của một từ là một vần hay một âm tiết của từ đó đợc đọc mạnh và cao hơn những vần còn lại, nghĩa là phát ra âm đó với 1 âm lợng lớn hơn và cao độ hơn, 1 Đa số các động từ 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm chính nhấn âm tiết thứ 2 : Example : enjoy collect escape destroy enjoy repeat allow assist accept relax attract accent explain descend forget allow maintain consent

Ngoại trừ : offer, happen , answer , enter , listen , open, finish, study, follow, narrow

2 Đa số các danh từ và tính từ 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm chính nhấn vào âm tiết thứ nhất Example : mountain evening butcher carpet busy

village summer birthday porter pretty

morning winter beggar table handsome

Ngoại trừ : machine mistake alone asleep

3 Một số từ vừa mang nghĩa danh từ hoặc tính từ thì trọng âm chính nhấn vào âm tiết thứ nhất, nếu mang nghĩa động từ thì trọng âm chính nhấn vào âm tiết thứ hai:

Example :

record object produce absent import export

present suspect increase contact progress rebel extract

desert insult contrast conflict decrease protect subject

Ngoại trừ : visit reply picture travel promise advise answer

4 Danh từ ghép thờng có trọng âm chính nhấn vào từ đầu tiên :

Example :

raincoat tea- cup film- maker shorthand bookshop footpath

shortlist airline bedroom typewriter snowstorm suitcase

airport dishwasher passport hot- dog bathroom speed limit sunrise baseball wastebasket phonebook volleyball high school

5 Tính từ ghép thờng có trọng âm chính nhấn vào từ đầu tiên, nhng nếu tính từ ghép mà từ đầu tiên

là tính từ hay trạng từ (Adjective or adverb) hoặc kết thúc bằng đuôi - ED thì trọng âm chính lạinhấn ở từ thứ hai Tơng tự động từ ghép và trạng từ ghép có trọng âm chính nhấn vào từ thứ hai : Example :

home - sick air- sick praise- worthy water- proof trust worthy lighting- fast

Nh

ng : bad- temper short- sighted well- informed upstairs

well - done short- handed north- east down- stream well - dressed ill - treated downstairs north - west

6 Các tính từ có tận cùng là : ant, - ent, - able, - al, - ful, - les, - y,- ly, - ous sẽ có trọng âm chính nhấn vào vần đầu :

constant competent natural homeless rocky careful comfortabledistant current facial careless happy powerful liable absent accent practical powerless dirty colorful passable

* Riêng động từ kết thúc bằng -ENT sẽ nhận trọng âm ở vần thứ 2 :

accent concent frequent present

Ngoại trừ : advisable depenable reliable disabled

7 Các từ kết thúc bằng các đuôi : how, what, where, thì trọng âm chính nhấn vào vần đầu : anywhere somehow somewhere whatever whoever

8 Các từ 2 âm tiết tận cùng bằng đuôi EVER thì sẽ nhấn mạnh vào chính nó:

however whenever whatever

9 Các từ 2 âm tiết tận cùng bằng đuôi -er , or thì trọng âm nhấn vào vần đầu :

father teacher flower suffer filmmaker

mother builder enter dressmaker baker

Ngoại trừ : confer prefer composer refer .

10 Các từ 2 âm tiết bắt đầu bằng A “A” ” thì trọng âm nhấn vào vần 2 :

abed about above aback again alone achieve alike

alive ago asleep abroad aside abuse afraid

11 Các từ tận cùng bằng các đuôi: - acy, - age, - ate, - ure, - ety, - ity, - ion ,- sion, -cial, - ous, - ian,

- ior, - iar, - ence, - iency, - ient, - ier, - ic, - ics, -ent thì trọng âm nhấn vào từ ngay trớc nó :

enjoyment, decision

democracy structure dictation librarian experience premier

image society artificial superior efficiency republic vacate mathematics courageous familiar convenient relics

Ngoại trừ : cathonic lunatic arabic politics arithmetic

12 Các từ kết thúc bằng - ate , nếu 2 vần thì trọng âm nhấn vào vần thứ nhất Nếu 3 vần hoặc trên 3vần thì trọng âm nhấn vào vần thứ 3 từ cuồi lên

senate playmate congratulate concentrate activate complicate

communicate regulate consulate nitrate classmate ofiginate

13 Các từ tận cùng bằng đuôi - ade, - ee, - ese, - eer, - eete, - oo, -oon ,- ain, thì trọng âm nhấn

ở chính các đuôi này

lemonade Chinese degree pioneer cigarette kangaroo saloon colonnade Japanese absentee engineer bamboo typhoon balloon Vietnamese refugee guarantee musketeer taboo afternoon typhoon

Note : coffee, commitee

14 Tất các từ kết thúc bằng đuôi - ly đều nhấn trọng âm theo tính từ của nó:

carelessly differently patiently diligently difficultly

15 Các từ chỉ số lợng nhấn trọng âm ở từ cuối kết thúc bằng đuôi - teen ngợc lại sẽ nhấn trọng âm

ở vần đầu tiên nếu kết thúc bằng đuôi - y :

thirteen fourteen // twenty thirty , fifty

16 Các đại từ phản thân luôn nhấn mạnh ở cuối từ : myself, himself, themselves

17 Các tiền tố (prefix) không bao giờ mang trọng âm , mà thờng nhấn mạnh ở từ thứ 2(từ gốc ):

unusual dislike indefinite reflect illegal mistake

-Exercise

Exercise 1 : Choose the word that has a different stress pattern from the others.

8 A demonstration B disappear C distribution D discover

Exercise 2 : Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from those of theother

Exercise3 : Choose the word that has a different stress pattern from the others.

Modal Verbs: (Động từ khiếm khuyết) là các động từ mà sau chúng ta dùng

động từ nguyên mẫu không TO:

1 Can (có thể chỉ một khả năng): Chỉ có 2 hình thức hiện tại đơn (CAN) và quá

khứ đơn (COULD) Do đó muốn sử dụng nghĩa có thể ở các thì khác ta phải dùng

BE ABLE TO để thay thế nhưng CAN lại diễn tả một khả năng chắc chắn hơn BE ABLE TO

Eg Can you speak any foreign languages?

Are you able to speak any foreign languages?

2 Could and was/were able to: Thỉnh thoảng COULD là quá khứ của CAN, nhưng

chúng ta dùng COULD đặc biệt với các động từ: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand.

Eg When we went into the house, we could smell burning.

* Ngoài ra chúng ta còn sử dụng COULD để nói ai đó có một khả năng đặc biệt:

Eg My grandfather could speak five languages.

* WAS / WERE ABLE TO: dùng để diễn đạt một tình huống đặc biệt đạt được (manage)

Eg They didn’t want to go with us at first but in the end we were able to persuade them.

* COULDN’T: được dùng trong bất kỳ tình huống nào.

Eg My grandfather couldn’t swim.

We tried hard but we couldn’t persuade them to come with us

3 Must – Inf (ắt hẳn): tiên đoán một sự việc xảy ra ở hiện tại và thể phủ định

của nó là Can’t Inf

Eg He must be tired  He can’t be tired (not “Mustn’t”)

* Must – Inf (phải) = have to nhưng have to Inf Có nghĩa bắt buột hơn Và thể phủ định của Must là không cần (needn’t)

4 May / might – Inf (Có lẽ, có thểõ) dùng để diễn ta một sự suy đoán gần đúng.

Eg He may be in his office (= Perhaps he is in his office)

He might be having lunch (Perhaps he is having lunch.)

* May – Inf Còn diễn tả một sự xin phép Nhưng might có thể được dùng trong

câu điều kiện loại 1

Eg May I go out?

If the weather is fine, we might go for a picnic.

* May / might: được dùng để nói về một sự việc hoặc hành động có thể xảy ra trong tương lai:

Eg I’m not sure where to go for my holidays but I may go to Italy (= Perhaps

5 Must Mustn’t, Needn’t:

a Must: cần thiết phải làm

You haven’t got much time You must hurry.

b Mustn’t: cần thiết do đó không được làm

You can tell Tom what I said but he mustn’t tell anybody else

(= It is necessary that he doesn’t tell anybody else)

c Needn’t – Inf : = don’t / doesn’t need to: Không cần

You have got plenty of time You don’t need to hurry (You needn’t hurry)

1 Can’t have + P.P: Có lẽ đã không (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán không chắc chắn về 1

sự kiện ở quá khứ)

2 May/ might (not) have P.P: Có thể, có lẽ (diễn tả những gì có thể (hoặc

không) xảy ra ở quá khứ)

3 Needn’t have P.P: Không cần biết( Diễn tả một sự việc không cần thiết phải

biết rõ sự việc hoặc thời gian)

4 Would have + P.P: Có lẽ đã (dùng trong câu điều kiện loại 3)

- Structure for making suggestions

- Adverb clause of concession

- Relative clauses

Adverbial clause of concession :(mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ bắt đầu bằng: though, although, even though, despite, in spite of

- Although, even though, though:

Although

even though + clause

though

Ex: Although it rained heavily, they went out with their friends

- Despite and in spite of:

Despite

in spite of + noun phrase

Ex: Despite his poverty, he succeeded in his life

II Bài tập mẩu:

Combine these sentences using: though, although, even though

a My father has to go to work It is raining hard

My father has to go to work though it is raining hard

Though it is raining hard, my father has to go to work

b It is very cold, Mr Brown is waiting for the bus

Although it is very cold, Mr Brown is waiting for the bus

Mr Brown is waiting for the bus, although it is very cold

III Vận dụng :

*Bài tập bám sát:

1 Combine these sentences using: though, althougII Exercises

1 Fill in each gap with the correct linking word from the list below

and so but although because

My sister and I like each other very much………(1) we are very different She’s six years older than me ………( 2) she work in a bank I’m still at school, ………( 3) I don’t have a job My sister likes her job ……….( 4) she earns a lot of money,

……… ( 5) she can go out and enjoy herself She’s very kind ……… ( 6) often invites me to go with her,……… (7) I’m studying very hard at the

moment………

(8) I want to pass my exams I usually say no when she asks me, ………

( 9) last night I was tired of work ……… ( 10 ) I went with her to a dance We had a great time!

2 Combine each pair of sentences , using who, whom, which, whose

a The woman is a famous singer We met her son at the reception yesterday

b The man came here last week He is living next door to us

c Here is the book You asked for it

d Is that the bus? It’s leaving for Hanoi tomorrow

TEST

1.Combine each pair of sentences, using proper relative pronouns: who, whom, which, whose ( 2P)

a The car is my father’s It is painted red

b The woman lives near here Her dog bit me

c These men were very warm and friendly We met them at the party yesterday

d The flowers are beautiful I bought them yesterday

2 Choose the correct phrasal verbs from the list below to complete these sentences( 2P)

sit down wake up turn on give up turn off

a “ ……….!” he said “ This is not the time for sleeping!”

b “……… in that chair, please “ said the doctor

c I’m going to ……… smoking tomorrow

d May I ……… the ceiling fan? It’s so hot here

3.Fill in each gap with a suitable link word from the list below ( 2P)

and before because so but

a It was very cold ……… we didn’t go out

b I sat in the kitchen ……… read a book

c I do some exercises……… I go to work in the morning

d I had to walk to work……….the car wouldn’t start

4 Rewrite the following sentences, beginning as shown, so that the meanings stay the same (2P)

a “ Why don’t you put a better lock on the door, John?”, Jane said

a Even though / Minh / have / flu / he / take / bath

b My mother /do / lot / housework / although / she / go / work / whole / day

KEY

1 a The car which is painted red is my father’s

b The woman whose dog bit me lives near here

c These men whom we met at the party yesterday were very warm and friendly

d The flowers which I bought yesterday are very beautiful

2 a wake up b sit down c give up d turn on

3 a so b and c before d because

4 a Jane suggested John should put a better lock on the door

b My class suggested taking part in many social activities

5 a Even though Minh has a flu, he takes a bath

b My mother does a lot of housework although she goes to work the whole day

h, even though

a Lion dancing is very popular in Viet Nam My friend Anny does not enjoy it

b Bob always walks to work He is living in the city

c My house is near the beach I rarely go swimming

d My brother is working in Ha Noi He comes home on every public holiday

e Paul is an Australian, he enjoys Vietnamese New year

f Most children go to see the firework show, Linh and Mai stay home watching TV

g Nick used to smoke He seems to be in good health

h I couldn’t sleep I was tired

i Henry’s friend is a millionaire He hates spending money

j We couldn’t get tickets We queued for an hour

2 Rewrite the sentences, beginning with the words in parentheses

a She has plenty of money, but she is very mean ( although)

b They have a car, but they rarely use it ( though)

c He was innocent, but he was sent to prison.( although)

d He has a number of relatives living nearby, but he never visits them (even though)

e She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit and healthy (even though)

*Bài tập nâng cao:

1 Match the sentences in column A with the sentences in column B, using “Though”:

A

1 They injury was serious

2 The result seem unlikely

3 She was tired

4 She is poor

5 The invention is ingenious

6 They were outnumbered

7 The food is excellent

B

a She always buys me a birthday present

b There is still room for improvement

c It didn’t keep her out of the game

d They are nevertheless correct

e Sandra walked home

f Nobody will ever buy it

g They put up a good performance

2 Complete the sentences with your own words:

a Although my moom ca sing very well, _

b Although _, I can’t sing English song

c Sue didn’t come to my birthday party last Sunday though

d Although my school is far from the city, many students

e We really enjoyed the trip to the museum last week though

f Although my sister can draw very beautifully, she _

IV Củng cố :

Giáo viên yêu cầu các em nhắc lại cách sử dụng của Though, Although, even though

V Bài tập về nhà:

-Ôn lại cách sử dụng của Though, Although, even though

- Làm bài tập hoàn chỉnh vào trong tập

RÚT KINH NGHIỆM

-WEEK 24

PERIOD 24

modal + have + past

participle

Form 1:Could, may, might + have + P 2 = có lẽ đã

Diễn đạt một khả năng có thể đã xảy ra ở quá khứ song người nói không dám chắc.

It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure

He could have forgotten the ticket for the concert last night

I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time

The cause of death could have been bacteria

John migh have gone to the movies yesterday

* could, might + have + P 2 = có lẽ đã

Diễn đạt một khả năng có thể đã xảy ra ở quá khứ song người nói biết rõ rằng thực tế không xảy ra.

If I hadn’t come along at that moment, Jim might/ counld have been the one

arrested instead one od real thief

The plan might/ could easily have gone wrong, but in fact it was a great

success

Form 2: Should have + P 2 = Lẽ ra phải, lẽ ra nên

Chỉ một việc lẽ ra đã phải xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng vì lí do nào đó lại không xảy ra.

Maria shouldn't have called John last night (She did call him)

John should have gone to the post office this morning

The policeman should have made a report about the burglary

Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng cụm từ was/were supposed to + [verb in simple

form] để thay cho should + have + past participle; should can be replaced by

“ought to”

John was supposed to go to the post office this morning

The policeman was supposed to make a report about the burglary (Anh ta đã không lập biên bản vụ trộm)

Form 3: Must have + P 2 = chắc là đã, hẳn là đã

Chỉ một kết luận logic dựa trên những hiện tượng cĩ đã xảy ra ở quá khứ (nghĩa

2 của must ở phần trên) Chú ý rằng khơng bao giờ dùng cấu trúc này với nghĩa

1 Chỉ được dùng had to hoặc should + have + past participle hoặc be

supposed to khi diễn tả một trách nhiệm bắt buộc ở quá khứ.

The grass is wet It must have rained last night

(It probably rained last night)

Jane did very well on the exam She must have studied hard

I didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house

* can’t/ couldn’t + have + P2 ( Negative )

He wasn’t there at the time It couldn’t have been his faultB Modal Perfect

(động từ khiếm khuyết hoàn thành) là động từ khiếm khuyết có HAVE + P.P theo sau Ta có các Modal Perfect sau đây:

Could have + P.P: rất có thể đã (diễn tả 1 khả năng đã có trong quá khứ, nhưng

chưa được sử dụng tới).

Couldn’t have + P.P: Tất nhiên đã không thể (diễn tả 1 hành động hiển nhiên

không thể làm được)

Should have + P.P: Đáng lẽ phải (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách đối với 1 hành động

quá khứ đáng lẽ nên làm mà lại không làm)

Shouldn’t have + P.P: Lẽ ra không nên (diễn tả 1 lời khiển trách đối với 1 hành

động quá khứ đáng lẽ không nên làm mà lại làm).

Must have + P.P: Ắt hẳn đã (diễn tả 1 sự suy đoán gần đúng về 1 sự kiện ở quá

khứ:

Exercise 1

Type the correct perfect modal for the following sentences Sometimes

negative forms are used When you have answered all the questions

1 Your house looks great You must have spent a lot of time painting it.

2 Michael went running in the rain He could have gotten sick.

3 It was so dark that I fell down the stairs I should have fixed the light.

4 Patty could have gone by bus Why did she walk?

5 I called his apartment and nobody answered He must have gone out.

6 You must have shovelled the front walk It looks so clean.

7 He couldn't have stolen the car He was with me all the time.

8 My bicycle is broken I never should have ridden it down the stairs.

9 Jim looks happy I think he must have gotten a new job.

10 The chocolate cake is all gone! Someone must have eaten it.

EXERCISES 2

1 Which sentence, (a) or (b), is most likely to follow the one given? (A)

1 Don't throw the picture away, give it to Tony.

a He might have liked it B He might like it.

2 When she went out this morning she left her briefcase here.

to leave it behind

3 Nobody knows where the jewels have gone.

4 Don't throw away the rest of the meat.

a We might have wanted it for dinner B We might want it for dinner.

5 Don't wait for me.

a I might have been a few minutes late B I might be a few minutes late.

2 Underline the word or words that are possible in each sentence (A

& B)

1, 'Do you know where Mark left the car keys?' 'He might/can have left them

on the table.'

2, If Jerry hadn't grabbed my arm, I may/might have fallen off the bridge.

3, They might/could have chosen anyone for the job, but they picked me.

4, I could/may have stayed overnight with Don and Mary, but I thought I

should get home as

soon as possible

5, In factories in the 19th century, a worker could/may be dismissed for being

ill

6, I may/could have cleaned the house by the time you get home.

7, By the end of the day I can/may have finished painting the walls Tomorrow

I'll start on the ceiling

8, It can/could be possible one day to detect disease simply by looking at

people's eyes

Exercise 3

Fill the spaces in the following sentences by using one of these forms + the perfect infinitive of the verbs in brackets.

must + perfect infinitive is used for affirmative deductions.

can't/couldn't + infinitive is used for negative deductions.

1 Did you hear me come in last night? ~

No, I must have been (be) asleep

2 I wonder who broke the wineglass; it can't/couldn't have been (be) the

cat for she was out all day

3 I had my umbrella when I came out but I haven't got it now ~

You must have left (leave) it on the bus.

4 He can't/couldn't have escaped (escape) by this window because it is

barred

Perfect infinitive used with auxiliary verbs

Use the perfect infinitive of the verb in italics with the appropriate auxiliary verb Phrases in bold type should not be repeated, but their meaning should

be expressed by the auxiliary + perfect infinitive.

It is possible that he telephoned while we were out.

He may have telephoned while we were out.

You (thank) him for his present but you didn't.

You should have thanked him for his present.

(should is replaceable by ought to.)

1 I realized that my house was on fire ~

That must have been (be) a terrible moment.

2 I saw a ghost last night ~

You can't/couldn't have seen (not see) a ghost: there aren't any ghosts You must have dreamt (dream) it

3 It is possible that a child broke the window may/might have broken 4.You looked at the new moon through glass It is most unlucky shouldn't

have looked

5 I've had a toothache for two days ~

You should have gone (go) to the dentist when it started

7 As I was standing in the hall your dog bit me ~

It can't/couldn't have been (not he) my dog; he was with me all day It

must have been (be) my brother's

8 I feel terribly ill today ~

You shouldn't have eaten (not eat) those mushrooms yesterday Mushrooms

don't agree with you

WEEK 25

PERIOD 25

CLAUSE OF PURPOSE/ PHRASE OF PURPOSE

Main clause + so that/ in order that + Clause of purpose

will/would/can/could + V

E.g I locked the door so that/in order that no one could get in.

2- With in order to/so as to + V:

Main clause + in order to (not to)/ so as to (not to)

+ V

I came there in order to borrow some books.

She took that road so as not to meet him.

E.g This button is for starting the machine / This button is used to start

I Match the sentences in the most appropriate way and then write two sentences as

one using to-infinitive.

1.Trees were planted along the street a He wants to look smart

2 I swept the broken glass off the path b This was done to reduce traffic noise

3 He bought a truck c She wants to finance her studies

4 Laura went to the bank d I wanted to prevent an accident

5 The staff are working at weekend e He wanted to hear the football results

6 Tom turned on the radio f I wanted to report that my car had beenstolen

7 Just this once Mike is going to wear a suit g They want to complete the project intime

8 Jessica is borrowing some money h We wanted to buy some fruit

9 We went to the market i He did this to carry out his business

10 I phoned to the police station j She wanted to cash a cheque

Main clause + to V/not to V

II Complete the sentence with a suitable verb in the list, using to-infinitive or in

order/ so as (not) + to-infinitive : admire, reduce, cut, find, remember, listen, lose,

make, miss, take, protect, wake up, complete, be avoid.

1 I am going on a diet _ weight

2 The President has a team of bodyguard _ him

3 Mike hid behind the tree _ by his friends

4 We took off our boots _ the floor dirty

5 We wrote Betty’s name on the calendar _ her birthday

6 The government took these measures _ crime

7 The staff are working at weekends _ the project in time

8 She gave up her job _ care of her mother

9 I shut the door quietly _ the baby

10 She took a bus _ late

11 He turned on the radio _ to the news

12 After dinner we drove to the top of a hill outside the city _ the sunset

13 Leave early _ the bus

14 I carried the knife carefully _ myself

15 We went to the countryside _ being disturbed by the noise of the city

III Choose the correct alternative.

1 The school boys are in a hurry not to/ in order not miss their school bus

2 They were talking in whispers so that/ so as nobody could hear them

3 My mother needs a tin opener to open/ for opening the bottles

4 Advice is given in order that/ in order to students can choose the best course

5 You may put your money in a small coin bank so that/ in order to keep it safe

6 We wrote Katie’s name on the calendar so as not to/ so that not forget her birthday

7 She stayed at work late in order to/ so that she could complete the report

8 I need some new clothes I haven’t got anything nice to wear/ in order to wear

9 They new paint is excellent to cover/ for covering walls with cracks in

10 Trees are being planted by the roadside so as to reduce/ in order that reducingtracffic noise

WEEK 26

PERIOD 26

I Choose the best option for each sentence:

1) Young people obey their parents

5) Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It have cost a fortune

12)Jeanette did very badly on the exam She _ harder

13) He was very lucky when he fell off the ladder He _ himself.

a could have hurt c must have hurt

b should have hurt d will have hurt

14) Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday She _ an accident

a should have had c must have

b might have d may have had

15) John still hasn’t come out He everything for the trip now

a must have been preparing c must be preparing

b will be preparing d will have prepared

16) Thomas received a warning for speeding He _ so fast

a shouldn’t have driven c should have

b would have driven d might have driven

17) The photos are black The X-ray at the airport _ them

a should have damaged c would have damaged

c would damage d must have damaged

18) Tom didn’t do his homework, so the teacher became very angry He _ his

homework

a must have done b should have done

c might have d will have done

19) My car stopped on the high way It _ out of gas

a may run c must be

b may have run d should have run

20)Robert arrived without his book He _ it

a could have lost c would have lost

b should have lost d will have lost

21)“Where do you think Rooney is today?” “I have no idea He _ late.”

a should have left c would sleep

b would have sleep d may have sleep

22)Berbatov painted his bedroomblack It looks dark and dreary He _ a different color

a had to choose c must have chosen

b should have chosen d could have been choosing

23)The children _ “thank you” to you when you gave them their gifts

a will have said c should have said

b must say d should say

24)If we had known your new address, we _ to see you

a came c will come

b would have come d would come

25)These two boys look identical They _ twins

a.must have been c should be

b.must be d should have been

II Rewrite the sentence in the same meaning:

26)Perhaps Susan know the address (may)

III Complete the sentences with must (not), (do not) have to, must (not), need (not), can

(not), could (not), might (not), be (not) able to, had better or should.

32) I _ go to the airport I’m meeting someone

33) It’s too late I _ go now

34) You _ lock the door when you go out These have been a lot of break-in recently.35) A person _ to become rich and famous in order to live a successful life

36) I don’t want to know anyone You _ tell anyone

37) Tom: What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?

Susan: Well, it _ big That’s not important But it _ have a nice garden –that’s essential

38) Ann: I think I _ go shopping We’re run out of food

Susan: We have enough food for dinner, so I _go shopping today

39) We _ repair the car ourselves We _ take it to garage

40) George has traveled a lot He _to speak for language

II Answer key :

27 Susan may know the address.

28 Joanna mightn’t have received my message.

29 The report has to be on my desk tomorrow.

30 I was able to finish all my work

31 Nancy didn’t need to clean the flat.

32 You had better sit down.

III Answer key :

32 have to 33 must 34 must 35 doesn’t have to 36 mustn’t 37 needn’t be 38 must, needn’t 39 couldn’t

40 can/is able to

1 Smoking is not allowed in the museum.

> You mustn’t smoke in the museum.

2 It isn’t necessary to bring an umbrella The weather is beautiful

> We needn’t bring an umbrella.

3 May be you will need to buy a ticket for your child

> You may need to buy a ticket for your child

4 It is essential that all new soldiers have a medical examination

> All new soldiers must have a medical examination

5 Foreigners don’t have to register for military service

> Foreigners needn’t register for military service

2 Choose the correct options.

1 Twenty years ago, David _ speak Arabic fluently Now he’s forgotten a lot

A could B might C needed D must

2 Jessica hasn’t made up her mind about where to go to school She attend Duke University She just doesn’t know yet

A mustn’t B may not C needn’t D can’t

3 This box isn’t as heavy as it looks You help me with it Thanks anyway for offering to help

A must B mustn’t C might D needn’t

4 Yesterday everyone in the office _ leave the building for a fire drill I am glad itwasn’t a real fire

A may B might C must D mustn’t

5 You play loud music at night The neighbours will call the police

A mustn’t B needn’t C might not D couldn’t

6 You stand up There are a lot of seats available on the bus

A couldn’t B mustn’t C needn’t D might not

7 People who use public parks clean up after themselves

A must B may C ought D might

8 This library book is overdue I _ better return it today

A need B must C might D had

9 Our company provides free advice on the use of our products You _ pay us

A must B have to C needn’t D mustn’t

10 Whatever _ come, I will always be by your side

A must B may C could D need

11 We open the lion`s cage It is contrary to Zoo regulations

A must B mustn`t C needn`t D should

12 I arrive on time, so please start dinner without me

A could B may C may not D should

13 " you hand that book, please?" "Sure Here it is."

A Could B Should C Must D May

14 "Are these gloves necessary?" "Yes You use this chemical without gloves It will burn your skin."

A must not B don`t have to

C could not D need not

15 You clean the windows The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow

A don`t have B must C mustn`t D needn`t

16 Carl studied harder; he failed the test again

A must have B should have

C could have D needn`t have

17 "Would you like to go with me to the Williams` wedding next month?" "I`m not sure I

be too busy with school work."

A will B might C maybe D should

18 We to take a taxi Otherwise we`ll be late

A would rather B had better

C must have D will have

KEYS:1A2B3D4C5A6C7A8B9C10C11B12C13A14A15D16B17B18D

WEEK 27

PERIOD 27

MODALS IN THE PASSIVE VOICE

I Viết lại câu sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi

1.Smoking is not allowed in the museum

> You mustn’t smoke in the museum

2 It isn’t necessary to bring an umbrella The weather is beautiful

> We needn’t bring an umbrella

3 May be you will need to buy a ticket for your child

> You may need to buy a ticket for your child

4 It is essential that all new soldiers have a medical examination

> All new soldiers must have a medical examination

5 Foreigners don’t have to register for military service

> Foreigners needn’t register for military service

II.Choose the correct options

1 Twenty years ago, David _ speak Arabic fluently Now he’s forgotten a lot

A could B might C needed D must

2 Jessica hasn’t made up her mind about where to go to school She attend Duke University She just doesn’t know yet

A mustn’t B may not C needn’t D can’t

3 This box isn’t as heavy as it looks You help me with it Thanks anyway for

offering to help

A must B mustn’t C might D needn’t

4 Yesterday everyone in the office _ leave the building for a fire drill I am glad it wasn’t a real fire

A may B might C must D mustn’t

5 You play loud music at night The neighbours will call the police

A mustn’t B needn’t C might not D couldn’t

6 You stand up There are a lot of seats available on the bus

A couldn’t B mustn’t C needn’t D might not

7 People who use public parks clean up after themselves

A must B may C ought D might

8 This library book is overdue I _ better return it today

A need B must C might D had

9 Our company provides free advice on the use of our products You _ pay us

A must B have to C needn’t D mustn’t

10 Whatever _ come, I will always be by your side

A must B may C could D need

11 We open the lion`s cage It is contrary to Zoo regulations

A must B mustn`t C needn`t D should

12 I arrive on time, so please start dinner without me

A could B may C may not D should

13 " you hand that book, please?" "Sure Here it is."

A Could B Should C Must D May

14 "Are these gloves necessary?" "Yes You use this chemical without gloves It will burn your

skin."

A must not B don`t have to

C could not D need not

15 You clean the windows The window-cleaner is coming tomorrow

A don`t have B must C mustn`t D needn`t

16 Carl studied harder; he failed the test again

A must have B should have

C could have D needn`t have

17 "Would you like to go with me to the Williams` wedding next month?" "I`m not sure I be too busy with school work."

A will B might C maybe D should

18 We to take a taxi Otherwise we`ll be late

A would rather B had better

C must have D will have

Main clause + so that/ in order that + Clause of purpose

will/would/can/could + V

E.g I locked the door so that/in order that no one could get in.

2- With in order to/so as to + V:

Main clause + in order to (not to)/ so as to (not

to) + V

I came there in order to borrow some books.

She took that road so as not to meet him.

3-

books She took that road not to meet him.

4-

E.g This button is for starting the machine / This button is used to start

the machine

That tool is for sharpening knives / That tool is used to sharpen

knives

II- CAUSE:

Because/ Since/As/Now that/Inasmuch as + clause of cause + main

considered for the job

Lacking the necessary qualification, she was not considered

for the job

Main clause + to V/not to V

 Often an –ing phrase at the beginning of a sentence gives the meaning of because.

again

Being unable to afford car, she bought a bike.

Unable to afford a car, she bought a bike.

2-

Because of heavy rain, we didn’t go out yesterday.

Because it rained heavily, we didn’t go out yesterday.

We didn’t go out yesterday due to heavy rain.

There are so many cars in the street that we can’t move.

There’s so little time left that I can’t finish my work as I expect.

So + adjective/adverb + that +

clause

Much/many/few/little + N

2- With such…….that…….

He is such an intelligent student that she always gets good marks.

It is such an interesting film that I’ve seen it three times.

They are such beautiful pictures that many people are watching

This table is too heavy (for me) to lift.

Your questions are too difficult (for us) to answer.

He studied too badly to get average mark.

Too + adj/adv + (for Somebody)

+ to V

4-

He is not old enough to get a driving license.

They are not tall enough to play volleyball.

He doesn’t study well enough to take the exam.

I didn’t get up early enough to catch the first train to London.

Not ………….adj/adv + enough +

to V5- With so/therefore/as a result/consequently

He got up late so he was late for work

Nothing more was heard so (that) we wondered he was dead

He studied hard; therefore, he passed all the exams easily

He studied hard; as a result, he passed all the exams easily

He studied hard; consequently, he passed all the exams easily

* We can say as a result of something,………

in consequence of something,………

He studied hard As a result of this, he passed all the

exams easily

IV- CONTRAST

1- With although/even though/while/whereas/though ;

Although I asked her, she didn’t come I asked her, she didn’t come, though

Even though I asked her, she didn’t come (more

emphasized)

While Nam is a quick boy, his sister is very slow

Nam is a quick boy whereas his sister is very slow

2- With however/nevertheless

She’s beautiful However; I don’t like her

She’s beautiful I, however, don’t like her

Paul says he is poor Nevertheless, he has bought a new car

In spite of the rain, we went swimming yesterday.

(Although it rained, we went swimming yesterday.) Despite the rain, we went swimming yesterday.

 In spite of/despite + N/Phrases

Despite losing, we were satisfied (Although we lost the game, we

Most of the verbs examined so far have been in the Active Voice When a verb is in the Active

Voice, the subject of the verb refers to the person or thing performing the action described by the

verb; and the object of the verb refers to the person or thing receiving the action described by the

verb

In the following examples, the objects of the verbs are printed in bold type

e.g He read the book.

I did not see the balloon.

They ate the potatoes quickly.

She rode her bicycle along the sidewalk.

Do we understand it?

In these sentences, the verbs read, did see, ate, rode and do understand are in the Active Voice; and the words book, balloon, potatoes, bicycle and it are the objects of the verbs These objects are said to be direct objects, because they refer to things which receive directly the actions described

by the verbs

2 Lay and Lie, Raise and Rise, and Set and Sit Verbs which take an object are usually called transitive verbs Verbs which do not take an object are usually called intransitive verbs.

Many English verbs can be used either intransitively or transitively For instance, in the sentence

Most birds can fly, the verb to fly is intransitive, since it is used without an object But in the sentence This pilot will fly the plane, the verb to fly is transitive, since it takes the object plane.

However, some English verbs can be used only intransitively A few pairs of verbs should be noted.The two verbs of each pair have similar meanings, but one of the verbs can take an object, and the

other cannot In the following table, the verbs labeled intransitive are those which cannot take an

object

Transitive: to raise raised raised

Particular care must be taken not to confuse the verbs to lay and to lie, since, as shown above, the Simple Past of the verb to lie has the same form as the bare infinitive of the verb to lay.

a To Lay and To Lie

To lay is a transitive verb, which can take an object The following examples illustrate the use of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verb to lay The verbs are

underlined, and the objects of the verbs are printed in bold type

e.g I am laying the table.

He laid a bet on the white horse.

The hen has laid an egg.

To lie is an intransitive verb, which cannot take an object The following examples illustrate the use

of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verb to lie.

e.g She is lying on the sofa

We lay on the beach in the sun

He has lain in bed for a week

In these examples, it might appear that the words sofa, beach, and bed act as objects of the verb to lie However, this is not the case.

Not only verbs, but also prepositions have the ability to take objects A few commonly used English prepositions are at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to and with Prepositions will be discussed in

detail in a later chapter

In the examples above, sofa, and beach are objects of the preposition on; and bed is the object of the preposition in.

b To Raise and To Rise

To raise is a transitive verb, which can take an object The following examples illustrate the use of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verb to raise The verbs are

underlined, and the objects of the verbs are printed in bold type

e.g She is raising poodles.

He raised the window.

They have raised a crop of wheat.

To rise is an intransitive verb, which cannot take an object The following examples illustrate the use of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verb to rise.

e.g The moon is rising in the east

They rose to the occasion

The temperature has risen by five degrees

In these sentences, the verbs have no objects The words east, occasion and degrees are the objects

of the prepositions in, to and by.

c To Set and To Sit

To set is a transitive verb, which can take an object The following examples illustrate the use of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verb to set The verbs are

underlined, and the objects of the verbs are printed in bold type

e.g They are setting a record.

We set the jars on a shelf.

Have you set the date for your trip?

To sit is an intransitive verb, which cannot take an object The following examples illustrate the use

of the Present Continuous, Simple Past, and Present Perfect tenses of the verb to sit.

e.g They are sitting by the front steps

I sat at my desk for an hour

You have sat on the couch all afternoon

In these sentences, the verbs have no objects The words steps, desk, and couch are the objects of the prepositions by, at and on.

3 Indirect objects

In addition to taking direct objects, some verbs also take indirect objects In the following

examples, the direct objects are printed in bold type, and the indirect objects are underlined

e.g We gave the child a toy.

I sent the man the information.

In these examples, the words child and man are said to be the indirect objects of the verbs gave and sent Indirect objects refer to things which receive indirectly the actions described by the verbs In the above examples, the words toy and information are the direct objects of the verbs.

Indirect objects usually refer to living things

It is possible for a sentence containing an indirect object to be rewritten by placing a preposition before the indirect object When this is done, the original indirect object can be regarded either as the indirect object of the verb, or as the object of the preposition

For example, the sentence We gave the child a toy, can be rewritten as follows:

We gave a toy to the child.

In the rewritten sentence, child can be regarded either as the indirect object of the verb gave, or as the object of the preposition to.

The following examples illustrate the position of the indirect object in a sentence The direct object,

toy, is printed in bold type, and the indirect object, child, is underlined

e.g We gave the child a toy.

We gave a toy to the child.

When an indirect object is not preceded by a preposition, the indirect object must be placed before