Cơ sở lý luận về định giá nhãn hiệu; kinh nghiệm định giá nhãn hiệu tại một số nước và tại Việt Nam, từ đó đề xuất phương pháp định giá nhãn hiẹu áp dụng cho Việt Nam trong điều kiện hiện nayCơ sở lý luận về định giá nhãn hiệu; kinh nghiệm định giá nhãn hiệu tại một số nước và tại Việt Nam, từ đó đề xuất phương pháp định giá nhãn hiẹu áp dụng cho Việt Nam trong điều kiện hiện nayCơ sở lý luận về định giá nhãn hiệu; kinh nghiệm định giá nhãn hiệu tại một số nước và tại Việt Nam, từ đó đề xuất phương pháp định giá nhãn hiẹu áp dụng cho Việt Nam trong điều kiện hiện nay
Trang 1Bd KHOA HOC VA CdNG NGH| ' I t s KHOA HOC S6 HCIJ TKI TlFfi
Trang 2VIEN KHOA HOC SO HUU TRI TUf
Bao cao tong hop
BE TAI NGHIEN c i i u LY LUAN VA THUC TIEN N H A M XAY DUNG PHU'ONG PHAP DINH GIA NHAN HIEU AP DUNG TRONG GIAI DOAN
CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA TAI VIET NAM
Chu nhiem He tai: Iran Nam Long
Bo'n vi: Vien Khoa hoc so huu Iri tuc
Trang 3VIEN KHOA HOC SO HUU TRI TUE
NGHIEN C i r u LY LUAN VA THlTC TIEN
NHAM XAY DUNG PHlTONG PHAP DINH GIA NHAN HIEU AP DUNG TRONG GIAI DOAN CONG NGHIEP HOA, HIEN DAI HOA TAI VIET NAM
(Dc tai nghien ciiu Idioa hgc cap Bg)
Nguoi t h u e hien:
CN 'Iran Nam Long, chu nhiem
TS Pham Hong Quat
CN Nguyen Anh Ngoc
CN Dang Hoang Anh
CN Nguygn Thj Sy
CN Vu Thi Han
CN Do Thi Xuan Huang
CN Tran Thi Thu Hang
Trang 4MUC LUC MdDAU
CHUONG I TONG QUAN VE NHAN HIEU VA PHU'ONG PHAP DINH GIA NHAN HIEU
I Tong quan ve nhan hieu
II Muc dich, y nghTa, nguyen tac dinh gia nhan hieu
III Tong quan ve cac phuang phap dinh gia nhan hieu
3.1 Dac thu cua nhan hieu va anh hircmg doi vol viec dinh gia
3.2 Nhom phuang phap dinh gia sudung each tiep can chi phi
3.3 Nhom phuong phap dinh gia sir dung each tiep can thi truong
3.4 Nhom phuang phap dinh gia su dung each tiep can thu nhap
3.5 Nhom phuong phap dinh gia khac
3.6 Lua chon phuang phap phu hgp va xtr iy ket qua sau dinh gia
CHU'ONG H KINH NGHIEM DINH GIA NHAN HIEU TAI CAC NU'CJC PHAT T R I £ N
1 He thong tieu chuan quoc te doi voi dinh gia tai san v6 hinh
2 Djnh gia nhan hieu nham mot so muc dich cu the
3 Ket luan
CHUONG III THUC TIEN BINH GIA NHAN HIEU TAI VIET NAM
I Quy dinh chung ciia phap luat Viet Nam ve tham dinh gia
II Tieu chuan tham dinh gia Viet Nam
III Dinh gia nhan hieu nham mot so muc dich cu the
C H U O N G I V D E XUAT PHUONG PHAP DINH GIA NHAN HIEU
I Cac can cu lira chgn piiuong phap dinh gia nhan hieu ap dung cho Viet Nam
II Lira chgn phuang phap dinh gia nhan hieu ap dung tai Viet Nam
III Phuong phap chiel khau dong tien: Cong thue va each ap dung
IV Qu > trinh dinh gia nhan hieu
4.1 Quy trinh dinh gia nhan hieu long quat
4.2 Quy trinh dinh gia nhan hieu chi tiet ap dung phuong phap DCF
PHU LUC; Ap dung phuong phap va quy trinh dinh gia nhan hieu dinh gia nhan hieu
T I S C O cua Cong t;' Co phan Gang thep Thai Nguyen
Trang 5MO DAU
Trong nhung nam gan day, tai Viet Nam, tam quan trpng cua tai san tri tue noi chung va nhan hieu noi rieng doi voi sir phat tridn cua mgi mat doi song xa hoi ngay cang dugc thua nhan rgng rai Vol nhieu doanh nghiep thi tai san tri tue da dugc coi la mgt nguon lire khong kem phan quan trgng so vai cac nguon lire truyen thong khac
Cung v6i su phap trien cua ca che thi truong, nhu cau ve viec dinh gia tai san tri tue cQng ngay cang cap thi^t Dap ung doi hoi ciia thue tiln da co nhieu quy dinh
ve dinh gia tai san tri tue dugc ban hanh: Tieu chuan tai san v6 hinh, he thong cac
tieu chuan thkm dinh gia Viet Nam (Bg Tai chinh ban hanh) Tuy nhien, nhiing
quy dinh nay chua thue su day du, ro rang, each hieu, each van dung con thieu thong nhat lam nay sinh khong it kho khan khi thire hien Thirc t6 do doi hoi phai nghien cuu day dii, toan dien ve van de dinh gia tai san tri tue, trong do sang chi va nhan hieu dugc coi la hai loai tai san tri tue di^n hinh
Do la ly do va muc dich thirc hien ciia De tai "Nghien cuu ly luan va thue tiln nham xay dung phuong phap dinh gia nhan hieu ap dung trong giai doan cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa tai Viet Nam"
Trong pham vi nghien cuu cua de tai nay, nhom tac gia tap trung giai quy§t cac ngi dung: Co so ly luan vl dinh gia nhan hieu; kinh nghiem dinh gia nhan hieu tai mgt s6 nuoc va tai Viet Nam, tir do de xu4t phuong phap dinh gia nhan hieu ap dung cho Viet Nam trong dieu kien hien nay
Phuong phap va quy trinh djnh gia dugc dl xuit dugc tac gia ap dung dl dinh gia nhan hieu TISCO cua Cong ty C& phin gang thep Thai Nguyen nhu la mgt
vi du thue hanh va kiem nghiem
Trang 6T 6 N G Q U A N Vt NHAN HIEU VA PHU'OTVG PHAP
DINH GIA NHAN HIEU
I TONG QUAN VE NHAN HIEU
1.1 Khai niem nhan hieu
Tai Khoan 1 Dilu 15 Hiep dinh Cac khia canh thuong mai cua Quyin Sa hiru tri tue (TRIPS), nhan hieu dugc dinh nghia nhu sau:
Nhan hieu la "bit ky mgt dau hieu, hoac su ket hgp ciia dau hieu co kha nang giiip phan biet hang hoa hoac dich vu ciia mgt doanh nghiep voi hang hoa dich vu ciia nhimg doanh nghiep khac Cac dau hieu gom cac tir, ke ca ten rieng, chir cai, chir s6, ylu t6 hinh va to hgp mau sac ciing nhu to hgp bat ky ciia cac dau hieu do, phai CO kha nang dugc dang ky la nhan hieu Truong hgp ban than cac dau hieu khong CO kha nang phan biet hang hoa hoac dich vu tuong ung, cac nuac Thanh vien ciia Hiep dinh co the qu}' djnh rang kha nang dugc dang ky phu thugc vao tinh phan biet dat dugc thong qua viec sir dung"
Theo Luat So hiina tri tue ciia Viet Nam, nhan hieu duge quy dinh nhu sau:
''Nhan hieu la ddu hieu dimg de phdn biet hang hod, dich vu cua cdc l6 chuv cd nhdn khdc nhau'' (Dieu 4.16)
Nhu vay, nhan hieu la mgt loai doi tugng so hiru tri tue, thoa man hai tieu chi:
- Phai la dau hieu duoi dang chii viet, con so, hinh anh, mau sac, hinh khoi (nhan hieu ba chieu), am thanh hinh anh ba chieu, doan phim ngan, tham chi la miii, vi;
- Dau hieu do phai co kha nang thue hien chuc nang phan biet hang hoa, dich
vu
1.2 Phan loai nhan hieu
Can cu vao tieu chi khac nhau ma co nhieu each phan loai nhan hieu Xet tii' goc do dac tinh cua dau hieu tao nen nhan hieu, c6 the chia nhan hieu thanh 02 loai: + Nhan hieu truyen thong: Nhan hieu bao gom cac dau hieu ve chir, so mau sac, hinh anh hoac la su ket hgp cua cac yeu to noi tren
+ Nhan hieu phi truyen thong: Nhan hieu gom cac dau hieu ve am thanh hinh anh dgng, doan phim ngan, anh ao ba chieu, miii, vi, mgt vat (device) co kha nang phan biet hoac la su ket hgp ciia cac yeu to tren
Xet tir goc do chuc nang ciia nhan hieu, nguai ta chia nhan hieu thanh cac loai:
Trang 7thanh vien cua td chiic la chii so hiiu nhan hieu do voi hang hoa, dich vu ciia to chirc, ca nhan khong phai la thanh vien ciia to chirc do
+ Nhan hieu chung nhan: Nhan hieu ma chii sof hiiu nhan hieu cho phep to chuc, ca nhan khac sir dung tren hang hoa, dich vu ciia to chuc, ca nhan do de chung nhan cae dac tinh ve xuat xu, nguyen lieu, vat lieu, each thirc san xuat hang hoa, each thue cung cdp dich vu, chat lugng, do chinh xac, do an toan hoac cac dac tinh khac ciia hang hoa, dich vu mang nhan hieu
-t- Nhan hieu lien ket: Nhan hieu do ciing mgt chii the dang ky, triing hoac tuong ty nhau diing cho san pham, dich vu cimg loai hoae tuong tu nhau hoac co lien quan vol nhau
Voi each quan niem nay, noi den thuong hieu la noi den tong the tat ca eac yeu to tao nen mgt san pham, dich vu, vi du noi den thuong hieu KFC ham y ca nhan hieu KFC, uu the ve vi tri cira hang, each bai tri, phuong phap ban hang, bi quyet che bien thyc pham vi nhirng yeu to nay khong the tach roi Thieu mgt yeu
to khong lam nen KFC
- Thuong hieu la sy ket hgp giiia nhan hieu va ten thuong mai: Nhan hieu va ten thuong mai trong mgt so truong hgp song hanh, co the sir dung lan, tham chi la
triing nhau vi du noi den Cong t\ Thep Thai Nguyen la noi den nhan hieu TISCO,
doi khi nguoi ta van sii dung khai niem "Thep Thai Nguyen" - tiie la su dung ten thuong mai - de chi san pham mang nhan hieu TISCO
Cach hieu nay dugc thay ro nliat tai Thong tu 146/2007/TT-BTC ngay
06/12/2007 eua Bg Tai chinh, nhu sau: "G/o (ri thucmg hieu (bao gom: nhdn hieu,
ten ihwang mgi) duac xdc dinh tren ca sa cdc chi phi thue te " (Diem 4.7.a phan
A muc III)
Trong hoat dgng dinh gia nham co phan hoa doanh nghiep tai Viet Nam thi khai niem "thuong hieu" thuong dugc hieu theo each nay
Trang 8bat gap tren cac phuang tien truyen thong nhung cum tir nhu "thuong hieu Cola", "thuong hieu Vinamilk" hay "thuong hieu Biti's" voi ham y chi doanh nghiep la ehO so hiiu san pham
Coca Thuong hieu la nhan hieu nhin tir goc do marketing: Theo Gordon Smith,
"xet tir goc do ngiJ nghTa thi thuong hieu (brand) la mgt tir chi nhan hieu trong ITnh vyc marketing hoac la mgt khai niem ma cac chuyen gia marketing phat trien nham chi mgt loai nhan hieu mang nghTa rgng hon la khai niem ciing nhac ve nhan hieu
theo luat dinh" {Trang 42, Trademark valuation - New York: John Wiley & Son,
1997)
Thuong hieu la nhan hieu c6 uy tin tren thi truong: Voi each tiep can nay, nguofi ta quan niem nhan hieu la v6 bgc ben ngoai ciia uy tin doanh nghiep, mang ham y sy cam ket ve chat lugng san pham, dich vy Khong phai nhan hieu nao cung mang lai cho khach hang nhiing thong diep nhu vay vi du nhiing nhan hieu moi dugc tung ra thj trucmg, chua co dugc su nhan biet rgng rai cua khach hang Chi nhiing nhan hieu da co uy tin tren thi truong, co dugc su nhan biet den mgt mire do nhat dinh thi moi duge ggi la thuong hieu
Caeh hieu khac nhau ve mgt khai niem dan den nhieu kho khan khong nhirng
ve ly luan ma ea trong thue tien dinh gia tai san tri tue noi chung, chang ban voi each hilu theo Thong tu 146/2007/TT-BTC ciia Bg Tai chinh (thuong hieu g5m nhan hieu va ten thuong mai ciia doanh nghiep) lam nay sinh cac van de sau: Thu nhat, theo each hieu nhu vay thi co hai thanh phan cau thanh "thuong hieu", moi thanh phan chiu sy dieu chinh khac nhau ciia luat phap nen hoan toan co the coi la nhirng tai san doe lap va co the dinh gia rieng biet, vay thi tai sao lai phai ggp lai trong khai niem thuong hieu?
Thii' hai, khong phai truong hgp nao nhan hieu va ten thuong mai cung di lien nhau, vi du ta biet nhieu den nhan hieu "tra thao dugc Dr Thanh" hay "Tam Thai tu", "gach Prime", "tra xanh khong do" nhung hiu nhu khong bilt din ten thuong mai cua loai san pham mang nhan hieu do Trong truong hgp noi tren, ro rang viec gan nhan hieu va ten thuong mai la khong can thiet va lam phuc tap hoa qua trinh dinh gia
Thu ba, dinh gia nham nhieu muc dich khac nhau nhung myc dich ph6 biln
la de thucmg mai hoa nhan hieu do mgt each hieu qua nhit Nlu nhu viec thuong mai hoa nhan hieu khong eo tro ngai gi ve mat phap ly (da co hanh lang phap ly cho ho^t dgng li-xang, chuyen nhugng, gop von, lien doanh bing gia trj nhan hieu) thi doi voi ten thuong mai, van de phiic tap hon rat nhieu
Dieu 139, Luat Sa huu tri tue Viet Nam quy dinh: "'Quyin ddi v&i ten thuong
mgi chi duac chuyen nhugng ciing vai viec chuyen nhugng todn bo ca sa kinh
Trang 9mgt loai tai san dgc lap la khong hgp phap it ra la tinh den thai diem hien na\
D I tranh hilu sai can khang dinh rang doi tugng ciia hoat dgng dinh gia dugc nghien cuu trong de tai nay la nhan hieu, khon^ phai la thuong hieu
II MUC DICH, Y NGHIA, NGUYEN T A C DINH GlA NHAN HIEU
2.1 Muc dich, y nghTa
Viec dinh gia nhan hieu nham xae djnh gia tri cua nhan hieu ma doanh nghiep dang tao dyng, dang so hihi Tir do hieu ro ban vi the ciia minli tren thi truong uy tin dli voi khach hang va cac nha dau tu; danh gia dung hon no lye ciia lanh dao & nhan vien cong ty trong viec tao dyng nhan hieu, qua do xay dung chien luge dau
tu, phat trien nhan hieu
Mgt each tong quat, viec dinh gia nhan hieu co the nham thyc hien cae hoat dgng chinh sau day^:
(i) Chuyen giao quyen so hiru hoac quyen sir dung nhan hieu: xac dinh gia tri ciia hgp dong chuyen giao;
(ii) Sap nhap va mua lai: xac djnh gia trj doanh nghiep dya vao ty trgng (muc
do dong gdp) eiia cac nhan hieu vao tong gia thi trucmg ciia doanh nghiep; (iii) Tiel kiem chi phi: viec duy tri cac tai san tri tuc mang lai Igi ich va cung doi hoi phai chi phi, dac biet la chi phi duy tri va thue thi quyen sa hiru tri tue Viec dinh gia ehinh xac nham xac dinh nhan hieu co gia tri kinh te tiem nang de tiep tue phat trien, loai bo nhung nhan hieu khong con gia tri hoac khong mang lai Igi ich Ion hon chi phi trong boat dgng kinh doanh;
(iv) Gop von dau tu, lien doanh hay lien minh chien luge: xac dinh chinh xac gia tri phan so huu (von gop) tuong img ciia doanh nghiep trong dy an dau tu hoac lien doanh, lien ket kinh doanh:
(v) Co phan hoa phat hanh co phieu: xac dinh gia tri ciia doanh nghiep va nhan hieu ciia doanh nghiep khi tham gia co phan hoa hoac phat hanh co phieu ra cong chiing;
(vi) Ho trg giai quyet tranh chap; xac djnh muc do, gia tri thiet hai do hanh vi xam pham quyen doi voi nhan hieu: xae djnh gia trj hang xam pham: ho trg giai quyet tranh chap trong truong hgp pha san vi pham hgp dong, thira ke
(vii) Huong thue uu dai tir viec bieu tang: Viec dinh gia tai san tri tue dugc bieu tang (thuong la cho cac to chirc phi Igi nhuan) lam co so de cac ca quan thul tinh toan mire uu dai thue cho doanh nghiep bieu tang
Trang 10Viec dinh gia nhan hieu phai tuan theo cac nguyen tac sau day
- Nguyen tac sir dyng tot nhat va co hieu qua nhat: Viec su dung tot nhat va
CO hieu qua nhit ciia nhan hieu ta dat dugc miic hiiu dung toi da trong nhung hoan canh kinh tl - xa hoi thyc te phii hgp, co thi cho phep ve mat ky thuat, ve phap !>'
ve tai chinh va dem lai gia trj Ion nhat
Tuy nhien, mgt nhan hieu dang sii dyng thyc te khong nhat thiet da the hien kha nang sir dung tot nhat va eo hieu qua nhat
- Nguyen tac cung - cau: Gia tri ciia mgt nhan hieu dugc xac djnh boi moi quan he cung va eau tren thi truong
- Nguyen tac thay doi: Gia trj eiia nhan hieu thay doi theo sy thay doi ciia nhung yeu to hinh thanh va co lien quan den gia trj cua no
Gia tri ciia nhan hieu cung dugc hinh thanli trong qua trinh thay doi lien tue phan anh hang loat cac moi quan he nhan qua giiia cac yeu to anh huong den gia tri Ban than cac yeu to anh huong den gia trj luon luon thay doi Do do, trong djnh gia nhan hieu phai nam dugc moi quan he nhan qua giu'a eac nhan to a trang thai dgng phai phan tich qua trinh thay doi nham xac dinh mire sir dung nhan hieu tot nhat va
CO hieu qua nhat
- Nguyen tac thay the: Trong truong hgp hai hay nhieu nhan hieu c6 the thay the Ian nhau trong qua trinh sir dyng, thi gia tri ciia nhung nhan hieu do dugc xac djnh boi sy tac dgng lan nhau ciia nhan hieu nay den nhan bleu khac
Hinh thanh gia tri ciia nhan hieu dugc dinh gia thuong co lien quan den gia tri ciia cac nhan hieu khac co the thay the
Khi hai nhan hieu co tinh huru ich nhu nhau, nhan hieu nao chao ban o muc gia thap nhat thi nhan hieu do se ban dugc truoc Gioi ban tren cua gia trj nhan hieu
CO xu huong dugc thiet lap boi chi phi mua mgt nhan hieu thay the can thiet tuong duong mien la khong co sy cham tre qua muc lam anh huong den sy thay the Mgt nguoi than trgng se khong tra gia cao hon chi phi mua mgt nhan hieu thay the trong cung mgt thj trucmg va mgt thai diem
- Nguyen tac can bang: Cac yeu to cau thanh ciia nhan hieu can phai can bang de nhan hieu dat dugc kha nang sinli Icri toi da hay miie hiiu dyng eao nhat Do
do de uoc tinh miic sir dung tot nhat va co hieu qua nhat ciia nhan hieu, can phai phan tich xem lieu da dat toi sy can bang nhu vay hay khong
- Nguyen lac thu nhap lang hoac giam: Tong thu nhap tren khoan diu lu tang len se tang Hen tuc toi mgt diem nhat djnh sau do mac dii dau tu tiep tyc tang nhung do Ion ciia thu nhap tang them se giam dan
Trang 11yeu to ciia qua trinh san xuat (dat dai, v6n, lao dgng, quan Iy) va co the dugc phan phoi eho timg yeu to nay
- Nguyen tie dong gop: Gia tri ciia nhan hieu phy thugc vao sy vang mat cua
no lam giam di bao nhieu gia trj eiia toan bg doanh nghiep, co nghTa la lugng gia trj
ma no dong gop vao gia tri toan bg la bao nhieu
- Nguyen tic tuan thii: Nhan hieu can phai phii hgp voi moi trucmg ciia no nham dat dugc mire sinh lai toi da hoac mire huii dyng cao nhat Do do phai phan tich xem lieu nhan hieu do co phii hgp voi moi truong hay khong klii tham djnh vien xac dinh mire sir dung nhan hieu tot nhat va co hieu qua nhat
- Nguyen tae canh tranh: Lgi nhuan cao vugt trgi se thue day canh tranh, nguge lai, canh tranh qua miic eo the lam giam lgi nhuan va cuoi cimg co the khong con Igi nhuan Doi vol nhan hieu, moi quan he canh tranh cung dugc quan sat giiia cac nhan hieu vgi nhau va giira nhan hieu nay voi nhan hieu khac Do do gia trj ciia nhan hieu dugc hinh thanh la ket qua ciia su canh tranh tren thj trucmg
- Nguyen tae du tinh lgi ich tuong lai: Gia trj ciia nhan hieu co the dugc xac dinh bang viec dy tinh kha nang sinh lgi trong tuong lai
Gia tri ciia nhan hieu cung chiu anh huong boi vice du kien thj phan ctia nhung ngucri tham gia thi trucmg va nhung thay doi co the dy tinh truoc trong yeu
to nay cung anh huong den gia trj
Viec uac tinh gia trj ciia nhan hieu luon luon dya tren cac trien vong tucmg lai, Igi ich du kien nhan dugc tir quyen sir dung nhan hieu ciia nguoi mua
2.3 Khai niem gia trj trong dinh gia nhan hieu
Nham muc dich djnh gia nhan hieu, cac khai niem sau can dugc xem xet va phan biet:
- Gia trj: la bieu hien bang tien ve lgi ich ma nhan hieu co the mang lai eho chii sg hiru nhan hieu tai mgt thoi diem nhat dinh Gia trj la mgt thuat ngir mang tinh gia thiet, the hien mire gia ca (price) du tinh se duge chap nhan trong mgt giao dich binh dang tren thj truong
Nhu vay, gia tri khong nhat thiet dugc hinh thanh va sir dung trong quan he trao doi mua ban va trong nhieu truong hgp no the hien so tien uoc tinh khi xay ra mgt giao djch gia djnh ciia nhan hieu Gia trj uoc tinh nay co the bing hoac khae xa gia trj trao doi (tiic la gia tri dugc giao djch tren thyc te, con ggi la gia ca) Trong mgt so truong hgp nguoi ta sir dung thuat ngir "gia trj thi trucmg" ho3c "fair market value" de ehi khai niem nay
Trang 12hang hoa hoac dich vu nhat djnh, phan anh moi quan he trao doi, mua ban nhan hieu
- Gia thanh hoac chi phi (cost): la mire gia phai tra eho mgt tai san hoac la so tien can co de tao ra tai san do
Kit qua ma hoat dgng dinh gia mong muon dat du-ffc la gia trj thj tru-ffng ciia nhan hieu (fair market value) Theo dinh nghTa eiia Tieu chuan tham
djnh giaViet Nam, Gia tri thi truong eiia nhan hieu la miic gia uac tinh se dugc mua ban tren thi truong vao thai diem dinh gia, giiia mgt ben la nguoi mua san sang mua va mgt ben la nguoi ban san sang ban, trong mot giao djch mua ban khach quan va dgc lap, trong dieu kien thuong mai binh thuong
III TONG QUAN VE CAC PHLTONG PFIAP DINH GIA NHAN HIEU
3.1 Dac thii ciia nhan hieu va anh huong d6i vo'i vice djnh gia
Nhan hieu la mgt loai tai san \6 hinh, vi vay no co day dii cac dac tinh ciia tai san v6 hinh, do la (i) tinh phi \ at chat; (ii) tinh co the kiem soat va (iii) tinh sinh Igi Tuy nhien, nhan hieu co nhirng dac tinh rieng biet, cu the la:
- Nhan hieu mang ban chit marketing: Neu nhu sang chi, kiiu dang cong nghiep, thiet ke bo tri eo ban chat cong nghe, ky thuat thi nhan hieu mang ban chat marketing Noi each khac ty than nhan hieu khong co hoac khong co nhieu gia trj, gia trj ciia no do no mang trong minh ham y ve chat lugng, uy tin, uu the cong nghe, tham chi la sy sang trgng, dang cap Nhan hieu neu thieu di ham y ben trong nay se khong con y nghTa niia, khong the mang lai igi ich cho doanh nghiep va vi vay khong CO gia tri Chinh vi dac tinh nay ciia nhan hieu ma co y kien cho rang chi nen dinh gia doi voi nhitng nhan hieu da co uy tin tren thj truong, cac nhan hieu nhai, nhan hieu mai xay dyng ve co ban khong nen dinh gia va khong can dinh gia
- Co tinh don nhat: Dgc quyen don nhat la dac tinh ciia mgi loai tai san tri tue,
trong do co nhan hieu Chinh vi tinh don nhat nay nen phuong phap thj truong {so
sdnh cdc giao dich doi vai tdi san luwig duang, se dugc trinh hay a phdn sau) hau
nhu khong ap dung dugc trong dinh gia nhan hieu
- Thai gian ton tai khong xac dinh: Ve nguyen tac, nhan hieu co thoi gian ton tai khong xac dinh, eo the gia han hieu lye v6 so lan Tren ihuc te co the de dang tim ra nhieu nhan hieu co thai gian ton tai hang tram nam va cung khong thieu nhan hieu ton tai rat ngan Tuy nhien, doi voi hoat dgng djnh gia nhan hieu thi trong mgt
so truong hgp van can phai xac djnh thai gian ton tai hiru ich De thyc hien viec nay mgt so ky thuat da duge chap nhan rgng rai dugc ap dung, cu the se dugc trinh
Trang 13cae tai san tri tue khac, nhan hieu co ban chat thong tin nen co the sir dung, vat chat hoa duoi dang ban sao v6 so lan ma khong bj hao mon giam gia trj nhung diem khae biet ciia nhan hieu la dac tinh khong chiu hao mon chirc nang Ngugc lai cang ton tai lau, su dyng cang nhieu thi gia trj nhan hieu cang cao va vi vay, doi voi djnh gia nhan hieu thi eae tham so \'e hao mon chu'c nang (functional obsoletescence) hoac hao mon vat ly (physical Depreciation) se khong dugc tinh den
3.2 Nhom phuorng phap djnh gia sii' dung each tiep can chi phi
Dinh gia bang each tiep can chi phi la viec uac tinh gia tri mgt nhan hieu dya tren can cir la cac tai Heu, so lieu phan anh nguon lye tai chinh, nhan lyc vat lye da dau tu de tao ra nhan hieu do hoac nhan hieu tuong ducmg
Co so ly luan ciia each tiep can nay la nguyen tac thay the voi gia thiet rang khi muon co mgt loai nhan hieu neu khong mua dugc tren thj truong thi co the tu lam hoac thue tao ra no (neu eo the) Nhu vay, gia trj ciia nhan hieu khong the vugt qua mtie chi phi toi da de lam ra hoac thue lam ra mgt nhan hieu tuong duong Tuong img voi each tiep can chi phi, co 3 phuong phap dinh gia co ban la:
3.2.1 Djnh gia dua tren chi phi qua khii' (Historical cost hay Original
cost):
Theo phuang phap nay, gia tri ciia mgt nhan hieu chinh la chi phi ma doanh nghiep da su dyng de mua hoac tao dung mgt nhan hieu Thong thudng, cae chi phi nay dugc ghi nhan trong so sach ke toan Ngoai trir trudng hgp doanh nghiep mua nhan hieu thi gia tri nhan hieu dugc ghi nhan la gia mua, cgng cac chi phi hgp ly khae nhu phi moi gidi, thue trir khau hao (tiiy chinh sach tai chinh ciia tirng doanh nghiep) thi nhan hieu do doanh nghiep tu phat trien thudng dugc tinh toan tren co
sd cac cac chi phi sau
- Chi phi hgp ly de tao ra nhan hieu: co the bao gom chi phi thue lua chgn len Ihiel ke bieu tugng, 16 go, chi phi cho mua sam bang hieu, bien hieu, in in nhan hieu
- Tien luong tien cong \'a cac chi phi khac lien quan den vice thue nhan vien true tiep tham gia vao viec lao ra nhan hieu do, vi du nhu thue nhan vien tilp thj, thue nhan vien phai id roi, thue quang ba;
- Cac chi phi lien quan tryc tiep den viec tao ra nhan hieu, nhu chi phi phap
ly (chi phi de dang ky bao hg, xir K' tranh chap, chi phi cho vice thue thi qu\'ln): ehi phi khuycn mai, quang cao; chi phi de dugc gan mgt so bieu tugng, chirng nhan
vi du nhu chiing nhan hgp chuan ISO bieu tugng hang Viet Nam chat lugng eao
Trang 14du: phan bo khau hao nha xudng, may moc thiet bj, phi bao hiem, tien thue nha xudng, thiet bi);
- Chi phi von"*, thue va cac chi phi hgp ly khac
3.2.2 Djnh gia dya tren chi phi thay thi (COR - Cost Of Replacemanet)
Chi phi thay thi la ehi phi can sir dung dl thay the mgt loai nhan hieu (d day
la nhan hieu) co ciing cong nang sii dung va dem lai hieu qua kinh te tuong duong vdi nhan hieu dich tai thdi diem dinh gia
Doi vdi nhan hieu, de djnh vi mgt nhan hieu can thay the (hoac tai tao nhu se dugc trinh bay d phan dudi) ihudng dya vao cac tieu chi sau:
- Do Idn thi trudng ciia san pham/dichvu;
- Thj phan;
- Lgi ich kinh te do viec sir dyng nhan hieu mang lai Lgi ich kinh le thudng dugc xem xet tir hai goc do la gia trj vugt trgi do mang nhan hieu va lugng ban hang vugt trgi;
- Chi phi can thiet de quang cao, tiep thi;
- Kha nang sinh Igi (profitability) ciia hang hoa, dich vy mang nhan hieu;
- Chi so ve mire do nhan biet va trung thanh vdi nhan hieu (thudng ihong qua khao sat, tham do); va
- Tiem nang phat trien ciia nhan hieu
3.2.3 Dinh gia dua tren chi phi tai tao (Cost Of Reproduction):
Chi phi tai tao la chi phi can sir dyng dc tao ra mgt ban sao ciia nhan hieu dich (d day la nhan hieu) tai thdi diem djnh gia
Voi phuong phap nay can dinh vi dugc nhan hieu (nhan hieu) can tai tao dua tren eac lieu chi neu lai phan 1.2 Tren co sd do udc tinh cac chi phi tai thdi diem hien tai de xay dyng mot nhan hieu tuong duong Chi phi gom eac myc neu tai phan
I.I
3.2.4 Uu, nhuo'c diem cua each tiep can chi phi:
a Uu diem
- Cac so lieu phuc vu cho viec linli toan tuong doi ro rang, de thu thap vi
thudng dugc thong ke trong so sach ke loan cua doanh nghiep
*Chi phi von la khai niem trong kinh le hpc, diingdechi chi phi binh quan gia quyen cua chi phi von chu \a chi phi von np vay Noi each khac, chi phi von la luong lien lai phai ira tircmg img vai
Trang 15dung each tiep can ehi phi, chi can xac dinh ro nhimg khoan muc can thiet phai sir dung cho viec xay dyng nhan hieu va cgng don
b Nhugc diem
- Gia trj dugc xac dinh bang each tiep can cbi phi la nguyen gia chir khong
phai gia thi trudng (fair market value), vi the no khong phan anh dugc dac tinh quan Irgng nhat cua nhan hieu, do la gia tri sir dung, Nhan hieu bgc lg gia trj thong qua hieu qua kinh te ciia no, tuy nhien, hieu qua kinh te khong phai luon di kem \di gia thanh Tren thyc te, nhieu loai nhan hieu co chi phi de dau tu ldn nhung hieu qua kinh te thap va ngugc lai
- Gia Iri thu dugc tir each tiep can ehi phi chua phan anh dugc tiem nang phat trien, riii ro va hieu qua kinh te ciia nhan hieu
- Chua phan anh dugc riii ro khi thyc hien viec R&D mgt nhan hieu mdi vi khong phai trudng hgp nao cii dau tu mgt lugng tien tirong duang la se xay dung dugc mgt nhan hieu luong ducmg vdi nhan hieu dich
3.2.5 Pham vi irng dung ciia each tiep can nay
Viec djnh gia bang each tiep can nay tuy co nhieu nhugc diem nhung lai rat hiiu dung eho doanh nghiep trong tinh loan hieu qua kinh le va hieu qua dau tu doi vdi nhan hieu, tir do phuc vu qua trinh quan trj ngi bg doanh nghiep,
Cach tiep can nay cung phii hgp de djnh gia nhung nhan hieu mdi hinh ihanh trudc khi no tao dyng dugc cho diing tren thj trudng hoac sir dung de dinh gia nhirng nhan hieu it dugc sir dung
3.3 Nhom phm)ng phap djnh gia sii' dung each tiep can thj trudng
Djnh gia bang each tiep can thi trudng la viec phan lich, so sanh cae giao dich doi vdi loai nhan hieu luong ty dc udc lugng gia trj
Cach tiep can nay eung dugc xay dung chii yeu dya tren viec tuan thii nguyen lac thay the, do la mgt ngudi mua than trgng khong bo lien ra de mua mgt loai nhan hieu neu eo the mua mgt nhan hieu khac tuong duong vdi gia re hon va sy danh gia eiia thj trudng la su danh gia cuoi ciing
Theo cac nguyen tac nay, gia trj nhan hieu muc tieu dugc col la ngang bang
vdi gia Iri ciia nhan hieu tuong duong da dugc giao dich Iren cung mgt thi trudng ty
do Xel ve phuang dien ky ihuat thi vdi caeh tiep can nay, ta khong can phai xay dyng mgt cong thue hoac mo hinh tinh loan ma don gian chi can tim kiem nhung bang chiing ve giao dich luong duong co the so sanh dugc tren thi trudng
Co the noi phuang phap thj trudng luon la phuong phap dua lai ket qua co tinh thuyet phuc cao vi thj trudng luon la thudc do culi ciing, mang tinh tdi thugng
Trang 16doi vdi loai nhan hieu tuong duong
3.3.1 Dieu kien dc djnh gia theo phirong phap thj trirong
- Co su" tSn tai ciia thi trirdng tich cyc (active market): De dinli gia theo phuang phap thj trudng thi dieu kien tien quyet la phai co mgt giao djch tuong duong de so sanh
- Thong tin ve giao djch phai diryc cong bo (Public market): Ngay ca khi
CO giao djch lucmg duang thi khong phai trong trudng hgp nao so lieu ciia giao djch
do cung dugc cong bo day dii, chinh xac Giao dich doi vdi nhan hieu lai thudng dugc giir bi mat, nhal la cac dieu khoan kem theo
- Co kha nang dieu chinh ve mot mat bang tuong duong (Adjustment for comparability): Nhu tren da noi, doi vdi phuang phap thi trudng tbi se la ly tudng khi CO giao djch loai nhan hieu tuong duong, trong ciing mgt thdi diem, co ciing eo hoi va ciing muc riii ro de so sanh Neu khong Ihi ta phai co kha nang dua chiing ve Cling mgt mat bang thi so lieu do mdi sir dung dugc
- Cac giao djch phai trong tinh trang binh dang, cong bang, khong eo bat cir sy ep bugc hoac uu ai nao giiia cac ben (tuan thii nguyen tac arm's length) 3.3.2 Nhan hieu tuong duong (Comparabihty):
Phuang phap thj trudng la phuang phap true tiep nhat, de hieu nhat, thuyet phyc nhat Tuy nhien, no thudng it dugc su dung trong djnh gia nhan hieu vi gap phai van de tinh tuang duong ciia giao djch dugc dimg de so sanh, noi each khac la lam the nao de ket luan mpl giao djch la tuang duong vdi giao djch dich
De danh gia nhan hieu duoe giao djch co tuong duong vdi nhan hieu dich hay khong can danh gia Ircn ea sd eac tieu ehi sau:
- Linh vuc hoat dong ciia nhan hieu (Industry): Day la yeu to tien quyet, quan trgng nhat trong viec xae djnh mgt giao dich thj trudng eo tuong duong hay khong Neu nhu eo sy khae biet ve cae yeu to kliac co the su dung eac cong thirc hoac udc lugng de dua \ c mgt mat bang thi yeu lo cimg ITnh vyc boat dgng la khong the thieu dugc
Gia trj mgt nhan hieu chiu anh hudng rat nang ciia ciia yeu to ITnh vyc boat dgng ciia hang hoa djch vu Mgt giao djch thj trudng ehi dugc coi la can cir de xae dinh gia tri cua nhan hieu dich khi chiing cimg mgt ITnh vuc boat dgng hoac it ra la tuong dong eo eiing mgt tiem nang phat trien, ciing chia se mgt moi trudng phap 1\'
va CO mgt mire do riii ro ngang nhau \'i dy mgt nhan hieu my pham dugc mua ban tren thi irudng thi no se la Ihong tin tham khao hiiu ich doi vdi cac nhan hieu khae ciing ITnh vuc my pham \ i dieu do dam bao mang ham y la tat ca cac yeu to khac la giong nhau (linh hinh thj trudng lual phap, riii ro kinh doanh ty suat Igi nhuan
Trang 17gia nhan hieu my pham
- Lgi tire do nhan hieu mang lai (profits): Hai nhan hieu tren eung mpl ITnh
vue nhung khong the dugc coi la tuong duong neu nhu kha nang sinh Igi ciia chiing khac nhau Mgt vi du dien hinh la trong ITnh vuc do the thao: San pham ciia cac hang danh tieng co chat lugng khong chenh lech nhieu, luy nhien co mpl thue te la mgt san pham mang nhan hieu na\ lai dugc ngudi tieu dimg ua thich hon va \ i the
no mang lai ty suat Igi nhuan bien cao bon ty suat lgi bien nhuan trung binh ciia nganh hang Trong trudng hgp nay ihi chinh nhan hieu (va ham ehiia trong do la u\ tin, chat lugng, dang cap) da dong gop quan trgng trong viec tao ra lgi ich kinh te Neu nhan hieu noi tren dugc trao doi, mua ban Ihi uu the do nhan hieu do mang lai cung dugc tinh toan va coi do nhu mgt yeu to de so sanh
Nhu vay, neu nhu eae chi so giao dich trong eung mgt nganh dugc coi la co ban trong viec danh gia tinh tucmg ducmg ciia nhan hieu thi vice danh gia miic dp Igi leh ma nhan hieu do mang lai la het sire quan trgng Tuy nhien, neu mire do Igi tire ma nhan hieu dong gop khac nhau tbi tity tirng trudng hgp ma ngudi ta co bien phap linh loan de dua ve cung mgt gia trj luong duang
- Thj phan (market share): Thi phan luon eo lien he chat che vdi Igi tire Mgt
doanh nghiep eo ty le thj phan ldn se eo lgi nhuan eao tuong iing Nhung san pham, djch vu mang Iren minh nhan hieu co uy tin dong gop quan trgng vao viec danh va duy tri dupe thj phan cho doanh nghiep, va cimg vdi do la gia trj cua no dugc nang cao Hai nhan hieu khong lucmg duong neu nhu ihj phan eiia san pham, djch vu co khac biet Idn, Tuy nhien, giong nhu Ipi tuc, ngirdi ta eo each de quy dong, dam bao yeu to luong duong
- Tinh trang doe quyen (barriers to entry): Bat cir gia trj mgt loai nhan hieu
nao cung luan thii quy luat cung cau Neu mgt nhan hieu co mire do trung thanh cao ciia ngudi tieu diing, vl du nhu doi vdi hang my pham cao cap, o to sang hoac san pham CO chira bi mat kinh doanh hoae patent, dan den nhan hieu dugc hudng uu thi cao se lam nhan hieu co gia cao hon
Tiem nang phat trien (growth prospect): Tiem nang phai trien co anh
hudng true tiep tdi gia tri eiia nhan hieu vi khi mua ban, trao doi mgt nhan hieu tiic
la ngudi la da mua cai ky vgng thu dugc Igi nhuan trong tuong lai chir khong phai mua nhirng Igi ich da co trong qua khii eho dii yeu to Igi ich trong qua khir la rit quan trgng de danh gia tiem nang trong tuong lai
Hai nhan hieu la tuong ducmg neu tiem nang phai trien ciia hai san pham dich vy la tuong duong
Ilicn trang bao ve \h thyc thi quyen doi vol nhan hieu (legal
protection): Nhan hieu gidng nhu cac tai san tri tue khac neu khong dugc phap luat
Trang 18ly tuong duong nhau
3.3.3 Dieu chinh tu'ong du-ong doi vdi giao dich
Vice lua chgn va dieu chinh \c tuong duong het sire phire tap, can can eu vao timg Irudng hgp cu the va thudng do cae chuyen gia kinh te eo chuyen mon sau ve tai chinh, ke toan va trong mgt so Irudng hgp can co kien thirc ve ITnh vyc ky thuat chuyen nganh Va ngay ca khi hoi dii eae dieu kien nhu tren thi viec dieu ehinh tuong duong khong phai trong trudng hgp nao cung nhan dugc sy dong thuan ciia cac ben c6 lien quan
3.3.4 Mot so phu-ong phap djnh gia ap dung each tiep can thj trudng Ngoai mgt so trudng hgp co the xac djnh gia trj nhan hieu bang each tiep can thj trudng mgt each tryc tiep, vi du nhu nhan hieu P/S duge mua dirt vdi gia tren 5 irieu USD, nhan hieu Da Lan dugc dinh gia de lien doanh nam 1995 co gia 3,2 trieu USD thi vdi phan ldn cac trudng hgp khac, viec djnh gia phai thong qua mgt so
ky thuat nhu:
Ll Dinh gid tiiong qua thi trudmg chung khodn
Hien nay, thj trudng chimg khoan da trd thanh mgt kcnh huy dgng von quan trgng ciia doanh nghiep, qua do, nha dau tu nho le co the ket hgp hiiu hieu vdi nha dau tu Idn hon ciing sd hiru va ciing kinh doanh Tai cae nudc phai trien thj trudng chiing khoan dugc coi la ban ihir bieu ciia nen kinh te, theo do mgi dien bien ca d cap do vT mo va cap do vi mo ciia timg doanh nghiep deu dugc phan anh ngay lap tire vao gia tri co phieu
Vi the, ngudi ta co the lgi dung nhiing bien dgng ciia co phieu khi ton tai hoac vang mat mgt nhan hieu nao do de xac dinh gia tri
Thdng 01/2007, hang Cisco System, chii sa him nhdn hieu i.Phone dimg cho dien thogi hHii tuyen co the goi dugc dien thogi thong thudng vd dien ihogi qua giao thirc VoIP de dga kien hdng Apple vi da sir dung nhan hieu i Phone cho dien thogi di dgng mdi ciia minh, Xgay khi tin dugc cong bo, co phieu ciia Apple dd gidm 0.7%, phan anh gia trj ihi irudng ciia nhan hieu I.Phone bang 0,7% long nhan
hieu von hoa eiia Apple tai thdi diem do (Financial times, ngdy JI/OI/2007)
Viec danh gia bang bien dgng ciia thi trudng chung khoan can luu y loai trir viec bien dgng do tin don \eu to dau co va gia dinh la co phieu dugc giao djeh tai thi trudng ty do co linh thanh khoan tot va so lugng co phieu dugc giao djch dii ldn
b Djnh gid nhan hieu thong qua plidn tich gid tri giao dich todn bo hoac mot phdn doanh nghiep
Viec chu\en nhugng nhan hieu tren ihj trudng ihudng di kem vdi \iec
Trang 19san tri tue
Trong trudng hgp nay ta co the xac djnh gia tri thi trudng ciia nhan hieu bang each phan tich so lieu giao dich loan bg doanh nghiep hoac mot phan doanh nghiep, tir do tim ra so tien dugc diing de mua ban nhan hieu
Mgt nhan hieu cung co the dugc xac djnh gia Iri dua tren chimg cir \e giao djch doi vdi mot phan quyen sd hiiai nhan hieu hoac loan bg nhan hieu do trong qua khii hoac nhirng de nghj dugc sd hiiu mgt phan hoac toan bg nhan hieu do mgt each nghiem tiic Cac chimg eir nay co duge tir viec phan tich so sach ke loan eiia doanh nghiep, cac hgp dong, thu de nghi, tai lieu chao thau, tham chi la tai lieu dugc cong
bo tren nhung phuong tien truyen thong uy tin
L Dinh gid qua so sdnh mire phi li-xdng^
Nhan hieu co the duge dinh gia thong qua viec so sanh mire phi li-xang tren
CO sd ly luan rang hai nhan hieu co gia trj ngang nhau neu co gia Iri su dung bang
nhau "fuy nhien, khi so sanh mire phi can luu y cac dieu khoan di kem vi du nhu phi ban dau (up-front-fee), muc phi toi thieu, lugng hang tieu ihu toi thieu 3.3.5 Uu, nhu'o'c diem ciia each tiep can thj trudng
u Uu diem
- Doi vdi eac nudc co nhieu giao djeh mua ban nhan hieu, co nhieu thong tin
thj trudng hoae thj Irudng chung khoan minh bach, cong khai nhu Hoa Ky Nhat Ban, EU thi day la phuong phap quan trpng vi no the hien sy danh gia ciia thi trudng - su danh gia day dii, chinh xae va khach quan nhat Gia Irj ma thj trudng thira nhan la gia trj cuoi cimg vi va\ co sue thuyet phuc manh doi vdi cac ben co lien quan
- La phuang phap dan gian khong doi hoi nhieu ve ky thuat vi khong co cong thirc hay mo hinh eo djnh ma chi dua vao su hien dien ciia cac giao djch tren thj Irudng de riil ra eae bang chimg \e gia trj
b Shiivc diem
- Tren thyc te, khong bao gid co giao djeh ve mot nhan hieu hoan toan tuong
dong vdi nhan hieu dich linh dgc qu\'en va dan nhat ciia no Hon nira, doi khi gia giao dich dugc cong bo khong hoan loan phan anh gia thj trudng vi con eo nhimg dieu kien kem theo khong dugc tiet 16 nhu quyen cung cap nguyen phu lieu doi vdi cac hgp dong franchising, lugng san pham toi thieu va toi da dugc san xuat khi mua ii-\ang
- Thj trudng ihudng xu>'en bien dgng vi the thong lin thj trirdng de bi lac hau lam anh hudng den tinh ehinh xac cua viec djnh gia De ban che nhugc diem nay can tien hanh nbQ-ng nghien cim chi tiet ve ITnh vyc dich dien bien lai chinh
Trang 20nay lai ehua dung nhilu ylu to chii quan chi co the dinh tinh chu khong the dinh lugng lam giam tinh thuyet phue eiia ket qua dinh gia
3.4 Nhom phuong phap dinh gia sii' dung each tiep can thu nhap
Djnh gia bang each tiep can thu nhap la viec tinh toan gia trj ciia nhan hieu tren co sd Igi ich kinh te ma nhan hieu do mang lai
Cach tiep can thu nhap dua tren ban ehal ciia nhan hieu, theo do gia tri ciia mgt nhan hieu dugc danh gia tren ca sd Igi ich kinh te mang lai trong qua khu hien lai hoae dy kien lao ra lgi ich kinh te trong tuong lai
3.4.1 Dieu kien dc ap dung each tiep can thu nhap
Trong cac cong thiic xae dinh gia tri nhan hieu dya tren each tiep can thu nhap thi neu gia trj thu nhap tir nhan hieu nho hon hoac bang khong thi gia trj thu dugc se la gia trj am hoae bang khong Noi each khac, neu khong xac djnh dugc dong tien do nhan hieu sinh ra hoae dong tien co gia tri am (thua 16) thi phuong phap nay khong ap dyng dugc
3.4.2 Xac djnh loi ich kinh te do nhan hieu mang lai'
Diem mau eh6t ciia cae phuong phap djnh gia ap dung each tiep can thu nhap la phai phan tach dupe dong lien con ggi la Igi ich kinh te do nhan hieu mang lai (economic contribution - cash flows)
De thyc hien c6ng viec nay, nhiing ky thuat sau day thudng dupe ap dung:
u Ky thudt xdc dinh tim nJidp true tiep:
Trong trudng hgp tren Ihj irudng co nhieu hang hoa/djch vu mang nhan hieu manh, d6ng thdi ton tai nhiing loai hang hoa/djch vu ciing chiing loai, chat lugng tuong duong nhung khong mang nhan hieu hoac nhan hieu yeu thi co the sir dung
Ky thuat tinh loan gia trj vugt trgi (Premium Pricing) de tinh toan Igi Ich kinh te do nhan hieu mang lai
Vi du ve viec truang hgp ndy co nhieu, co the dan eic mot do sa mi do hdng
An Phuac sdn xudt co ciing chdt lieu, cimg kieu ddng, ciing nai sdn xudt nhimg neu mang nhdn hieu An Phude tin chi bdn dugc vai gid 500.000VND neu mang nhdn hieu Pierre Cardin hoac Polo thi co the bdn dugc voi gid L500.000 VND
Nhu vay, lgi ich kinh te do nhan hieu mang lai tinh Iheo ky thuat nay duge linh bang khoang chenh lech ve gia ban gitra san pham mang nhan hieu dich va san phim ciing ehung loai, chat lucmg luong duong nhmig kh6ng gin nhan hieu hoac gin nhan hieu yeu, nhan hieu nhai
Trang 21ngay va lien te hoa duge hieu qua kinh le ma nhan hieu mang lai mgt each true tiep
do lgi nhuan vugt trgi ciia mgt san pham, dich vu cau thanh bdi nhieu yeu 16 chu khong chi mgt minh nhan hieu vi du nhu viec ap dyng mgt quy trinh quan trj mdi co the lam tang hieu nang quan Iy, viec ap dung c6ng nghe mdi lam san pham hap dan hon Mat khac, khong phai trong trudng hgp nao ciing tim dugc nhan hieu d6i chirng, khi ay, can sir dung ky thuat xac dinh thu nhap gian tiep
- Giam trii' phi li-xang nhan hieu (relief from royaUy): Day la ky thuat dugc sir dung pho bien de xae dinh gia trj kinh le do nhan hieu mang lai, dac biet trong tnidng hgp xay ra tranh chap ve nhan hieu Ky thuat nay dua tren gia djnh la neu kh6ng co nhan hieu (dang sii dung) thi phai nhan li-xang vdi mgt chi phi nhat dinh Nhu vay, neu co nhan hieu thi tiet kiem duge chi phi do va day chinh la Igi ich kinh te nhan hieu mang lai
Dc xae djnh mire phi li-xang, ngudi ta thudng nghien eii'u mue phi tuong ly hoSc su dung nguyen tac "rule of thumb"
Theo nguyen lac nay muc phi li-xang bang khoang 25% lgi nhuan rong eiia san pham, djch vu nhan H-xang Tuy nhien, miic phi xae djnh theo nguyen tac nay chi mang linh udc doan, la so lieu tham khao cho cac ben thao luan hoac dam phan Mire phi dugc quyet djnh liiy thugc vao nganh, ITnh vyc kinh doanh; muc phi thi irudng, quan he eung cau sy mong muon eiia eac ben co lien quan va th6ng Ihudng de quyet dinh mire phi can nhung nghien ciru cu the, chuyen sau ciia nhung chuyen gia ve kinh te
Nhugc diem Idn nhal ciia k\ thuat nay d cho: Gia tri ma no xac djnh kh6ng phai la gia trj sd bun ma la gia Irj sir dung Noi each khac, khi gia djnh khong phai tra phi li-xang thi ngudi ta da mac nhien quy d6ng bai khai niem quyen sir dung va quyen sd hiru nhan hieu
Chinh vi vay ma ky thuat nay ihudng diing nhieu nhit dk djnh gia trong xac
djnh thiet hai do hanh vi xam pham quyen doi vdi nhan hieu
- Ky thuat phan ti'ch dong tien thay the (Alternative analytical methods) hoac ky thuat so sanh Igi nhuan bien:
Theo ky thuat nay thi Igi ich kinh le do nhan hieu mang lai ehinh la khoang chenh lech giu'a muc Igi nhuan ciia hang boa djch vu mang nhan hieu can djnh gia
va muc lgi nhuan Irung binh eiia ea nganh eong nghiep Ky thuat nay thi bien dudi cong thirc:
Lgi nhuan bien trung Loi nhuan bien ciia , , - , , Ty Ic loi ich kinh tl
bmh cua nganh hang = ^ • • hang hoa dich vu dich , , _ , • , do ISTTdongtiop
Trang 22chuyen m6n ciia cae ehuyen gia kinh te hoac lay so lieu thong ke ciia cac to chirc u\ tin
- Ky thuat phan tich dong tien (analytical methods): Vdi ky thuat na\' cac chuyen gia phan tich luong thu nhap tir mpl loai san pham djch vy, phan tich cac yeu to gop phan lao nen long lgi nhuan vugt trgi nhu may moc, thiet bi nhan luc, nhan hieu, sang che , tir do udc lugng sy dong gop ciia nhan hieu Sir dung ky thuat nay can den kien thire ehu}'en mon rat sau ve kinh le, tai chinh, ke toan ben canh kien thirc ve sd hiiu tri tue
Lu-u y: Ngoai trir ky thuat giam trir phi li-xang gia trj vugt trgi dupe tinli bang cac ky thuat nhu Premium Price, phan tich dong lien thay the , co the do nhieu yeu to tao ihanh thi can phan tieh xem nhung yeu to nao tao nen gia tri vugt trgi, til' do xae dinh dong tien doi vdi nhan hieu dich
Viec phan tach doi hoi nghien cim mgt each loan dien ve hoat dpng san xuat, kinh doanh, linh hinh thj trudng, dac diem hang hoa/djch vu mang nhan hieu ,, va Ihudng CO sy tham gia ciia chuyen gia ve nganh, ITnh vuc do,
Doi vdi mot so trudng hgp de don gian hoa vice tinh loan, can cii vao tinh hinh cu the ma ngirdi ta mac nhien coi nhan hieu la yeu to duy nhat tao nen gia trj vugt trpi (Djnh gia ciia Ernst & Young vdi Xi mang Ha Tien 1) va bo qua viec phan tach nay
3.4.3 Cac phuong phap djnh gia ung dung each tiep can thu nhap:
Co 02 phuang phap img dung each tiep can nay dugc coi la co ban, quan trgng nhat vu dugc ap dung rong rai la phuong phap phan tich dong lien chiet khau (DCF) va phuang phap von hoa thu nhap
Ll Phuang phdp chiet khau dong lieu (DCF)
Chiet khau dong lien (DCF) la phuong phap xac djnh gia tri tren co sd kha nang sinh Idi ciia nhan hieu trong tuong lai Theo phuong phap nay, gia trj hgp ly eiia nhan hieu bang tong Igi ieh kinh te ma no mang lai Irong suot thdi gian t6n tai hu'u ieh, co dieu ehinh lgi ieh kinh tc trong tuong lai ve thoi diem djnh gia Gia trj linh theo phuong phap DCF dugc xac dinh Ibeo cong thirc sau:
Trang 23D,: Ddng tien ndm thu i
n : Ld thai gian tdn tgi huu dung ciia nhan hieu dugc lira chon,
* Giai thich mot so thuat ngir, khai niem da duoe sii' dung trong cong
su dung nhan hieu true liep mang lai
"Dong tien" khac vdi '"gia tri vugt trgi" - dugc sir dyng dc chi su chenh lech
ve gia trj giiia loai hang boa djch vu mang nhan hieu va mot loai hang hoa, djch \'u dugc su dung dc so sanh khac Gia tri vugt trgi co the do sy dong gop ciia nhieu \eu
to, Irong do co nhan bieu
Trong cong thue, dong tien (tham s6 Di) la Dong tien nam thii' i, dugc tinh dua tren ky vgng ve Igi nhuan rong hoae long lugng hang boa lieu thu Irong lucmg lai bang ky thuat (i) lgi nhuan vugt Irgi, (ii) so sanh lgi nhuan bien; hoac (iii) giam trir phi li-xang, da dugc trinh bay d phan Iren
- Chiet khau
Trong lai ehinh, ehicl khau la quy trinh xac dinh gia Irj hien tai eiia mgt lugng lien te co dugc trong mgt thdi diem trong tuong lai Gia Iri chiet khau ciia mpl vong quay lien te dugc xac dinh bang each khau trir gia tri ciia no di mgt ty le chiet khau Ihich hgp doi vdi timg don \ i thdi gian giua thdi diem ma vong quay tien
le dugc lugng gia vdi Ihdi gian bat dau eiia vong quay lien te Thong Ihudng, ly le chiet khau duge bieu dien nhu la ty !e phan tram theo nam
- Ty le chiet khau
'F\ Ic ehicl khau hoac ty suat chiet khau co the linh bang nhung each khac
nhau nhu lay ty le lai Hen ngan hang, lai suat tai chiet khau ciia Ngan hang trung uong hoae lai suat phi riii ro khae cgng vdi Iy le nhat djnh phan anh mire do riii ro lien quan den dau tu vao mgi ITnh vyc mot nganh hang nao do hoac don gian la lay
ly le lgi nhuan trung binh ciia nganh
Ty le chiet khau dupe sir dyng irong phuang phap DCF (Tham so K) dugc
tinh bang Iy Ic chiet khau hay t\ le hoan von can thiet (theo gia thiet hoac k< \gng)
ciia cae nhii dau lu khi mua nhan hieu phan anh ty le riii ro ciia thucmg vu va dugc xac djnh iheo eong thirc:
Trang 24ciia trai philu Chinh phii hoac lai suat tiet kiem co ky han tuong ung d thdi diem gan nhat vdi thdi diem xac djnh gia tri
Rp : Ty le phu phi riii ro khi dau tu Thong thudng ngudi ta can cir vao chi
so phu phi riii ro chiing khoan quic tl tai nien giam dinh gia hoac do cac c6ng l\ dinh gia xac dinh cho timg doanh nghiep, timg loai hinh kinh doanh nhirng khong vugt qua ty suit lgi nhuan thu dugc tir cac khoan dau tu khong nii ro (RO-
- Hien tai hoa dong tien tirong lai
Khi djnh gia nhan hieu bang phuong phap thu nhap, ta gia djnh se thu duge mgt khoan tiln tir nhan hieu trong luong lai Tuy nhien, mot dong trong tuong lai se c6 gia tri khae vdi mot d6ng dang eo trong ihdi diem hien tai Vi vay, trong mgi eong thue diu cin linh den viec dua gia trj se nhan dugc trong luong lai ve thdi diem hien tai, do ehinh la hien tai hoa dong tien tuong lai
Mgt Dollar, nlu dem diu tu, se tang len thanh $(H-r) sau mot nam, nen mot khoan liln B trong nam tdi se eo gia Iri hien tai (hien gia) la B/(l+r) Tirong ty, mot khoan diu tu trj gia $1 hien nay se tang len thanh $(1+1-)" trong n nam, hay khoan lien B se nhan duge vao n nam trong tuong lai eo hien gia la $B/(l+r)'\ Suat chiet khau r cang ldn va thdi gian co duge so tien cang liii xa vao tuang lai, thi hien gia cua no cang nho
D I hien tai hoa dong tien tuong lai, Idii da xae djnh dugc ly le chiet khau thi can lam ro eae khai niem sau:
+ Lai don (simple interest): Lai chinh la so tien thu dupe (doi vdi ngudi cho vay) hoSe chi ra (doi vdi ngudi di vay) do viec su dyng von vay Lai don la so tien lai chi tinh tren so tien goc ma khong linh tren so tien lai do s6 lien goc sinh ra C6ng ihirc linh lai dan nhu sau:
Si = Po(i)(n)
Trong do: Si Id Idi dan, Po Id so tien gdc, i Id lai sudt ky han vd n Id so ky
han tinh lai
Vi du ban ky giri $1000 vao lai khoan dinh ky linh lai don vdi lai suat la 8%/nain Sau 10 nam so tien g6c va lai ban thu ve la:
$1000 + 1000(0-08)(10) - $1800 + Lai kep (compound interest): la so lien lai khong chi linh tren so tien goc
ma eon linh tren so tien lai do so lien goc sinh ra No chinh la lai linh iren lai, hay con ggi la ghep lai (compounding)
+ Lai kep lien tuc (continuous compound interest): la lai kep khi s6 lan ghep l^i trong mgt thdi k> (nam) lien den v6 ciing Neu trong mpl nam ghep lai mot lan Ihi chimg la co lai hang nam (annually), neu ghep Ijii 2 lan thi chiing ta co lai
Trang 25thi viec ghep lai dien ra lien tuc Khi ay chiing ta eo lai lien lyc (continuously) + Gia tri hien tai ciia mot so tien tirong lai tinh theo lai suat kep: Khi udc tinh dugc gia trj mgt Igi ich kinh te ciia nhan hieu irong luong lai, thi ta can dua no
vl gia trj tai thdi diem djnh gia Day ehinh la gia trj hien lai eiia mgt s6 lien luong lai, eong thirc tinh nhu sau:
PVo -FVn(l+i)"
Trong do:
P Vo Id gid tri ciia mot so tien a thdi diem hien tgi:
PVn Id gid tri lucmg lai ciia so tien PVo a thai diem n ky turn lai:
n Id so ky hgn lai;
i Id lai sudt cua thdi hgn tinh lai hay ty le chiet khau
Vi du neu xac djnh nhan hieu se mang lai cho doanh nghiep 1000$ trong 3 nam tdi, gia thilt ly le chiet khau 8% nam va tinh lai kep hang nam, ap dung cong thue tren, ta se co s6 tiln 1000 USD nay tai Ihdi diem hien tai nhu sau:
PVo = 1000(1+0.08)"^ = 1000(0,794) - 794$
Nhu vay, gia trj ciia nhan bieu tri gia 1000 USD se Ihu duge trong 3 nam sau khi dinh gia, gia thiet ty le chiet khau la 8% nam, lai suat kep hang nam thi gia hien tai ciia nhan hieu do la 794 USD
C6ng thire DCF nhu Irinh bay d De tai nay ap dung ky ihual xae djnh gia tri hien lai ciia dong lien tuong lai theo lai suat kep
- V6ng doi kinh tc (economic life) hay thoi gian ton tai huu dung cua nhan hieu
Trong cong Ihiie DCF, co mpl tham s6 dupe giai Ihich la so nam biiu dung con lai eiia nhan hieu ke tir thdi diem dinh gia.Tham s6 do phan anh Vong ddi kinh
te cua nhan hieu
Ve nguyen tac, vong ddi ciia nhan hieu kh6ng the xae dinh duge (infinilc) do nhan hieu co the sii dyng khong ban che ve thdi gian, tuy nhien, no cung tuan ihii quy luat phai trien gom 4 giai doan la khai sinh (introduction), phat trien (growth), chin mu6i (maturity) va giam siit (decline)
Viec udc linh ihdi gian l6n tai huu dung ciia nhan hieu (iham so n) dua tren
\ iec phan tich nhitng lieu ehi sau da\
+ Vong ddi san pham: Mgt nhan hieu gan tren mpl san pham sap sira bj dao thai do canh tranh do su phat trien ciia ky ihuat thi vong ddi eiia nhan hieu do
Trang 26chinh san pham do thdi gian trirdc: Can cii vao doanh s6 ban hang, ty suat Igi
nhuan ma ta co the xac dinh mgt nhan hieu thugc giai doan nao irong b6n giai doan: xay dyng, phat trien, ehin muoi va su\ thoai
-I- Cac yeu to ve mat phap Iy nhu kha nang thue ihi qu\ cn vi du nhu nhdn
hieu Escalator hay Aspirin da bi chdm dirt hieu luc do khong co khd ndng bao ve su ddc quyen sir dung nhdn hieu
+ Thdi gian thu hoi von ky vong cua nha dau tu': iTdc linh thdi gian t6n
tai hiiu dung eiia nhan hieu bang each nay ta gia thiet nhan hieu dupe dinh gia ta mgt chuang myc dau lu va nha dau lu se ehi bo von khi ky vgng ihu h6i trong mgt khoang thdi gian htrp ly
* Phu'ffng phap "Monte Carlos" hay phuong phap DCF nang cao
Phuang phap DCF truyen thong dya tren co sd ly luan la gia trj nhan hieu bing l6ng lgi ich thu dugc lu nhan hieu trong tuong lai Nhugc diem ciia phuong phap la d ch6 kjeh ban Igi nhuan do nhan hieu mang lai trong tuong !ai la nhiing udc tinh mang linh chii quan va chua linh den yeu to riii ro (risk) va sy bat dinh (volatility) ciia Ihi Irudng
Dc giai quyel nhugc diem nay, mgt phuang phap da dupe phat Irien tren nguyen tac tinh den mgi kjch ban ciia Igi nhuan co the doan djnh Irudc, lu do binh sai cac kha nang de tim ra mgt gia tri hoac mot dai gia trj phan anh mire do riii ro ui thap nhal den eao nhal
Trong eae tai lieu khac nhau, phuong phap nay co ten gpi khac nhau nhu Phuong phap dya Iren ky ihual phan lich cay quyet dinh (Decision iVee Analysis hoac DTA based methods); Phircmg phap DCF nang cao (advanced DCI' valuation method) nhung ten gpi dugc biet den nhieu nhat la phuong phap "Monte Carlos"
- Pham vi iing dung
Phuong phap Monte Carlos thudng dugc su dung trong Irudng hgp Igi ich thu dugc trong tucmg lai ciia nhan hieu chju anii hudng ciia mgt so yeu t6 bien dgng trong mgt dai gia trj co the xac djnh dugc
- Nguyen tiic hoat dong
De hieu ro phuong phap nay boat dgng nhu the nao la nghien ciru mgi trudng hgp djnh gia mgt nhan hieu gia dinh
Gia sir mgt nhan hieu dugc dinh gia dya Ircn each tiep can thu nhap phuong phap dong tien chiet khau (DCF) \'iec dinh gia dya tren gia djnh:
+ Chua CO mpl kjch ban chae chan ve mire thu nhap do nhan hieu mang lai
Trang 27lieu d6 khong dii dc nhan djnh mgt each chae chan chieu hudng lgi nhuan trong luong lai:
+ Gia djnh la nhan hieu do con co thdi gian sir dung huu ich la 5 nam niia:
+ Cac phan tieh du bao muc dp tang trudng doanh thu bang khong, tu\' nhien, chii sd hihi nhan hieu tin rang mire tang trudng doanh Ihu phai dat tu 3 den 20%;
+ Dugc biet doanh thu hien tai ciia san pham mang nhan la 1.000.000 USD chi phi ban hang (COGS - Cost of goods sold) la 700.000 USD Irong khi cac chi
phi khae khoang 5% doanh thu:
+ Cac chi phi boat dgng khac d mire lir 5 den 10%;
+ Chi phi ban hang (COGS) co the bien dgng trong khoang lir 5 den 10%; H- Ta mac dinh ly le chiel khau la 15%
De don gian hoa vice linh loan, la chi cho ba (03) tham so la doanh thu, chi phi ban hang (COGS) va chi phi hoat dgng bien doi theo nhirng kjch ban khac nhau
Theo phuong phap Monte Carlo, bang phuong trinh DCF truyen th6ng img vdi moi mpl kich ban khac nhau ciia moi tham so se cho ra mot kel qua khac nhau,
vi du ta dai hai tham so doanh thu va chi phi boat dpng d mgt mire bat ky trong ba mii'c la cao ihap va trung binh (gia sir ta dat mire Irung binh trong Iat ca cac nam), dai tham so COGS d mire eao trong nam ihii' nhat, thap trong nam thir hai, lai cao trong nam thir ba Ap cong thire DCF la se eho mgt gia tri irng vdi kich ban doanh thu irung binh; chi phi boat dgng trung binh Irong 5 nam; va chi phi ban hang
d mii'c cao nam thir nhat, thap nam thir hai, Irung binh nam thir 3
Thay d6i mgt iham s6 trong kjch ban niiy se eho ra mpl gia Iri khac irng vdi kich ban ay Nhu viiy Irong moi euge dinh gia thi phuong phap Monle Carlo se cho
ra hang tram, Iham chi hang ngan ket qua khac nhau tiiy theo riii ro dugc lya chgn d mire do nao
Nhu vay, trai vdi phuong phap DCF iruyen th6ng ehi eho la mgt gia tri thi phuong phap Monte Carlo eo ket qua la mpl dai gia Iri tir thap nhal (tuong irng vdi kjeh ban bi quan nhat) den eao nhat (tuong img vdi kich ban lac quan nhat), Viec lya chgn mgt kel qua dugc coi la phii hgp sc do chuyen gia dinh gia, ket hgp vdi ngirdi eo trach nhiem quyet djnh hoac don gian hon la lay gia Iri Irung binh chung
Trong thi du neu lien, phuang phap Monte Carlo sc cho ra khoang 1000 phuong an, vdi dai gia Iri nhan hieu tu 134.000 USD din 1.100.000 USD gia tri irung binh la 599.000 USD
Luu >• la gia trj Irung binh neu iren khong phai la trung binh chung ciia gia tri
Trang 28nhCmg kjeh ban:
Bang phan tich tai chinh theo phuo'ng phap phan tich
Monte Carlo dua tren kich ban cac tham so ce miie do trung binh
Tham sfi
Tong doanh Ihu
Chi phi h^n hfing
Tong Ipi nhuan
Chi phi khic
Lpi nhuan hual dong
Lpi nhuan tnr6c Ihuc
Thue thu nhap doanh i
Lpi nhuan thuan
Tham s6 dira gi^ tn vc
(I'V lactor)
Gia tn hiC'u lai
Giii thi tritdng
ighiep
; hicn tai^
2003 ($0005)
1.000.0 717.0
283.0 73.0 210.0 (63.0)
147.0 0.9
127 8
Vong dcyi nhan
2004 (SOOOs)
163 1 0.8
123 3
2005 ($000s)
1.250 0
900 0
350 0 92.0
258 0 (77.4)
180 6 0.7
1187 hieu
2006 ($000s) 1,398 0
396 0
293 0 293.0 (87.9)
205.1 0.6
117.3
2007 ($000s)
1.563 0 1.124.0
439 0 115.0 324.0 (97.2)
b Phuang phdp vdn hda thu nhap
Phuang phap v6n boa thu nhap can cir vao mii'c thu nhap binh quan tir viec sir dung, eho thue, H-xang, franchise de tinh toan gia tri ciia nhan hieu Theo each tinh nay, gia tn hop ly ciia mgt nhan hieu bang gia tri mgt khoan tien, dugc dau tu dai han, on djnh iheo mgt co che lai chinh duge dam bao, thu dugc mgt khoan Igi nhuan tuong duong
Dieu kien ap dung phuong phap nay la thu nhap lir sir dung nhan hieu dich phai cd gia tri duong on djnh, lau dai va eo it riii ro hoac bien dgng nhu phi franchise, phi li-xang, nhan hieu eo mire dp sinh Idi bien dgng ap dung phuong phap DCF trinh bay d tren
Gia irj thj trudng tinh theo phuong phap nay dugc xac djnh theo c6ng ihuc
I / R
'' I 1 kC-l \]uj sau khi iip dung cong ihirc chiCn khau dc dua gia in Irong lirang lai \c thoi dicm dmh gia da
Trang 29V Id Gid tri thi trudng cua nhdn hieu thdi diem dinh gid:
I la thu nhap rdng do nhdn hieu mang lgi tgi thdi diem dinh gid:
R Id ly le chiet khdu ciia mot khodn ddu tu phi rid ro
3.5 Nhom phu'ong phap djnh gia khac
3.5.1 Nhom phuong phap ung dung ky thuat dinh gia hgp dong quyen chon (option contract)
Ben canh ba (3) each tiep can truyen th6ng nliu trinh bay d iren, tai cac nudc
CO khoa hgc djnh gia lien tien dang nghien cuu va iing dung nhom phuang phap dinh gia mdi dya tren eae yeu to: Toan kinh le cao cap, ky thuat m6 hinh hoa (modelling), cong nghe th6ng tin va so lieu co dugc tir cong cy phai sinh ciia thj tnrdng tai chinh, chiing khoan
Chinh xac hon, do la nhom phuong phap v6n dupe phat irien nham dinh gia cac eong eu phai sinh lai thj trudng dau co mao hiem nhu mo hinh nhj thirc (Binomial Model based method), djnh gia dya Iren dinh ly Markov (Markop Chain), djnh gia dya tren gia trj option thyc (Real Option Method - ROM) Tuy nhien, cae phuang phap nay deu dua tren nen lang la phuong phap Black & Scholes, duge Fischer Black va Myron Scholes de xuat nam 1973 nham djnh gia option kieu Chau
Au (European option pricing model)
Theo nhieu hgc gia thi day la hudng di mdi eiia khoa hgc dinh gia noi chung
va djnh gia nhan hieu noi rieng do eac each tiep can nay da gitii quyet dugc van de lugng hoa duge riii ro trong tuong lai, lugng hoa duge su bat djnh (volatility) ctia thi Irudng dua iren tham so "hedge" va gia trj eiia "thj trirdng tuang lai" (futures markel)' Diem manh nhat ciia each tiep can mdi nay la viec irng dung cong nghe thong lin khien cho vice xir ly dien ra nhanh chong, gia thanh (hap Mot so hang nhu ValuAdder Bain & Co , con eung cap phan mem dc doanh nghiep ty nap so lieu va eho ra ket qua ngay \di sai so co the chap nhan duge thay vi viec thue cac hang uy tin dinh gia vdi chi phi dat do
Tuy nhien, tac gia nhan thay kha nang irng dung tai Viet Nam la kh6ng eao
do thj trudng tai chinli, chung khoan chua phai Irien, vai Iro ciia yeu to dau co, ihao liing ihj Irudng, anh hudng eiia yeu to tam ly qua Idn, doanh nghiep Vicl Nam ehua
CO lap quan cong bo th6ng lin dan den cac chi so thj trudng bi meo mo, khong phan anh diing linh hinli kinh doanh
' Thj iriritng lirong lai la m^t thu^l ngS trong tai chinh, chirng khoan chir khong mang y nghia la thi iruong
Trang 30va quy dau co (Hedge Fund)*, thi trudng hgp dong option^: so lieu thong ke con thieu ca ve chat lan lugng nen so lieu dau \'ao cho cae mo hinh linh loan khong du Cuoi Cling, cac phuong phap na\ cung khong phai khong co nhugc diem Qua nghien ciru an le lien quan den djnh gia nhan hieu cua cac nudc phat trien, nhan thay cho den nay, Toa an eac nudc chua thira nhan tinh chinh xac ciia mot mo hinh tinh toan nao Neu co, Toa ciing >eu cau phiii dien giai cac mo hinh do theo suy luan 16 gic tren co sd ap dung cac each tiep can truyen Ihong
Ngdy 31/7/1998, Tda Phuc thdm Lien bang Hoa Ky sd 2 ddn quan diem ciia Toa Thui Hoa Ky (Id 1995 WL 544886 1995 Tax Ct Memo LEXIS 439 at* 128- 32) rdng: "Ida 'Thue Iloa Ky khdng lin tuang vdo trinh do ciia chuyen gia djnh gid cuu Nestle vd rdng viec tinh todn gid tri thi trudng ciia nhdn hieu Nestle khong dua mat cdeh ddy dii vd chinh xdc tren nhirng sd lieu dd biet Mat khdc, phuang phdp dinh gid dua tren md hinh kinh te lugng - Econometrics - khdng chdc Id phii hgp " Tren ca sd do, Tda Thue yeu cdu cd hai ben nguyen dan vd bi dan phdi dinh gia lgi bdng phuang phdp khdc fNguon: An le Nestle Moldings, Inc v Commissioner of
Interval Revenue, s6 Docket Nos 96-4158 96-4192 ngay 31/7/1998 Toa Phiic tham lien bang so 2^
Chinh vi vay, trong khu6n kJio nghien cu'u ciia de lai nay, tac gia chi trinh bay nhiing net co ban ve co sd ly luan va nguyen tac hoai dpng ciia phuong phap Black & Scholes co ban va iing dung ciia no vao vice djnh gia nhan hieu
Phuong phap mdi nay sir dung so lieu san eo tren "thj irudng luong lai*" hay
"gia Irj option" va phuong phap linh gia option lam can eir ve gia Irj ciia doi tugng dinh gia trong mpl thdi gian xae djnh trong luong lai
Nhu Iren da trinh bay, da_\ la phuong phap djnh gia dugc phat trien nham ap dung eho thi irudng dau eo mao hiem (mua ban option ve c6 phieu trai phieu ngoai
le hang hoa) Vi \i\}\ can lam ro mgt so khai niem then chot, can ban, thudng duge sir dung nhu option, thj trudng tuang lai
' I hcLt Ban tin I'hj trirfrng trii chinh ngiiy (l')/09/2009 cuj Kcnh V'lV 1, Dai iruyCn hinh Vici \'am quan dicm
cija B^ Tai chinh 15 khiing chap nhan thi irircmg dau ca lai \'ici Xam
Trang 31- Hffp dong tuong lai: La mgt hgp dong dugc chuan boa giao djeh tren thj
trudng giao dich hgp d6ng tuong lai, de mua hay ban mgi so loai hang hoa nhat dinh, d mgt muc gia nhat dinh, vao mgt nga)' xac djnh trong tucmg lai Gia dugc xac dinh ngay tai thdi diem ki hgp dong dugc ggi la gia tuang lai (liitures price), eon gia ciia hang hoa do vao ngay giao hang la gia quyet toan (strike price) Thong thudng, cang dan den ngay giao hang thi gia quyet loan se hoi tu dan vc gia tuong lai
Den ngay giao hang, bang se dugc chuyen tii ngirdi ban cho ngirdi mua neu
do la hgp d6ng giao hang, hoac lien se dugc chuyen tir ben 16 sang ben lai neu do la kieu hgp dong bii trir tien De thoat khoi hgp dong Irudc khi dao han, cac ben tham gia hgp dong co the chuyen nhugng hgp d6ng cho mot ben khae ihco gia ihj IruiTng kel ihiic mgt hgp dong tuong lai \a cac nghTa vu kem theo ciia no,
- Quyen chon (Option): La c6ng cy cho phep ngudi nam giii no c6 quyen,
nhung khong c6 nghTa vu dugc mua (neu la quyen ehgn mua - call option) hoae ban (neu la quyen ehgn ban - put option) mgt khoi lupng nhal djnh hang hoa vdi mgt mire gia xac dinh trong mgt thdi ban nhat djnh Dc doi lai, ben ban (doi vdi quyen ehgn mua) hoac ben mua (doi vdi qu>'en chgn ban) phai chi mgi khoan tien tiiy thugc vao cac yeu to:
+ Loai hang trao d6i la gi;
H Dieu khoan htrp dong option;
+ Tinh hinh thi trudng, chi s6 thi tru'dng option;
+ Lai sual co ban hoae lai suat phi riii ro
Khoan lien phai tra phan anh mire do riii ro trong tuang lai ciia loai hang hoa duge Irao doi, khong dugc hoan lai dii ngudi co quyen (mua hoac ban) co thue hien quyen eiia minh khi dao ban hgp dong ha\' khong Trong hgp dong option, ngudi nam giir quyen co quyen nhung khong eo nghTa vu thyc hien hgp dong,
Mang boa co the la c6 phieu, chi so c6 phieu trai phieu chi so trai phieu, thuong phiim, lien te hay hgp d6ng tucmg lai
Doi vdi quyen chgn ban ihi ngugc lai, ngudi Ihuc hien quyen sc co Igi neu gia ban thue hien quyen eao hon gia thj trudng cua hang boa co sd va se bj mat tien neu gia ihuc hien quyen thap hon gia thi trudng ciia hang hoa co sd
Gia irj ma ngudi nam giii quyen lua chgn sc nhan dugc bang each thue hien qu\en dupe ggi la gia Irj ngi lai (intrinsic value) Neu quyen d trang thai bj mat lien, giii tri ngi tai bang 0 Gia thi trudng ciia mot quyen thuong It nhat la bang gia iri noi tai Gia ban quyen dugc ggi la phan phu trpi, chenh lech gitra gia ban qusen \di gia tri noi lai (trong trudng hgp qu\en dang dugc tien) dupe ggi la phan phu trgi gia Irj
Trang 32American Option, Bermudan Option: Barrier Option, Exotic Option, Vanilla Option
- Thj trirdng tuo-ng lai: Khong phai trong trudng hgp nao quyen ehgn cung dugc thyc hien Van de nay lam nay sinh nhu cau trao d6i, mua ban quyen chgn trudc thdi diem quyen chgn dao ban \a thj trudng tuang lai ra ddi
Thi trudng tuong lai la thj trudng giao djch quyen mua hoac quyen ban trong tuong lai Thj tnrdng tuong lai co hai loai: Thj trudng tap trung, Thj trudng phi tap trung
Djnh gia quyen chon (Option pricing) va phuong trinh Black & Scholes:
Tai thdi diem manh nha eiia thj trudng tuong lai, viec dinh gia quyen chgn
do ngudi mua va ngudi ban lu udc lugng thoa thuan ma khong dua vao mpl quy tie nao Nam 1973, Fischer Black va Myron Seholes phat trien mpl phuang trinh vi phan nham tinh gia trj quyen chgn d6i vdi c6 phieu:
{In{S I E)+ {r+ a-)i)
a y/i - Ee-"N{
{In{S I E)-\-{r -v -a~)l)
Trong do:
+ S la gia CO phieu tai thdi diem djnh gia
H- !• Ia gia hai ben thoa thuan tai Ihoi diem thyc hien quyen +1 thdi gian con lai ciia hcyp dong trudc khi het han
+ N 0 la cumulative standard normal dislribulion function
t- cr (algebras - sigma) la chi so phan anh inii'e do bat djnh (volatilit\) ciia gia chiing khoan
+ r la ty le lai suat phi riii ro
+ e la CO so ciia 16-ga-rit ty nhien, co gia irj xap xi 2,7182
Phuang trinh Black & Scholes hoat dgng voi gia djnh: (i) quyen ehgn dugc mac djnh la kieu European Option: (ii) khong tinh den yeu to c6 lire; (iii) lai suat phi riii ro khong doi: (iv) loai trir cac tham so vc phi giao dich, phi moi gidi, phi phat hgp dong va (v) thi irudng len xuong d mire do binh ihudng, khong co dot
Trang 33trinh phuc tap ban, giai quyet dugc nhieu van de hon nhu m6 hinh Heston phuong trinh Fourier-Cosine Series Tuy nhien, day la nhung van de het siie phire lap va can CO nhung nghien ciru chuyen sau, by vpng se dupe dc cap tai mgt nghien cim khac
c Ung dung phuang trinh Black & Scholes vdo dinh gid nhdn hieu
Phuong trinh Black & Scholes dugc phat trien de dinh gia hgp d6ng option trong thj trudng dau co riii ro Giao djeh nhan bieu la loai d6i tugng dac thii, khong
CO thi Irudng mang tinh pho thong va tinh thanh klioan cao nhu thj trudng tai ehinh vay ling dung phuong trinh Black & Scholes tren thyc te nhu the nao?
Tai san tri tue noi ehung va nhan hieu n6i rieng dong gop mgi mgt ty le nhat dinh trong tong nhan hieu doanh nghiep Ty le nay tren thyc te thay doi dudi tae dgng cua nhieu yeu 16, tuy nhien trong boat dgng djnh gia, ta gia djnh la kh6ng doi Nhu vay, gia trj dong gop ciia nhan hieu tai mot thdi diem tucmg irng theo ly
le phan tram vdi gia iri ciia loan doanh nghiep hoac mot bg phan doanh nghiep, tire
la tuang ung vdi gia trj eo phieu lai thdi diem do Khi xac djnh dugc gia trj quyen chgn cua c6 phieu trong lucmg lai tiie la ta xac dinh dupe gia trj dong gop eua nhan hieu trong thdi diem tuong img ma kh6ng can "du bao" hoac ''udc tinh"" nhu sir dung phuang phap DCF truyen thong
3.5.2 Djnh gia iing dung mo hinh kinh te lu'ong (econometrics)
Theo quan diem ciia tac gia thi kinh le lupng khong phai la phuong phap (method) djnh gia ma ehi la mot ky ihual (technique), thiet lap mpl thuat loan kinh
te de mo hinh m6 phong mpl phuong phap djnh gia duge sir dung Vdi ky ihual nay ngudi ta de dang ap dung e6ng nghe thong tin nham tang toe do xir ly
Flicn lai, da eo nliieu hang phai trien eac phiin mem dinh gia vdi nen tang la
ap dyng ky thuat m6 hinh kinh tc lugng nhu mo hinh eiia PriceWaterHouse Cooper, ValuAdder, Bain & Co Nguyen tac \a cac dieu kien van hanh ciia ky thuat nay can nhirng nghien ciru chuyen sau, se dupe Irinh bay tai mot nghien cii'u khac,
3.6 Lua chon phuong phap phu hop va xii' Iy ket qua sau dinh gia 3.6.L Lua chon phiro'ng phap dinh gia
Mac dii nhom phuong phap sir dung each liep can thu nhap duge ap dung nhieu tren thyc te nliirng no cung khong phai phuang phap toan nang, co the ap dung \ a ap dung hieu qua Irong mgi irudng hgp
Dc lua ehgn phuang phap dinh gia nhan hieu phii hpp trong timg trudng hpp
cu the can can cu vao eac tieu ehi sau da>'
- Diem manh, diem yeu, dieu kien ap dung va ban chat ciia lirng phuang
Trang 34thua 16) Phuang phap chi phi de ap dyng nhung gia trj djnh gia la nguyen gia
chir khong phai gia thi trudng Ky thuat "gidm irir phi li-xdng' xac dinh gia trj su
dyng chir kh6ng phai gia tri sd hiiu
- Muc dich, yeu eau ctia viec djnh gia: Tiiy lung muc dich \eu cau djnh gia
ma ta lya chgn phuong phap khac nhau vi du dd dinh gia nhlm quan trj nhan hieu thi phuong phap chi phi la phuong phap co ban, Ihudng dugc su dung k6t hgp vdi cae phuang phap khac de phoi kiem hieu qua kinh Id
- Quy dinh ciia phap luat: Tai mgt s6 nudc, luat phap co thd quy djnh khu\'dn khich hoae djnh hudng ap dung mgt s6 phuong phap djnh gia trong nhiing trudng hgp eu the vi du tai Viet Nam, trong e6 pht\n hoa doanh nghiep, Tb6ng tu 146/2007/TT-BTC eiia Bg Tai chinh khuyen kliich ap dung phuong phap chi phi (con ggi la phuong phap tai san) va phuong phap chiel khSu dong tiSn (DCF) dd djnh gia "thuong hieu"
- Kha nang thu thap s6 lieu: D6i vdi nhan hieu, do dac thii v6 linh don nhdt, viec phan tach yeu t6 thu nhap do nhan hieu mang lai trong mot so Irudng hgp kho thyc hien, sy thieu vang eae giao djch tuong ducmg s6 lieu Ihidu he lh6ng, lhi6u th6ng nhat khien phuong phap ihj tnrdng hiem khi dugc ap dung
Mot vi dy khac la nhom phuong phap phai sinh lu' thi trudng tai chinh khong the ap dyng tai Viet Nam do kh6ng co so lieu
- Ngan sach danh cho djnh gia: Djnh gia nhan hieu la mgt eong vice kho khan, doi hoi su dau tir c6ng siic, tri tue cao khien chi phi ton kem fai Viet Nam, ngan sach danh de djnh gia "thucmg hieu" trung binh tir ehi 150 d6n 200 trieu'" khien nhirng Iham so phire tap nhu chi s6 nhan biet ciia khaeh hang, mire dp trung thanh eiia khaeh hang \'di nhan hieu khong thudng xuyen dupe khao sal va xac djnh mgt each thuyet phue Do do mgt so Iham so chi co the xae djnh bang vice udc tinh eiia eae chuyen gia va phuong phap lua chgn cung can don gian, de ihuc hien va khong doi hoi so lieu nhieu
3.6.2 Xiii' ly ket qua sau djnh gia
D6i vdi mgt yeu cau djnh gia cd the diing nhieu phuang phap djnh gia khac nhau va ngay ca mgi phuong phap, neu sir dung ky Ihual linh loan khac nhau eung eho ket qua kh6ng gi6ng nhau Vi \ a\ dc lim ra dugc mgi con s6 ihuycl phuc nhal can tien hanh phan tieh kel qua va ehi ra nliCrng diem manh, diem han che eiia timg ket qua, lir do dieu ehinh ket qua eho phii hgp
Qua phan tich, so sanh ket qua chuyen gia djnh gia eo the sira chiia nhimg diem eon ban che trong ap dung c6ng thirc de b6 sung tham so, dieu chinh cong
'"I s TrSn Ngoc San, Giiini doc Cong ly dinh gia Fa\i Hoi ihao "Cac quy dinh ciia phap luat \a ihirc ticn dinh giS Iii sail tri tuc Irong cac doanh nghiep phuc \u co phan hoa va giai quycl tranh chap" - Vicn Khoa
Trang 35nhidu nhugc didm, do tin cay khong cao thi can tien hanh dieu tra, danh gia lai loan
bg so lieu da thu thap dugc va nghien ciiu ap dung phuong phap djnh gia phii hgp Neu qua phan tich xac dinh dugc mgt phuang phap co mire do chinh xac cao hon cac phuang phap con lai thi can tap trung phan tich ket qua thu dugc tir phuong phap do, k6t qua thu dugc tir cac phuong phap doi chimg khac minh hga hoac hieu chinh ket qua ciia phuang phap chinh
Trudng hgp co hon mgt phuong phap co do chinh xac arong duong nhau thi ngudi ta thudng eho ra ket qua dudi dang tiiy ehgn: Gia Irj nhan hieu dugc dinh gia se c6 gia trj lir XXX den YYY Neu bat bugc phai dua ra mgt con so thi ngudi ta thudng tinh gia trj trung binh chung hoae lay binh quan gia quyen ciia eac ket qua
Khi dinh gid thuang hieu Viglacera (gdm 4 hdng bdo hd nhdn hieu vd ten thuang mgi), Cdng ty dinh gid da dp dung hai cdng Ihuc khdc nhau luong img vai kich hdn lac quan vd kjch bdn than trong tir do cho ra 2 ket qud khdc nhau
Theo udc luong ciia chuyen gia dinh gid thi kha nang xdy ra kich bdn Igc quan Id 70%; kich bdn than trong Id 30% Xhu vay gid thi tnrdng (Ci) cua thuong hieu Viglacera dugc de xudt Id:
V^ 70% X V (lac quan) + 30% X V (llidn Irong}"
Tuy nhien, khong the dua ra mpl c6ng thirc c6 djnh de danh gia rang nen lya ehgn each thii'c xir ly ket qua nhu the nao Irong mgi tinh huong, I Ion nira, mgt k6t qua djnh gia dii eo khoa hgc va thuyet phuc den dau ciing chi la so lieu Iham khao, no chi Ihyc sy chinh xac khi dugc kiem chirng, tire la nhan hieu do duge cac ben lien quan chap nhan giao djch tren ihyc le
Trang 36CHl/ONG IL KINH iXGHIEM DINH GIA NHAN HIEU TAI CAC NU*6C PHAT TRIEN
1 He thong Tieu chuan quoc te doi vdi dinh gia tai san vo hinh
Djnh gia tai san tri tue la van de dugc quan tam nhieu nhal dudi goc do lai chinh doanh nghiep, theo do, tai san tri tue cung dugc xem la mot ngu6n luc ciia doanh nghiep, do do, no can dupe djnh vj, danh gia, quan ly va sir dung nhu eae loai tai san khac Vi vay, eac nudc deu da ban banh cac he th6ng tieu chuSn djnh gia doi vdi tai san vo hinh, trong do co nhan hieu
Trong boi canh boat dpng sir dyng/khai thac thuong mai doi vdi lai san tri tue, trong do co nhan hieu, khong chi gidi ban trong pham vi quoc gia ma da trd thanh boat dpng mang linh quoc tc thi nhu cau djnh gia nhan hieu cung co xu hudng trd thanh nhu cau chung ciia nhieu qu6c gia, dac biet la cac quoc gia phat trien Do do da xual hien doi hoi phai thiet lap he ihong cac each tiep can djnh gia nhan hieu mang tinli lieu chuan nham thong nhat ap dung trong pham vi quoc te
De lam duge dieu nay, nhieu ehuyen gia da dat ra mgt so yeu eau chung doi vdi viec djnh gia nhan hieu tren binh dien quoc te, do la: khaeh quan, Ihdi gian lien hanh (djnh gia) ngan, co kha nang ap dung d6i vdi cac nhan hieu thugc nhieu ITnh vuc khae nhau, va eo gia ca canh tranh; luy nhien eho tdi nay ehua eo phuong phap dinh gia nhan hieu nao dugc coi la dap img day dii cae dieu kien nay
Trong n6 lyc xay dung mgt bp tieu chuan thong nhat ve djnh gia nhan hieu nham ap dung tren pham vi loan cau, thang 3/2007, T6 chiie Tieu chuan Quoc te (ISO) da khdi dpng dy an xay dung lieu chuan djnh gia nhan hieu (brand) tren co sd
6k xuk cua Vien Tieu chuin Dire (Gennan Standards Institute - DIN)'"*, du kien se
thong qua dugc mgt bp lieu chuan qu6c te vc djnh gia nhan hieu Irong nam 2010
Tuy nhien, eho d6n nay, ban dy thao tieu chuan dau lien van chua dugc xay dung xong
Nhu vay, linh den thdi diem na\ chua co bg lieu chuan djnh gia tai san tri tue dugc ap dung ehinh thue trong pham vi quoc le, vi vay viec djnh gia cae tai san tri tue van ehu yeu dugc thyc hien tren co sd eac tieu chuan dinh gia tai san v6 hinh
"Jjn-r-rcn\ \an tiic-.t-l Paincs Boekholl "Valonsing the Innovalion Capaciiy of ihc Firm", 9/2005
Trang 37(International Valuation Standards Council - IVSC'"
Vi ehua tieu chuan rieng ve djnh gia nhan hieu nen lam thdi dupe ap dung theo nhiing nguyen t4e co ban neu trong dy thao Hudng dan noi tren vdi nhiing di6u chinh thich hgp cho nhan hieu Noi each khac, du thao Hudng dan djnh gia qu6c te doi vdi viec djnh gia tai san vo hinh do Hoi dong Tieu chuan djnh gia qu6c i^ (IVSC) cong bo nam 2009 dugc coi la lai lieu tham khao mang linh hudng dSn ehung ve phuong phap djnh gia nhan hieu theo lieu chuan qu6c t6, co the duge lorn tat nhu sau:
- V6 pham vi ap dyng quy trinh va phuong phap dinh gia: IVSC kh6ng
hudng dan each thire djnh gia cung nhu thao luan cbi t\k ve eae ky thuat (quy trinh) djnh gia tai san vo hinh ma eh! neu ra cac nguyen ihc chung, co tinh djnh hudng;
- Nhan hieu co dac tinh (ihugc tinh) ciia lai san v6 hinh: kha nang mang lai gia tri kinh tc Theo each phan loai ciia IVSC Ihi nhan hieu Ihuge nhom lai san v6
hinh CO kha nang nhan biel dugc lien quan tdi tiep ihj {marketing related IA)
- Nhan hieu dugc dinh gia iheo ba phuong phap co ban: Chi phi thay the:
phuong phap so sanh (thj trudng); va phuong phap von hoa ihu nhap
Phu'O'ng phap chi phi thay the: Chu yeu dugc ap dung doi vdi nhan hieu duge lao ra trong noi bp doanh nghiep nhung chua xac djnh dugc dong thu nhap hoac lgi ich kinh tc khac do nhan hieu lao ra Tuy nhien vice ap dung each tiep can nay dc djnh gia nhan hieu gap mgt so kho khan nhu sau:
-I- Kho hoac khong the xae dinh duge chi phi/gia Ihj trudng ciia nhan hieu so sanh do ban chat dgc nhal eiia nhan hieu dugc djnh giti (hiem khi ton lai nhan hieu khac CO ban chat d6ng nhat hoae tuong duong de so sanh);
-I- Trong Irudng hgp co t6n tai nhan hieu so sanh, vice danh gia liem nang thuong mai eiia nhan hieu nham xac dinh gia Irj ihj Irudng mang linh chii quan, do
do ket qua kh6ng thyc sy dang tin ca>': mat khae eo the khong eo thong tin dugc cong bo ve chi phi tao dyng hoac gia thj trudng eiia nhan hieu so sanh nay; I- Thyc te cho thay chi phi tao dung nhan hieu khong phan anh tiem nang kinh tc va gia trj cua nhan hieu do
'•* I \Q\ dong Tieu chudn dinh g\& qu6c tc (IVSC) dircrc ihanh lap Irfin ca so Liy ban Tiea chuan dinh gia lai san
qufic ti2 (Inicrnationa! Assets Valuation Standards Committee - lAVSC) moi lo chirc duoe honh thanh tren
ca sd eic hiep h(ii dinh gi5 quoc gia nham hJi hoa cac tieu chuan dinh gia cua lioa Ky va Anh NSm 2000,
ll^i dong cong hA ban Huong dan \ e djnh gia cac lai san v6 hinh (Guidance Note \ o 4 on Valuation ot
Intangible Asscls- t i \ 4 ) Tii nam 2007 Hoi diing lien hanh ra soat \<'i su'a doi ban liucrngdan noi Iren nhjm
tyo ihu^n i(,Ti cho vice 'ip dung mc \cu cJu dinh gij tai san vo hhih ihco "I leu chuan biio cao lai chinh quoc te (hilcrnalional I inancial Reporting Standard - IIRSj \<i theo Tieu chuan dmh gia quoc le (International Valuation Standard - l \ S) kel qua cua qua irinh ra soat va sua doi nay la ban du thao Ikrang dSn dinh gia quoc le Ci\4 (dii duyc swa dfii) M} djnh gid cac tfti san \u hinh (Hxposuie Dral'l Revised CN4' Valuation of
doi chu yeu la \ iec cau iruc l^i vt th6ng nhat khai niem cua cSc thuat ngiJ duoe sir dung trong LJC tieu chuan
Trang 38nhan hieu gap nhieu kho khan do:
Co rat il hoac khong co giao dich nhan hieu dong nhat hoac luong duong vdi
nhan hieu can djnh gia; neu eo thi th6ng tin ve muc gia ciing khong dugc c6ng bo: ngay ca khi co ihong tin do thi eung kho xac dinh chi s6 dieu chinh thich hgp d6i vdi cac mire gia hoae bgi s6 djnh gia neu co xac djnh dugc thi chi biing each su dung phuong phap djnh tinh (mang linh chu quan khong chinh xae) Cae klio khan neu tren ban che do tin cay ciia phuang phap thj Irudng khi djnh gia nhan hieu
Phu-ffng phap v6n hoa thu nhap: Mac dii dupe coi ia phuong phap cho kk
qua dang lin cay nhat va do do dugc ap dung ph6 biln nh^t trong thyc ticn, vice ap dung each tiep can nay con co mot s6 kho khan sau day:
+ Khong phai trong irudng hgp nao eac th6ng lin chn thiSl cung s^n co hoac
CO the tinh loan dugc, vi du neu kh6ng co dir lieu vh phi li-xang d6i vdi nlian hieu
tuong duong hoac thong tin ve phi li-xang nhan hieu kh6ng duge cong b6 thi kho
ap dyng phuong phap phi tach li-xang:
+ Dy bao lgi nhuan dugc tao ra lir vice su dung nhan hieu va thdi gian su dyng hiru ich eiia nhan bieu trong tucmg lai ihuimg mang linh chii quan do do ban che do tin cay ciia kel qua djnh gia:
+ Mat khae, muon sir dung phuong phap Ihu nhap can bao dam rang gia trj cim dong lien ehi do nhan hieu true liep mang lai, tuy nhien tren thue te dong lien hiem khi chi do sy dong gop ciia nhan hieu ma eon do tai san khac (nhu sang che, lgi the kinh doanh, uy tin/danh tieng bi mat kinh doanh ) tao ra; trong trudng hgp nay lai lam nay sinh van de kho khan la phai boc lach gia tri dong lien do nhan hieu tao ra va day lai la mgt cong vice kh6ng dc thue hien trong ihyc lien
- Cac du' lieu dau vao phuc vu djnh gia: C'6 8 du lieu dau vao dugc sir dung thudng xuyen nhal trong djnh gia nhan hieu, gom thong lin lai chinh dy bao (PFI) cac muc gia ciia giao dich so sanh va cac bgi so dinh gia; mire phi li-xang; mire Igi nhuan chenh lech; mire do dong gop gia trj eiia lai san khac; ty sual chiel khau; cac bgi so von hoa; va chi phi thay the
+ Th6ng tin tai chinh dy bao; dugc su dung ehii yeu Irong phuang phap ihu
nhap \a eo Ihl sir dung trong phuong phap thi truong Khi sir dung eac du- lieu na\ d^ djnh giii nhan hieu e^n phai \ac dinh eae gia djnh va eac gia djnh nay phai duge neu trong bao cao djnh gia kem iheo trich dan nguon thong lin
4- Muc gia ciia giao djch so sanh: Noi chung, du lieu nay it dugc sir dyng trong dinh gia nhan hieu do ban chat doc nhat ciia nhan hieu va th6ng lin ve mire gia noi tren khong duge c6ng bo
I Mire phi li-xang: dugc su dung ehii yeu trong phuong phap thu nhap (ky ihuat giam trCr phi li-\ang) Tu\ nhien day chi la muc phi dupe xac dinh Iren co sd
Trang 39li-xang trong nganh cong nghiep tuong ung dupe eong b6 )
+ Mue Igi nhuan chenh leeh ehii \eu dugc su dung trong phuong phap thu nhap Noi chung chi co the thu thap dugc dir lieu nay trong trudng hgp co the boc
tach dugc thu nhap do nhan hieu tao ra va ton lai thong tin phii hgp \c nhan hieu
tuong ducmg
+ Mue do dong gop gia tri eiia tai san khae: dugc sir dung chii yeu Irong phuang phap thu nhap va ihudng chi thu thap dugc dir lieu nay trong trudng hgp co the hoc tach duge cac dong lien do tung tai san tao ra trong long the kh6i tai san ciia doanh nghiep
i- Ty suat chiet kliau (discount rates) va he so v6n hoa (capitalisation multiples): Ty suat chiet khau dugc xac djnh trong trudng hpp gia trj tucmg lai ciia dong tien bien thien; he so von hoa dugc xac dinh trong Irudng hgp gia Iri luong lai ciia dong lien deu
Ty suat chiet khau dupe xae djnh tren co sd co dCr lieu thi irudng ve chi phi v6n cua doanh nghiep dya vao nhan hieu dugc djnh gia hoac lai san luong tu (chang ban chi ph: vay hoae cam e6 tai san); hoac ty sual chiel khau phi riii ro (lai sual) ciia trai phieu chinh phii co ky han tucmg duong vdi luoi ddi tai san vo hinh Cac dti: lieu nay chii yeu duge su dung trong phuang phap thu nhap
+ Chi phi thay the: Chii yeu dugc sir dung Irong each tiep can ehi phi; tuy nhien trong Hudng dan kh6ng quy djnh ro each tinh loan chi phi (cac yeu l6 cau thanh chi phi)
- Lya chgn phuang phap dinh gia: Huang ddn khuyen nghi viec uu lien dp
dung phuang phdp thu nhdp de dinh gid tdi sdn vd hinh, trong do co nhan bieu vdi
ly do cac phuang phap nay cho ket qua dang tin cay hon cac phuong phap khac Tuy nhien, eo the ap dung eae phuong phap khac nhu chi phi hay thj Irudng de ki6m tra ket qua djnh gia iheo phuong phap thu nhap (neu eo ihc) Trong Irudng hgp viec ap dung ciie phuong phap do cho kel qua khae nhau thi ket qua ciia each lilp can thu nhap dugc uu tien thira nhan vdi Irgng so Idn hon cac ket qua ciia phuong phap khac
Tuy eac tieu chudn neu trong Hudng dan van d dang du thao chua dugc qu6c l6 e6ng nhan va eong bo mpl each chinh ihuc, Luy nhien no da phan anh nhiing nguyC-n Uic chung dupe thira nhan ve cac each tiep can djnh gia tiii san v6 hinh noi
chung \i\ djnh gia nhan hieu noi rieng dang duoe ap dung ph6 bien iren the gidi
hien nay, dac biet la khu vuc BSe M\ (Hoa Ky Canada) va chau Au (Anh) Tom lai, de dinh gia nhan hieu cac nuoc eo the ap dung I Iirdng dan djnh gia qu6c le doi \ di \iee djnh gia tai san \ o hinh do Hoi dong Tieu chuan dinh gia quoc ic (IVSC) eong bo nam 2009 vdi nhu-ng dieu ehinh thich hgp co linh den
Trang 40tien dp dung, hai phuang phdp con lgi (thi truang vd chi phi) dugc sit dung de kiem chung kit qud dinh gid Qu\' irinh k) thual va each thiic djnh gia nhan hieu
dugc thirc hien theo quy dinh do eae nudc thiet lap vi Hudng dan chua co qu> dinh rieng
2 Binh gia nhan hieu nham mot so muc dich cu the
2.1 Dinh gia nhan hieu phuc vu quan trj noi bo doanh nghiep
De phue vu muc dich nay, phuong phap quan trpng nhat thuimg dugc ap dyng la phuang phap chi phi, qua do tinh duge gia thanh (cost) tao nen nlian hieu trong m6i luong quan vdi gia tri ma no mang lai (gia Iri ciia nhan hieu dirge linh loan dua ircn cae phuong phap khae nhu phuong phap Ihu nhap hoae phuong phap thi trirdng)
Khoa hpe djnh gia lai cac nude phat trien dang eo xu hudng ket hgp giira kinh te lugng, cong nghe ihong tin, so lieu ihong ke va cae caeh tiep can Iruyen thong de nhanh chong dua ra ket qua vdi do chinh xac co the chap nhan dugc, nhieu quy trinh djnh gia tai san Iri tuc da dugc cap bang dgc quyen sang che lai USPTO nhu Sang ehe ve phuong phap va he ih6ng djnh gia tai san vo hinh ciia tae gia Barley va Jonathan Mgt so quy trinh khae dupe phai trien dudi dang phan mem may linh de doanh nghiep tu nap so lieu nhu phan mem ciia hang ValuAdder, Bain
Ndm 1988, Hdng Liang khong Midi Ban (JAL) vd tap doan Ni.sso h\'ai (Nl)
du kiC'n mua lgi hdng DHL dd time hdng Coopers & Lybrand xdc dinh gid nhdn hieu DHL tgi thi truang qude ti Theo bdo cdo ciia Coopers&Lybrand thi nhdn hieu ndy cd gid 25 trieu USD Cimg thdi gian JAL vd NJ ciing time Bam & Co de kiem chirng vd Bain & Co xdc dinh gid tri nhdn hieu ndy Id 20 trieu L'SD Gid cudi cimg dugc DHL lua chon Id 20 trieu USD cimg vai mdi sd dieu kien di kem Thdng
02 1990 hdng First Boston do Lufthansa (Dire) time ddnh gid cung nhdn hieu tren vdi gid tir 100 den 200 trieu USD (,\gudi] An le giua Tap dodn DHL vd ca quan lliUL' tgi Tda Phuc thdm lien bang sd 9 thdng 4Q001)
Viec djnh gia it nhi£u bi anh hudng bdi yeu l6 chii quan ciia chus'en gia dinh gia, \'i \'a\', gia ma chuyen gia djnh gia dua ra chi la mgt can eir, mpl moe tham chiL'ii de cae ben co lien quan dam phan va thong nhiil muc gia ma hai ben deu c6