Encyclopedia of Mobile Computing and Commerce David Taniar Monash University, Australia Volume I A-Mobile Hunters INFORMATION SCIENCE reference Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore Acquisitions Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Assistant Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Support Staff: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Sara Reed Diane Huskinson Maria Boyer and Alana Bubnis Diane Huskinson Sharon Berger, Mike Brehm, Elizabeth Duke, and Jamie Snavely Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@idea-group.com Web site: http://www.idea-group-ref.com and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanonline.com Copyright © 2007 by Idea Group Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of mobile computing and commerce / David Taniar, editor p cm Summary: “Nowadays, mobile communication, mobile devices, and mobile computing are widely available The availability of mobile communication networks has made a huge impact to various applications, including commerce Consequently, there is a strong relationship between mobile computing and commerce This book brings to readers articles covering a wide range of mobile technologies and their applications” Provided by publisher Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-59904-002-8 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-59904-003-5 (ebook) Mobile computing Encyclopedias Mobile communication systems Encyclopedias Mobile commerce Encyclopedias I Taniar, David QA76.59.E47 2007 004.16503 dc22 2006039745 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher Editorial Advisory Board Bernady O Apduhan Kyushu Sangyo University, Japan Kevin H Liu EMC Corporation, USA Irfan Awan University of Bradford, UK Ismail Khalil Ibrahim Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria Leonard Barolli Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan Jianhua Ma Hosei University, Japan Stephane Bressan National University of Singapore, Singapore Zakaria Maamar Zayed University, UAE Kuo-Ming Chao Coventry University, UK Joseph K Ng Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Mieso Kabeto Denko University of Guelph, Canada Wenny Rahayu La Trobe University, Australia Mustafa M Deris Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia Elhadi Shakshuki Acadia University, Canada Arjan Durresi Louisiana State University, USA John Goh (Assistant Editor-in-Chief) Monash University, Australia D Frank Hsu Fordham University, USA Hai Jin Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Timothy K Shih Tamkang University, Taiwan Nguyen Manh Tho Vienna University of Technology, Austria Laurence T Yang St Francis Xavier University, Canada Muhammad Younas Oxford Brookes University, UK List of Contributors Abdul-Mehdi, Ziyad Tariq / Multimedia University, Malaysia .233, 369, 693, 947 Ahmad, Ashraf M A / National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan 627 Al Kattan, Ibrahim / American University of Sharjah, UAE 682 Alam, Muhammad Tanvir / Bond University, Australia 724, 778 Aleksy, Markus / University of Mannheim, Germany .160, 744 Alexiou, Antonios / Patras University, Greece 20 Al-Khalifa, Hend S / Southampton University, UK 569 Almeida, Hyggo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 71, 249, 260, 341, 621, 877, 974, 978, 1011 Al-Salman, AbdulMalik S / King Saud University, Saudi Arabia 569 Amara-Hachmi, Nejla / University of Paris 13, France 717 Anagnostopoulos, Christos / University of Athens, Greece .856 Antonellis, Dimitrios / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece & University of Patras, Greece 20 Antonellis, Ioannis / University of Patras, Greece 119 Arbaiy, Nureize / Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia 763 Avola, Danilo / Instituto di Ricerche Sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali, Italy 1050 Aziz Basi, Hussein M / Multimedia University, Malaysia .369, 446 Azzuhri, Saaidal Razalli Bin / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia 253 Baba, Takaaki / Waseda University, Japan .804, 820 Bakhouya, M / The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA 954 Bandyopadhyay, Subir K / Indiana University Northwest, USA 32 Barbosa, Nadia / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 877 Basole, Rahul C / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 481 Beer, Martin / Sheffield Hallam University, UK 528 Belsis, Meletis / Telecron, Greece 1028 Bin Mamat, Ali / Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia 233, 693 Bodomo, Adams / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 562 Bokor, László / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary 51 Bose, Indranil / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 96 Bouras, Christos / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece & University of Patras, Greece 20, 119 Bradley, John F / University College Dublin, Ireland 243 Bryant, Barrett R / University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA 436 Bublitz, Frederico / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil .877 Byrne, Caroline / Institute of Technology Carlow, Ireland .310 Carroll, John M / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 291 Caschera, Maria Chiara / Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy 675, 1050 Chalmers, Kevin / Napier University, Scotland 576 Chan, Alvin T S / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 749 Chand, Narottam / Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India 172 Chang, Jun-Yang / National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan 352, 616 Chang, Elizabeth / Curtin University of Technology, Australia 108 Chen, Jengchung V / National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan .894 Chen, Shuping / Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications, China 940 Chetan, Kumar S / NetDevices India Pvt Ltd., India .195 Chin, Choong Ming / British Telecommunications (Asian Research Center), Malaysia 424, 700, 729 Ching-Bin Tse, Alan / The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .283 Cho, Vincent / Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong .38 Chochliouros, Stergios P / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece 581 Chochliouros, Ioannis P / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece .581 Chow, Chi-Yin / University of Minnesota – Twin Cities, USA 749 Chuang, Li-Yeh / I-Shou University, Taiwan 352, 616 Correia, Eduardo / Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, New Zealand 996 Crowther, Paul / Sheffield Hallam University, UK 528 Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, Northern Ireland 265, 1022 Cycon, Hans L / FHTW Berlin, Germany 589 da Cunha Borelli, Walter / State University of Campinas, Brazil 272 Dagiuklas, Tasos / Technical Institute of Messolongh, Greece 357, 796 Dananjayan, P / Pondicherry Engineering College, India .149, 810 da Silva Oliveira, Elthon Allex / Federal University of Alagoas – Campus Arapiraca, Brazil .987 de Araújo Lima, Emerson Ferreira / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 987 de Carvalho Gomes, Yuri / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 1011 de Figueiredo, Jorge César Abrantes / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 987 de Leoni, Massimiliano / University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy 1043 de Oliveira, Juliano Rodrigues Fernandes / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil .1011 De Rosa, Fabio / University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Italy 1043 Decker, Michael / University of Karlsruhe, Germany .398, 711 Denko, Mieso Kabeto / University of Guelph, Canada 328 Deris, Mustafa M / Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia 763 Di Noia, Tommaso / Politecnico di Bari, Italy 43 Di Sciascio, Eugenio / Politecnico di Bari, Italy 43 Diekmann, Thomas / University of Goettingen, Germany .124 Dillon, Tharam S / University of Technology, Sydney, Australia .108 Dirs, Mustafa M / College University Technology Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia .233, 693, 947 Djordjevic-Kajan, Slobodanka / University of Nis, Serbia .129, 660 Damodaran, Dhilak / Monash University, Australia 1015 Donini, Francesco Maria / Università della Tuscia, Italy 43 Dudás, István / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary 51 El Fallah-Seghrouchni, Amal / University of Paris 6, France .717 El Morr, Christo / York University, Canada .632 El-Said, Mostafa / Grand Valley State University, USA 63, 688 Ferreira, Glauber / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 877 Ferri, Fernando / Istituto di Richerche Sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali – CNR, Italy 675, 1050 Fleet, Gregory John / University of New Brunswick at Saint John, Canada .78 Flores, Andres / University of Comahue, Argentina 59 Freire de Souza Santos, Danilo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 341 Gaber, J / Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard, France 954 Gandhamaneni, Jayasree / Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, USA 436 Ganoe, Craig H / The Pennsylvania State University, USA 291 Garcia, Juan / Illinois State University, USA 461 García-Macías, J Antonio / CICESE Research Center, Mexico 773 Gardikis, G / University of Aegean, Greece .889 Garret, Bernie / University of British Columbia, Canada 754 Goldberg, Steve / INET International Inc., Canada .1004 Grahn, Kaj / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland .839 Griffiths, Mark / Nottingham Trent University, UK 553 Grifoni, Patrizia / Istituto di Ricerche Sulla Popolazione e le Politiche Sociali – CNR, Italy .675, 1050 Gritzalis, Stefanos / University of the Aegean, Greece 1028 Guan, Jihong / Tongji University, China .84, 213, 789 Guan, Sheng-Uei / Brunel University, UK 334, 345, 429, 826 Gurău, Călin / Montpellier Business School, France .557, 999 Gyasi-Agyei, Amoakoh / Central Queensland University, Australia .165 Hadjiefthymiades, Stathes / University of Athens, Greece 856, 863 Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany 124 Hartung, Frank / Ericsson GmbH, Germany 611 Hegedüs, Péter / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary 393 Herbster, Raul Fernandes / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 260, 974 Hiew, Pang Leang / British Telecommunications (Asian Research Center), Malaysia 487, 906 Hoh, Simon / British Telecommunications (Asia Research Center), Malaysia 138 Horn, Uwe / Ericsson GmbH, Germany 611 Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary 393 Hsu, Wen-Jing / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 734 Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA 302 Huang, Bo / Waseda University, Japan 804, 820 Huang, Hong / New Mexico State University, USA 202 Hung, Humphry / Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 38 Hussain, Omar Khadeer / Curtin University of Technology, Australia 108 Hussain, Farookh Khadeer / University of Technology, Australia 108 Ibrahim, Hamidah / Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia .233, 693, 947 Ifinedo, Princely / University of Jyvaskyla, Finland 605 Imre, Sándor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary 51 Iris, Reychav / Bar-Ilan University, Israel 413 Jasimuddin, Sajjad M / University of Wales – Aberystwyth, UK 520 Jayaputera, James W / Monash University, Australia 739 Jeong, Eui Jun / Michigan State University, USA 185, 928 Jiménez, Leonardo Galicia / CICESE Research Center, Mexico .773 Joshi, R C / Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India .172 Ju, Khoo Wei / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia .912 Kaldanis, Vasileios S / NTUA, Greece Kalliaras, Panagiotis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 381, 387, 960, 981 Kampmann, Markus / Ericsson GmbH, Germany 611 Kamthan, Pankaj / Concordia University, Canada .9, 25, 277, 375, Kao, I-Lung / IBM, USA 302 Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland .839 Karnouskos, Stamatis / SAP AG, Germany 706 Kartham, Pankaj / Concordia University, Canada 9, 25, 277 Kaspar, Christian / University of Goettingen, Germany 124 Katsukura, Akihisa / Dentsu Inc., Japan 639 Keegan, Stephen / University College Dublin, Ireland 310 Kennedy, David M / Hong Kong University, Hong Kong 317 Kerridge, Jon / Napier University, Scotland .576 Khashchanskiy, Victor / First Hop Ltd., Finland .15, 785 Kim, Dan J / University of Houston Clear Lake, USA .185, 928 Kini, Ranjan B / Indiana University Northwest, USA .32 Kitisin, Sukumal / Kasetsart University, Thailand 220 Kleinschmidt, João Henrique / State University of Campinas, Brazil 272 Korhonen, Jouni / TeliaSonera Corporation, Finland 966 Korthaus, Axel / University of Mannheim, Germany 160 Kotsopoulos, Stavros / University of Patras, Greece .357, 796 Koukia, Spiridoula / Universtiy of Greece, Greece 116 Koumaras, H / N.C.S.R., Demokritos, Greece 758, 889 Kourtis, A / N.C.S.R., Demokritos, Greece .758, 889 Kovács, Ferenc / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .393 Kritzner, Jan / Aachen University, Germany 611 Kustov, Andrei L / First Hop Ltd., Finland .15, 785 Kvasnica, Milan / Tomas Bata University, Zlin, Czech Republic 403, 651 Lalopoulos, George K / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece .581 Lang, Jia / Nice Business Solutions Finland, Finland .785 Lau, Chiew-Tong / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 734 Le, Phu Dung / Monash University, Australia 227, 832, 1015 Lee, Cheon-Pyo / Carson-Newman College, USA 442 Lee, Dennis / The University of Queensland, Australia & The Australian CRC for Interactive Design, Australia 933 Lei, Pouwan / University of Bradford, UK 455 Leong, Hong Va / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 749 Leu, Huei / Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 178 Liberati, Diego / Italian National Research Council, Italy 68 Lim, Say Ying / Monash University, Australia 102, 154, 849 Lin, Chad / Edith Cowan University, Australia .178 Lin, Koong / Taiwan National University of the Arts, Taiwan 178 Liu, Chao / Waseda University, Japan .804, 820 Lívio Vasconcelos Guedes, Ádrian / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 249 Lonthoff, Jörg / Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany 510 Loureiro, Emerson / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil .71, 877 Luís Nascimento, José / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 341 Maamar, Zakaria / Zayed University, UAE 190 Mahatanankoon, Pruthikrai / Illinois State University, USA 461 Mahmoud, Qusay H / University of Guelph, Canada .190 Malik, Haroon / Acadia University, Canada 328 Mamat, Ali Bin / FSKTM – UPM, Malaysia 693, 947 Maricar, Habeebur Rahman / American University of Sharjah, UAE 682 Marques, Stefânia / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil .978 Martakos, D / University of Athens, Greece 758 Massimi, Michael / University of Toronto, Canada 291 McMeel, Dermott / University of Edinburgh, Scotland 516 Mecella, Massimo / University of Rome, Italy 1043 Menipaz, Ehud / Ben-Gurion University, Israel .413 Merten, Patrick S / University of Fribourg, Switzerland .466 Misra, Manoj / Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India 172 Mitchell, Stella / IBM T J Watson Research, USA 644 Morais, Marcos / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 260 Muhlberger, Ralf / The University of Queensland, Australia & The Australian CRC for Interactive Design, Australia .933 Muldoon, Conor / University College Dublin, Ireland .243 Nanopoulos, Alexandros / Aristotle University, Greece 660 Nishiyama, Mamoru / Dentsu Communication Institute Inc., Japan .639 O’Grady, Michael J / University College Dublin, Ireland 243, 769, 1034 O’Hare, Gregory M P / University College Dublin, Ireland 243, 310, 769, 1034 O’Hare, Peter / University College Dublin, Ireland 310 Okazaki, Shintaro / Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain 296, 635, 639, 885 Oliveira, Loreno / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 71, 621, 877 Olla, Phillip / Madonna University, USA 504 Olson, Andrew M / Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, USA .436 Orosz, Mihály / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary .393 Pallis, E / Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Greece 758, 889 Papadopoulos, Apostolos N / Aristotle University, Greece .660 Papageorgiou, P / National Technical University of Athens, Greece .387 Parsons, David / Massey University, New Zealand 525 Patel, Keyurkumar J / Box Hill Institute, Australia 365 Patel, Umesh / Box Hill Institute, Australia 365 Patrikakis, Charalampos Z / NTUA, Greece Paulo de Assis Barbosa, Luiz / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 1011 Pavlovski, Christopher J / IBM Corporation, Australia 644, 870 Peng, Mugen / Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications, China 921, 940 Perkusich, Angelo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 71, 249, 260, 341, 621, 877, 974, 978, 1011 Petrova, Krassie / Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand 497, 899 Piscitelli, Giacomo / Politecnico di Bari, Italy 43 Plant, Laurence / IBM Corporation, Australia 870 Politis, Ilias / University of Patras, Greece .357, 796 Poulopoulos, Vassilis / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece & University of Patras, Greece 119 Pousttchi, Key / University of Augsburg, Germany 547 Predić, Bratislav / University of Nis, Serbia .129 Protonotarios, Vasileios E / NTUA, Greece Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland 839 Queiroga, Miguel / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 978 Raisinghani, Mahesh S / TWU School of Management, USA 472 Raje, Rajeev R / Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, USA 207, 436 Ramamurthy, M B / Multimedia University, Malaysia 446 Ramli, Azizul Azhar / Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia .763 Reid, Jeffery G / xwave Saint John, Canada 78 Rigou, Maria / University of Patras, Greece & Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece .116 Romdhami, Imed / Napier University, Scotland .576 Rouse, William B / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 481 Ruta, Michele / Politecnico di Bari, Italy 43 Ruzzelli, Antonio G / University College Dublin, Ireland .1034 Saravanan, I / Pondicherry Engineering College, India 149, 810 Schader, Martin / University of Mannheim, Germany 160, 744 Schmidt, Thomas C / HAW Hamburg, Germany .541, 589 Seet, Boon-Chong / Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 734 Sekkas, Odysseas / University of Athens, Greece .863 Serenko, Alexander / Lakehead University, Canada 143 Shakshuki, Elhadi / Acadia University, Canada 328 Shirali-Shahreza, Mohammad / Sharif University of Technology, Iran 666 Silva Rocha, Jerônimo / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 249 Sim, Moh Lim / Multimedia University, Malaysia 424, 700, 729 Simitsis, Alkis / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 1028 Singh, Rohit / Monash University, Australia 1015 Sircar, Ranapratap / Wipro Technologies, India 195 Sirmakessis, Spiros / Technological Institution of Messolongi & Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece 116 Sivaradje, G / Pondicherry Engineering College, India 149, 810 Smyth, Elaine / University of Ulster, Northern Ireland 1022 So, Simon / Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong .419 Sotiriou, Athanasios-Dimitrios / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 381, 387, 960, 981 Souto, Sabrina / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil .978 Spiliopoulou, Anastasia S / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece 581 Srikhutkhao, Nopparat / Kasetsart University, Thailand 220 Steinert, Martin / University of Fribourg, Switzerland 466 Stojanović, Dragan / University of Nis, Serbia 129, 660 Suradi, Zurinah / Kolej Universiti Teknologi Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia 763 Tan, Chor Min / British Telecommunications (Asian Research Center), Malaysia 424, 700, 729, 906 Tarkoma, Sasu / Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Finland 966 Tay, Yuan Sherng / National University of Singapore, Singapore 345 Teufel, Stephanie / University of Fribourg, Switzerland 466 Tjondronegoro, Dian / Queensland University of Technology, Australia 596 Tong, Carrison K S / Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong 533 Tran, Dai / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland 839 Tsagkaropoulos, Michail / University of Patras, Greece 357, 796 Tsetsos, Vassileios / University of Athens, Greece .856 Tuceryan, Mihran / Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, USA .207 Turel, Ofir / McMaster University, Canada 143 Tynan, Richard / University College Dublin, Ireland 1034 Usaola, Macario Polo / Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain 57 Venkataram, P / Indian Institute of Science, India 195 Vogel, Doug / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 317 Wählisch, Matthias / FHTW Berlin, Germany 541, 589 Wang, Yiling / Monash University, Australia 227, 832 Wang, JiaJia / University of Bradford, UK .455 Wang, Laura / Tongji University, China 669 Wang, Yiling / Monash University, Australia 227, 832 Wang, Wenbo / Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications, China 921, 940 Wang, Yingjie / Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications, China 921 Wickramasinghe, Nilmini / IIllinois Institute of Technology, USA 1004 Wiedemann, Dietmar Georg / University of Augsburg, Germany 547 Willis, Robert / Lakehead University, Canada 143 Wong, Chin Chin / British Telecommunications (Asian Research Center), Malaysia .138, 487, 906 Wong, K Daniel / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia 253, 912 Wong, King Yin / The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 283 Wong, Eric T T / Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 533 Wright, David / University of Ottawa, Canada 90, 816, 1038 Xavier, Rodrigo Nóbrega Rocha / Federal University of Campina Grande, Brazil 1011 Xi, Chen / University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong .96 Xilouris, G / N.C.S.R., Demokritos, Greece 758, 889 Yan, Lu / Åbo Akademi, Finland 492 Yan, Hong / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong & University of Sydney, Australia 669 Yang, Cheng-Hong / National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Taiwan 352, 616 Yang, Cheng Huei / National Kaohsiung Marine University, Taiwan .352, 616 Ye, Yang / Tongji University, China 669 Yeh, Jyh-haw / Boise State University, USA .302 Yim, Frederick Hong Kit / Drexel University, USA 283 Zervas, Evangelos / Tei-Athens, Greece 863 Zhang, Zuopeng (Justin) / Eastern New Mexico University, USA 520 Zhong, Yapin / Shandog Institute of Physical Education and Sport, China .302 Zhou, Jiaogen / Wuhan University, China 84, 213, 789 Zhou, Shuigeng / Fudan University, China .84, 213, 789 Zhu, Fubao / Wuhan University, China .213, 789 Zoi, S / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 387 Index 13 LMS (see learning management system) load balancing 53, 925 local area network (LAN) 78, 172, 253, 533, 627 cache hit 155 information services 53 multipoint distribution system (LMDS) 455 spatial information service (LSIS) 790 spread inverse replication (LSIR) 964 replication (LSR) 964 transaction (LT) 948 wireless interface (LWI) 15 Locales Foundation 935 Framework 934 localization 203, 205, 525 location 118, 863 -aware application 863 content provision 856 multicast 395 system 526 -based game service 660 multicast (LBM) 395 multimedia content delivery system (LMCDS) 381, 386 service (LBS) 129, 137, 392, 393, 396, 402, 461, 510, 515, 660, 665, 773– 777, 789, 795, 885, 1042 -dependent cache invalidation 105–107 data data (LDD) 393, 739 information service (LDIS) 743 query (LDQ) 739, 743, 854 processing 394 -independent global names lookup (LIGLO) 85 -tracking application 561 estimation system 864 inference queries 867 of service 983 operating reference model (LORE) 394 server 388–389 logical key hierarchy (LKH) 227, 232, 835–838 structure 228, 833 link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) 272 logistics 895, 898 long-term shared key 1021 longevity 522 lookup pattern 746 server 882 loose coupling 359, 810, 878 LORE (see location operating reference model) low -end consumer device 978 chip rate (LCR) 940 loyalty 906 LRU (see least recently used) LSIR (see local spread inverse replication) 964 LSIS (see location spatial information service) 790 LSR (see local spread replication) 964 LT (see local transaction) 948 LWI (see local wireless interface) M m -advertising (see mobile advertising) -commerce 345–351 device (MCD) 38 -commerce (see mobile commerce) -health 1010 -learning 318 -payment (see mobile payment) 714 m[KM] 521 MAC (see medium access control) MAC (see mobile agent communication) Macromedia Flash 672 MADGIS (see mobile agent-based distributed geographic information system) MAE (see mobile agent environment) magnetic resonance (MR) 533 MAI (see motion adaptive indexing) MAI (see multiple access interference) main profile (MP) 592 malevolent hackin 534 malicious software 581 MAM (see mobile agent manager) man -in-the-middle attack 1025, 1028, 1031 -machine interface 403–412 MAN (see mobile agent naming) management message modified 196 manager 644–645 MANET (see mobile ad-hoc network) maneuverability 41 manufacturing logistics 896 mapping 723 candidate 721 MAR (see mobile AR) MARI (see multi-attribute resource intermediary) marketing 99–100 literature 934 MAS (see mobile agent security) 14 Index massively multi-player online game (MMOG) 929 MAT (see mobile agent transportation) maturity 41 maximum transmission unit (MTU) 805 MBR (see minimum bounding rectangle) MC (see mobile client) MCOP (see multi-constrained optimal-path problem) MCU (see multipoint control unit) mean square error (MSE) 758 MEC (see mobile electronic commerce) media access controller (MAC) 201 gateway (MGW) 874 gateway control function (MGCF) 874 object 390 player 757 resource function controller (MRFC) 874 processor (MRFP) 874 processing 386 support module 981 synchronization 1052 mediator 312 medical science 1004 medical sensor 504 medium access control (MAC) 150, 272, 276, 329, 921 member join 228, 834 leaving 834 memory -limited mobile device 260–264 card 839 mental context 116 mesh base station (mesh BS) 921 BS (see mesh base station) 921 network 981 message authentication code (MAC) 840, 1021 latency 192 Message F (Free) 635, 638 meta-repository (MR) 438 metrics 12, 28 metropolitan area network (MAN) 839 MGCF (see media gateway control function) MGW (see media gateway) 874 MH (see mobile host) micro -contractor 519 -payment 33, 460 microcontroller (MCU) 1011 microelectronics 877 Microsoft mobile Internet toolkit (MMIT) 912 microwave multipoint distribution system (MMDS) 455 MIDI (see musical instrument digital interface) middleware pattern 745 MIDlets 979 MIDP (see mobile information device profile) migration 119, 988, 998 design pattern 987 migration MIMO (see multiple-input multiple-output) MIN (see mobile identification number) MIND (see mobile IP-based network development) minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) 740 MIS (see mobile information system) MLBG (see mobile location-based game) mLMS (see mobile learning management system) MMA (see mobile mote agent) MMD (see multimedia domain) MMDBS (see mobile multi-database system) MMDS (see microwave multipoint distribution system) MN (see mobile node) MNC (see multinational corporation) MNO (see mobile network operator) MobiAgent 245 MOBIDIS1 1046 Mobile Entertainment Forum (MEF) 487 Magnifier 570 mobile access 25 accessibility 14 ad-hoc network (MANET) 395, 399, 402, 424, 427, 492, 734, 749–753, 803, 925, 950 advertising (m-advertising) 398, 402 (see also wireless advertising, mobile marketing) agent (MA) 218–219, 439, 580, 717, 723, 994, 1001 -based distributed geographic information system (MADGIS) 213, 219 migration design pattern 987 communication (MAC) 216 environment (MAE) 214, 219 manager (MAM) 216 naming (MAN) 216 security (MAS) 216 transportation (MAT) 216 and wireless terminals (MWTs) 711 application 9, 375, 744 AR (MAR) 207 authorization 15 banner advertising 638 billing 547, 552 broadband 870 wireless access (Mobile-Fi) 733 business (m-business) 442 calendar 442 channel 577, 580 Index 15 chat 251 client (MC) 190, 194, 745–746 commerce (m-commerce) 15, 32–37, 38–42, 96, 283, 290, 311, 429, 435, 455, 461–465, 472, 480, 547, 552, 933 communication 393, 589, 700 computing 61, 78, 93, 169, 266, 291, 854, 986 and commerce 466–471 environment 849 conferencing support 591 content provider 552 controls 912–920 cooperative caching 750 convergence 138 credibility 26 data communication 399 terminal (MDT) 907 device 71, 77, 1043 e-mail 442 electronic commerce (MEC) 414, 974 entertainment 487–491, 669–674 environment 107, 159, 850, 1021 game 185–189, 928–932 development 497 industry 930 gaming 497 GIS 134 health (m-health) 504 healthcare business model 1010 delivery model 1010 delivery system (MHDS) 505 host (MH) 102, 749 hunter 510, 515 ICT 486 identification number (MIN) 691–692 information device profile (MIDP) 305, 420, 793, 980 system (MIS) 190, 194 Internet 213, 296–301, 460 access 785 IP 1042 -based network development (MIND) 733 knowledge management (mKM) 520–524 learning (m-learning) 318, 327, 423, 525–527, 528, 899 management system (mLMS) 420 location-based game (MLBG) 510, 515 lotteries 553 mail advertising 636 marketing 96–101 (see also mobile advertising, wireless advertising) marketplace (m-marketplace) 50 module 1012 mote agent (MMA) 328, 330, 333 multi-database system (MMDBS) 949 multicast 541–546, 592 network node (MN) 800 operator (MNO) 547, 714 technology 497 virtual operator (MVNO) 876 node (MN) 53, 255–257 object table (MOT) 663 payment (m-payment) 548, 552, 714, 716 service 706–710 phone 557, 569–575, 644, 999–1000, 1011 gambling 553–556 human-interface system 617 texting 568 positioning 515 process 580 query processing 855 resource 14 robotic system 403–412 service 716 provider 143–148 station (MS) 150 support station (MSS) 190, 194, 749 system 102 system 369 telephone 318 television (mobileTV) 611–615 terminal 399, 456, 789, 795 ticketing (m-ticketing) 714 transaction 948 manager (MTM) 948 user 393 virtual community (MVC) 632, 634 network operator (MVNO) 548 Web engineering 14, 30 MOBIlearn 528, 532 Mobile Speak 570 mobility 73, 243, 318, 461, 525, 576, 632, 644– 650, 769, 906 management 426, 590, 731 services 789, 795 mobilization 482 Mobitip 311 modern digital communications technology 562 modification score 336 modular system 196 modulation 276 16 Index monitoring 660 and discovery service (MDS) 437 Morse code 352, 356, 616, 620 MOSPF (see multicast open shortest path first) MOT (see mobile object table) motion adaptive indexing (MAI) 661 sensitive bounding boxes (MSB) 661 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) 594 moving object 665 MP (see main profile) MP3 player 4, 365 MPEG (see Moving Picture Experts Group) MPML-FLASH (see Multimodal Presentation Markup Language with Character Agent Control in Flash Medium) MPML-VR (see Multimodal Presentation Markup Language for Virtual Reality) MPML (see Multimodal Presentation Markup Language) MRFC (see media resource function conroller) MRFP (see media resource function processor) MR (see magnetic resonance) MSB (see motion sensitive bounding boxes) MSS (see mobile support station) MTM (see mobile transaction manager) MUD (see multi-user joint detection) multi -agent system (MAS) 383, 386 -attribute resource intermediary (MARI) 335 -constrained optimal-path problem (MCOP) 981 -database system 947 -hop routing 1035 -layer -based taxonomy 929 mobility 966–973 -objective optimization 683 -user joint detection (MUD) 940, 943–946 -media messaging (MMS) 116 multicast 227, 232, 393–397, 397, 541–546, 838 listener 542 open shortest path first (MOSPF) 395 routing protocol 397 technology 393 multifunctional handheld device 497 multihop communication 427 multimedia 392, 757, 870, 986 -capable 398 content database 388 server 390 data 24 domain (MMD) 873, 876 info presentation 389 message service (MMS) 252, 669, 756–757, 840 multimodal service 1050 user interface 644–650 presentation 389 multimediality 675 Multimodal Presentation Markup Language 1052, 1056 for Virtual Reality (MPML-VR) 1052 with Character Agent Control in Flash Medium (MPML-FLASH) 1052 multimodal 604 access 602 multimodality 675–681 multinational companies database 886 corporation 886 corporation (MNC) 934 multiple -input multiple-output (MIMO) 701 access interference (MAI) 940, 946 multipoint control unit (MCU) 590 Mummy 520 musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) 15, 19 music download 488 mutuality 935–936 MVC (see mobile virtual community) MVNO (see mobile network virtual operator) MWT (see mobile and wireless terminal) MySpace 960 N naming pattern 746 NAL (see network abstraction layer) narratives 928 narrowband (NB) 458 national law 393 navigation 861 algorithm 857 context 857 preferences 858 service 859 system 125 NB (see narrowband) NCFG (see network configuration) NCT (see network connectivity table) near -far problem 168 -real-time balance management 874 Near Field Communication (NFC) 706 negative update 665 negotiation of bid 983 neighbor discovery and management 203, 206 link 87 Index 17 unreachability detection (NUD) 259 neighboring cell 743 NENT (see network entry) network 392, 981, 986 -centric design viewpoint 873 model 874 -level multicast (NLM) 394 abstraction layer (NAL) 592–595 configuration message (NCFG) 927 connectivity table (NCT) 662 entry message (NENT) 927 frame 927 infrastructure 6, 387 security requirement 191 topology 986 survivability requirement 191 networkability 186 networking 207 neutral data format 75 new learning 319, 327 next generation 472 network (NGN) 142, 796, 803 NGN (see next generation network) Ninja secure service discovery service (SSDS) 436 NLM (see network-level multicast) NLOS (see non-line-of-sight) node 330, 580 mobility 172 noise 348 threshold 348–349 nomadic user 576, 589, 591, 595 non -deterministic polynomial time (NP) 733 -formal learning 532 -line-of-sight (NLOS) 921 -linear navigation 599 -quantifiable attributes 334 -renewable resource 763 -vital 951 notification service (NS) 711, 716 NS (see notification service) NUD (see neighbor unreachability detection) O OASIS (see Organization for Advancement of Structured Information Standards) Object Management Group (OMG) 1002 object 604 adapter 164 name service (ONS) 178, 183 -oriented Petri net 994 request broker (ORB) 160, 164 oblette 532 OBU (see on board unit) occurrence graph 995 OFDM (see orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) off -line customer 35 -the-shelf (OTS) 61 offset-quadrature phase-shift keying (OQPSK) 273 old learning 319 on -demand board unit (OBU) 894, 898 environment 159 learning 525 online community 632, 634 ontology 723, 862 session 727 one-time two-factor authentication 533, 540 online betting 553 gambling 553 merchant 311 shopping 283, 290 ONS (see object name service) ontology 50, 339, 380 universally unique identifier (OUUID) 44 open coupling 358 system interconnect (OSI) 165 system model 1030 Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) 463, 613 operational system (OS) 344 operating system (OS) 765, 895, 898, 998 opportunistic communication 165 exploration 345 scheduling (OS) 165–171 opt -in 643 -out 643 optical character recognition (OCR) 667–668 optimization 791 optimized lifetime 725 options model 39 OQPSK (see offset-quadrature phase-shift keying) ORB (see object request broker) organizational security 1011 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) 876 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) 682, 701 18 Index OS (see operating system) OS (see operational system) ontology-based context model 718 ontology repository 860 OTS (see off-the-shelf) OTTFA (see one-time two-factor authentication) OUUID (see ontology universally unique identifier) overlay network 738, 965 OWL (see Web Ontology Language) P P-CSCF discovery 779 P-PAN (see private personal area network) P2P (see peer-to-peer) packet data protocol (PDP) 813 loss rate 22–24 radio network 427 routing 257 transmission 198 Palm OS 304, 309 Cobalt 304 Garnet 304 palm pad computer 476 palmtop 757 PAN (see personal area network) paradigm shift 860 parameterized query 602 Parlay X 876 partial global indexing (PGI) 742–743 serialization graph (PGSG) 949 participant 899 passive attack 1024 credibility 25 distributed indexing 492 password 841 path -searching algorithm 857 -selection rules 858 optimization 986 pattern 744–748 extraction 673 recognition 394 PayTV 611 PC-based online survey 640 PC (see personal computer) PC (see pervasive computing) 956 PCI (see perceived characteristics of innovating) PDA (see personal digital assistant) PDF (see policy decision function) 874 PDU (see protocol description unit) peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) 758 pedagogy 532 peer-to-peer (P2P) 2, 84, 89, 159, 395, 397 architecture 108 communication 165 computing 233, 492, 693, 734 financial transaction 108 networking 357 pen -based interface 754 computing 757 penetration rates 398 PEP (see performance enhancing proxy) perceived knowledge 25 quality of service (PQoS) 758 switching cost 145 perceptual navigation rules 858 performance 27 comparison 239 discussion 230 enhancing proxy (PEP) 785, 788 permission-based marketing 934 personal area network 507, 1011 area network (PAN) 1, 7, 252 computer (PC) 79, 141 context 711 device device assistant (PDA) 265 digital assistant (PDA) 10, 38, 79, 138, 154, 172, 50, 260, 317, 368, 375, 443, 461, 505, 511, 25, 581, 711, 757, 907, 974, 980, 996, 1011, 1015, 1050 phone 894 information management (PIM) 249–252, 757 network (PN) 1, trusted device (PTD) 581 virtual environment (PVLE) 530 personality 243 personalization 31, 380, 398, 463, 525 pervasive computing (PC) 57, 61, 71, 276, 320, 621, 863, 869, 877–878, 884, 956 location-aware computing environments (PLACE) 661 pest activity 763 control 763 management 763 Petri Net 987 PGI (see partial global indexing) 743 PGSG (see partial global serialization graph) 949 physical Index 19 context 116 navigation rules 858 network 738 space 774 Physical Markup Language (PML) 183, 819 PIA-SM (see protocol independent anycast - sparse mode) piconet 50, 804, 825 picture download 489 pilot aliasing 692 attack 689 study 641 PIM (see personal information management) phone 894 PIM-SM (see protocol independent multicast-sparse mode) PIN 841 -code 477 pixel-based method 890 PKI SIM card 840 PLACE (see pervasive location-aware computing environments) planar structure 822, 825 planned disconnection mode 951 platform-based taxonomy 929 play 604 PML (see Physical Markup Language) PMP (see existing point-to-point multipoint) PN (see personal network) POA (see portable object adapter) PoC session identifier 727 Pocket PC 304 PoI (see points of interest) point -tomultipoint (PMP) 921 point IP traffic 576 of sale (POS) 706, 907 points of interest (PoI) 390 policy decision function (PDF) 874 porosity 517 portability 27, 186 portable /mobile device 626 computing 195 media center 305 network graphics (PNG) 670 object adapter (POA) 162 sensor 865 port forwarding 540 (see also application tunneling) position-aware mobile device 561 positioning 869 method 386 positive update 665 power control 731 management 1035 pre -committed transaction 696 -generation (Pre-G) 187 -processing of raw data 865 -roaming notification 432 -serialization transaction management model 949 premium fee charging 549, 552 presence 1042 presentation layer 262 presenting 882 presumed credibility 25 preview clip 604 price tolerance 145–146 primary notation 11 printer privacy 75, 117, 399, 462–463, 477, 773–777, 1002 (see also security) concerns 713 private personal area network (P-PAN) space 557 pro-motion model 949 proactivity 243 process readiness 484 processing kernel 1013 procurement activity 896 producer product brokering 340 catalog 345 manager 393 productivity 443, 473, 839, 906 profile information 251 profiling 99 programming languages 915 propitient multi-agent system 957 protocol 435, 831 data unit (PDU) 584 description unit (PDU) 352 independent anycast - sparse mode (PIA-SM) 52 multicast-sparse mode (PIM-SM) 395 of use 59 proximity 117, 394 proxy 77, 235, 626 pseudo-transaction 236 PSTN (see public switched telephone network) public 702 -switched telephone network (PSTN) 139, 142 20 Index key infrastructure (PKI) 581–588 interface SIM (PKI SIM) 840 regulation 886 space 557 publisher 503 -subscriber pattern 745 pull 400, 402, 879 -based environment 107, 749 service provision 880 -type advertising 635 model 98 pure P2P 89 push 400, 402, 879 -based environment 107, 749 service provision 879 -to-talk over cellular (PoC) 724 -type advertising 635 message 716 messaging service 643, 888 model 98 PVLE (see personal virtual environment) Q QFD (see quality function deployment) QI (see query interface) QoS (see quality of service) quadriplegic 403 quality 14, 31, 758–762, 1004 attributes 11, 27 function deployment (QFD) 12, 28, 376 of service (QoS) 1, 140, 149–150, 195, 201, 207, 37 9, 425, 621, 624, 627, 701, 729, 746, 778, 80 3, 804–809, 906, 923, 982, 1042 routing 986 score 860 quantifiable attribute 334 queries generated summary 604 query decomposer and coordinator 790 interface (QI) 214 language 369 lifetime 738 processing 851 queue manager 197 queuing 739 R R&D (see research and development) RA (see router advertisement) RADAR 774 radio access 701 network (RAN) 361 technology (RAT) 149, 810 frequency (RF) 942 identification (RFID) 178, 183, 507, 819, 856, 864 network design 946 resource management (RRM) 425, 729 radiology information systems (RIS) 1005 RAID (see redundant array of inexpensive disks) RAM (see random access memory) random access memory (RAM) 163 network 983 range -incline finder 653 -inclination tracer 406 query 665 rapid development 102 prototyping 291 raster data processing engine 389 RDF (see resource descriptiopn framework) reachability 398 reactivity 243 read one write all (ROWA) 234 real-time protocol (RTP) 726 requirement 589 strategy (RTS) 186 tracing 791 traffic 626 management 622 transfer protocol (RTP) 263 transport protocol (RTP) 595 Real Audio 265 reasoning 862 received signal strength (RSS) 863 recognition algorithm 17 recognizer parameters 18 recommender system 345 recommending agent 109 recycling logistics 896 redefinition 483 redirection 1025 reduced function device (RFD) 273 redundant array of inexpensive (or identical) disks (RAID) 540 array of inexpensive disks (RAID) 533 recoding 11 reflection 60, 164 rehabilitation robotics 653 rekey 834 relative advantage 413–414, 418 relaxed check-out mode 951 Index 21 reliability 27 remote authentication dial-in user service (RADIUS) 803 control object 882 subscription 543 replication 965 reputed credibility 25 research and development (R&D) 700 reshapement 483 resource description framework (RDF) 377 management scheme 812 readiness 485 response rate 640 results demonstrability 414, 418 retransmission timeout (RTO) 785, 788 returning mobile agent 579 RF (see radio frequency) RFD (see reduced function device) RFID (see radio frequency identification) ring structure 822, 825 RIS (see radiology information systems) risk 109, 857 set 111 riskiness value 110 roaming permit 431 robust security network 1032 robustness 27 rogue wireless gateway 1028 role playing game 186, 928 round-trip time (RTT) 785, 788 route analysis 791 optimization 253–259 router advertisement (RA) 256–257 discovery 255, 257 solicitation 255, 257 routing 394, 807, 965 algorithm 859 header 254 identification 807 mechanism 732 metrics 925 overhead 925 ROWA (see read one write all) RRM (see radio resource management) RSS (see received signal strength) RTO (see retransmission timeout) RTP (see real-time protocol) RTP (see real-time transfer protocol) RTP (see real-time transport protocol) RTT (see round-trip time) running task 1047 S S-MAC (see sensor MAC) SA (see signal attenuation) SAFE (see secure roaming agent for e-commerce) sales logistics 896 SALT (see speech application language tags) 1053 SAML (see Security Assertion Markup Language) sampling frequency 19 satellite 508 -based augmentation systems (SBAS) 771 communication 907 scalability 925 scalable vector graphics (SVG) 376, 671, 1050, 1056 video coding (SVC) 591–592, 595 scatternet 276, 825 Scavenger Hunt (SH) 292 scene analysis 394 schedule frame 927 scheduler 197 SCO (see synchronous connection oriented) SCP (see servers/client paradigm) SDAP (see service discovery application profile) SDDB (see service discovery database) SDK (see software development kit) SDK (see software development toolkits) SDMA (space division multiple access) 944 SDP (see service delivery platform) 870 SDP (see service discovery protocol) SDP (see session description protocol) SDP (see sophisticated service discovery protocol) secondary notation 11 second generation (2G) 456 mobile telephony 503 wireless system 96 secure authorization 800 multimedia service access 799 roaming agent for e-commerce (SAFE) 429 service discovery 799 shell (SSH) 842 socket layer (SSL) 383 security 6, 75, 109, 192, 313, 426, 435, 462, 477, 505, 624, 633, 831, 839–848, 968, 1002, 1011, 1022–1027 (see also privacy) analysis 828 policy 1028 Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) 378, 872, 876 segment 604 segmentation and reassembly (SAR) 805 self-independence 569 22 Index semantic caching 850, 855 distance 43 interpretation (SI) 1054 knowledge engineering 860 layer 43 location-based services 857 matchmaking 50 service discovery 44 Semantic Web 14, 31, 375, 380, 856, 862 Rule Language (SWRL) 858 semantics 377 semiotic level 11, 27 tool 327 semiotics 14, 31, 380 sending window 788 sensing layer 865 sensor 125, 1035 data 126 fusion 126 information fusion 863 layer 864 MAC (S-MAC) 328 model 1034 network 276 sensory system 651, 653 serializability 233 sequence diagram 716 serial port profile (SPP) 344, 1014 Series 60 249 server 219 /client paradigm (SCP) 954 -side handheld computing 302 programming 309 connection 251 site 790 service 774, 884, 986 -oriented approach (SOA) 529 architecture (SOA) 71, 874, 878 computing (SOC) 71, 626, 877–878, 884 paradigm 621, 883 pervasive computing 883 abstraction layer pattern 746 access control 800 advertisement 884 aggregator client 878, 884 configurator 747 creation environment 873 delivery platform (SDP) 870 discovery 53, 89 application profile (SDAP) 344 database (SDDB) 882 protocol (SDP) 50, 272 level agreement (SLA) 383 location protocol (SLP) 43 manager (SM) 799, 803 plane 873 provider (SP) 714, 878, 884, 982 redundancy 53 registry 878, 884 relationship management (SRM) 873 services composer 86 deployer 86 discovery engine 86 session description protocol (SDP) 590 initialization key (SIK) 1021 protocol 590 initiation protocol (SIP) 140–142, 595, 803, 873, 966 key 1021 mobility 967 SGML (see Standard Generalized Markup Language) shared key authentication 1030 shooting Game 929 short message service (SMS) 32, 194, 252, 456, 526, 568 , 643, 666, 668, 726, 755, 757, 840, 885, 933 sound file 670 shot boundary detection 889–893, 890 SI (see semantic interpretation) sign-off/check-out mode 234 signal -to-noise ratio (SNR) 16, 595 attenuation (SA) 511 signature attack 828 scanner 651 SIK (see session initialization key) SIM card 585 simple message service (SMS) 352, 356, 616, 620 network management protocol (SNMP) 1026 object access protocol (SOAP) 376, 795 simplest path algorithm 857 simulation -based learning 901 game 928 simultaneous PoC session 727 single-user game 929 SIP (see session initiation protocol) site -specific service 580 Index 23 design 285, 290 transaction manager (STM) 949 SLA (see service level agreement) SLP (see service location protocol) SM (see service manager) SMA (see stationary monitoring agent) small mobile host (SMH) screen devices 123 smart antenna 942, 946 card 472, 475, 480, 708 cellular phone 308 phone 327, 344, 757, 894, 898, 905, 1014 space 71, 124 smartphone 304 SME (see station management entity) transaction manager (STM) 949 SMH (see small mobile host) SMIL (see Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language) SMS (see short message service) SMS (see simple message service) snap-on/wireless keyboard 571 sniffing 1022 SNR (see signal-to-noise ratio) SOA (see service-oriented approach) SOA (see service-oriented architecture) SOAP (see simple object access protocol) SOC (see service-oriented computing) social context 116 research 557 system 632 software agent 340 component 61 development toolkit (SDK) 12, 394 solidring structure 822, 825 sophisticated service discovery protocols (SDPs) 43 sound 669–674 source -specific multicast (SSM) 541, 592, 595 system 947 SP (see service provider) space division multiple access (SDMA) 944 SPAM 888 spamming 534 spatial diversity 165 models and ontologies 857 services 792 speaker verification (SV) 677 spectrum management 730 speech 645 application language tag (SALT) 647, 1053, 1056 recognition 675 grammar specification (SRGS) 1053–1054 Speech Synthesis Markup Language (SSML) 1056 SpeechPAK TALKS 570 SPIM 888 split mode 948 sponsoring 552 spontaneous service emergence paradigm 957 sports game 929 SPP (see serial port profile) spyware 558, 561 SQL (see Structural Query Language) SQL (see Structured Query Language) SRGS (see speech recognition grammar specification) SRM (see service relationship management) SSL (see secure socket layer) SSM (see source specific multicast) standard transmission protocol 160 type phone bill 552 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) 142 stateful address autoconfiguration 258 stateless address autoconfiguration 258 static access frequency (SAF) 751 agent 218 stationary monitoring agent (SMA) 328, 330, 333 station management entity (SME) 196 STM (see site transaction manager) storage 536 cost 231 efficiency 231, 836 inefficiency 227 protection 840 stream control transmission protocol 813 streaming 77, 266 Structured Query Language (SQL) 370, 533 structured non-super peer 736 super peer 736 student support 901 subscriber identity module (SIM) 840 card 839 summarization technique 121 super frame 927 peers 734 superior healthcare delivery 1010 supervised agent transport 430 sustainable agriculture 763 development 763 24 Index SVC (see scalable video coding) SVG (see scalable vector graphics) SVG Basic (SVGB) 1050 SVGB (see SVG Basic) SVG Tiny (SVGT) 1050 SVGT (see SVG Tiny) switching cost 145 SWRL (see Semantic Web Rule Language) Symbian 342, 503 operating system (OS) 249, 304, 308, 895 symbolic model 857 synchronization 203, 206, 757 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL) 376, 1056 synchronous connection oriented (SCO) 344 syntactic translation 123 system architecture 1012 capacity 946 design 352, 616 module 342 T t-test 897 tablet PC 755, 757 tacitness 523 tagged image file format (TIFF) 670 talk burst control 727 Talks 570 TAM (see technology acceptance model) tangible score 336 target respondents 640 task-orientated agent 578 Tatoes authoring 321 taxonomy 723 TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC) 20 TD-SCDMA (TD-SCDMA) 946 TDD (see time division duplex) TDMA (see time division multiple access) TDOA (see time difference of arrival) teacher support 901 team (or guild) game 929 technical heterogeneity 399 technobabble 568 technology -conditioned approach to language change and use (TeLCU) 562, 568 acceptance model (TAM) 38, 296–297, 894 readiness 484 TeLCU (see technology-conditioned approach to language change and use) tele-worker 634 telemedicine 504 telephone interview 887 teleradiology 540 temporal logic 995 temporary disconnection 75 terminal equipment testing 12, 28 texting 757 text messaging 899 text to speech (TTS) 645–646, 1053 TFRC (see TCP-friendly rate control) TFT (see thin film transistor) TFTP (see trivial file transport protocol) thematic spatial information services interfaces (TSISI) 790 thin film transistor (TFT) 536 third generation (3G) 475, 503, 533, 611, 933 game 187 mobile network (3G) 733 system 682 network 778 wireless system 96 third generation (3G) three -dimensional (3D) animation 672 -tier Web-based architecture 1010 thumb board text interface 755 tight coupling 359, 810 time and distance sensitive (TDS) 751 division duplex (TDD) 272, 940, 946 -synchronous code division multi-access (TD-SCDMA) 946 difference of arrival (TDOA) 511 division multiple access (TDMA) 329, 456, 535 of arrival (TOA) 511 timestamp 740 TOA (see time of arrival) Toku number 636 Tokusuru Information Board 638 Menu 638 tools 12, 28 tourism 365, 392 tourist guide 713 services 660 TPI (see transport information items) tracking 212, 660 system 207, 907 traditional shortest path algorithm 857 traffic analysis 1024 control 660, 730 transcoding 628–629, 984 Index 25 transmission error 192 transparency 27 transport information item (TPI) 786 layer mobility 968 management 660 traveling mobile agent 579 tree -based routing 395 structure 821, 825 (see also hierarchical structure) trialability 413–414, 418 triangle routing 259 triangulation 394 trilateration 770 triple play 803 trivial file transport protocol (TFTP) 263 trusted checkout 312 trusting agent 110 trustworthiness 25 TSISI (see thematic spatial information services interfaces) TTS (see text-to-speech) tunnel entry point 255 exit point 255 tunneled IPv6 packet 255 tunneling 255, 543 tuple forming 865 U u-commerce 310–316 ubiquitous computing (UC) 62, 561, 589, 775, 954 tracking system 208 ubiquity 525 UC (see ubiquitous computing) UCA (see uniform circle array) UDDI (see universal description, discovery and integration) UE (see user equipment) UI (see user interface) UID (see user interface design) ultra wide band (UWB) 427 ULA (see uniform linear array) ultrasonic signal 864 UMA (see unlicensed mobile access) UMTS (see universal mobile telecommunication system) unaccounted attribute 334 Unicode Standard 376 Unified Modeling Language (UML) 716 unified identity 140 uniform circle array (UCA) 942 linear array (ULA) 942 resource identifier (URI) 376 uniframe 212 resource discovery system (URDS) 212 universal description, discovery and integration (UDDI) 89 mobile telecommunication (UMTS) 535 mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) 20, 194, 511 plug and play (UPnP) 882 serial bus (USB) 368 SIM (USIM) 840 universally unique identifier (UUID) 44 unlicensed mobile access (UMA) 142, 360–361, 701 UNO (see user navigation ontology) unsolicited message 399 unstructured super peer 735 unsupervised agent transport 432 update broadcast 751 updating distributed key 1019 session keys 1018 uplink synchronization 944 UPnP (see universal plug and play) URDS (see uniframe resource discovery system) URI (see uniform resource identifier) usability 27, 118 USB (see universal serial bus port) user -centered operability 140 -oriented rekeying 834 attention model 599, 604 context 26, 856 control 800 datagram protocol (UDP) 583 equipment equipment (UE) 63, 727, 782, 942 identification 775 interface 303 interface (UI) 74, 342–344 design (UID) 319, 644 mobility 967 navigation ontology (UNO) 858 preference 602 profile 31, 126, 380, 626, 629–630 terminal (UT) 810 utility function 44, 168 UUID (see universally unique identifier) UWB (see ultra wide band) V VAG (see virtual anycast group) validation authority (VA) 582 value 1004 26 Index -added mobile service 497 chain model 497 values and goals readiness 485 VANET (see vehicular ad hoc network) VC (see virtual community) VCEG (see Video Coding Experts Group) VCoIP (see videoconferencing over IP) vector space model (VSM) 87 vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) 424, 427 verification 430 Verisign 35 vertical handoff 151 handover 967 management 812 mobile business 442 very large scale integration (VLSI) 427 video -on-demand 890 coding 590 sequence 889–893 stream 124 transcoding 627–631 Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) 595 videoconference 758 videoconferencing 589 over IP (VCoIP) 589 video telephony 589 viral marketing 98, 402 virtual anycast group (VAG) 54 cluster 333 community (VC) 632, 634 component pattern 746 machine (VM) 996, 998 monitor (VMM) 996, 998 memo 714 private network (VPN) 533, 842, 1032 proxy pattern 746 reality (VR) 672 Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) 672, 1052 virtualization 998 virus 1024 attack 534 visibility 413–414, 418 visual query language 370 vitals 951 VLSI (see very large scale integration) VM (see virtual machine) VMM (see virtual machine monitor) voice -activated communication 571 -over Internet protocol (VoIP) 138, 142, 269, 700, 735, 898 recognition 999–1003 Voice Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML) 1050 VoiceXML (see Voice Extensible Markup Language) 1050, 1056 VoIP (see voice-over Internet protocol) VPN (see virtual private network) VRML (see Virtual Reality Modeling Language) VSM (see vector space model) W W3C (see World Wide Web Consortium) W3C-MMI (see W3C MultiModal Interaction) W3C-MultiModal Interaction (W3C-MMI) WAN (see wide area network) WAP (see wireless application protocol) WAP identity module (WIM) 585 war-driving 1023 water-filling principle 169 WAVE file 669 WB (see wideband) WCDMA (see Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) Web feature service (WFS) 133, 137 GIS 219 map service (WMS) 133, 137 Ontology Language (OWL) 377 page 877 service 77, 84, 89,795 -based LBS (WS-LBS) 789 Services Description Language (WSDL) 89, 795 system 1050 technology 536 Webtop client 80 WFS (see Web feature service) Wi-Fi (see wireless fidelity) access point 701 wide area 207 network (WAN) 253, 533 wideband (WB) 458 code division multiple access (WCDMA) 534 widgets 81 WiMAX (see worldwide interoperability for microwave access) WiMobile 1042 WinCE (see Windows Consumer Electronics or Windows CE) Windows -based smartphone 305 Consumer Electronics or Windows CE (WinCE) 793, 795 Mobile 304, 309 wired equivalent privacy 1030 Internet 298, 300 Index 27 Wireless Application Protocol 2.0 (WAP 2.0) 423 Markup Language (WML) 191, 194, 376, 456, 476, 583 wireless 283, 285, 327, 1000 access network 391 advertising (see also mobile advertising, mobile marketing) application protocol (WAP) 190, 194, 252, 376, 476, 480, 503, 913 communication 744, 947 connectivity 757 communication network 195 datagram protocol (WDP) 584 data network 165–171 device 62 fidelity (Wi-Fi) 427, 507, 733 headset healthcare 1010 hotspots 207 identity module (WIM) 480 Internet 298, 472 connectivity 576 local area network (WLAN) 702, 733, 839, 856, 906 local area networking (WLAN) 62, 139, 394, 455, 50 5, 507, 511 mesh network (WMN) 921 multimedia application 195 network 62, 456, 832, 906, 1022, 1029 architecture 1038 personal area network (WPAN) 272, 276 public key infrastructure (WPKI) 585 routing algorithm 925 scheduling mechanism 924 security 1028–1033 sensor network (WSN) 202, 206, 328, 424, 427, 921, 1034–1037 session protocol (WSP) 190 technologies 253 transaction protocol (WTP) 583–584 transmission 627 transport layer security (WTLS) 584 user behavior 476 Web service 476, 480 WISDOM 573 WLAN (see wireless local area network) WML (see Wireless Markup Language) WMLSCrypt 585 WMN (see wireless mesh network) WMS (see Web map service) word of mouth (WOM) 300 workflow 1045 management 1043–1049 workload 626 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 379, 463, 671, 675, 1050 worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) 733 WPAN (see wireless personal area network) WPP (see WAP peer protocol) WS-LBS (see Web service-based LBS) WSDL (see Web Services Description Language) WSN (see wireless sensor network) X XDMC (see XML document management client) XHTML (see eXtensible HyperText Markup Language) -MP (see XHTML Mobile Profile) Basic 376 Mobile Profile (XHTML-MP) 423 XLink (see XML Linking Language) XML (see eXtensible Markup Language) Linking Language (XLink) 377 XP (see extended profile) XSLT (see eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) Xtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT) 377 Z ZigBee 273, 428, 507, 805 Zire 489 Zone Cooperative (ZC) cache 173–174 ... between mobile computing and commerce The Encyclopedia of Mobile Computing and Commerce brings to readers articles covering a wide range of mobile technologies and their applications Mobile commerce. .. Encyclopedia of mobile computing and commerce / David Taniar, editor p cm Summary: “Nowadays, mobile communication, mobile devices, and mobile computing are widely available The availability of mobile. .. mobile GIS, and semantic mobile agents for context-aware applications As a final note, the Encyclopedia of Mobile Computing and Commerce covers a broad range of aspects pertaining to mobile computing,