Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications Mario Freire University of Beira Interior, Portugal Manuela Pereira University of Beira Interior, Portugal Information Science reference Hershey • New York Acquisitions Editor: Development Editor: Senior Managing Editor: Managing Editor: Copy Editor: Typesetter: Cover Design: Printed at: Kristin Klinger Kristin Roth Jennifer Neidig Sara Reed Larissa Vinci and Mike Goldberg Amanda Appicello and Jeffrey Ash Lisa Tosheff Yurchak Printing Inc Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanonline.com Copyright © 2008 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications / Mario Freire and Manuela Pereira, editors p cm Summary: "This book is the single source for information on the world's greatest network, and provides a wealth of information for the average Internet consumer, as well as for experts in the field of networking and Internet technologies It provides the most thorough examination of Internet technologies and applications for researchers in a variety of related fields" Provided by publisher Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-59140-993-9 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-59140-994-6 (ebook) Internet Encyclopedias I Freire, Mário Marques, 1969- II Pereira, Manuela TK5105.875.I57E476 2007 004.67'803 dc22 2007024949 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is original material The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher Editorial Advisory Board Abbas Jamailipour University of Sydney, Australia Hussein Mouftah University of Ottawa, Canada Marc Antonini CNRS, France Michel Diaz CNRS, France Pascal Lorenz University of Haute Alsace, France Petre Dini Cisco Systems, USA Prosper Chemouil France Telecom, France Wolfgang Gentzsch MCNC, USA List of Contributors Abdou, Alaa / United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE 702 Abuelma’atti, Omar / Liverpool John Moores University, UK 367 Al Zarooni, Sameera / United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), UAE 702 Alexiou, Antonios / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece 711 Androulidakis, S / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece 29 Antonellis, Dimitrios / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece 711 Atmaca, Tülin / Institut National des Télécommunications, France 653 Averweg, Udo / Information Services, eThekwini Municipality & University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa 215 Babiarz, Rachel / France Telecom R&D Division, France 263 Basicevic, Ilija / Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia 532 Baumgarten, Matthias / University of Ulster, Ireland 66 Bedo, Jean-Sebastien / France Telecom R&D Division, France 263 Bertino, Elisa / Purdue University, USA 36 Bose, Indranil / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 663 Bosin, Andrea / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy 52 Bouras, Christos / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece .16, 165, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463, 711 Breslin, Peter / University of Ulster, Ireland 199 Burgess, Mark / Oslo University College, Norway 79 Carvalho de Gouveia, Fabricio / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 249 Chen, Thomas M / Southern Methodist University, USA 284, 647 Cheong Chu, Kin / Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi), Hong Kong 192 Chiang, Chia-Chu / University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA 551 Chlamtac, Imrich / CREATE-NET, Italy 331 Chodorek, Agnieszka / Kielce University of Technology, Poland 612 Chodorek, Robert R / The AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland 242 Choi, Hongsik / Virginia Commonwealth University, USA 346 Chun, Fong Man / The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 663 Correia, N S C / University of Algarve, Portugal 383, 593 Cripps, Helen / Edith Cowan University, Australia 696 Curado, Marília / CISUC/DEI, Portugal 449 Curran, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland 66, 199, 323, 498, 505, 690 Czirkos, Zoltán / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 353 Delgado Kloos, Carlos / University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain 568, 600 Despotopoulos, Y / NTUA, Greece 456 Dessì, Nicoletta / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy 52 Donoso, Yezid / Universidad del Norte, Colombia 339 Doukoglou, T / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece 29 Dutta, Ashutosh / Telcordia Technologies, USA 360 El Guemhioui, Karim / University of Quebec in Outaouais, Canada 299 Encheva, Sylvia / Stord-Haugesund University College, Norway 539 Erwin, Geoff / Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa 215 Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada 45 Fabregat, Ramón / Girona University, Spain 339 Fafali, P / NTUA, Greece 456 Fensel, Dieter / DERI Innsbruck, Austria 519 Fergus, Paul / Liverpool John Moores University, UK 367 Fernanda Michel, Neila / State University of Campinas, Brazil 626 Fernández Veiga, Manuel / Universidade de Vigo, Spain 150 Ferrari, Elena / Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy 36 Fu, Lixin / The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA 205 Gay, Gregory R / University of Toronto, Canada 179, 678 George, Alexandra / University of London, UK 222 Giannaka, Eri / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece 165 Gkamas, Apostolos / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece 16, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463 Goodridge, Wayne / Barbados Community College, Barbados 432 Grazia Fugini, Maria / Politecnico di Milano, Italy 52 Greenidge, Charles / University of the West Indies, Barbados 142 Gregori, Enrico / Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy 331 Griffiths, Mark / Nottingham Trent University, UK 228 Gritzalis, Stefanos / University of the Aegean, Greece 411 Gumbleton, Gary / University of Ulster, Ireland 505 Guo, Huaqun / Institute for Infocomm Research and National University of Singapore, Singapore 119, 391 Gutiérrez, Jairo A / University of Auckland, New Zealand 583 Gutiérrez, Sergio / University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain 568, 600 Hanke, Henrik / University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany 684 Herrería-Alonso, Sergio / Universidade de Vigo, Spain 106, 150 Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 59, 86, 157, 277, 353 Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA 205 Hua, Winnie W / CTS Inc., USA 132, 269 Huang, Yu-An / National Chi Nan University, Taiwan 696 Kagklis, D / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece 29, 185 Kamthan, Pankaj / Concordia University, Canada 23, 640 Karamolegkos, Pantelis N / Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece 72, 456 Karnouskos, Stamatis / SAP Research, Germany 633 Kim, Byungjip / Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea .112 Kim, Kyungbaek / University of California, Irvine, USA 112, 172 Kok, Trina / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore 670 Kovács, Ferenc / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 157, 277 Lambrinoudakis, Costas / University of the Aegean, Greece 411 Lee, Heejo / Korea University, South Korea 606 Lee, Kyeongja / Ecole Centrale de Lille, France 100 Lee, Sheng-Chien / University of Florida, USA 205 Lewis, John / University of Liverpool, UK 702 Li, Tonghong / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain 490 Liberati, Diego / Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerche, Italy 52 Lin, Chad / Curtin University of Technology, Australia 696 Liotta, Antonio / University of Essex, UK 525 López-García, Cándido / Universidade de Vigo, Spain 106, 150 Luís Saldanha da Fonseca, Nelson / State University of Campinas, Brazil 1, 626 Magedanz, Thomas / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 249 Mara de Arẳjo Espíndula Lima, Michele / Federal University of Pernambuco, Brazil McLaughlin, Kevin / University of Ulster, Ireland 199 Medeiros, M C R / University of Algarve, Portugal 383, 593 Melliar-Smith, P M / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA 558 Mellouk, Abdelhamid / LISSI/SCTIC, University of Paris XII – Val de Marne, France Merabti, Madjid / Liverpool John Moores University, UK 367 Minogiannis, N / NTUA, Greece 456 Miorandi, Daniele / CREATE-NET, Italy 331 Mirri, Silvia / University of Bologna, Italy 179, 678 Moser, L E / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA 558 Mulvenna, Maurice / University of Ulster, Ireland 66 Neumann, Alf / University of Cologne, Germany 684 Ngoh, Lek-Heng / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore .119, 391, 670 Nguyen, Viet Hung / Institut National des Télécommunications, France 653 Nogueira, António / University of Aveiro / Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal 305 Nugent, Chris / University of Ulster, Ireland 66 O’Kane, Padraig / University of Ulster, Ireland 690 Oredope, Adetola / University of Essex, UK 525 Orosz, Mihály / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 157 Pacheco, António / Instituto Superior Técnico – UTL, Portugal 305 Palaniappan, Sellappan / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia 93 Pardede, Raymond / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 86 Pardo, Abelardo / University Carlos III of Madrid, Spain 568, 600 Park, Daeyeon / Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea 112, 172 Park, Kuen / Korea University, South Korea 606 Parke, Adrian / Nottingham Trent University, UK 228 Patikis, G / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A., Greece 29 Patikis, Yiorgos / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A, Greece 185 Patrikakis, Charalampos / Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece 72, 456 Perego, Andrea / Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Italy 36 Pes, Barbara / Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy 52 Peter, Hadrian / University of the West Indies, Barbados 142, 432 Petkov, Don / Eastern Connecticut State University, USA 215 Piero Zarri, Gian / Université Paris IV, France 36 Popovic, Miroslav / Faculty of Technology Sciences, Novisad, Serbia 532 Predoiu, Livia / University of Mannheim, Germany 512 Primpas, Dimitris / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece 16, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463 Prior, Rui / Institute of Telecommunications – University of Porto, Portugal 473 Protonotarios, Emmanuel / Telecommunications Laboratory School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NTUA, Greece 72 Radaideh, Moh’d A / HR General Directorate, UAE 702 Rahmani, Ahmed / Ecole Centrale de Lille, France 100 Ramadani, Ylber / Athabasca University, Canada 45 Raptis, Lampros / National Technical University of Athens, Greece 185 Richly, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 277 Rincón, David / Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain 483 Robertson, William / Dalhousie University, Canada 432 Rodríguez Pérez, Miguel / Universidade de Vigo, Spain 106, 150 Roman, Dumitru / DERI Innsbruck, Austria 519 Saha, Debashis / Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Calcutta, India 619 Sallent, Sebastià / Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain 483 Salomoni, Paola / University of Bologna, Italy 179, 678 Salvador, Paulo / University of Aveiro / Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal 305 Santos, Vitor / Microsoft, Portugal 126 São Mamede, Henrique / Universidade Aberta, Portugal 126 Sardar, Bhaskar / Jadavpur University, India 619 Sargento, Susana / Institute of Telecommunications – University of Aveiro, Portugal 473 Scalabrino, Nicola / CREATE-NET and Italian National Research Council (CNR) – IIT, Italy 331 Seah, Winston K G / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 441, 670 Seng, Wong Kok / Multimedia University, Malaysia 93 Shan, Tony C / Bank of America, USA 132, 269 Sher, Muhammad / Technical University of Berlin, Germany 249 Siddiqui, Farhan / Wayne State University, USA 291, 398, 575 Smyth, Elaine / University of Ulster, Ireland 498 Stamos, Kostas / Research Academic Computer Technology Institute and University of Patras, Greece 16, 257, 316, 418, 425, 463 Stojmenovic, Milica / Carleton University, Canada 545 Suárez González, Andrés / Universidade de Vigo, Spain 150 Tally, Gregg W / SPARTA, Inc., USA 284 Tan, Hwee-Xian / National University of Singapore, Singapore 441 Tegze, Dávid / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 86 Toguyeni, Armand / Ecole Centrale de Lille, France 100 Toma, Ioan / DERI Innsbruck, Austria 519 Tracey, Gary / University of Ulster, Ireland 199 Tsiatsos, Thrasyvoulos / Aristoleian University of Thessaloniki and Research Academic Computer Technology Institute, Greece 165 Tumin, Sharil / University of Bergen, Norway 539 Valadas, Rui / University of Aveiro / Institute of Telecommunications Aveiro, Portugal 305 Vlachos, Kyriakos / University of Patras, Greece 375 Wong, K Daniel / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia 360 Wong, Wai-Choong / National University of Singapore, Singapore .119, 391, 670 Wong, Yew-Fai / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore 670 Yahaya, Nor Adnan / Malaysia University of Science and Technology, Malaysia 93 Yang, Hung-Jen / National Kaohsiung Normal University, Taiwan 205 Yang, Seung S / Virginia State University, USA 346 Zeadally, Sherali / University of the District of Columbia, USA 291, 398, 575 Zhang, Daqing / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 119 Zhdanova, Anna V / University of Surrey, UK 512 Zheng, Song / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore 119 Zhou, Shi / University College London, UK 407, 469 Ziviani, Artur / National Laboratory for Scientific Computing (LNCC), Brazil 235 Contents by Volume Active Queue Management / Michele Mara de Arẳjo Espíndula Lima and Nelson Ls Saldanha da Fonseca Adaptive Routing Quality of Service Algorithms for Internet’s Irregular Traffic / Abdelhamid Mellouk .7 Adaptive Transmission of Multimedia Data over the Internet / Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, and Kostas Stamos 16 Addressing the Credibility of Web Applications / Pankaj Kamthan 23 ADSL2+ Technology / D Kagklis, S Androulidakis, G Patikis, and T Doukoglou 29 Advanced Techniques for Web Content Filtering / Elisa Bertino, Elena Ferrari, Andrea Perego, and Gian Piero Zarri 36 Agent-Based Web Services / Larbi Esmahi and Ylber Ramadani 45 ALBA Cooperative Environment for Scientific Experiments / Andrea Bosin, Nicoletta Dessì, Maria Grazia Fugini, Diego Liberati, and Barbara Pes 52 Analysis of TCP-Friendly Protocols for Media Streaming / Gábor Hosszú and Dávid Tegze 59 Autonomic Computing / Kevin Curran, Maurice Mulvenna, Chris Nugent, and Matthias Baumgarten 66 Autonomic Networking / Pantelis N Karamolegkos, Charalampos Patrikakis, and Emmanuel Protonotarios 72 Cfengine Configuration Management Agent / Mark Burgess .79 Clustering Model of the Application-Level Multicast, A / Gábor Hosszú and Raymond Pardede 86 Collaborative Support for Graphical-Based Design Tools / Wong Kok Seng, Sellappan Palaniappan, and Nor Adnan Yahaya .93 Index Symbols NET platform 554 3G cellular networks 620 3GPP (third generation partnership project) 537 A access control list (ACL) 287 AccessForAll meta-data specification 572 accessibility 678 accessibility laws 680 accessible authoring tools 680 accessible user agents 680 accessible Web content 680 access point (AP) 504 access point (AP) nodes 654 access policing 652 ACK-clocking 60 acknowledgment (ACK) 88, 626, 632 action 544 active/programmable node 634 active and programmable networks 634 active application 638 active networks (AN) 633, 638 active queue management (AQM) 1–6, 153, 155, 650, 652 active server page (ASP) 135 ad-hoc computer network 87 ad-hoc multicast 87 ad-hoc multicasting 88 ad-hoc networks 87, 602 ad-hoc QoS on-demand routing (AQOR) 444 adaptive maintenance 551 adaptive self-configuring sensor networks topologies (ASCENT) 674 adaptive wakeup schedule function (AWSF) 673 A DDA scheme 623 addiction 230 additive increase multiplicative decrease (AIMD) 60, 107, 457, 626 ad hoc decision support system 710 ad hoc network 92, 673 admission control 652 ADSL 29 ADSL2+ Technology 31 Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative (ADL) 572 Advanced Lab for Bioinformatics Agencies (ALBA) 52–58 aggregation 489 Ajax 134 ALM routing protocol 92 altruism 549 anomaly detection 354 anonymity 413 anonymous gossip routing 88 ant colony optimization (ACO) 605 antivirus software 286 AntNet algorithm 601 ants 601 ants, artificial 601 ants, backward 601 ants, forward 601 ants-routing approach 12 application-level multicast (ALM) 86, 92, 157 application-level multicast properties 86 application-level network (ALN) 92, 283 application-level networking (ALN) 353 application-level networking (ALN) technology 87 application level networks (ALN) 277 application profile 574 application servers 528, 531 application servers (AS) 530 architectural space programming 710 Copyright © 2008, IGI Global, distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited Index artificial agents 601 artificial ants 601 artificial users 687 ASP.NET 135 assistive technologies 683 associate identification number (AID) 501 association flood 501 assured forwarding (AF) 152, 155, 425 assured forwarding PHB 151 asymmetrical digital subscriber loop (ADSL) 324 asymptotic k-covered area 677 asynchronous e-learning 574 asynchronous e-learning system 568 asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) 387 asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) world 655 attacker 609 attacks, client 608 attacks, defenses 609 attacks, network 607 attacks, server 607 attacks, user 608 attribute-value pairs (AVP) 533 audio signal 278 audio signal processing 283 authentication server 541 authentication session identifier (ASID) 542 authoring tool accessibility guidelines (ATAG) 680 authorities 685, 688 autonomic computing 66–71, 638 autonomic infrastructures 633 autonomic networking 72–78 autonomous system (AS) 66, 88, 157, 407, 469 autonomy 46, 47 B backward ants 601 bandwidth delay product 626, 632 bandwidth efficiency 459 bandwidth restricted path (BRP) 450 bark-scale 283 base station (BS) 621 Bayesian networks 602 beans, read-only entity 136 beans, stateful session 136 bearer control 526 Beehive 272 benefits management 701 Berkeley family of motes 670 Bernoulli loss model 62 best-effort model 668 best-effort service 150 billing 529 bill of quantity (BOQ) 705 binary increase congestion control (BIC-TCP) 628 binding 695 Bluetooth 87, 121 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 407 broadcast 391 building automation system (BAS) 193 building management system (BMS) 192 bunched mode 86, 88 bus-based OPS network 654 business-to-business (B2B), e-commerce systems 698 business-to-business (B2B), platforms 684 business intelligence (BI) 215 C Cable TV 325 cache array routing protocol (CARP) 173 cache hit ratio 116 caching, techniques 132 call control 526 capability 522 capsule 634 CCP+SPAN 672 CES global reference model 656 CES optical packet format 657 Cfengine 79 character-to-digit ratio (CDR) 144 chat 550 chat interaction 547 circuit emulation service (CES) 653, 661 circuit switched network 668 circuit switched telephone network 664 circuit switching 661 circuit switching networks 653 client-cluster, management of 174 client/server 283 client/server model 277, 283 code extraction 554 coefficient of variation (CoV) 61 collaboration 165 collaborative adaptive sequencing 602 collaborative filtering 601, 605, 686 collaborative filtering systems, memory-based 602 collaborative filtering systems, model-based 602 collaborative sequencing 605 Index combinatorics 672, 677 commercial information providers 545 committed burst size (CBS) 153 committed information rate (CIR) 153 common object request broker architecture (CORBA) 551 common services layer (CSL) 521 communication cost 665 complexity 101 component object model/distributed component object model (COM/DCOM) 551 compound-TCP 628 compulsory handover 492, 497 compulsory inter-GW handover 492 compulsory intra-GW handover 492 computer-aided software engineering (CASE) 93, 300 computer-based training 179 computing, handheld 205 confidentiality, and online games 607 congestion 1, 100, 320, 613, 617, 632, 652 congestion control 8, 65, 617, 632 congestion control, metrics of 61 congestion control, TCP 613 congestion experienced (CE) 650 congestion window (Cwnd) 60, 625 connected dominating set (CDS) 671, 677 constant bit rate (CBR) 494, 655 constrained-based routing (CBR) constraint path 434 construction industry 702, 710 content-aware caching 114 content-based recognition 283 content-based search 277 content-sensitive searching 283 contention resolution 378 content packaging 570 control overhead 87, 494 converged billing 530 cookie 134, 412, 582 cooperation 165 copyright 224 copyright laws 222 core-assisted mesh protocol (CAMP) 87 core based tree (CBT) 392 cost and risk assessment user interface 709 cost bidding module 708 cost estimating and risk assessment module 706 coverage configuration protocol (CCP) 672 CP-H/RDS algorithm 433 CP-H algorithm 433 creative information system (CIS) 128 creativity 126 credibility, assurance and evaluation 26 CUBIC-TCP 628 cumulative layering scheme 108 curb cuts 679 cyclic symmetric block design (CSBD) 672 D DAML (DARPA agent mark-up language) 508 DAML + OIL 508 DAML + OIL enumeration 509 DAML + OIL property restriction 509 DAML ontology library 508 data-in-network loop 393 database management system (DBMS) 208 data caching, in Web applications 132–141 data dissemination 245 data extraction 142 data extraction module 56 data mining 684, 688 data stream applications 65 dBMAP 309 decision support system (DSS) 702, 710 decoding 459 deep Web 142 delayed duplicate acknowledgement (DDA) 623 delivery context 646 denial of service (DoS) 356, 501, 503, 636, 666 denial of service (DoS), attacks 638 deployment 527 descriptive markup 646 designated member (DM) 88 device independence 683 DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol) 262 DHCP server 259 differentiated services (DiffServ) 155, 426, 652 differentiated services architecture 150 DiffServ (DS) 474 DiffServ codepoint 150 DiffServ code point (DSCP) 529 DiffServ codepoints 151 DiffServ domain 151 DiffServ regions 153 digital divide 682, 683 directed graphs 684 direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) 503 Index discovery 695 disproportionate-bandwidth flow 59 distance-vector (DV) routing scheme distance education 179 distance vector protocol 449 distance vector routing 605 distributed applications 299 distribution transparency 300 DNS (domain name service) 262 document type definition (DTD) 511, 692 domain identity 544 domain name 225 domain name service (DNS) 262 domain name system (DNS) 159 domain specific languages (DSL) 299 dominating set 677 drop precedence 153 drop tail queuing 62 dual nus optical ring network (DBORN) 654 Dublin Core 511, 512 DUPACK 621, 625 dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) 262, 295 dynamic segmentation 658 E e-collaboration 166 e-commerce adoption 698 e-commerce adoption by SMEs 698 e-commerce investment 697 e-commerce projects 698 e-commerce projects, implementing 698 e-commerce technology 696 e-learning 179–184 e-learning platforms 568 e-mail 550 e-scientist 53 E-speak 119 eavesdropping 199 EBSN scheme 623 Echo2 273 eigenflows 265 electronic behavior 413 electronic cash 231 electronic commerce 216, 701, 703 electronic customer relationship management (eCRM) 698 electronic data interchange (EDI) 690 electronic design automation (EDA) 93 eligible rate estimate (ERE) 622 embedding 231 EMESE (experimental media-stream recognizer) 277 encoding 342, 459 end service provider (ESP) 412 energy efficiency 625 engineering Web applications 640 enhanced HMIPAODV (E-HMIPAODV) 493 enterprise resource planning (ERP) 215, 703 ePerSpace project 368 epidemic protocol 73 equation-based 107 error control 617 error control, TCP 613 Ethereal Network Analyzer 666 ethernet 185, 193 ethernet services 186 ethics code 415 EUFORBIA 37 Eurescom P923-PF project 559 excess burst size (EBS) 153 exclusive ORed (XOR) 499, 503 execution environment 639 execution environment network (EEN) 635 executive information system 215 executive information system (EIS) 215 expedited forwarding (EF) 152, 155, 425 experiment engine 55 experiments, classes of 55 explicit bad state notification (EBSN) 623 explicit congestion notification 652 extensible mark-up language (XML) 505, 551, 641, 690 exterior gateway protocol (EGP) 347 extranet 690 extrovert 550 F “footprinting” 500 fairness index 61, 62 fair queuing (FQ) 429 fast active management scalable transmission control protocol (FAST-TCP) 627 fault tolerance 300 feasible path 432 feedback implosion 107 fiber-delay line (FDL) 654 file sharing 545 Index file sharing systems 277 firewall 286, 354 first in first out (FIFO) 429 fixed host (FH) 621 flooding 87 flooding range 491 flow control 617, 632 flow control, TCP 613 formal specification 646 forward ants 601 forwarding-zone methods 88 forwarding set 677 forwarding zone 88 fractals 489 Fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) 485 fragmentation 582 Freeze-TCP 620 frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) 503 frequent disconnection 620 G gambling 228 gambling, convenience 230 gamebot 610 games, action 606 games, simulation 607 games, story-driven 607 gateways (GWs) 490, 528 geocasting 88 global-area mobility 493 global positioning system (GPS) 88, (GPSs) 500 global synchronisation 614 goals 522 goodput 65, 625 Gossamer 86 gossip-based multicast routing protocols 88 GPRS support node (GGSN) 528 granularity 458 graph 602 graph of exercises 602 group 544 group-role management 540 group list management 528 groupware 166 H H-TCP 629 H.323 537 hacker 199 hacking 199 hacking, wireless 202 handheld device, mobile 206 handover latency 494 hands-/eyes-free situations 559 HCDSS, system construction 704 HCDSS, system design 704 healthcare decision support system (HCDSS) 703 healthcare decision support system (HCDSS), development of 703 healthcare projects 702 heavy-tailed distribution 489 heuristic algorithm 432 hierarchical model 308 high-speed networks 626 High BER 620 HighSpeed-TCP (HSTCP) 627 home location register (HLR) 528 host-based defense 286 host multicast 86 host multicast tree protocol (HMTP) 86 HTML, hidden frame 133 HTML code 704 HTML pages 561 HTTP syntax 533 hubs 685, 688 Hurst parameter 489 HVAC 194 hybrid 100 hybrid ad hoc networks 490 hybrid algorithm 103 hybrid GW discovery 491 hybrid wireless network 492, 497 hyper (integrated) DSS 710 hyperlinked VoiceXML pages 562 hypertext classification 685 hypertext markup language (HTML) 641 hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP) 499 hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) 690 I idle mode 673 IEEE 802.11 standards 503 IEEE 802.16 standard 331 IEEE Learning Technology Standards Committee 569 IMS accessibility learner information profile specification (ACCLIP) 682 Index IMS charging identifier (ICID) 529 IMS network architecture 525 IMS service architecture 525, 526 IMS service control 528 IMS service integration 529 IMS service provisioning 531 IMS session management 531 IN 537 incremental layering schemes 108 information bearing-object (IBO) 691 information technology (IT) industry 299 initialisation vectors (IVs) 498 inpatient nursing units 707 instant messenger 550 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 569 Instructional Management Systems Global Consortium (IMS) 570 integrated services (IntServ) 150, 156, 652 integrated time and cost control system (IT/CC) 703 integrity check value (ICV) 499 intellectual property 222–227 intellectual property rights 222 intelligent decision support systems 710 intelligent information retrieval systems 684 inter-GW handover 492 inter-operator identifier (IOI) 529 inter-working function (IWF) block 657 interactive growth 407 interactive television (i-TV) 232 interface definition language (IDL) 552 interfaces 522 interior gateway protocol (IGP) 347 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 691 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 653 Internet 16, 23, 550, 690 Internet, gambling 228 Internet, measurements 235 Internet, multicast transmission 316 Internet, traffic modelling 263 Internet-based voice services 665 Internet cache protocol (ICP) 172 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 150, 155, 257, 262, 575, 653 Internet packet exchange (IPX) 499 Internet protocol (IP) 347 Internet sales 411 Internet service provider 224 Internet service provider (ISP) 412, 545, 575 Internet session 668 Internet topology 469 interoperability 121, 574 interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF) 526 intra-GW handover 492 intranet 690 introvert 550 intrusion detection 353 IntServ 425–431 inventory management 703 IP-multicast 87, 92 IP-over-optical network 593 IP multicasting 242 IP multicasting, management of 243 IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) 249, 525 IP PBX 664 IP security (IPSec) 259, 529 IPv4 (Internet protocol, version 4) 262 IPv6 (Internet protocol, version 6) 262, 360 IPv6-based hybrid network 491 IPv6-based hybrid wireless multi-hop networks 490 IPv6-based hybrid wireless networks 490 IPv6 header 258 IPv6 protocol 257 IRS-III (Internet reasoning service III) 520 IS/IT investment evaluation 699 ISATAP 260 IT benefits realization 696 IT benefits realization methodologies 701 IT benefits realization processes 699 IT investment evaluation 696, 701 IT investment evaluation processes 698 ITU-T 532, 537 J jamming 503 Java 300 Java platform Enterprise Edition (J2EE) 554 Java remote method 691 Jini 120 JTCP 621 K k-connected network 677 k-covered area 677 k-neighbour connected network 677 key performance indicators (KPIs) 699 Index knowledge, external 215 knowledge, internal 215 knowledge representations (KR) 505 knowledge sharing 167 Komondor network 357 L label switching 476 latent semantic analysis 602 layered encoded video 317 layered encoding 319 Learning and Technology Standards Committee (LTSC) 569 learning management system 574 learning object 574 learning object metadata 569 Learning Object Metadata Standard 569 legacy modernization 551 legacy systems 551 lightpath survivability 384 Limited energy 620 Limited spectrum 620 link-state (LS) routing link-state routing algorithm 605 LKSCTP 579 load-balancing 101, 339 local-area mobility 493 local area network (LAN) 88, 92, 360 local recognition local processing (LRLP) 564 local recognition remote processing (LRRP) 563 location-based multicast (LBM) 88 lonely node problem 677 long-range dependence (LRD) 485, 489 long memory 485, 489 loss event calculation 62 lotteries 228 M malicious software 284 malware 284 malware, self-replicating 284 MANET 497 Manhattan-distance 283 Markovian models 305 Markovian models, traffic 306 markup language 683 max-min fairness 61, 65 maximum segment size (MSS) 615 maximum transmission unit (MTU) 582 MDA approach 301 MDA development process 301 MDA four-layer architecture 301 media 678 media access control (MAC) 504 media gateway controller function (MGCF) 528 media streaming 59 mediators 522 mesh-based protocol 86 message 695 meta-language 300 metadata 511, 574 metamodel 300, 304 meta object facility (MOF) 299, 304 methodology 701 metrics combination 450 metrics distribution 452 Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) 653 metropolitan area network (MAN) 653, 661 metropolitan bus-based optical packet switching networks 653 metropolitan double-bus network architecture 654 MFilter 39 MIME 536, 537 minimum connected dominating set (MCDS) 671 mobile ad hoc network (MANET) 87, 441, 490 mobile agents (MA) 633 mobile commerce 205 mobile communications 323 mobile devices, and multimedia 323–330 mobile host (MH) 620 mobile Internet 619 mobile IP 259, 326, 625 mobile IP, home agent 295 mobile IPv4 295, 400 mobile IPv6 296, 400 mobile middleware 206 mobile node (MN) 361, 490 mobility, personal 398 mobility, terminal 398 mobility anchor point (MAP) 491 mobility management 527 MobiWan 493 model 304 model-driven architecture (MDA) 299, 304 model-driven engineering 299 model-driven engineering (MDE) 299, 304 model-driven engineering of distributed applications 299 Index modeling language 304 MPLS (multi-protocol label switching) 262 MPLS-enabled core 260 multi-homed host 582 multi-hop handover 497 multi-hop handover type 492 multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) 100, 262, 393 multicast 391 multicast applications 245 multicasting 242, 339 multicast island 92 multicast open shortest path first (MOSPF) 87 multicast open shortest path first (MOSPF) routing 88 multicast routing protocol 87, 92 multifractality 489 multimedia communications 532 multimedia data, transmission of 320 multimedia streaming 456 multipath routing 100 multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) 593 MySQL 702 N Napster 277 Narada 86 NAT (network access translation) 258 NAT (network address translation) 582 natural naming 646 neighbours 602 NetSim (network simulator) 86, 90 NetSim software, analyzer interface 91 network 582 network-level multicast (NLM) 92 network-oriented applications 600 network-related variables 485 network architecture flexibility 259 network congestion network interface card (NIC) 498 network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) 355 network management 188, 235 network middleware evolution 302 network performance 486 network scheme editor 90 network services, and economic factors 584 network services, and pricing 584 network traffic 483 network traffic, scaling properties of 483 node virtual environment (NVE) 634 node virtual environment network (NVEN) 634 O OASIS security assertion markup language (SAML) 539 Object Management Group (OMG) 299 OIL (ontology inference layer) 508 OMG MDA 301 online betting exchanges 228 online gambling 228 online game, and security 606 online gaming 545 ontologies 522 ontology Web language (OWL) 520 Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) 525 open service access (OSA) 525 open service architecture (OSA) 529, 531 open shortest path first (OSPF) 347 open shortest path first (OSPF) protocol 89 optical-to-electronic (O/E) conversion, of data stream 375 optical burst switching 375–382 optical burst switching, research and development 376 optical channel (OCh) 383 optical cross connects (OXCs) 375 optical multiplex section (OMS) 383 optical network 661 optical packet switching (OPS) technology 653 optical packet switching network 662 optical transmission section (OTS) 383 optical transport network (OTN) 383 optical unslotted carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (OU-CSMA/CA) protocol 654 optimized handover 492, 497 optimized inter-GW handover 492 optimized intra-GW handover 492 optimized path 432 OU-CSMA/CA protocol 654 outsourcing 418 overlay 86, 277, 283 overlay network 86, 92, 353 OWL-S (OWL-based Web service ontology) 520 P P2P (peer-to-peer) file-sharing 547 P2P-based distributed file-sharing systems 277 Index P2P-based file search systems 282 P2P-based systems 277 P2P communication model 283 P2P model 92, 283 packet 582 packet-switched network 668 packet classification 152, 426 packet data unit (PDU) 582 packet error rate (PER) 615, 617 packet loss ratio 494 packet switching 662 packet switching networks 655 Palm OS 205, 208 Palm OS, programming 208 PardedeCAST 86 PardedeCAST software 90 PardedeCAST software, routing protocols 89 Pareto-efficiency 61 passive optical network (PON) 654 password 202 pattern-based identification method 277 pattern recognition 277, 278, 283 pattern recognition method 280 PC-to-PC calls 665 PC-to-phone calls 665 PDAs (personal data assistants) 678 peak information rate (PIR) 153 peer-to-peer (P2P) 92 peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture 96 peer-to-peer (P2P) communication 277 peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing applications 545 peer-to-peer (P2P) model 283 peer-to-peer client clustering 173 peer-to-peer file-sharing systems 547 peer-to-peer interaction 545, 550 people with disabilities 678 people with disabilities, access Web 679 people with sensory impairments 678 per hop behavior (PHB) 156 permission 544 persistent non-congestion detection (PNCD) 622 personal computer (PC) 367, 665 personal device assistant (PDA) 119, 323 personal mobility 398 pheromone 601 pheromone diffusion 602 pheromone erosion 602 pheromone evaporation 601 pheromone table 601 phone-to-PC calls 665 PHP 702 PHP-MySQL combination 704 PHP code 704 PHP Hypertext processor 704 plain HMIPAODV (P-HMIPAODV) 493 plain old telephone service (POTS) 263 platform independent model (PIM) 301, 304 platform specific model (PSM) 301, 304 Plug and Play (PnP) 369 point-to-multipoint (PMP) architecture 331 point of presence (POP) node 654 Poisson-based models 486 policy decision point (PDP) 529 polymorphism 284 portal server 541 portal session identifier (PSID) 542 portal technologies 215 port handling 65 port number 617 positive-feedback preference 408 positive-feedback preference (PFP) model 407 power aware multi-access protocol with signaling (PAMAS) 673 presence agent (PA) 528 presence server (PS) 528 presence user agent (PUA) 527 pricing, bandwidth 585 pricing, edge 585 pricing, expected capacity 585 pricing, flat-rate 585 pricing, Paris Metro (PMP) 585 pricing, priority 585 pricing, proportional fairness 586 pricing, smart-market 586 primary path 578 priority queuing (PQ) 429 privacy 24, 121, 411–417 privacy, territorial 412 PROBE 672 probing environment and adaptive sleeping (PEAS) algorithm 672 problem-solving layer (PSL) 521 product measure 61 project cost 708 protected Web resources 539 protocol 582 protocol independent multicast-sparse mode (PIMSM) 87, 392 Index proxy 695 proxy CSCF (P-CSCF) 526 proxy server 133 pruning stage (PNS) 673 pseudo-random sequence (PRS) 503 pseudo-wire emulation edge to edge (PWE3) 655 PSTN (public switched telephone network) 668 PSTN/ISDN 537 public switched telephone network (PSTN) 292, 528, 664 push-to-talk/push-over-cellular (PTT/PoC) 526 Q Q-routing algorithm 11 quality control 528 quality of service (QoS) 16, 100, 150, 262, 316, 323, 334, 425–431, 432, 441, 525, 647, 652 quality of service (QoS), and optical burst switching 379 quality of service (QoS) routing 449–455 quarantine group 540 question and test interoperability specification (QTI) 571 queue management 427 queuing 429 queuing, fair 429 queuing, priority 429 R random asynchronous wakeup (RAW) scheme 674 random early detection (RED) 2, 650 random independent scheduling (RIS) 674 randomized feedback 109 rate adaptation techniques 456 RBAC approach 539 RBAC model 539 RC4 (Rivest Code 4) algorithm 504 RDF description 507 RDF diagram 507 RDF graph 507 RDF schema 507 RDS algorithm 434 real-time application 463 real-time media streams 277 real-time protocols 463 real-time transport protocol 60 real time applications 16 0 real time transmission protocol / real time control transmission protocol (TRP/RTCP) 17 recommender systems 686 reconstruction stage (RCS) 673 RED gateways 153 RED with in/out (RIO) 153 reference patterns 279 reference selection 278 reference selection algorithm 280 reference selection method 282 reinforcement learning paradigm 10 reliability 65, 582 remote authentication dial in user service (RADIUS) 251 Reno-TCP 60 repositories 690 resource 544 resource description framework (RDF) 505, 511 resource development language 506 resource layer (RL) 521 resource reservation protocol (RSVP) 529 restricted shortest path (RSP) 450 retransmit timers 60 reverse engineering 557 rich-club phenomenon 469 risk management 710 robustness of the overlay 87 robust synchronization 279 role 544 role-based access control (RBAC) 539 role-resource management 541 round-trip-times (RTT) 614 round-trip delay 669 round trip time (RTT) 60, 65, 632 route optimization 363 route optimization, security 364 router advertisement (RA) 491 routing 605 routing algorithm 432, 601 routing information protocol (RIP) 347 routing problem 601 rule-based approaches 602 runtime environment 541, 574 S SALT 558 scalable-TCP 627 scalable reservation-based QoS architecture(SRBQ) 473 Index scheduling discipline 156 screen magnification tool 679 screen magnifier 679 screen reader 679 SCTP (stream control transmission protocol) 537, 582 SCTP association establishment 577 SCTP association shutdown 577 SCTP data transfer 577 SCTP heartbeat mechanism 577 SCTPIMPL 578 SCTP implementations 578 SCTPLIB 578 SCTP multihoming 577, 578 SCTP operation 577 SCTP packet structure 576 SCTP protocol 575 SDP language 533 seamless multi-hop handover 490, 492 search engine 142 secure hypertext transport protocol (HTTPS) 690 security 24, 121, 300 security, of online games 606–611 security assertion markup language (SAML) 539 security policy 354 segment 632 self-configuration 634 self-healing 634 self-optimization 634 self-organizing behaviour 600 self-protection 634 self-similarity 489 semantically-enabled service-oriented architectures (SESA) 519, 524 semantic mark-up 520 semantic Web 48, 505, 511, 646, 686 Semantic Web languages 514 Semantic Web services 519, 524 Semantic Web services language (SWSL) 520 Semantic Web services ontology (SWSO) 520 sensor networks 639, 670 sensor networks, energy problem 670 sensor networks, tradeoffs 671 sensor networks, wake up schemes 671 sensor nodes 670 sensory impairments 678 sequencing problem 603 server-side includes (SSI) 642 server-side scripts 542 service-client organization 541 service-oriented architecture 521, 695 service-oriented computing (SOC) 519, 524 service-oriented environments 521 service-provider organization 541 service capabilities 526 service capability features (SCF) 529 service delivery platform (SDP) 249 service execution 525, 527 service integration 525, 531 service level agreement (SLA) 156, 418 service level agreement, creation of 419 service level agreement, preparation of 420 service oriented architecture (SOA) 525 service provisioning 525 service quality 665 service quality control 525 services capabilities 531 serving CSCF (S-CSCF) 526 SESA, three layers of 521 session description protocol (SDP) 294, 525 session initiation protocol (SIP) 291, 361, 525, 532 sessions management 528 SGML (standard generalized mark-up language) 506 shareable content object reference model (SCORM) 572 sharing, application 167 sharing, information 167 sharing, knowledge 167 sharing, resources 167 sharing, workspace 167 shortest tunnel first (STF) 86, 88, 89 signaling scheme 377 signaling transport (SIGTRAN) 575 SimCast simulator 59 simple network management protocol (SNMP) 235 simple object access protocol (SOAP) 45, 551 simple sequencing 571 single-node systems 300 single-rate 107 single-rate protocol 107 single source approach 646 SIP (session initiation protocol) 532 SIP proxy 535 SIP trapezoid 534 Skype 665, 666 sleep mode 673 Index sliding window 60 slow-start mechanism 60 small-to-medium enterprises (SMEs) 696 small screen/keyboard mobile devices 559 smart page 558 smart phones 678 SNACK-NS 621 SNACK-TCP 621 snooping 200 SOAP 519, 557, 691, 692, 695 SOAP service request 553 social networks 545 social networks on the Internet 547 social swarm field 603 socio-cognitive grid 550 Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice (SECEPP) 645 software framework 269 software maintenance 551, 557 software modernization 551 software modernization of legacy systems 551 software reengineering 557 sound identification 278 soundprints 277 sound recognition 278 space programming module 705 space programming page 707 space programming user interface 706 spam-filters 685 SPAN 671 spanning tree protocol (STP) 187 sparse topology and energy management (STEM) 673 speakable hotlist 558 speech-enabled Web 558 speech-enabled Web architectures 565 speech application language tags (SALT) 560, 567 speech application servers 562 speech interfaces 561 speech recognition 567 Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS) 560, 567 speech recognition software 558 speech synthesis 567 speech synthesis markup language (SSML) 567 speech technology 559 SpeechWeb 558, 567 spiral model 643 spyware 201 stability 100 stability, and algorithms 101 stagnation 600, 605 standard generalized mark-up language (SGML) 691 standard generalized markup language (SGML) 511 standardization process 569 static segmentation 658 STF multicast architecture 89 stigmergy 600, 605 stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) 575 stream thinning 457 stress 87 stretch 87 structural causality 486 style sheet 683 subscriber service profile (SSP) 527 subscription probe 108 superposition model 308 supply chain management 703 survivability 188, 348, 594 swarm 600 swarm-based network protocol 75 swarm-like behaviour 601 swarm intelligence 600 swarm intelligence applications 600 swarm intelligence applications, social groups 601 swarm intelligence applications, virtual agents 600 synchronization 279, 283 system backdoor 202 T TB (see traffic bifurcation) 103 TCP 612, 613, 625 TCP (transmission control protocol) 65, 262 TCP, flow control 613 TCP-Africa 628 TCP-friendliness 612, 617 TCP-friendly congestion control algorithms 59 TCP-friendly protocol (system) 617 TCP-friendly protocols 59, 612, 615 TCP-friendly rate control (TFRC) 60, 612 TCP-Libra 629 TCP-Reno 621 TCP-Veno 621 TCP-Westwood with agile probing (TCPW-A) 622 TCP congestion control 60 TCP congestive collapse 612 TCP enhancements 619, 620 Index TCP enhancements, classification of 620 TCP for 3G cellular networks 620 TCP for high-speed networks 626 TCP for WLAN 623 TCP friendly rate control protocol (TFRC) 615 TCP in mobile Internet 620 TCP mechanism, congestion control 613 TCP mechanism, error control 613 TCP models 615 TCP models, accuracy of 615 TCP over wireless channels 614 TCP protocol 612 TCP Reno 612 TCP SACK 612 TCP specification 612 TCP Tahoe 612 TCP throughput equation 617 TCP transmission 613, 614 TCP transmission, properties of 614 TCP variants 627 TCP variants, characteristics of 630 TCPW-A 622 TDM service 653 technological space (TS) 302 telecommunications, growing needs of telecommunications provider 412 telephone systems 663 tell-and-go protocol (TAG) 375 Teredo 260 terminal mobility 398 text categorization 685 text equivalents 683 text extraction 686 TFRC algorithm 59 thematic multicast concept (TMC) 86, 88 theory of the systems 126 third-generation programming languages (3GLS) 300 third generation (3G) networks 525 third generation partnership project (3GPP) 525 three-way handshake 532 throughput 625 time division multiplexing 662 time division multiplexing (TDM)-based networks 653 time sliding window three color marker (TSWTCM) 153 TLS (transport layer security) 538 TMC 86 TMPO 671 token bucket-based markers 153 topic maps 514 topology generator 407 topology management by priority ordering (TMPO) 671 trademarks 223 traffic 115, 263 traffic, shaping of traffic bifurcation (TB) 103 traffic conditioning 150, 156, 427 traffic control 647 traffic engineering 100, 345, 596 traffic fractality 486 traffic modelling 263 traffic modelling, cyclic trends in 264 traffic model network 601 traffic pattern 452 traffic traces 484 training classifiers 685 transcoding 115 transmission control protocol (TCP) 1, 262, 617, 626 transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP) 499 transmission window 632 transport layer 65 transport layer protocol 619 transport protocol 617 tree-based protocols 86 tree-based routing 87 Trojan horse 284 type of service (TOS) 650 U U.S Rehabilitation Act 680 ubiquitous network services, and pricing 583–592 UDDI 519, 557 UDDI repository 553 UDP (user datagram protocol) 262 unicast 16, 391 unified modeling language (UML) 299, 304 unified process (UP) 643 uniform resource identifier (URI) 505 uniform resource locator (URL) 692 United Arab Emirates 702 Index universal character set (UCS) 642 universal description, discovery, and integration (UDDI) 45, 551, 690 universal resource identifier (URI) 511 UNIX 539 UNIX remote procedure 691 unpredictable delay 620 unresponsive flow 59 unscrupulous operators 231 UPnP 120 upper layer protocol (ULP) 579 usability 683 user 544 user-group management 540 user agent accessibility guidelines (UAAG) 680 user agent client (UAC) 535 user agents (UA) 535 user agent server (UAS) 535 user datagram protocol (UDP) 262, 292 user interface (UI) 705 user profile 411 UTF-8 538 V virtual agents 600 virtual environment 546 virtual learning environment (VLE) 180 virtual pheromone evaporation 601 virtual team 165 virus 200 virus, polymorphic 284 visualization module 56 voice extensible markup language (VoiceXML) 559, 567 voicemail notifications 665 voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) 249, 327, 525, 663 voice over misconfigured Internet telephone (VOMIT) 666 voice signalling 666 voice signalling, quality of 666 VoiceXML 558 VoIP (voice over Internet protocol) 663 VoIP, benefits of 664 VoIP, limitations of 664 VoIP gatekeeper 664 VoIP gateways 664 VoIP service providers 665 VoIP system, components of 664 VoIP systems, reliability of 665 VoIP telephony 532 VoIP transmission 663 VoIP transmission, scenario of 663 VOMIT 666 Vonage 665, 667 W “war-driving” 500 W3C Speech Interface Framework 559 W3C Voice Browser Working Group 560 WALI algorithm 62 WAN (wide area network) 669 war-driving 504 wave and equation based rate control (WEBRC) 616 wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 383 wavelength routing 346 Web 550 Web, deep 142 Web, hidden 142 Web, invisible 142 Web-based “wizard” style interface 705 Web-based commerce 696 Web-based commerce applications 696, 699, 701 Web-based education 602 Web-based information systems 702 Web-based information systems in construction industry 702 Web-based services 558 Web-based system 702 Web-based systems-facilitated document management 702 Web-based technology survey 216 Web-enabling environments 551 Web accessibility 678, 679 Web accessibility, current trends 681 Web accessibility, evaluation 681 Web accessibility, future trends 681 Web accessibility, main focus 679 Web accessibility, people with disabilities 678 Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) 643, 678, 680 Web application framework (WAF) 270 Web applications, credibility of 23 WebBrowser 41 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 643 Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 680 Web content filtering 36–44 Index Web content guidelines 678 Web content mining 684, 685, 688 Web content mining, Semantic Web 686 Web content mining, text extraction 686 Web content mining, wrapper induction 686 Web engineering 640, 646 Web engineering principles (WEP) 640 WebFilter 41 Web intelligence 684, 689 Web mining 684 Web ontology language (OWL) 511 Web search 685 Web server 541 Web service 695 Web service adapter 553 Web service applications 690 Web service architecture 552 Web service descriptions 522 Web service modeling environment (WSMX) 524 Web service modeling execution environment (WSMX) 522 Web service modeling language (WSML) 521, 522, 524 Web service modeling ontology (WSMO) 521, 524 Web service modelling execution environment (WSMX) 521 Web services 519, 557, 690 Web services, future trends 694 Web services description language (WSDL) 45, 551, 690, 691 Web services identification 554 Web services interoperability 551 Web services technology 703 Web structure mining 684, 689 Web structure mining, directed graphs 684 Web structure mining, hypertext classification 685 Web structure mining, text categorization 685 Web structure mining, Web search 685 Web usability 679 Web usage mining 684, 686, 689 Web usage mining, artificial users 687 Web usage mining, collaborative filtering 686 Web usage mining, recommender systems 686 weighted fair queuing (WFQ) 429, 649 weighted RED (WRED) 153 well-known port numbers 65 Wi-Fi networks 498 wide area network (WAN) 369 WiMAX 331 window growth 626 wired equivalent privacy (WEP) 504 wired equivalent protocol (WEP) 499 wired networks 498 wireless access point (AP) 504 wireless application protocol (WAP) 216 wireless network interface cards (NICs) 504 wireless networks, and pricing 586 wireless security mechanisms 499 WLAN 498, 620 WLAN environment 623 World Wide Web 555, 702 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 505, 511, 559, 643, 678, 690 worms 200, 285 wrapper 552, 689 wrapper induction 686 WRED drop probability 154 WSDL 519, 557, 693 WSDL-S 521 WSDL-S (Web service semantics) 520 WSDL specification 553 WSML-Core 522 WSMO (Web service modeling ontology) 520 WSMO approach 521 X XML 691 XML (extensible markup language) 538 XML-RPC communication mechanism 540 XML schema 692 XML security 539 Y Yoid 86 Z zero window adjustment (ZWA) 621 ... Internet Technologies and Applications is to provide a written compendium for the dissemination of knowledge and to improve our understanding in the area of Internet technologies and applications. .. about Internet, to experts working in the areas of networking and Internet technologies and applications This encyclopedia will be of particular interest to teachers, researchers, scholars and professionals... of concepts, technologies, applications, issues and trends in the area of Internet technologies and applications The projected audience is broad, ranging from simple Internet users (Internet consumers),