Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking Margherita Pagani I-LAB Centre for Research on the Digital Economy, Bocconi University, Italy Hershey London Melbourne Singapore IDEA GROUP REFERENCE Acquisitions Editor: Renée Davies Development Editor: Kristin Roth Senior Managing Editor: Amanda Appicello Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Copy Editors: Julie LeBlanc, Shanelle Ramelb, Sue VanderHook and Jennifer Young Typesetters: Diane Huskinson, Sara Reed and Larissa Zearfoss Support Staff: Michelle Potter Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@idea-group.com Web site: http://www.idea-group-ref.com and in the United Kingdom by Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 3313 Web site: http://www.eurospan.co.uk Copyright © 2005 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of multimedia technology and networking / Margherita Pagani, ed. p. cm. Summary: "This encyclopedia offers a comprehensive knowledge of multimedia information technology from an economic and technological perspective"--Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59140-561-0 (hard cover) -- ISBN 1-59140-796-6 (ebook) 1. Multimedia communications--Encyclopedias. I. Pagani, Margherita, 1971- TK5105.15.E46 2005 2005005141 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. Editorial Advisory Board Raymond A. Hackney, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Leslie Leong, Central Connecticut State University, USA Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann, University of Geneva, Switzerland Lorenzo Peccati, Bocconi University, Italy Steven John Simon, Stetson School of Business and Economics - Mercer University, USA Andrew Targowski, Western Michigan University, USA Nobuyoshi Terashima, Waseda University, Japan Enrico Valdani, Bocconi University, Italy List of Contributors Ahmed, Ansary / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia Ajiferuke, Isola / University of Western Ontario, Canada Akhtar, Shakil / United Arab Emirates University, UAE Ally, Mohamed / Athabasca University, Canada Angehrn, Albert A. / Center for Advanced Learning Technologies, INSEAD, France Angelides, Marios C. / Brunel University, UK Arbore, Alessandro / Bocconi University, Italy Auld, Jonathan M. / NovAtel Inc., Canada Baralou, Evangelia / University of Sterling, Scotland Barolli, Leonard / Fukuoka Institute of Technology, Japan Benrud, Erik / American University, USA Bhattacharya, Sunand / ITT Educational Services, Inc., USA Bignall, Robert J. / Monash University, Australia Bradley, Randy V. / Troy University, USA Buche, Mari W. / Michigan Technological University, USA Butcher-Powell, Loreen Marie / Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA Cannell, Jeremy C. / Gannon University, USA Cardoso, Rui C. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal Cavallaro, Andrea / Queen Mary, University of London, UK Chakrobartty, Shuvro / Minnesota State University, USA Chan, Tom S. / Southern New Hampshire University, USA Chbeir, Richard / University of Bourgogne, France Chen, Jeanne / HungKuang University, Taiwan Chen, Kuanchin / Western Michigan University, USA Chen, Tung-Shou / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan Cheng, Meng-Wen / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan Chochcliouros, Ioannis P. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece Cirrincione, Armando / SDA Bocconi School of Management, Italy Connaughton, Stacey L. / Purdue University, USA Cragg, Paul B. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand Cruz, Christophe / University of Bourgogne, France da Silva, Elaine Quintino / University of São Paulo, Brazil da Silva, Henrique J. A. / Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal Danenberg, James O. / Western Michigan University, USA de Abreu Moreira, Dilvan / University of São Paulo, Brazil de Amescua, Antonio / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain Dellas, Fabien / University of Geneva, Switzerland Dhar, Subhankar / San Jose State University, USA Di Giacomo, Thomas / University of Geneva, Switzerland Diaz, Ing. Carlos / University of Alcala, Spain Dunning, Jeremy / Indiana University, USA Duthler, Kirk W. / The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA El-Gayar, Omar / Dakota State University, USA Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada Esteban, Luis A. / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain Falk, Louis K. / Youngstown State University, USA Farag, Waleed E. / Zagazig University, Egypt Fleming, Stewart T. / University of Otago, New Zealand Fraunholz, Bardo / Deakin University, Australia Freeman, Ina / University of Birmingham, UK Freire, Mário M. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal Galanxhi-Janaqi, Holtjona / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Gao, Yuan / Ramapo College of New Jersey, USA García, Luis / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain Ghanem, Hassan / Verizon, USA Gibbert, Michael / Bocconi University, Italy Gilbert, A. Lee / Nanyang Business School, Singapore Goh, Tiong-Thye / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Grahn, Kaj J. / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland Grover, Akshay / Brigham Young University, USA Guan, Sheng-Uei / National University of Singapore, Singapore Gupta, P. / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Gur ã u, C ã lin / Centre d’Études et de Recherche sur les Organisations et la Management (CEROM), France Gutiérrez, Jairo A. / The University of Auckland, New Zealand Hackbarth, Klaus D. / University of Cantabria, Spain Hagenhoff, Svenja / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany Handzic, Meliha / Sarajevo School of Science and Technology, BiH, Croatia Hentea, Mariana / Southwestern Oklahoma State University, USA Heywood, Malcolm I. / Dalhousie University, Canada Hin, Leo Tan Wee / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Hosszú, Gábor / Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Turkey Hu, Wen-Chen / University of North Dakota, USA Hughes, Jerald / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA Hulicki, Zbigniew / AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland Hurson, Ali R. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA Iossifides, Athanassios C. / COSMOTE S.A., Greece Ishaya, Tanko / The University of Hull, UK Janczewski, Lech J. / The University of Auckland, New Zealand Joslin, Chris / University of Geneva, Switzerland Jovanovic-Dolecek, Gordana / INAOE, Mexico Jung, Jürgen / Uni Duisburg-Essen, Germany Kacimi, Mouna / University of Bourgogne, France Kanellis, Panagiotis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Karaboulas, Dimitrios / University of Patras, Greece Karlsson, Jonny / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland Karoui, Kamel / Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Tunis, Tunisia Kaspar, Christian / Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Germany Kaur, Abtar / Open University of Malaysia, Malaysia Kaushik, A.K. / Electronic Niketan, India Kayacik, H. Gunes / Dalhousie University, Canada Kelic, Andjelka / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Kemper Littman, Marlyn / Nova Southeastern University, USA Kinshuk / Massey University, New Zealand Knight, Linda V. / DePaul University, USA Kontolemakis, George / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Kotsopoulos, Stavros A. / University of Patras, Greece Kou, Weidong / Xidian University, PR China Koumaras, Harilaos / University of Athens, Greece Kourtis, Anastasios / Institute of Informatics and Telecommunications NCSR Demokritos, Greece Koyama, Akio / Yamagata University, Japan Kwok, Percy Lai-yin / Chinese University of Hong Kong, China Labruyere, Jean-Philippe P. / DePaul University, USA Lalopoulos, George K. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece Lang, Karl Reiner / Baruch College of the City University of New York, USA Lang, Michael / National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Larkin, Jeff / Brigham Young University, USA Lawson-Body, Assion / University of North Dakota, USA Lee, Chung-wei / Auburn University, USA Lee, Maria Ruey-Yuan / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan Li, Chang-Tsun / University of Warwick, UK Li, Qing / City University of Hong Kong, China Liehr, Marcus / University of Hohenheim, Germany Lin, Joanne Chia Yi / The University of New South Wales, Australia Lorenz, Pascal / University of Haute Alsace, France Louvros, Spiros / COSMOTE S.A., Greece Lowry, Paul Benjamin / Brigham Young University, USA Lumsden, Joanna / National Research Council of Canada IIT e-Business, Canada Luo, Xin / Mississippi State University, USA Ma, Keh-Jian / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan Madsen, Chris / Brigham Young University, USA Maggioni, Mario A. / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy Magnenat-Thalmann, Nadia / University of Geneva, Switzerland Magni, Massimo / Bocconi University, Italy Maris, Jo-Mae B. / Northern Arizona University, USA Markus, Alexander / University of Western Ontario, Canada Martakos, Drakoulis / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Mbarika, Victor / Southern University and A&M College, USA McManus, Patricia / Edith Cowan University, Australia Melliar-Smith, P. M. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Mills, Annette M. / University of Canterbury, New Zealand Mitchell, Mark / Brigham Young University, USA Mohamedally, Dean / City University London, UK Monteiro, Paulo P. / SIEMENS S.A. and Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal Morabito, Vincenzo / Bocconi University, Italy Moser, L. E. / University of California, Santa Barbara, USA Moyes, Aaron / Brigham Young University, USA Mundy, Darren P. / University of Hull, UK Murphy, Peter / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Nah, Fiona Fui-Hoon / University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA Nandavadekar, Vilas D. / University of Pune, India Neveu, Marc / University of Burgundy, France Ngoh, Lek Heng / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore Nicolle, Christophe / University of Bourgogne, France Nur, Mohammad M. / Minnesota State University, USA Nur Zincir-Heywood, A. / Dalhousie University, Canada O’Dea, Michael / University of Hull, UK O’Hagan, Minako / Dublin City University, Ireland Olla, Phillip / Brunel University, UK Otenko, Oleksandr / University of Kent, UK Pace, Stefano / Bocconi University, Italy Pagani, Margherita / Bocconi University, Italy Pai, Feng Yu / Shih-Chien University, Taiwan Panjala, Shashidhar / Gannon University, USA Pantic, Maja / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Pereira, Rui G. / Universidade de Beira Interior, Portugal Petrie, Helen / City University London, UK Poole, Marshall Scott / Texas A&M University, USA Portilla, J. Antonio / University of Alcala, Spain Portougal, Victor / The University of Auckland, New Zealand Prata, Alcina / Higher School of Management Sciences, Portugal Proserpio, Luigi / Bocconi University, Italy Provera, Bernardino / Bocconi University, Italy Pulkkis, Göran / Arcada Polytechnic, Finland Rahman, Hakikur / SDNP, Bangladesh Raisinghani, Mahesh S. / Texas Woman’s University, USA Rajasingham, Lalita / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Raju, P.K. / Auburn University, USA Ratnasingam, Pauline / Central Missouri State University, USA Ripamonti, Laura Anna / Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy Robins, Wiliam / Brigham Young University, USA Rodrigues, Joel J. P. C. / Universidade da Beira Interior, Portugal Rotvold, Glenda / University of North Dakota, USA Rotvold, Justin / Techwise Solutions, LLC, USA Rowe, Neil C. / U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, USA Roy, Abhijit / Loyola College in Maryland, USA Ruela, Jose / Faculdade de Engennaria da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), Portugal Sánchez-Segura, Maria-Isabel / Carlos III Technical University of Madrid, Spain Sankar, Chetan S. / Auburn University, USA Schizas, Christos / University of Cyprus, Cyprus Shankar P., Jaya / Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR, Singapore Shepherd, Jill / Simon Fraser University, Canada Shuaib, Khaled A. / United Arab Emirates University, UAE Singh, Richa / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Singh, Shawren / University of South Africa, South Africa Sockel, Hy / Youngstown State University, USA Sofokleous, Anastasis / Brunel University, UK Sonwalkar, Nishikant / Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou, Anastasia S. / Hellenic Telecommunications Organization S.A. (OTE), Greece St.Amant, Kirk / Texas Tech University, USA Standing, Craig / Edith Cowan University, Australia Stephens, Jackson / Brigham Young University, USA Stern, Tziporah / Baruch College, CUNY, USA Still, Brian / Texas Tech University, USA Subramaniam, R. / Singapore National Academy of Science and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Sun, Jun / Texas A&M University, USA Suraweera, Theekshana / University of Canterbury, New Zealand Swierzowicz, Janusz / Rzeszow University of Technology, Poland Syed, Mahbubur R. / Minnesota State University, USA Szabados, Anna / Mission College, USA Tan, Christopher Yew-Gee / University of South Australia, Australia Tandekar, Kanchana / Dakota State University, USA Tassabehji, Rana / University of Bradford, UK Terashima, Nobuyoshi / Waseda University, Japan Tiffin, John / Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Ting, Wayne / The University of Auckland, New Zealand Todorova, Nelly / University of Canterbury, New Zealand Tong, Carrison KS / Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital and Tseung Kwan O Hospital, Hong Kong Torrisi-Steele, Geraldine / Griffith University, Australia Uberti, Teodora Erika / Università Cattolica di Milano, Italy Unnithan, Chandana / Deakin University, Australia Vatsa, Mayank / Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India Vician, Chelley / Michigan Technological University, USA Vitolo, Theresa M. / Gannon University, USA Voeth, Markus / University of Hohenheim, Germany Volino, Pascal / University of Geneva, Switzerland Wang, Pin-Hsin / National Taichung Institute of Technology, Taiwan Warkentin, Merrill / Mississippi State University, USA Wei, Chia-Hung / University of Warwick, UK Wilson, Sean / Brigham Young University, USA Wong, Eric TT / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Wong-MingJi, Diana J. / Eastern Michigan University, USA Wright, Carol / Pennsylvania State University, USA Yang, Bo / The Pennsylvania State University, USA Yang, Jun / Carnegie Mellon University, USA Yetongnon, Kokou / University of Bourgogne, France Yusof, Shafiz A. Mohd / Syracuse University, USA Zakaria, Norhayati / Syracuse University, USA Zaphiris, Panayiotis / City University London, UK Zhuang, Yueting / Zhejiang University, China Zwitserloot, Reinier / Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands Contents by Volume VOLUME I Adoption of Communication Products and the Individual Critical Mass / Markus Voeth and Marcus Liehr . 1 Affective Computing / Maja Pantic . 8 Agent Frameworks / Reinier Zwitserloot and Maja Pantic 15 Application of Genetic Algorithms for QoS Routing in Broadband Networks / Leonard Barolli and Akio Koyama 22 Application Service Providers / Vincenzo Morabito and Bernardino Provera . 31 Assessing Digital Video Data Similarity / Waleed E. Farag 36 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line / Leo Tan Wee Hin and R. Subramaniam . 42 ATM Technology and E-Learning Initiatives / Marlyn Kemper Littman . 49 Biometric Technologies / Mayank Vatsa, Richa Singh, P. Gupta and A.K. Kaushik 56 Biometrics Security / Stewart T. Fleming . 63 Biometrics, A Critical Consideration in Information Security Management / Paul Benjamin Lowry, Jackson Stephens, Aaron Moyes, Sean Wilson and Mark Mitchell 69 Broadband Solutions for Residential Customers / Mariana Hentea . 76 Challenges and Perspectives for Web-Based Applications in Organizations / George K. Lalopoulos, Ioannis P. Chochliouros and Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou-Chochliourou . 82 Collaborative Web-Based Learning Community / Percy Kwok Lai-yin and Christopher Tan Yew-Gee . 89 Constructing a Globalized E-Commerce Site / Tom S. Chan 96 Consumer Attitude in Electronic Commerce / Yuan Gao . 102 Content Repurposing for Small Devices / Neil C. Rowe 110 [...]... description of particular software applications or websites related to the topic of multimedia technology, networks and online interactive multimedia services The encyclopedia provides a compendium of terms, definitions and explanations of concepts, processes and acronyms offering an in-depth description of key terms and concepts related to different areas, issues and trends in multimedia technology and networking. .. to multimedia technology and networking Professor Charles H Fine Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sloan School of Management Cambridge, October 2004 xviii Preface The term encyclopedia comes from the Greek words åãêýêëéïò ðáéäåßá , enkyklios paideia (“in a circle of instruction”) The purpose of the Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking is to offer a written compendium of human knowledge... contribution of digital industries to growth and employment, are just a few of the current features of the emerging digital economy The Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking captures a vast array of the components and dimensions of this dynamic sector of the world economy Professor Margherita Pagani and her editorial board have done a remarkable job at compiling such a rich collection of perspectives... Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking is to improve our understanding of multimedia and digital technologies adopting an integrative approach The encyclopedia provides numerous contributions providing coverage of the most important issues, concepts, trends and technologies in multimedia technology each written by scholars throughout the world with notable research portfolios and expertise The encyclopedia. .. mathematical and scientific research, multimedia is mainly used for modelling and simulation For example, a scientist can look at a molecular model of a particular substance and manipulate it to arrive at a new substance Multimedia technologies and networking are at the heart of the current debate about economic growth and performance in advanced economies ORGANIZATION OF THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA The goal of the Encyclopedia. .. constructive and comprehensive reviews were valuable to the overall process and quality of the final publication Deep appreciation and gratitude is due to members of the Editorial Advisory Board: Prof Raymond A Hackney of Manchester Metropolitan University (UK), Prof Leslie Leong of Central Connecticut State University (USA), Prof Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann of University of Geneva (Switzerland), Prof Lorenzo... Grahn, and Jonny Karlsson 1104 xvi Foreword Multimedia technology and networking are changing at a remarkable rate Despite the telecoms crash of 2001, innovation in networking applications, technologies, and services has continued unabated The exponential growth of the Internet, the explosion of mobile communications, the rapid emergence of electronic commerce, the restructuring of businesses, and. .. Technologies and Systems IT and Virtual Communities Psychology of Multimedia Technologies The encyclopedia provides thousands of comprehensive references on existing literature and research on multimedia technologies In addition, a comprehensive index is included at the end of the encyclopedia to help you find crossreferenced articles easily and quickly All articles are organized by titles and indexed... Effective decision making and learning in a world of growing dynamic complexity requires us to develop tools to understand how the structure of complex systems creates their behaviour THE EMERGING MULTIMEDIA MARKET The convergence of information and communication technology has lead to the development of a variety of new media platforms that offer a set of services to a community of participants These... related to the emerging multimedia digital metamarket Multimedia technology, networks and online interactive multimedia services are taking advantage of a series of radical innovations in converging fields, such as the digitization of signals, satellite and fibre optic based transmission systems, algorithms for signal compression and control, switching and storage devices, and others, whose combination . to growth and employment, are just a few of the current features of the emerging digital economy. The Encyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of multimedia technology and networking / Margherita Pagani, ed. p. cm. Summary: "This encyclopedia offers a comprehensive