Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck) Chapter Earthquakes and Earth's Interior 1) The elastic rebound theory for the origin of earthquakes was first proposed by following the earthquake A) Reid; 1906, San Francisco B) Giuseppe; 1925, Pizza Lake C) Richter; 1989, Loma Prieta D) Mohorovicic; 1964, Anchorage Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Remembering 2) When an earthquake occurs, energy radiates in all directions from its source The source is also referred to as the A) inertial point B) epicenter C) focus D) seismic zone Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Remembering 3) Which one of the following statements is correct? A) P waves travel through solids; S waves not B) P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves not travel through solids C) S waves travel through solids and P waves travel through liquids D) P and S waves travel through liquids, but S waves not travel through solids Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Analyzing 4) have the highest velocities A) Primary waves B) Secondary waves C) Surface waves D) Refracted S waves Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 5) Which one of the following is true regarding tsunamis? A) They travel as deep-water waves at speeds greater than surface seismic waves but slower than S waves B) Their wave heights decrease and wavelengths increase as they move into shallower water C) They are started by fault-induced, horizontal shifts in the seafloor that suddenly propel great masses of water in opposite directions D) They occur in the open ocean, wavelengths are many miles or kilometers and wave heights are only a few feet Answer: D Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Analyzing 6) The amount of destruction caused by earthquake vibrations is affected by A) design of structures B) intensity and duration of the vibrations C) nature of the surface material D) all of these Answer: D Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering 7) On a typical seismogram, will show the highest amplitudes A) P waves B) S waves C) surface waves D) body waves Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering 8) Major earthquakes are often followed by somewhat smaller events known as A) aftershocks B) foreshocks C) tremors D) hyposhocks Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9) The magnitude scale is a measure of the energy released It does not directly measure the extent of building damage A) Gutenberg B) Reid C) Mercalli D) Richter Answer: D Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering 10) The instrument that records earthquake waves is termed a A) polygraph B) thermograph C) seismograph D) barograph Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering 11) is the maximum possible damage designation on the Mercalli scale A) XII B) C) X D) 10 Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering 12) The position on Earth's surface directly above the earthquake source is called the A) epicenter B) inertial point C) focus D) seismic zone Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 13) The mechanism by which rocks store and eventually release energy in the form of an earthquake is termed A) elastic rebound B) seismic rebound C) fault displacement D) stress fracture Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Remembering 14) Overall, this type of seismic wave is the most destructive A) P wave B) S wave C) surface wave D) tsunami Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering 15) Approximately how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5? A) 3000 times B) times C) 300 times D) 30 times Answer: D Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Applying 16) P waves A) propagate only in solids B) are faster than S waves and surface waves C) have higher amplitudes than S waves D) produce the strongest ground shaking Answer: B Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 17) The Mercalli Scale is a scale from A) to 12 that rates the energy required for faulting to occur B) to 10 that rates the energy released by an earthquake C) I to XII that rates the structural damage due to an earthquake D) I to X that rates the total energy released during the main quake and all aftershocks Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering 18) The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the A) earthquake magnitude B) intensity of the earthquake C) length of the seismic record D) arrival times of P and S waves Answer: D Diff: Topic: 8.5 Locating the Source of an Earthquake Bloom's: Remembering 19) The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the A) duration of the earthquake B) intensity of the earthquake C) arrival time of P and S waves D) amplitude of the largest seismic wave Answer: D Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering 20) Which one of the following best characterizes tsunamis? A) They cause the land to ripple and oscillate B) They are faster than seismic surface waves C) They have relatively small amplitudes compared to their very long wavelengths D) They are easily seen at sea but are lost in the swell and breaking waves along a coast Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 21) The earthquake was accompanied by extensive fire damage A) Anchorage, 1964 B) San Francisco, 1906 C) Mexico City, 1985 D) Yerevan, Armenia, 1988 Answer: B Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering 22) refers to the tendency for a foundation material to lose its internal cohesion and fail mechanically during earthquake shaking A) Slurrying B) Liquefaction C) Motion slip D) Seismoflowage Answer: B Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering 23) The record of an earthquake obtained from a seismic instrument is a(n) A) seismograph B) seismogram C) time-travel graph D) epigraph Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering 24) Most of our knowledge about Earth's interior comes from A) drill holes B) volcanic eruptions C) seismic waves D) examination of deep mine shafts Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 25) Which one of the following statements about the crust is NOT true? A) It is the thinnest of the major subdivisions B) It is thickest where prominent mountains exist C) Oceanic crust is enriched in potassium, sodium, and silicon D) Continental rocks are compositionally different than oceanic rocks Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing 26) The dense core of Earth is thought to consist predominantly of A) nickel B) lead C) iron D) copper Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 27) The lithosphere is defined as A) a rocky layer having a relatively uniform chemical composition B) a rigid layer of crustal and mantle material C) a rocky layer composed mainly of crustal rocks D) a plastic layer composed mainly of mantle material Answer: B Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 28) The average composition of the oceanic crust is thought to approximate that of A) granite B) basalt C) peridotite D) iron Answer: B Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 29) The average composition of the continental crust most closely approximates that of A) granite B) basalt C) peridotite D) iron Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 30) The Earth's magnetic field originates by A) weak electrical currents associated with hot, rising, mantle plumes B) magnetic mineral grains in the inner core C) weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core D) magnetization of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmospheric ozone layer by solar radiation Answer: C Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 31) The asthenosphere is located A) within the crust B) in the upper mantle C) between the mantle and outer core D) within the outer core Answer: B Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering Word Analysis Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases Choose the option which does not fit the pattern 32) P wave S wave surface wave body wave Answer: surface wave Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Analyzing 33) focus seismograph epicenter Answer: seismograph Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Analyzing fault Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 34) tsunami fire liquefaction Answer: amplitude Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Analyzing amplitude 35) Modified Mercalli energy Richter Answer: Modified Mercalli Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Analyzing 36) crust biosphere Answer: biosphere Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing core 37) core asthenosphere Answer: core Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing amplitude mantle mantle lithosphere 38) S waves can travel through solid and liquid media Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Analyzing 39) The time between the first P-wave and S-wave arrivals is a measure of the distance from a receiving station to the epicenter of the earthquake Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.5 Locating the Source of an Earthquake Bloom's: Analyzing 40) Earthquakes result from the sudden release of elastic strain energy previously stored in rocks surrounding a zone of fault movement Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Analyzing Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 41) Tsunamis are caused by sudden displacement of large volumes of seawater Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Analyzing 42) The Richter earthquake magnitude scale is based on the total amount of energy released by the earthquake Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Analyzing 43) The epicenter of an earthquake is on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Analyzing 44) Unconsolidated, water-saturated soils or sediments provide good foundation materials for buildings and other structures Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Analyzing 45) Oceanic crust is mainly basaltic in composition; the mantle is more like the igneous rock peridotite in chemical composition Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing 46) Continental crust is generally thicker than oceanic crust Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing 47) The crust and mantle are solids; the inner core is thought to be solid Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 48) The mantle is composed mainly of metallic iron with small amounts of magnesium silicate minerals Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing 49) What instrument is used to record earthquake vibrations? Answer: seismograph Diff: Topic: 8.4 Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves Bloom's: Remembering 50) is the name of the earthquake-magnitude scale based on the amount of seismic energy released during the event Answer: Richter Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering 51) is another name commonly used by scientists to denote seismic sea waves induced by earthquakes Answer: Tsunami Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Remembering 52) An earthquake of magnitude 7.5 releases about how much more energy than one of magnitude 5.5? Answer: 900 times more Diff: Topic: 8.6 Measuring the Size of Earthquakes Bloom's: Applying 53) The is the site of initial rupturing associated with an earthquake Answer: focus Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Remembering 54) What is thought to be the material state (liquid, solid, gas) and elemental composition of Earth's outer core? Answer: liquid iron Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Analyzing 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 55) is the cool, brittle, outer layer of Earth that includes the crust and uppermost mantle Answer: Lithosphere Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 56) is the layer of warm rock below the crust and uppermost mantle that readily deforms and flows plastically Answer: Asthenosphere Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 57) The core is probably solid Answer: inner Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 58) The upper mantle is very close in chemical and mineralogical composition to Answer: peridotite Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering Critical Thinking and Discussion Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter to answer the questions below 59) Would earthquakes of similar magnitudes in different regions of the Earth cause approximately the same levels of damage necessarily? In your explanation, consider both geologic and human-induced factors Diff: Topic: 8.8 Earthquake Destruction Bloom's: Applying 60) Since much of our knowledge of Earth's interior is inferred from the behavior of seismic waves and not actual samples, what are some of the assumptions that are made in order for our models to be correct? (Hint: Think of earth materials, physical and chemical parameters, etc.) Diff: Topic: 8.10 Earth's Interior Bloom's: Remembering 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 61) Label the focus and epicenter on the diagram below Answer: See Figure 8.2 in Chapter of Earth Science, 13e Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: Applying 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc ... Earthquakes Bloom's: Remembering 18) The distance between a seismological recording station and the earthquake source is determined from the A) earthquake magnitude B) intensity of the earthquake... Locating the Source of an Earthquake Bloom's: Remembering 19) The Richter magnitude of an earthquake is determined from the A) duration of the earthquake B) intensity of the earthquake C) arrival... position on Earth' s surface directly above the earthquake source is called the A) epicenter B) inertial point C) focus D) seismic zone Answer: A Diff: Topic: 8.2 What is an Earthquake? Bloom's: