Earth Science, 13e (Tarbuck) Chapter Rocks: Materials of the Solid Earth 1) An igneous rock that contains vesicles A) is also extrusive B) is also fine grained C) contains many small holes D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering 2) As the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form A) increases B) decreases C) is not affected D) none of these Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle Bloom's: Remembering 3) Which one of the following is an igneous rock? A) limestone B) rhyolite C) slate D) shale Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 4) Intrusive rocks A) are generally fine-grained B) form at Earth's surface C) are quite often vesicular D) none of the above Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 5) Granite and gabbro A) have a similar mineral composition B) have a similar texture C) both A and B D) are in no way similar Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Applying 6) Obsidian exhibits a texture A) fine-grained B) glassy C) coarse-grained D) porphyritic Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 7) Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a texture A) fine-grained B) glassy C) coarse-grained D) porphyritic Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Remembering 8) This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes A) fine-grained B) glassy C) coarse-grained D) porphyritic Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9) Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering 10) Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar from the list below A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 11) This rock gets its name from a chain of mountains located in South America A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering 12) Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone? A) basalt B) andesite C) granite D) diorite Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 13) The texture of an igneous rock A) is controlled by the composition of magma B) determines the color of the rock C) is caused by leaching D) records the rock's cooling history Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering 14) Igneous rock is formed A) by the weathering of preexisting rocks B) by changes in mineral composition C) at great depth within Earth D) by crystallization of magma Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Remembering 15) The most important mechanical weathering process is A) frost action B) hydrolysis C) unloading D) thermal expansion Answer: A Diff: Topic: 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle Bloom's: Understanding 16) Chemical weathering would be most effective A) in a warm, dry climate B) in a cold, dry climate C) in a warm, humid climate D) equally in any kind of climate Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 17) Which of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar? A) silica B) potassium ions C) iron oxide D) clay Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 18) Which one of the following is NOT true about mechanical weathering? A) produces smaller pieces B) adds to the effectiveness of chemical weathering C) does not change the rock's mineral composition D) does not affect metamorphic rocks Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 19) Which one of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering? A) decomposition B) frost wedging C) hydrolysis D) oxidation Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 20) Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering? A) mineral content B) climate C) topography D) all of these Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 21) Sedimentary rocks A) may contain fossils B) hold important clues to Earth's history C) may be economically important D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 22) Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of A) color B) type of bedding C) composition D) particle size Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 23) Sedimentary rocks comprise approximately percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles A) B) 15 C) 30 D) 50 Answer: A Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 24) Which rock type is associated with a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)? A) conglomerate B) shale C) chert D) none of these Answer: A Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 25) Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks? A) quartz and olivine B) calcite and clay C) clay and quartz D) dolomite and gypsum Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 26) Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except A) swamp B) salt flat C) river floodplain D) delta Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 27) Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for A) shale B) sandstone C) conglomerate D) breccia Answer: A Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 28) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is A) limestone B) dolomite C) chert D) rock salt Answer: A Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 29) Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt? A) detrital sedimentary rocks B) varieties of dolostone C) varieties of coal and peat D) evaporates; chemical, sedimentary rocks Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 30) Coal beds originate in A) shallow lakes in a dry, desert region B) channels of fast-moving streams C) deep, marine basins below wave action D) freshwater coastal swamps and bogs Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Remembering 31) Metamorphism may result from A) heat B) pressure C) chemical action D) all of these Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 32) is a planar, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock A) Rock cleavage B) Foliation C) Stress streaking D) Marbleizing Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 33) Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism? A) Certain minerals may recrystallize B) The rock becomes more compact C) Crystals may grow larger D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Applying 34) The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is A) marble B) mica schist C) phyllite D) gneiss Answer: A Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Remembering 35) is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals A) Marble B) Mica schist C) Phyllite D) Gneiss Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Remembering 36) This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone A) phyllite B) mica schist C) quartzite D) marble Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Remembering Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 37) The agents of metamorphism are A) uplifting and folding B) foliation and deposition C) contact and regional deformation D) heat, pressure, and chemical fluids Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Applying 38) The primary agent of contact metamorphism is A) folding B) heat C) stress D) strain Answer: B Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Remembering 39) What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade metamorphism? A) marble B) mica schist C) slate D) gneiss Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 40) Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? A) phyllite, slate, schist B) schist, slate, phyllite C) slate, phyllite, schist D) slate, schist, phyllite Answer: C Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Applying 10 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Word Analysis Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases Choose the option which does not fit the pattern 41) shale sandstone breccia conglomerate Answer: shale Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Applying 42) lithification cementation weathering compaction Answer: weathering Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Applying 43) pressure recrystallization melting Answer: melting Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Applying chemical fluids 44) granite basalt diorite gabbro Answer: basalt Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Applying 45) oxidation dissolution hydrolysis sheeting Answer: sheeting Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Applying 46) Bowen's reaction series predicts the sizes of the different mineral grains that grow from crystallizing magmas Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 47) Olivine and quartz are commonly found together in the same igneous rock Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 11 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 48) One magma can produce several different igneous rocks having different mineral compositions Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 49) Basalt is the fine-grained equivalent of gabbro Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 50) Glassy igneous rocks form when magma cools too fast for mineral grains to grow Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 51) Quartz is quite resistant to weathering and is an important component of sands in riverbeds and on beaches Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 52) Like most other liquids, water decreases in volume when it freezes Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 53) The particles in breccia are primarily silt sized Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 54) The most abundant sedimentary rock is shale Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 12 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 55) Evaporites have a biochemical origin Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 56) Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among various detrital sedimentary rocks Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 57) Most limestone has a biochemical origin Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 58) Compaction is most significant as a lithification process for sedimentary rocks composed of sand-sized particles Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 59) During metamorphism the material undergoing deformation remains a solid Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 60) The single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is strata, or beds Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 61) The largest quantity of metamorphic rock is produced by regional metamorphism Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 13 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 62) Slate is associated with high-grade metamorphism Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 63) Metamorphism is commonly associated with mountain building Answer: TRUE Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 64) Metamorphism can affect only sedimentary rocks Answer: FALSE Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 65) is the name given to molten rock below the Earth's surface Answer: Magma Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 66) refers to the removal and isolation of early-formed mineral grains that can cause the composition of the remaining magma to change Answer: Crystal settling Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 67) Igneous rocks are classified on the basis of what two main characteristics? Answer: texture and mineral composition Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 68) Obsidian exhibits a(n) texture Answer: glassy Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Understanding 14 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 69) The two most common minerals in detrital sedimentary rocks are and Answer: clay, quartz Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 70) The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is Answer: limestone Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 71) When a sedimentary rock consists of angular, gravel-sized particles, it is called Answer: breccia Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 72) Rock salt and rock gypsum are common examples of a group of chemical sedimentary rocks called Answer: evaporites Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 73) refers to the processes by which unconsolidated sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks Answer: Lithification Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 74) Probably the single most characteristic feature of sedimentary rocks is Answer: layering (strata or beds) Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 75) The partial decomposition of plant remains in an oxygen-poor swamp creates a layer of soft, brown material that is not yet coal This material is known as Answer: peat Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Understanding 15 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 76) List three agents of metamorphism Answer: heat, pressure, chemically active fluids Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 77) Metamorphism that occurs because of close proximity to a mass of magma is called metamorphism Answer: contact Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 78) When a metamorphic rock exhibits a layered or banded appearance, it is said to exhibit a(n) texture Answer: foliated Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding 79) Which metamorphic rock or rocks exhibit alternating layers or bands of different light- and dark-colored minerals? Answer: gneiss Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Understanding Critical Thinking and Discussion Use complete sentences, correct spelling, and the information presented in Chapter to answer the questions below 80) Considering the various processes involved in mechanical and chemical weathering, what are some of the factors that influence or control the weathering of earth materials? Also, which of these factors would be most important? Diff: Topic: 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle Bloom's: Applying 81) How might a geologist infer ancient climatic conditions using sedimentary rocks? (Hint: Think in terms of the conditions necessary to form certain rocks and also the features, structures, and fossils found in sedimentary rocks.) Diff: Topic: 3.3 Sedimentary Rocks: Compacted and Cemented Sediment Bloom's: Applying 16 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 82) The size of crystals in igneous rocks is generally a function of the rate of cooling However, within the same rock, crystal size does not necessarily reflect the order of crystallization for individual minerals Without using Bowen's Reaction Series, how might you determine the order of crystallization of minerals in an individual rock sample? (Hint: Think about the texture.) Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Applying 83) Fill in the missing rock names on the chart below Answer: See Figure 3.9 in Earth Science, 13e Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Analyzing 17 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 84) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below? Answer: confining pressure Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Analyzing 18 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 85) What type of stress (pressure) is illustrated in the diagram below? Answer: differential stress Diff: Topic: 3.4 Metamorphic Rocks: New Rock from Old Bloom's: Analyzing 19 Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc ... factors that influence or control the weathering of earth materials? Also, which of these factors would be most important? Diff: Topic: 3.1 Earth as a System: The Rock Cycle Bloom's: Applying... Bloom's: Applying 83) Fill in the missing rock names on the chart below Answer: See Figure 3.9 in Earth Science, 13e Diff: Topic: 3.2 Igneous Rocks: "Formed by Fire" Bloom's: Analyzing 17 Copyright... Pearson Education, Inc 21) Sedimentary rocks A) may contain fossils B) hold important clues to Earth' s history C) may be economically important D) all of the above Answer: D Diff: Topic: 3.3