Chế độ khảo khóa ở việt nam từ thế kỷ x đến nửa đầu thế kỷ XIX (2013) lê quang chắn

CHE DO KHAO KHOA d VIET NAM TU THE KY X DEN NLTA D A U THE KY XIX Le Quang Chan Khao khoa la mot chinh sach hSng xuyen Irong suot ehieu dai fich su Co trung dai Viet Nam Trong bg may chinh quyin nha nuoc Trung uong tap quyen thai phong kiln, ehl khao khoa e6 mot vai tro rat quan trgng fiong viee quan ly va giam sal quan lai Ngi dung ehu ylu cua ehl la: Xet duyet dinh ky nhCmg cong Irang, Ihanh lich va finh th§n Iraeh nhiera cua quan lai; phan loai chat lugng quan ehtrc, tir quylt dinh cac hinh thurc, raue thang giang, thudng phat, ehuyin d6i, tham chi la bai nhiera ehuc vu Khi khao cuu vl chl nay, su gia Phan Huy Chu da danh gia: "chinh sach yen dan ching gi ban viec eh4n chinh quan trudng, ma each chan chinh quan trudng tk phai khao cong, de xet ro ngudi ban ngudi kem ma thang giang cho ro rang, thi liera si rieng dudng, chinh boa di khap Viec cot yeu eho nuoc Ihinh Iri eiia bae dh vuong khong vugt qua dieu ay duge" So lir9C v^ che khao khoa g Vift Nam Trong b4t ky trilu dai nao d nude ta thai phong kiln, he thong bg may chinh qiiyin cac cdp tir Trung uong din dia phuong khong tach rdi dgi ngii quan chue cac cfip tuong ling Qua Irinh xay dyng dgi ngii quan chire nha nude, tir khau dao tao, bOi duang, eho din khau tuyin ehgn, su dung la mot qua trinh lau dai va day tinh khoa hoc Chinh vi thI, Irilu dai nao eiing rSt quan tam din cong lac tuyIn ehgn quan lai, do, viec khao xet, danh gia chat lugng dgi ngii quan lai, raa cac su gia ggi la khao khoa, la khau quyet dinh C Trung Qu6e, viec danh gia, khao xet quan lai duge filn hanh tir rlt sdm Ngay fir thai Tdn, Han, nha nude phong kiln Trung Quoe da dl phuong chara: "Minh chua lien tri lai nhi hau tri dan" (vua lo viec tri quan lai trude, sau mdi din tri dan), tham chi c6 nguoi noi: "Tri lai nhi bat tri dan" (tri bgn quan lai chu khong phai tri dan) Dilu chirng to rSng, hg rit coi trgng nhan lai, ma quan lai la nhan ' Vien Su hoc Phan Huy Chu, Lich triiu hiin chuang logi chi, lap (phan Quan chue chi), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, HaNoi, 2007, Ir 701 81 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU tl chinh ylu Vi thI, dai Han coi viec khao khoa la cong viec qu6c gia dai sy dl thudng xuyen chSn chinh quan truong Han Dl timg noi: "Trudng quan khong liln hanh khao cong thi ke dudi sinh ngao man, ludi bilng, gian la D I vuong khong khao cong thi ke hiln tai thing hi chen ep ma ke gian ninh thi thing Ihl"' Din thai nha Duong, ehl khoa cu va sy phan biet phim cip chue tuoc noi chung, ehl khao khoa noi rieng, diu duge hoan thien Sang thai Tong, hge gia To Tuan Cling da khSng dinh: "Co quan lit phai khao cong, khao cong tit phai thudng phal"l Cac Irilu dai sau, nhu Nguyen, Minh, Thanh dIu kl thira va phat huy ehl khao khoa thai Dudng d nude ta, nha nude phong kiln cac Irilu dai dIu tham khao ehl khao khoa cua cac trieu dai Trung Qu6c Tuy mdi duge lap, he thing hanh chinh Trung uong trilu Ly don gian, chua duge kien loan, nhung nam Mau Thin (1028), vua Ly Thai Tong da cho dat bai chue Ta - Hiiu Gian nghi Dai phu c6 chue Iraeh Ira, dan hae quan lai Hai muoi ba nam sau, nam Tan Mao (1051), vua Ly Thai Tong "dinh le khao bach eho cac quan van vo, ngudi nao lara viec lau nam, khong eo Igi i6i gi thi duge fiiang trat CO thur bae khae nhau"^ Cac nam sau, nhu nam Dinh Mao (1147), Nharn Ngg (1162) va Ky Hgi (1179), nha Ly deu lien hanh xet cong Irang cua cac quan Trong suot 175 nam ton tai cua nha Tran, viec khao xet quan lai duge vua Trin Thai Tong (nam Binh Ngg - 1246) va vua Trin Anh Tong (nam Binh Thin 1316) Ihye hien Sang trieu LI6, Ho Quy Ly cung rat quan lam din viec kieni ira trinh do, tai nang va diic cua cac quan lai, vi Ihl, nara Canh Thin (1400) da "sai thugc quan a Tara quan, Chi hau ngi nhan, Ngi lira hge sinh chia di cac Ig ro hoi vl quan lai hay do, dan gian Igi hai, dh diy ma thang giang, lam the le nhil dinh" , nhung thai gian tin tai qua ngan ngui (chi c6 nam), nen viec khao khoa kho thyc thi de c6 hieu qua r , Den thai nha Le, viec khao khoa duge lien hanh thudng xuyen va Ird fiianh mot cong viec duge cac bae minh quan quan tara sat Cac dai vua Le Thai T6, Le Thai Tong dIu ban lenh khao xet cong trang cac quan vien thugc lai Dae biet, Din theo: Phan Dai Doan, Nguyen Minh Tuong, Hoang Phuong, Le Thanh Lan, Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Mot so vdn di vi quan che triiu Nguyin, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue, 1998, tr 41 Din theo: Mot so vdn de ve quan che triiu Nguyin, Sdd, tr 41 Qu6e sir quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, tap I, Nxb Qiao due, HaNoi, 1998, ir 332 Ngo ST Lien va eac su thin trieu Le, Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, dich theo ban khic nam Chinh Hoa thu 18 (1697), tap II, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Ngi, 1998, tr 200 82 CH^ DO KHAO K H Q A VIST NAM 37 nara tri vi, vua Le Thanh Tong da lin quy dinh viec khao bach cac quan vien vao eac nam: Canh Din (1470), Tan Mao (1471), Mau Tuit (1478) va nam Mau Than (1488) Phep khao khoa dudi ddi vua Le Thanh Tong, khong nhirng da dinh le thudng ma rit hieu qua, tao ragt dgi ngii quan lai tai gioi, liera It va fid khuon phep eho cac trilu dai vl sau K I lye sy nghiep, vua Le Hiln Tong lu phuong chara "khao khoa la each dl xera xet quan lai, truit ngudi hen, thang ngudi gioi" da lenh khao khoa vao cac nara Mau Ngg (1498), Ky Miii (1499) va Tan Dau (1501) Tren co so ehl khao khoa nha Le so, nha nuoc Le - Trinh (thudng ggi la thai Le Trung hung) liln hanh sua dli, chara chude va thyc thi a nhung raue dg khae nhau' Tuy vao cac nara Tan Mui (1631), At Ty (1665), Binh Thin (1676) c6 khao khoa, nhung nghiera ein va Ihinh dat nhit la khoang nien hieu Chinh Hoa (vao cac nara Nham Tuit - 1682, Ky Ty - 1689, Canh Ngg - 1690), VTnh Thinh (cac nam Dinh Hgi - 1707, Nham Thin - 1712, At Miii - 1715, Ky Hgi - 1719) K I tir ddi Hoang dl Le Duy Phuong trd di, viec tuyIn ehgn quan lai khong duge nghiem minh, nhit la tir chua Trinh Giang dinh le "nop liln trao quan chue" thi viec tuyIn ehgn cGng nhu khao khda quan lai hi bo long Mae dii len ngoi chua (1740), Trinh Doanh c6 eho khao xet cac quan vao cac nam Nham Tuit (1742), Dinh Mao (1747), Ky Ty (1749), Giap Tuit (1754), Binh Ty (1756) , song viec khao khoa chi la hu van, khong thyc chit khen thudng ngudi hiln tai, tri tgi ngudi trai phep Con din doi cac chiia Trinh Sam, Trinh Can, Trinh Khai va Trinh B6ng, vi chinh sy rdi ren, trilu chinh lue due, nen he thing quan lai dong dao song chi la CO eho du s6 lugng, viec khao khoa hiu nhu khong duge thyc thi Din thai nha Nguyen, ehl khao khoa duge quy chuin diln ehl, thudng xuyen liln hanh dudi danh xung "xet fich cac quan vien timg khoa" Sach Khdm dinh Dal Nam hgi dien su 1$ cho bill: "Pham xet lich cac quan cu niira lam mot khoa, liy cac nam Thin, Tuit, Sim, Miii lam ky ban, cu den nhung nam iy, van vo trudng quan a fiong kinh, quan tinh d ngoai, dIu chieu su fiang cong lao, lira 16i chue sy nara, lara mot ban fii trinh bay; nhiing die, phu, bl, an CO viec: Ggi quan, thu tiln luong, xet hoi hinh an kien lung dudng quan bg tlinh chuyen giu viee hinh danh, lai se lara rieng danh sach ke nguoi ban ngudi kem, dua din bg Lai tit ea, va nhiing quan vien thugc quyin a dudi, vl van ban kinh tir Tu phira, ngoai tinh tir Ngu phira trd xuing din Thit phira, vl ban , Theo thing ke ciia tac gia Biii Xuan Dinh Ihi: Tir nam 1665 den nam 1729, trieu dinh nha Le - Trinh da c6 14 sic chi vl phep khao cong Xem them: Bui Xuan Dinh: "Phep khao cong vai viec xay dung doi ngu quan lai coi phap luat", Nhd nude vd Phdp ludt thai phong kiin Viet Nam - Nhiing suy nghi, Nxb Tu phap Ha Ngi, 2005, tr 44 - 56 83 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TlT VO tir tdng Tara phara tro xudng din suit dgi, dIu vien ehudng quan fiiugng ty sat bach gui din bg (van bg Lai, vo bg Binh) kilra Ira giai quylt"' Vdi each lara quy cu, chat che phep khao khoa nhu neu tren da giup bg may quan ehuc duge hoan thien hon, nhit la giai doan tir nara 1834 din nara 1884 Tuy nhien, tu nam 1884 eho den nara 1945 la thai ky xen ke giira quan ehuc "Tay va Ta", giiia bg may thing tri thyc dan (Phap) va trilu dinh nha Nguyen, nen viee khao xet quan lai khong duge quan tarn, chu y, vi thi, bg raay quan lieu vira elng kinh, vira "xge xech", khong phat huy duge hieu qua Nhin vao diln trinh cua heh su Viet Nam tir Ihl ky X din nua diu thi ky XIX, chung ta Ihay ring, cac fiilu dai lu Ly, Trin din Le, Nguyen dIu rit coi trgng phep khao khoa Dii duge thyc thi vao cac ihdi dilm vdi nhung raue khae nhau, nliung nhin chung, phep khao khoa da duge hoan thien din din va tra quy cu, lap che Chinh che do da gop phan quan trgng viee xay dyng dgi ngii quan lai liera, chinh trye, hit long tan phd nude giup dan Ngi dung va phnong thirc triln khai che khao khoa Che khao khoa la each thuc dl xera xel, danh gia quan lai nhim truit ngudi hen, thang ngudi gioi, nen ngi ham cua ehl glm eo ddi tuang khdo khoa, phan cap khdo khoa, nlen hgn khdo khoa, tleu chudn khdo khoa, phan chla thit hcic vd cdc hinh thuc khen thudng, ky ludt 2.1 Doi tuang khao khoa Quan lai la ragt eura tu Han Viet duge kit hgp bdi hai tl: Quan vd Igi, dh chi loan bg nhirng "ke cai tri", nhung van c6 sy phan biet ehu ylu giua "quan - vien chue chiu trdeh nhiem va lai - ke thira hdnh"~ Vi thi, ddi lugng chu ylu ciia ch| khao khoa la quan va lai Vl vin dl quan, lue ngudi true tilp chiu Irach nhiera cong viec, da duge tim hilu va nghien cuu nhilu; ngugc lai, lai - ngudi gian filp va thira hanh nhirng cong viec do, thi it duge quan tara Trong cong trinh Quan vd igi a miin Bdc Viet Nam, mot hg may hanh chinh trude thir thdch (1820 - 1945), Manuel Poisson da nhan dinh rat khach quan ring: "Nhan day, luu y ddi vol Viet Nam, lai la bg phan it duge gidi su hge nghien cuu, vi hg qua bi cu6n hut bdi bg phan quan"' Viec khao xet Ihanh Noi cac triSu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi diin su le, tap II (quyIn - quyen 35), Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hul, 2005, tr 230 Manuel Poisson, Quan vd lai a miin Bdc Viet Nam, mot bo may hanh chinh truac thir th (1820 -1945), Dao Hiing va Nguyen Van Su dich, Nxb Da Ning, 2006, tr 17 Manuel Poisson, Quan vd lai a miin Bdc Viet Nam, mot bo may hanh chinh truac thir thd (1820-1945), Sdd, U.\l 84 CH^ D KHAO KHQA d VIET NAM lich cac quan la da kha ro rang, nen d phan nay, chung tdi chi di sau vao viec khao xet cac Lai vien Lai vien' la ragt bg phan quan trgng va khang kbit he thong quan lai Nhan thiy lira quan trgng cua cac Lai vien, nen tir nam Dinh Ty (1077), vua Ly Nhan Tdng da to ehuc "thi Lai vien bang phep viet ehii, phep finh va hinh luat" de luyen ehgn vao lam thugc vien d cac sanh, vien Sau do, vao cac nam: Mau Ty (1228), Tan Dau (1261), Quy Mao (1363), Quy Suu (1373), Giap Din (1434), Dinh Ty (1437), Ky Ty (1449) dIu c6 Id ehuc thi Lai vien Sang thai Le Trung hung, ky fiii Lai vien duge thay Ihl bing ky thi Thu toan^, khoa dau lien duge to ehuc nam Nhara Thin (1652), filp la cac nam: Mau Din (1698), Tan Mao (1711), At Ty (1725), Dinh Mao (1747), Nhara Ngg (1762), Dinh Hgi (1767) I u nhfing ky thi do, da dao tao duge ragt so lugng Idn cac Lai vien lara vice d eac sanh, ty, vien va cac ty thugc d Trung uong eiing nhu dia phuong Dgi ngij Lai vien ddng dao eiing can phai danh gia, phan loai de thang giang kip thai, dgng vien hg phin diu cong viee, lure la hg eiing phai thi hanh nghiem chinh nhfing quy dinh cua che khao khoa duong thai Viee khao xet cac Lai vien duge tiln hanh ed quy cii hon tii Ihdi nha Tran Thang 9, miia Thu nam Dinh Suu (1337), vua Tran Hiln Tdng da ehieu cho cac quan ngoai khao hach eac ty thugc, "ngudi nao sieng nang, can than, eo chung CO ro rang thi luu lai, ngudi nao khong lara viec thi truit bai di"'* Sang Ihdi nha Le so, nam Mau Than (1428), vua Le Thai T6 cung cho sat hach cac vien thuoc va da chia bae, raac dii chua duge ro rang: "Bae nhit la nhiing ngudi c6 tai ea van Lai vien la mot danh tii chung de chi nhung nguai thira hanh cong vu, bao ham nhilu danh tu khae, nhu: Thu lai, Dat lai, Diln lai, Do lai Thong lai, D I lai, Lai diln, Hoat lai, Lai sir Lai vien duge bl dung theo hai hinh thuc: - Mot la CO xuit than (lure Giam sinh, Nho sinh, Sinh dl va nhung ngudi trung tuyin ky thi vii3t, thi tinh) thi duge sung lam Thu lai, lam viec nam tiep theo sung lam Dat lai, them nam sung nira se lam Dien lai, lai nam nua ma khong pham iSi duge thang len Do lai - Hai la khong c6 xuit than, thi bit diu sung lam Thong lai, lam viec nam sung lam De lai, lam vice nam nira thang lam Do lai Ngo ST Lien va cac su than trieu Le, Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, Sdd, tap 1, tr 280 V^ noi ham, thi Thu loan chinh la thi Lai vien, bdi ring the le thi gom hai mon chinh la thi \\k (chu dep) va thi tinh (loan) Do khong duge to ehuc dinh ky nen so ngudi liy rat eao, vi khoi lugng cong viee lam so sach va tinh thue cang nhieu ban Vi nhu khoa Thu loan nam Bao Thai thu (1725), lay 1.332 ngudi; khoa Canh Hung thu (1747), c6 1.416 ngudi Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap I, Ir 611 85 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TlT lin vo; bae nhi la ngudi c6 hge thuc, rainh rain; bae ba la nhirng ngudi tinh ihdng phep vilt va phep loan"' Dae biet din thang 12, nara Dinh Dau (1477), Le Ihanh Tdng da quy chuin viec dinh tu each eho cae Lai su" Thai Le Trung hung, viee khao xet Lai vien cung duge quan tara Le khao cong nam At Ty (1665) eo quy dinh: "hang Lai chia hai bae: Ngudi nao hem, tai can, sieng nang nhanh nhen, liet vao bae trung khao; ngudi nao bi di, Ihara d, nhiing nhilu, liel vao bae khao"^ nhung ky xel cong nam Quy Dau (1693) thi Lai diln duge chia hang "1- Hang liera khilt, tai nang, 2- Hang ludi bilng, 3- Hang binh thudng 4Hang tham lam giao quyet Pham thugc lai cac nha mdn kinh ngoai trin, cu nam ragt lan khao xel cong trang, dl dinh viee truit bai hoae thang thudng Phep khao cong dinh lam Ihl le lau dai"^ Dudi trilu Nguyen, bit diu tir nam 1833 trd di, mudn vao lara Thu lai d eac bg (eac lai vien) phai trai qua mot ky khao hach thu thu duge to chue nam mot lin Viec bd dung se can cu vao thu bae xip loai: Nhiing ngudi dd loai uu se duge phong lara Han lara vien Cung phung (lam viee eho vua), nhiing ngudi dat dilm trung binh duge cu lam Vi nhap luu Thu lai lue bg lai nhiing ngudi trung Ihirc khae duge dua vao trieu dinh lara But Ihilp thue^ 2.2 Phan cap khdo khoa Trong nhung quy dinh ve khao khoa thai nha Ly va nha Trin, khong thiy nhic den CO quan chu quan, ma chi noi chung chung la khdo khoa, xet cdng, xet quan vdn vo ngoai Den ddi vua Le Thai Tong, che khao khoa da ed sy pkan chia ro rang hai cap la Trung uong va dia phuong; ngoai ra, cung ed sy phan biet giiia hai ngach la van va vo: "Sac sai cae quan van vo diu phai Trudng quan raa minhi thugc dung sat bach Quan van d huyen, d Id, a trin thi Hanli khiln ban dao sat hach; Tudng hieu va vo biln d cac Iran thi Tdng quan ban dao sat hach; cac vien thugc d sanh, d vien va d eac cue thi Thilu bao va Huu bat sat hach; eac vien thugc d Ta, Huu ban thi Ap nha va Ngi mat vien sat hach l i t ca deu phai ke khai ban sy trang vl nil lit va vl lira loi, chia lara ba bae, cin Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap 1, tr 840 Theo dien le quan che cuon Hong Dire Thien Nam du hg tap, thi c6 su phan biet ro rang (ve si lugng) giiia Lai su d kinh vdi ngoai trin Rieng hang Lai su d kinh lai chia lam hai loai khae nhau, la Lai su c6 xuat than (gim c6 hang An lai va hang Lai) va Lai sir khong c6 xuit than (gim c6 hang Lai va hang Lenh su) Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap 11, tr 311 Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap II, tr 370 Vien chue ma c6 cha nghTa tot sung lam viec van thu, giiy td, ban khic, chieu chi liru trix lau dai hoae dang vua ngu lam, trat Bat Cuu phim 86 cne' DO KHAO KHQA VIET NAM duge rd rang, Ihda dang, khong duge thien lech, tu vi"' Sang Ihdi Le Trung hung, sy phan biet dd cang rd rang, cu the ban: "Ngy su thi khao cdng cae De lanh va Phu doan d Kinh dd Giam sat Ngy su 13 dao thi khao cdng hai ty Thira chinh va Hien sal thugc cac xu d ngoai Phu doan va hai ty Thira chinh, Hien sat thi khao cdng cac quan phu, huyen, ehau d dudi quyen minh va cac vien thu ITnh a cac nha mdn cua minh"" fhdi nha Nguyen, neu xet cae quan Kinh ggi la "Kinh sat", eon quan lai dia phuong ggi la "Dai ke"^ Trung uong, ed nhieu eo quan ciing thara gia khao xel, danh gia dgi ngii quan lai nhirng chu yeu tap trung d eo quan la bg Lai, Lai khoa va Ngy su dai Neu nhu bg Lai la eo quan "gifi viee quan tuoc, phong chue, an ban thuyen chuyen, lya ehgn, xet cdng, bai Irual va thang thudng, bd sung quan lai, cung cap ngudi cho cac nha mdn"; Lai khoa ed "nhiem vu tra lai, bae di, nhu thay Lai bg bd dung ngudi vd tai thi bae bd ma tra lai" thi Ngy su dai ed chue nhiera la "dan bae cac quan, noi ban ve chinh sy hien thai; pham cae quan lam trai phep, chinh sy hien thai ed thieu sdt, deu duge xet hae trinh bay, eiing la xet ban ve lich ciia cae nha mdn De ITnh, Phu doan, Tran thu, Luu thu, Thira ly, va xet bdi eac vu kien ve ngudi quyen quy d Kinh ue hie]), ve ngudi cai quan lara" Trong so sau ty so thugc cua bg Lai, ed hai ty trye tiep quan ly va thara gia viec khao khda, la ty Van luyen va ty Trimg tri Neu nhu ly Van luyen "giir viec quan che phara trat hang van, cat bd, ehgn bd, danh sach man hcin Tara phira trd len" thi ty Trimg tri "giii viee thudng, gia cap, giang phat, ban xu tgi, bd dung, cap luat, han nghi, tinh ludi, xet cdng trang tir Tu phara trd xudng" Trong do, Dai vien - nigl vien cua Ngy su dai, c6 chue nang dan hSc ba quan va kiera soat viec kien lung dia phuong viec khao xet lich quan vien deu hai ty Thira (chinh su), Hiln (sat sir) phu Iraeh Thira ty ed chiic nhiera "lara fieu hieu cho cac nha radn phii, huyen, ehau, hieu hat, hang nara trinh len luan xet lich cua cac quan vien" va Hiln ly "giir viee dan hae cae nha radn Tran thu, Thira ty, phu, huyen, ehau, hieu d ban xu va cung vdi Thira ty khao ban viec xet cdng cac quan vien hat" it nhien, a mdi ea quan, cdng so, dia hat rainh cai quan thi Trudng quan (lue ngudi dung diu) eac nha radn ngoai dd phai c6 Iraeh nhiera khao xet ky luong nhiing cdng viee lara duge va chua lara duge cua eac thugc quan dudi quyen Quoc su quan trieu Nguyin, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap I, Ir 883 Ngo Cao Lang: Lfch trieu tap ky, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1975, tap I, tr 198 Phan Dai Doan, Nguyen Minh Tudng, Hoang Phuong, Le Thanh Lan, Nguyen Nggc Quynh, Mot so vdn de ve quan che trieu Nguyen, Sdd, tr 134 Ngu sir dai c6 nhilu ten ggi khae nhau, nhu Dai quan, quan Phong hien, Ngon quan, Noi dai, Bach phu, dai, phii Thai Nguyin, Ngu sir dai duge cai to Do sal vien 87 VIET NAM HQC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU GiOa trung uong va dia phuong cung ed sy giara sat chat che lan Nam 1473, vua Le Thanh Tdng ed quy dinh: Giam sat Ngy su dao Thanh Hoa - Nghe An giir cdng viee lye sT eac ty ve Cira y, ty Canh ban Xa nhan, ty Ngu hanh binh ma, Ty nghi ve, cae quan thugc ve Cira y, Trung quan phu cung quan dan Thanh Hoa, Nghe An; Giam sal Ngy su dao Hai Duong - An Bang giQ cdng viee quan dan cua hai dao tren; Giam sat Ngy su Son Nara - Thuan Hoa - Quang Nara giir cdng viec ve ty Dien lien, Nara quan phu cung cdng viee quan dan hat tren; Giara sat Ngy su dao Son Tay - Hung Hoa giii cdng viee ve Hieu lye, ve Tuin lugng, ve Ma nhan, Tay quan phii va quan dan hat Son Tay - Hung Hoa; Giara sat Ngy su dao Kinh Bae - Lang Son ngoai quan quan dan hat eon giO cdng viec cua giam Thugng y, giam Ngy dung, cae thg bg Cdng, cue Tuyen dat, cae l>' so Ddn dien, Tam tang, Tinh ml, Thyc thai, Diln muc, BSc quan phu; Giam sat Ngy su dao Thai Nguyen - Tuyen Quang coi viee Tuyen dat tru, Thi ve cue, Phung trye quan eiing quan dan thira tuyen Thai Nguyen - Tuyen Quang Giam sal ngy su 13 dao diu chiu sy quan ly trye tilp cua Ngy su dai Din thai Nguyin, he thing giara sat duge hoan thien Chiu Iraeh nhiem cao nhit la Dd sat vien Kinh dd, Cip sy trung Luc khoa va Giam sat Ngy su 16 dao ed quyIn giam sat va dan hae lin Lai khoa kilm soat Lai bg, Han lam vien va Thai y vien; Hg khoa kilm soat Hg bg, phii Ngi vu, ty Tao chinh, ty Thuang tnrdng va Ngi tang; Ll khoa kilm soat hh bg Thai thudng ty, Quang Idc ty, Hdng Id ty, Qudc Tu giam va Khara thien giam; Binh khoa kiem soat Binh bd Thai bdc ty, Kinh dl die va kho siing dng thude dan; Hinh khoa kiem soat Hinh bg, Dai ly ty; Cong klioa kilm soat Cdng bd, ty Vu khd va ty Mgc thuong Giam sat Ngy su dao Kinh ky kilra xet Ngi cae va phu Thira Thien; Giam sat Ngy su dao Nam - Ngai (Quang Nam, Quang Ngai), Binh - Phii (Binh Dinh, Phu Ven), Thuan - Khanh (Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa), Dinh - Bien (Gia Dinh, Bien Hda), Long - Tudng (VTnh Long, Dinh Twmg), An ~ Ha (An Giang, Ha ien), Binh - Tri (Quang Binh, Quang Tri), An - TTnh (Nghe An, Ha ITnh), Thanh Hoa, Ha - Ninh (Ha Ngi, Ninh Binh), Dinh - Yen (Nam Dinh, Hung Yen), Hai - Yen (Hai Duong, Quang Yen), Ninh - Thai (Bic Ninh, Thai Nguyen), Lang - Bing (Lang Son, Cao Bang) va Son - Hung - Tuyen (Son Tay, Hung Hda va Tuyen Quang) diu phai kiera xet dia phuong dao minh, neu quan lai c6 vach nhung le tham d, cham tri, trai phep, thi viee ma tham hae Pham quan vien van vo d Kinh thiy khong cdng bang, khong giii phap deu duge phep hae lau Khoa va dao cung hae lau lin Hon niia, de khach quan va dam bao tinh hieu qua cao cdng viee giam sat, vua Minh Menh da dh quy ehl: Cac dao Nara - Ngai, Ninh - Tliai thi hgi ding vdi Lai khoa; cac dao Long - Tudng, Dinh - Yen, Lang - BSng thi hgi ding vdi Hg khoa; eac dao An - Bien, Hai - Yen thi hgi ddng vdi Ll khoa; cac dao An - Ha, Thanh Hoa, Son - Hung - Tuyen thi hgi ddng vdi Binh khoa; cac dao Binh - Phii, An - TTnh 88 CHE D KHAO KHOA VlfiT NAM thi hoi dong vdi Hinh khoa; cae dao Thuan - Khanh, Binh - Tri, Ha - Ninh thi hgi ddng vdi Cdng khoa Cac dao ndi tren deu ehieu theo Lye khoa ina chuyen lam viee kiem soat cac nha mdn Ngy su d cac dao cung voi Cap sy trung (d Lue khoa) xem xet ma lara' Nhcy ed sy phan cap ro rang viee khao cdng da phat huy sy chu ddng cua cac CO quan ddng Ihdi tao sy giam sal lan nhau, Iranh duge sy chdng cheo qua trinh thyc hien 2.3 Nien hgn khdo khda Ve nien ban khao khda, khong ed sy thong nhat qua cac trieu dai Thdi Ly "cu nam lam mot khda, dinh lara le thudng", nhung sang thdi Tran cu "15 nara mot lan xet, dinh 10 nam gia ludc mot cap, 15 nam gia chue mot bae" nam thdi Ly hay 15 nam thdi Tran la thdi ban qua dai Neu viec thang quan giang chue raa cham Ire nhu vay se "khien ngudi hien tai khong khdi bi chim lap, raa ke vd lai thudng duge tain nuong than" Dd khong phai la chinh sach khuyen khieh cae quan vien ddi mdi, phan dau de thang quan lien chiie Hon niia, cdng viee cang nhieu, neu khdng thudng phat thudng xuyen thi khdng the ran bao, tat sinh nhQng le Sang thdi nha Le, nhan thay viec cham nien ban khao khda ciia thdi nha Ly, Tran da ed nhiing anh hudng Idn den viec tuyen bd quan lai, nen vua Le Thanh Tdng da lenh cam de cham nien ban khao khda: "Phep khao khda cot de phan biet ngudi hay ke dd, nang cao hieu qua tri nuoc Doi Dudng Ngu, nam ragt ky xet cdng de thang giang Nha Thanh Chu nam ragt lan xet cdng de dinh hudng phat Nay nha radn ngoai cac nguoi, ngudi nao nham chue da du nara, phai bao len quan tren khdng duge de chara Neu qua mot tram raa khdng ke danh sach gdi di, thi tinh sd ngudi chara mdi ngudi phai phat quan lien, ke nao theo tinh rieng ma dung lung deu phai tri tgi ea"^ Tir dd, phep khao khda da duge dinh le: "cu nam lien hanh mot lan so khao, nam thi tai khao va nara thi Ihdng khao mdi thi hanh thang chue ngudi ed cong va Irual ke c6 tgi"^ Tuy ea nien ban khao khda la nara, nhung cu nara ragt lan khao (lan dau ggi la sa khdo, lan thu hai ggi la tdi khdo, lan thu ba ggi la thong khdo), nhu the la bet sue chat che Vua Le Thanh Tong eiing quy dinh ve thdi gian cua Thi quan (quan lara thu) la nara, nghTa la nhiing ngudi thi do, lara quan phai thyc tap Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen: Dgi Nam thuc lue, tap III, Nxb Giao due Ha Ngi, 2001, tr 360 - 362 Ngo ST Lien va cac su than trilu Le, Dgi Viet sir ky todn thu, Sdd, tap II, tr 457 - 458 Vien Su hoc, Le trieu quan che, Pham Van Lieu dieh va chu giai, Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, HaNoi, 1997, tr 109 89 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TlT nara' Neu thdfi ban raa "sy khdng ed Idi lira" (khdng pham kliuyll diera nghiera trgng) thi radi duge trao eho thyc chue N I U phara loi thi khdng duge xel, phai finh lai tir dau, lue la k l tir sau pham loi d l dy ky xel luyin so khao lan sau Nhu the mdi thuc day quan lai, nhat la nhirng Thi quan chain lo lu dudng phan dau, khdng phara khuyet diera d l vugt qua ky so khao se duge thyc thu quan chue Rdi cu nam ragt lan, quan lai ludn duge nhic nhd phai lain trdn nghTa vu cua rainh bang nhiing lan khao khda lien tiep Va dl khuyin khieh ngudi tan lam, tan lye, lo eho dan, giup eho nuoc cung nhu khuyen ran, canh cao ke lo la, bieng nhae phan sy cua minh, vua Le Thanh Tdng de le thong khao de quyet dinh viee thang giang Nhu vay, viec thang quan liln ehuc hay bilm Irual la ea mot qua trinh phan dau, hge tap va nang cao nang lye cung nhu phim chat, tu each cua cac quan vien Nien ban khao khda thdi Le Trung cung khdng ddng nhit Tir nien hieu Due Long, Canh Tri ficr ve trude, nien ban xel cdng la nara Nhan thiy ky ban nhu the la qua cap bach nen nam Nham Tuit (1682) da thay ddi "hing nfim mot lan khao, chia lam bae, nam radi dinh thang giang" va den nam At Suu (1685), vua Le Hy Tdng da theo le thang giang nam cua ddi LIdng Due: "Trude day, ddi vdi eac quan kinh ngoai Iran, mdi nam ragt lan khao xel thi lap lue thi hanh vice thang hay Irual Ngirdi la khd sd vi (thai ban) gip gap Nay dinh lai phep: Mdi nam khao xet tich mot lan, ba lan khao xet (rdi radi) truit bai hay thang tral"^ Cudi ciing den nien hieu VTnh Thinh, Bao Thai lai liy nara ma dinh doat: "Theo che cfi: Ve viec khao cdng, thong tinh ba lan khao ca ba nam, rdi mdi thi hanh viec truat bai hoae thang thudng Den dinh ro lai: Trong ba nam, quan chue deu phai du ba lan khao theo the le thudng"'' Tir trd ve sau, nien ban khao xel lue la nam, la nam, nhung cung ed thdi ky la nam Chi den nha Nguyen thong nhit dat nude, vua Minh Mang da eho dinh le ky danh gia quan lai la nam va dinh ky thang lien la nam Ve noi ham, Thi quan (thdi Le so) tuang ung vdi Hau bl (thdi nha Nguyen) va Tap su (ngay nay) Nha Nguyen quy dinh, Hau bo la nhung ngudi chd dgi duge bl nhiem, phai thijc tap thai gian nam d finh dudi hinh thuc: Cu di cong can a cac phu huyen de giai quyet mot van de ve thuy Igi, thul khoa hay tu phap va thira uy quyIn ciia mot Phdp lenh can hg, cong chire (c6 hieu lue thi hanh tu 1/7/2003) cung quy dinh: Ngudi duge tuyen dung phai thyc hien che Tap su Het thdi han Tap sir nam, ngudi dung dau ca quan, td chi'rc, dcm vi su dung can bg, cong^ chue danh gia pham chat va ket qua cong viec eua n^udi do, neu dat yeu ciu thi chinh thuc bo vao ngach Xem them: To Tu Ha (chu bien): Tim hieu Phdp lenh cdn bg, cong chire, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia Ha Ngi, 1980, 160 trang Phan Huy Chu, Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi, Sdd, tap I, tr 697 Dgi Viet sirkytuc bien (1676 -1789), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Noi, 1991, tr 29 Quoc sir quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap 11, tr 90 CH^ DO KHAO K H O A VIET NAM Danh gia chung v l nien ban khao khda, Manuel Poisson da tdng ket: "Trung binh - nam dl khao sal, nam dl thang lien - danh dau rd sy khae Ta thay, ed thdi ky Idn v l nien ban khao sat: Thdi ban dai (1162 - 1471), trung (1471 1501, 1685 - 1754 va tir nam 1826), ngin (1501 - 1685) Giai doan sau tuong ung vdi thdi lung lay eua chinh quyen Trung uong Ngugc lai, khoang each nam rat ed y nghTa ddi vdi chinh sach tap quyln"\ Diln trinh dd duge cu the hda bing so dd: So- nien han xet cong cac quan (tir nam 1162 den nam 1826) D Dinh ky (danh gia) • Dinh ky (thang lien) • ' 1 1162 1246 1471 1488 1501 1682 1685 1754 1826 Nien ban la dl liy ngudi timg trai, nen khoang thdi gian nam la phu hgp nhit, khdng nhihig khong vdi vang ma cung ching lau qua^ N I U thdi gian gip gap qua (1 nam, nam ) thi ngudi gidi chua trd duge tai, eon neu cham qua (9 nam, 12 nara hoae 15 nara) thi ke gian duge nhd dl tara nuong than Trong thdi dai nay, vin dl dao tao, bdi duong dgi ngii can bg, cdng chue, vien chue ciia nha nude ta cung liy thdi ban nam dl "danh gia can bg", tir ed thi bd tri, su dung, bo nhiera, dl bat, dao tao bdi duong va thyc hien chinh sach ddi vdi can bg, cdng chue, vien chue Manuel Poisson, Quan vd lai a miin Bdc Viet Nam, mot bg mdy hanh chinh trude thir thdch (1820-1945), Sdd U 96 Ve di6m nay, Kinh Thu c6 cho bill: "3 nam mot lan xet cong, lan xet cong mdi thang giang" Nha Chu lay thdi gian nam dl thi hanh viec phat hay thudng; Phan Huy Chu cung nhan manh: "Phep nam xet cong eua ddi Hong Y)\xe da ed le nhil dinh, thi each khuyen ran thuc diy eQng da chu dao lim Biy gid cae quan deu lam viec gidi, ggi la ddi thinh tri, ching phai la hieu qua cua su thudng phat nghiem minh sao?"; cdn Manuel Poisson thi khing dinh: "Nien han nam la thdi gian ly tudng de dieu chinh bg may quan lai" 91 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU 2.4 Tieu chudn khdo khda Ddi vdi viee khao khda, ngoai lieu chuin nien ban eon yeu ciu quan lai phai dam bao du hai ylu Id la due hanh va tai can Due, theo quan nigra dao due, Imng hilu, nhan nghTa, liera chinh eua Nho gia la ed net tot, sieng nang, cin rain, khdng ed tdi Idi (tuc khdng vi pham phep vua, le nude), khdng c6 nhung lam Tai d day duge nhan manh a nang lye lai can thyc thi nhiera vu cai tri nhan dan, dac biet la lai can vl van hge, vo cdng, biet rd viee xua nay; phai ed tri thuc vl hoc thual, chinh tri, phap luat, quan sy, ngoai giao, van hda, fich su, dia ly dh eo Ihl dam duong chue vy ma minh duge giao phd Dd chinh la nhijng lieu chi quan trgng nhil dh danh gia xem hg la quan liem, chinh trye hay la vien quan nhiing le, lim thudng Trong lin khao xet cdng trang eac quan van vo nam Nham Ngg (1162), khdng CO mot fieu chi nao duge dua ngoai viee "khdng ed tgi Idi", nhung din nam Ky Hgi (1179), mot sd fieu chi nhu sieng nang, chir nghTa, ludi eao, hanh thuin ma bill rd viee xua duge coi la can eu dl danh gia, phan loai eac quan vien Nha Trin ciing vay, nhiing fieu chuin khao khda la "dao due, sieng nang, ein rain, trung hilu, tai can Due hanh d day la nit lot, sieng nang, khdng ed Idi (vi pham phep nude)"' Den thdi nha Le so, ngoai nhung lieu chi nhu da neu tren, vua Le Thai Tdng da xac dinh rd lieu chuan hang diu dl xet quan lai xung chue la "c6 dl Idng thuong dan, duge dan yeu men" khdng? Vua Le Thanh Tdng cung can cu xem ngudi dd "ed duge dan yeu men hay khdng; ed long thuang yeu dan hay klidng; hat, nhan dan ed iron di noi khae hay khdng"l Trong sic chi nam 1498, vua Hiln Tdng da khing dinh va nhan manh mot lan nfra tu tirdng thuong dan cua Le Thanh Tong: "Ngudi nao hit Idng phu du chain s6c quan dan, duge quan dan yeu kham phuc, nop thul khdng thieu hut, thi mdi duge xet duyet la xung dang vdi chue vu va duge thang chue, ban thudng theo le da dinh NIU quiy nhieu, bach sach nhan dan, theo Igi rieng gay mdi le, thi dau viec bi cao giac khdng cd chung ed cu thi, nhung thdi gian tham mgi ngudri diu biet ca, cung la hat cd nhilu ke trdn di thi diu khao vao loai khdng xung chuc"l Day la tu tudng rit liln bd va sang suit cua cac vi minh quan nha Le so, la "hdn da thu vang ve sy ianh manh va tiln bg cua mgi nha nude, cua ragi giai cap Ihdng tri mgi thdi ky Heh su"'' Phan Dai Doan, Nguyen Minh Tudng, Hoang Phuang, Le Thanh Lan, Nguyen Ngoc Quynh, Mot sd vdn de ve quan chi trieu Nguyin, Sdd, tr 42 Dang Kim Nggc: "Vin dl tuyen dung quan chue thdi Le so (1428 - 1527)" tren Tap chi Nghien cini Lich sir, so (300)/1998, tr 57 Quoc sir quan trilu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sir thong gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap I, tr 1197 1198 Thai Hoanh, Bui Quy Lg: "Thanh tra, giam sat va khao xet quan lai thdi phong kiln d nude ta", tren Tap chi Nghien ciru Lich sir, so (283)/l 995, tr 29 92 CHE DO KHAO K H O A VIET NAM Sang thdi Le Trung hung, da bd sung them nhieu lieu chi de danh gia chat lugng cae quan vien, nhat la ddi ngii quan lai trye tiep cai tri nhan dan d eac dia phmmg Dau lien la viec xel xu kien eao hat rainh cai quan: "Vien nao sieng nang can than, cdng bang liera, yeu thuong dan, lara Igi Irir hai, chinh tri cdng bang, xu kien xong xudi, thi eho la bae thugng ", "Cae nha radn ngoai, nha (mdn) nao la noi nhieu viee raa kien tyng it va viee xu kien deu khdng phai xu lai thi eho la bae thugng ", dung nhu nhirng bien phap raa quan Thara lung Nguyen Quy Due va Nguyen The Ba dua ra: "Tir nay, eac quan Ngy sir, Thira chinh, Hien sal, Phu doan lara viee khao cdng thi phai nen ehieu theo le cii va tham khao them cdng viee cae nha radn eua hg ve nhiing sy ddi kien Neu lam don gian, ggn gang thi quan lam viee khao cdng dd duge liet vao hang thugng khao, neu lam binh thudng thi xep vao hang trung khao, cdn neu ed sy sach nhieu, lam quyen thi bi xep vao khao"' Tiep la lieu chuan bao ve tri an, chdng giac cudp; kiem soat, xem xel noi quan ai; Iruy bat binh linh trdn bd doanh trai; viec dap de dieu sua sang dudng sa : "Phep khao cdng dya vao dieu: Cam phdng che tri (giac cudp), kham xet tra bdi (ke gian), dap de su'a dudng, xera xet kilm soat (noi bien ai) va bat linh dao ngQ" Dac biet, nara Binh Ngg (1726), eac lieu chi khao khda cac quan vien duge kien loan, "xet cdng nhiing ngudi than thugc cua chua, lay cac vice binh dan cai quan bang Idng hay keu ca, lien kho cdng du hay thieu, nhieu hay it, ehau hau du hay thieu, cac viee khae duge thudng hay hi phat, de lara thu bae Quan vo thi lay sd binh cai quan du thieu nhieu it the nao, dan binh bang Idng hay keu ea, lien kho cdng du hay thieu, khao thi Iran, thi ban, thi cheo the nao, cdng viec sai lam duge thudng hay bi phat, de dinh thu bae Quan van thi lay tich hang nam xu kien, quan quan ngoai deu lay dan bang long hay keu ca, dan cai quan, dan theo hau bang Idng hay keu ca, ehau hiu du hay thieu, cdng viee sai lim duge thudng hay hi phat, de dinh thu bae Thi ngi giara thi lay dan binh cai quail bang Idng hay keu ea, lien kho cdng du thieu nhieu it the nao, tich chan dan khao thi Iran, thi ban, thi cheo the nao, cdng viec sai lara duge thudng hay hi phai, ehau hau canh trye du hay thieu, de dinh thu bac"^ Tuy nhien, nhirng thay ddi ed y nghTa chi xuat hien tu the ky XIX, nha Nguyen dua nhiing danh gia chat lugig quan lai mang tinh dinh lugng cy the: "Vao nara khao cdng, ragi su trang, cong lao, lara loi nara cua timg vi quan phai duge lau trinh bang van ban Cae quan dau linh (Tdng doc, Tuan phu, Bd chinh An sat) khao vao viec: Ggi quart, thu lien luong va xel bdi viee hinh an, kien tung"^ Ngo Cao Lang, Lich trieu tap ky, Sdd, tap 1, tr 199 Plan Huy Chu, Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi, Sdd, tap I, tr 700 N)i cac trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien su le, tap II (quyen - quyen 35), Nxb Tiuan Hda, Hul 2005, Ir 270 93 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU^ Ngoai ra, viec khao cdng cdn can cu vao ragt sd lieu chi khae, nhu: Viec trung thu (thue) nhieu hay it (cac nara 1715, 1744 ); nop filn, Ihde (cac nara 1736, 1740, 1741, 1748 ); cdng lao viee Iran ap va binh on giac da'; khai khan dat hoang Mdi mot thdi ky, ragt trieu dai ed nhirng lieu chi danh gia chat lugng ddi ngij quan lai khae nhau, bdi rang, ty ban than nhiing tieu chi dd cQng ndi len phan nao ve ragt sd "thong tin fich su" cua tinh hinh kinh le, chinh In - xa hgi duong thdi Chinh nha su hge Phan Huy Chu cGng nhan raanh: "Phep khao khda cua nha Le rat la linh mat, lu khai qudc thi rat ro d ddi Hdng Due, fir Trung ve sau thi rat nghiera a khoang Chinh Hda, VTnh Thinh Ngudi liera chara chi tat duge khen thudng, ngudi hen kein thi lue Irual bd Cae quan cd gang, chinh sy sang sua, cho nen ndi den ddi tri, d trude thi ddi Hdng Due la hon ca, ma d sau Trung Ihi ddi Chinh Hda, VTnh Thinh la thinh nhat Thyc la vi cd du phep thudng phat vay"" 2.5 Phan chia thir bgc vd cdc hinh thuc khen thudng, ky luat Tu nhiing lieu chi danh gia cu the se la eo sd de phan loai ddi ngQ quan chue, lu dd CO nhirng hinh thuc thang - giang, thudng - phat phii hcrp Sy phan loai duge bat dau lu thdi nha Ly Sau xet cdng, cae quan lai duge chia loai: "ngudi (nao) gifi ehuc sieng nang lai can nhung khdng Ihdng ehfi nghTa lam ragt loai, ngudi cd chir nghTa lai can lam mgi loai, ngudi ludi eao lianh thuan, biet rd viee xua lain ragt loai, cu theo thu ty ma trao cho chue vy tri dan coi quan, khien eho quan chue khdng lam nhLing""* Nhung sy phan chia do, da khong rd rang lai cdn chdng cheo, bdi the cac su than trieu Nguyen da phc rang: "Cd le nao, da la ngudi nhieu ludi, thuan can thdng hieu viee xua ma lai khdng thong chu nghTa bao gid, ma hang ggi la van hge tai can la hang the nao Chia bae phan hang nhu vay, nghT eiing tuc eudi The ma bao rang, tram quan xung chue, khdng cd ngudi thira hoan, ngudi vd dung, cung la Idi qua dang"^ Khi vua Le Thai Td cd chi dii cho dai than xet eac quan lam viec d ngoai, da phan chia hang: Nhat, nhi, ba va hang chung: "Liang nhat la nhung ngudi ed tai van vd, thao vat, tinh nhanh; hang nhi la nhiing ngudi biet chii thao vat tinh nhanh; hang ba la nhiing ngudi viet tinh, viet ihao, lara linh; ngoai nhiing ngudi khdng duge xep hang nao thi ke rieng mot hang"^ Den nam Dudi thdi Le - Trjnh, c6 nhieu cugc khdi nghTa no nham chdng lai trieu dinh, nhx cua Nguyen HiJu Cau, Hoang Cong Chat, Nguyen Danh Phuang, Le Duy Mat Phan Huy Chu: Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi, Sdd, tap I, tr 700 - 701 Ngo ST Lien va cac su than trieu Le: Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, Sdd, tap 1, tr 327 Quoc su quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Viet sic thdng gidm cuang muc, Sdd, tap 1, tr 419 Ngo ST Lien va cac sir than trieu Le: Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, Sdd, tap 11, tr 295 94 CHE DO KHAO KHOA VIET NAM 1501, cae quan duge chia bae: Thugng khao, trung khao, khao; cdn cae thugc lai duge chia bae: Trung dang va dang: "Tir quan hai ty Thira Hien cac xu phai xel ky cdng, tdi eua eac quan phu, huyen da lara, cu den cudi nara, chia ba bae thugng, trung, raa khao xel Ngudi nao thuong xdt dan chung, kiem khiel, sieng nang, ed tich cai tri la hang thugng khao; ngudi nao thuong xdt dan chung, thu thue khoa khdng phien nhieu, lara viee quan khdng c6 Idi gi la hang trung khao; ngudi nao lara thudng dung tuc, lien lui theo ngudi la hang khao Lai vien d cac ty Thira Hien va phu, huyen, ehau, ngudi nao liera khiel ed tai va can man la trung dang; ngudi nao bi di khdng cham viee la dang"' Dau thdi Le Trung hung, dinh lai phep khao khda, van tri bae thuOTg, trung, eua nha Le so Nam At Ty (1665), vua Le Huyen Tdng da dinh le "quan thi dinh Tara khao, lai thi dinh Nhi dang" Ciing la nhihig hang thugng khao, trung khao va khao, nhung den nam Nham Thin (1712), lieu chi cua cae hang dd cung duge bd sung them eho phii hgp vdi finh hinh lue dd: "Hang thucTOg khao la nhiing vien quan sieng nang, can than, cdng bang, liera, yeu thuimg dan, lara viee ed ich trir bd viee hai, cdng bang chinh sy, dung ly xu kiOn, d chd canh khd, viee nhieu raa van an kien lung van it, xu kien thi khdng ed an nao phai xet di, xu lai; hang trung khao la nhiing quan lara vigc thue khda raa klidng sach nhieu dan, lam viec cdng khdng bd be; hang khao la nhirng ke lain thudng, tan tdi rdi lai thul liii, thara d, le phe, de dgng viec kign lung va hinh ngue"\ Sang thai nha Nguyen, nam Binh Tuat (1826), vua Minh Mang da phan chia hang: "Thugng - trung - - kem, lara sd lau len, nam ragt lan, can cu vao ma thang giang"'* Viec phan chia la can cu theo phan sd diera chara bai thi, chia loai: Uu - binh - thu - liet Tren eo sd phan loai dd, radi ragt trieu dai ed hinh thue thang - giang, thudng phat khae nhau, nhung tyu trung ed nhirng hinh thue: Thang chue, thudng lien, thuyen chuyen, gid nguyen ehuc vy, giang ehuc, bat phai ve huu hoae thai hoi Trong du chi dinh phep khao khda nara Nham Tuat (1682), vua Le Hy Tdng da quy chuan: "Hang nam mot lan khao, chia lara ba bae, nara mdi dinh thang giang Cae quan ngoai lam viee du nam, he ba lan khao deu la bae thugng thi duge thang ehuc hai bae, thudng thera 50 quan lien quy; hai lan khao duge bae thugng, ragt lin khao duge bae trung thi duge thang chue ragt bae, thudng them 50 quan Ngo ST Lien va eac sir than trieu Le: Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu, Sdd, tap III Nguyen Nggc Nhuan (chu bien): Mot so vdn ban dien che vd phdp ludt Viet Nam, tap (tu the ky XV den thi ky XVIll), Nxb Khoa hoc xa hgi Ha Noi, 2006, tr 520 Ngo Cao Lang, Lich triiu tap ky, Sdd, tap 1, tr 198 - 199 Qudc su quan trieu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien su le, tap 3, Sdd, tr 80 95 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THlT TU fien; nara dau nam thu hai khao duge bae trung, nara sau khao duge bae thucmg thi duge thang chue bae; nara dau duge bae trung, nam thu hai duge bae thugng, nam sau duge bae trung thi duge thang ehuc bae; nam dau bae thugng, nam Ihi'r hai bae trung, nam sau bae trung thi duge thudng 50 quan tiln; ba lin khao diu duge bae trung thi du nien ban ddi di chd khae; nam dau duge bae thugng, nam thu hai bae ha, nam sau bae trung thi tuong duong nhu cQ; nam diu duge bae thugng, nara thu hai bae trung, nam sau bae thi ddi di noi it viee; ba lan khao deu bae thi phai bai ehuc; hai lan khao bae ha, indt lan bae trung thi phai giang ehuc bae; nidt lin bae ha, hai lan bae trung thi giang chue bae; nara dau bae ha, nam thu hai bae trung, nam sau bae thugng thi luong duong nhu cQ; nam dau bae thugng, nam thu hai bae thugng, nara sau bae trung va nara dau bae ha, hai nam sau bae thugng, deu duge thudng 30 quan lien quy"' Phep khao cdng nam Dinh Hgi (1707), cQiig quy dinh: "Ngudi nao qua lan khao deu duge hang thugng (hang ill nhit) duge fiiang chue hai bae; duge hai lan thugng va ragt lan trung thi duge thang ragt bae, eii hai loai tren day deu duge thudng them 50 quan lien Ngudi nao ba lin duge cae hang thugng - trung - la loai quan trung binh thi duge dieu den chd gian nhiem^ Ai hi hai lan hang ha, mot lan hang trung thi bi giang chue hai bae Ai duge hai lin hang trung, ragt lan hang thi bi giang ehuc ragt bae"^ Che dg khao khoa vffi vifc tuyen ehgn quan lai (tir the ky X den nua dau thi ky XIX) Che khao khda thyc chat la cdng viec "lam sach dgi ngii quan lai" cua nha nude, vay tir bae minh quan den nhiing dai thin liem khilt diu danh gia rit cao ve che Trong Idi du cua minh nam Tan Hgi (1471), vua Le Thanh Tdng ed ndi: "Phep khao khda edt de phan biet ngudi hay dd, Id rd viec khuyen ran" Le Hien Tdng lai sac du cho Thugng thu Lai bd Trin Can va Lai khoa Le Tung ring: "Tuoc la dl khuyen khieh ngudi ddi Khao khda la each dl xem xet quan lai T'ruil ngudi hen, thang ngudi gidi" Chua Trinh Can cQng nhan thiy: "Phep khao cdng'la cot de neu len ma phan biet ke hay ngudi dd" Vua Minh Menh ciing da du ring: "Thudng phat, khuyen ran la chinh sach Idn ciia nha nude Trong sach NgTc thu ed ndi: Viee xet cdng trang la de thang giang Thien Chu quan ndi thudng nam xel viee lai In, deu la ran bao nhung chd tre bieng ma khuyen khieh cdng" Nguyen Trye, Trang nguyen khoa Dai Bao (1442) cung da vilt nhu sau: "Nay eac quan trieu dinh, ke sT chdn hoang da, da thyc ed the lya ehgn ky, su dung Phan Huy Chu: Lich trieu hien chuang logi chi, Sdd, tap I, tr 697 - 698 Gian nhiem - nai c6 cong viec nhe nhang, khong ban ron vat va, trai vdi Phien nhiem - noi nhieu viec va phuc tap Ngo Cao Lang: Lich triiu tap ky, Sdd, tap 1, tr 178 - 179 96 CHi DO KHAO KHOA VIET NAM chuyen, lin cay chac Lai ban phep khao xel cdng trang, trai du ky khao xet ky rdi radi quyet dinh thang hay giang, khen hay che Ngudi nao tdi, ke nao xau, ngudi nao liem khiefi lai gidi sieng nang, raan can; ke nao ngu ddt, thara lara, la la ludi bieng, giii ghe an hai, khdng due bat tai, gian ngoan chua ac, deu hoc Id rd rang Nhu vay thi ham quan ddng dao deu giu phong each ngudi quan tu, cd dang lo gi bgn fieu nhan" Khi nghien cuu va lira hieu ve che khao khda d Viet Nam, Manuel Poisson da rat ngae nhien va danh gia rat cao: "Cai thien viee luyen dung khdng the tach rdi khdi sy hoan thien quy trinh khao sat va theo ddi viec thang quan lien ehuc Neu lu nam 1147, Ly Anh Tdng da lenh xel cdng trang cae quan, thi cugc eai each eua Le Thanh Tdng radi xac dinh ro rang va ed he thdng cac quy lac khao sat: Trudng quan lau trinh nara indt lan danh gia quan vien dudi quyen eai quan; lieu chuan danh gia lu each quan vien va cdng viee eua hg (vd tu, chinh trye, cd Idng thuong dan, cd hieu lye viee rag binh, thu thue, dan hat dn dinh) Tiep day, dat he thdng khao cdng nhu nara 1501 dua bae Thugng - trung - ha, nhung thay ddi ed y nghTa chi xuat hien lu the ky XIX, sy danh gia raang linh dinh lugng: Hoan viee thue khda (sd thue thu duge), sd binh linh ehieu rag va giai quyet nhanh chdng cac an tir deu duge tinh loan Ngudi ta cdn danh gia hieu qua viee Iran ap giac da cQng nhu kha nang khuyen khieh khin hoang"' Che khao khda da giup cho trieu dinh nhan rd tich cung nhu uu, khuyet diera; nhiing mat raanh, diera yeu cua quan lai cae cap de cd nhihig bien phap chan chinh, bd tri hg vao nhirng chue Iraeh phii hgp; tir dd khieh lg, ddng vien hg ed g?ing phan dau trd nhiing vien quan tot, ddng thdi ciing ran de va trung phat nliung quan lai cd hanh vi xau Rat fiee, chinh su khdng dua nhung sd thdng ke ve cac hang quan lai eiing nhu viee xu ly hg qua eac ky khao cdng, nhung chinh nhd cae ky khao cdng dd, nhieu vu sai phara, lieu eye cua quan lai hi phat giac va xii ly nghiem rainh Trong lan thara dd, xel bdi ve thyc trang cua cac quan lai d kinh va ngoai cae Id nara 1435, vua Le Thai Tdng da xet hoi va biem truat 53 ke tham d, lara trai phep nude, tir Tuyen uy, Tudng hieu den Tuyen phu, Chuyen van su va Tuan sal Dae biet, dudi thdi Le - Trinh da ed rat nhieu quan chue cao cap hi giang ehuc thdng qua viee khao khda Thang 11 nara At Ty (1665), Trinh Tac lenh eho Phara Cdng Tru va Le Hieu "hgi ddng kiem xet nhiing sy trang cac ti da lara tir trude Khi kiera xet, trich nhung viec Dang Tuyen, Nang Thieu, Nguyen Phong, ST Triet, Vinh Tien va Trinh Te trude thay lara Ngy su, khara xet ngye lung de qua ky ban; cdn Manuel Poisson, Quan vd lai d mien Bdc Viet Nam, mot bg mdy hanh chinh truac thir thdch (1820-1945), Sdd, tr 94-95 97 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THIJ TU Kiem Toan trude lam viec a bd Lai, eit nhic vien tudng cip dudi len tren vugt ea thu ly Vi Ihl, nhfing ngudi diu hi giang chue"' Ky khao cdng nam Binh Thin (1676), da phat hien nhilu sai phara Diu lien la bai chue ciia Thiera dd Ngy su Nguyin ST Giao vi tdi a dua phu hga, kit canh be dang; sau dd each ehuc va tri tdi Bdi lung, Giara sal Ngy su Trin ThI Vinh vi tgi bat hieu, cha me mat, khdng cao tang van d lai noi quan trudng Trong ky khao xel cdng trang nara Tan Miii (1691), vi "viec khao xet cdng trang (lue nay) rit nghiera ngai, nguoi nao cd tich vl chinh tri, duge fiiang len trat ty eao va dieu bd den nha radn phien khuyet; ngudi nao cdng trang liet vao hang thap, phai giang truat", cho nen Thara chinh Son Nara Tdng Nho, Thara chinh Thai Nguyen Nguyin Tri Trung, Phii doan (phii Phung Thien) Nguyin Dang Tuan, Giam sat Vu Duy Duong va Tu huin Nguyin Quang Thg diu hi liet vao hang kliao, nen nhiing ngudi hoae bi biem truit, hoae bi each chue cd khae Sau nay, mot loai cae dai than quyen eao, ehuc trgng, la than lin eua eac ehiia nhu: Nguyin Quy Due, Doan Tuin Khoa, Trinh Du, Nguyin Cdng Hang, Le Anh Tuin, Nguyen Dinh Hoan, Pham Khiem Ich, Dd Ba Phim, Nguyin Llieu cung bi biem ehuc neu (nhu hg) khdng dat yeu ciu cac lin khao cdng Thdi nha Nguyin, nhieu quan dai than ed cdng Idn vdi trilu dinh nhung cung cd nhilu lin bi thang, giang Thing ke cua Nguyin Thi Thanh Hda eho thiy: Ton Thit Nghi cd 15 lin thang bd nhung cd Ian bi sung, I lin bi giang chue, lin khdi phuc, lin bi each ehuc va lan hi each chue lau; Nguyin Dang Giai cd lin thang bo Ihi lin thuyen chuyin, lan giang chiie, lin bi each chue thai gian dai; Nguyin Cdng Tru 14 lan thang bd cae chire song nhieu lin bi sung doi, lin bi giang ehuc, ed lue bi lude hit quan chue hay nhu Phan Thanh Gian, sd 26 lin thang chue ludc thi cd 11 lan bi sung, 12 lin bi chuyin doi, lin bi giang ehuc, lin khdi phuc, lan bi each luu dung ^ Khi lien hanh khao khda, khdng chi cae quan lai bi danh gia, khao xet ma chinh nhirng ngudi "cam can inyc", lire nhfing ngudi trye tilp lara khao khda, cung chiu Iraeh nhiem lien doi, neu phat hien cd sai pham Trong lin khao cdng nam 1676, trieu dinh nhan thay Dd ngy su Than Toan vi khao xet cong trang khdng Giang chue: Thugng thu bo Ho Trin Dang Tuy6n lam Ta thi lang bg Hg; Thugng thir bo Hinh Phan Kiem Toan lam Huu thi lang bo Ho; Thugng thu bo Le Nguyen Nang hieu lam Ta thj lang bg Le; Ta thi lang bg Lai Nguyen Tdng Thdng lam Hiiu thi lang bo LI; Dd Ngu su Le ST Triet lam Ta thi lang bg Hinh; Phd Ngu su Vu Vinh Tien lam Thai hoc Tu khanh; Thiem dd Ngu su Trinh Thi Te lam Hdng Id Tu khanh Le Thi Thanh Hda: Viec dao tao vd sir dung quan lai cua triiu Nguyin tir ndm 1802 din nam 1884, Luan an Tiln sT, Ha Noi, 1997 (phan Phu lue) 98 CHE DO K H A O K H O A VIET NAM dung sy that, nen bi giang ehuc xudng lam Ta thi lang bd Hg; do, Phd dd Ngy su Vii Duy Hai va Thiera dd Ngy su Vii Viet Thu eiing lien quan den sai pham nhung hg mdi lai ehuc nen chi hi phat nhe, ngoai hon raudi ngudi khae bi giang chue Viee khao cdng phai ed sy phdi hgp chat che giiia bd Lai vdi Lai khoa, bd Lai cat nhae khdng dung thi Lai khoa phai dan hae, bien bae, neu khdng ea hai ciing-chiu tdi Va la sy viec xay vao nara Giap Tuat (1694) Ta thi lang bd Lai la Nguyen Danh Nho lya ehgn bd dung cae quan chue ragt each nhiing lain bira bai, phan nhieu khdng hgp le, cdn HOu thi lang Ngd Sach Tuan lai tu lui tuyen bd hai ngudi hge trd ciia rainh, dd Lai khoa Cap sy trung Nguyen Dinh Try biet ma khdng dan hae, bien bae viec tuyen bd ay, eudi ciing ca ngudi deu bi giang ehuc' Nhiing trudng quan xet duyet khdng diing vdi cdng, tdi cua cae thugc quan thi ciing phai chiu Iraeh nhiera, nhu trudng hgp cua Phara Quang Trach, Thara ehinh xu Kinh Bae, vi khao xet cdng trang ciia lieu thugc ty khdng dung sy that, nen bi giang chue xudng lara Dd cap sy trung Mot dieu rat dang ehu y che khao khda la yeu td dan chu, cdng bang, khdng cd sy phan biet dang cap, ngdi thu Le khao khda thdi lidng Due ed quy dinh: "Than thugc ben ndi cdng nhu ben ngoai ddng doi hoang toe va eac ehau ciia nhiing bay tdi cd cdng rad nude eiing nhu nhiing bay tdi van vd trude da duge Irgng, sau lai ed quan cdng neu dii nien ban ma xung ehuc, le duge thang den Nhat pham, Nhi phara thi bg Lai lam ban lau xin chi, duge chi rdi thi cho thang giang nhu le" Nhu the, dii la quan van, quan vd cao cap a trieu dinh, dii la than thich ben ndi ben ngoai nha vua hay ehau cua eac vi cdng than khai qudc, ciing deu phai phai tuan thii nghiera ngai quy dinh ve khao khda, neu xung ehuc va du nien ban radi duge thang thudng, chu khdng ed chuyen "thien vi, uu lien" Trong dd, nhfing quan lai xuat than tu eon era binh dan, dya vao tai due va quan cdng ciia rainh, thdng qua che khao khda, van duge thang bd den pham hara eao nhat (Tara phara, Nhi phara tro len) gidng nhu cae quan xuat than tir hoang than qudc thich hoae eon ehau khai qudc cdng than O day chung Id tinh chat dang cap quy toe, tdng toe da bi lu rad, yeu Id dan chu da the hien sau sac Id chue bd raay ehinh quyen nha nude, raa bieu hien cu the nhat la che khao khda Giang ehuc: Ta thi '^ng bo Lai Nguyen Danh Nho xudng lam HCru thi lang bo Hinh, Hiiu thi lang bg Lai Ngd Sach Tuan lam Tham chinh xu Lang San, Lai khoa Cap sir trung Nguyen Dinh Tru lam Hieu thao vien Han lam 99 VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HQI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU TU Ngay nay, chung ta ein phai hge lap, kl thira nhirng di san tit dep tir chi khao khda eiia ngudi xua dh rut nhiing bai hge fich su bd ich viee xa}' dyng Nha nude phap quyen xa hgi ehu nghTa - nha nude eua dan, dan va vi dan Dilu dd ed nghTa la, Nha nude ta can phai cd nhirng bien phap lich eye va hieu qua viee Ihl ehl hda, phap luat hda nhiing ehl do, Iraeh nhiem; nhung lieu chuin vl lai, due cu the ddi vdi can bd radi nganh, radi cip Tir phuong chara "nhan xel can bd khdng nen chi xel ngoai raal, chi xel ragt liic, ragt viec raa phai xel ky ca loan bd cdng viee ciia can bg", Hd Chi Minh da khing dinh ring, ragt can bd ill phai la ngudi cd dii due va lai: "Due la dao due each raang, la ein, kiem, liera, chinh, chi cdng vd lu; lai la ngudi cd kha nang hanh ddng, lam viee mang lai hieu qua cao Due va tai phai thdng nhat vdi dd due la gdc", vi tyu trung lai, mgi "cdng vice hay bai diu lu can bd raa ra" Viec danh gia va su dung can bg la mot ndi dung Idn Tu tudng Hd Chi Minh raa Dang, Nha nude va loan dan la phai hge lap, kl thira va phat huy thai ky diy raanh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda dat nude 100 ... bg raay quan lieu vira elng kinh, vira "xge xech", khong phat huy duge hieu qua Nhin vao diln trinh cua heh su Viet Nam tir Ihl ky X din nua diu thi ky XIX, chung ta Ihay ring, cac fiilu dai lu... phira trd xuing din Thit phira, vl ban , Theo thing ke ciia tac gia Biii Xuan Dinh Ihi: Tir nam 1665 den nam 1729, trieu dinh nha Le - Trinh da c6 14 sic chi vl phep khao cong Xem them: Bui Xuan Dinh:... ehl, thudng xuyen liln hanh dudi danh xung "xet fich cac quan vien timg khoa" Sach Khdm dinh Dal Nam hgi dien su 1$ cho bill: "Pham xet lich cac quan cu niira lam mot khoa, liy cac nam Thin, Tuit,