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TINH HINH DAY VA HOC NGQ AM TIENG PHAP PHO THONG, KHOA NGON NGQ vA VAN HoA PHAP - MOT SO DE NGH! THS GVC NGUYEN THI ON Khoa Ngdn ngil vd Van hod Phdp Dgi hoe Ngogi ngu Dat van de O nude ta, ciing vdi chinh sach md cira va su phat trien eiia nen kinb te tbi trudng, ngoai ngu cang ddng mot vai trd quan trgng Cac em bgc sinb eiia ta't ea cac trudng THPT, ciia nbieu trudng THCS deu dugc bgc it nhat mot ngoai ngu O mot so pbd Idn, cac em bgc sinb dugc bgc ngoai ngu tu tieu hoc theo chuong trinb song ngu Tfl nbieu nam nay, chung tdi day tieng Pbap ebo sinb vien nam thu va nam tbfl ciia Khoa Ngdn ngu va Van boa Pbap, Trudng DHNN - DHQG Ha Ngi Trong nbung gid len Idp boae d nhflng ky tbi ndi, cbiing tdi thay nbieu sinb vien phat am sai tieng Pbap, noi kbdng diing ngfl dieu, v.v Nhflng Idi ngfl am cd the lam cho ngudi nghe kbdng hieu boac hieu sai thong bao Vay ma chi gan mot nam boae bon mot nam nfla, cac em se tot ngbiep Dai bgc, se trd nhflng giao vien boac nhflng phien dich vien tieng Pbap Lam cac em cd the boan tot nbiem vu dao tao boac phien dich ciia minh vdi nhflng kho khan ve ngfl am nbu vay? Sao lai cd nhflng kbd khan do? C) pbd thong va d dai bgc, cac em da dugc day va bgc ngu am nbu the nao? Dd la ly vi cbiing tdi lai cbgn vie't ve va'n de 548 it linn ninn aay ngu am iieng Phap c( cac trifdng thong Viet Nam Luyen ngfl am la mot vice ra't kbd va tdi cSn thiet Nd cang kbd hon ddi vdi chung ta - nhflng ngudi Viet bgc tieng Phap vi he thd'ng am vi tieng Viet ra't khae vdi he thd'ng am vi tie'ng Pbap Tieng Viet la mot ngdn ngfl don am tiet, cd dieu, edn tie'ng Phap lai da am tie't Vi the, viec day ngfl am ddng thdi vdi day cac mdn ly thuyet, thue banh tieng la vd cung quan trgng va kbdng the thie'u 2.1 d cac Idp song ngu" tieng Phap Cac em bgc sinb ciia cac Idp song ngfl dugc bgc tie'ng Pbap tfl Idp - Trong nam dau d tieu bgc, cac em dung sach giao khoa "II etait une petite grenouille" (ngay xua cd mot ech nhd) Bd sach gdm tap, mdi tap cd cud'n: Cud'n mau xanh nude bien: Idi ke ve mot eau ehuyen cd tich va tranh minh boa Cud'n mau dd: cac boat ddng (activites) Cud'n mau vang: luyen dge (lecture) Cud'n mau xanh la cay: luyen viet (eeriture) Trong cud'n luyen dge tap 1, mdi doan trich ciia eau ehuyen cd tich, cac tac gia lai gidi tbieu mot so am, cac dang viet, each dge, am nao cd the di cung vdi cbiing Cac nguyen am mieng dugc gidi tbieu trude cac phu am Trong cud'n luyen dge tap 2, cac tac gia gidi tbieu de'n cac nguyen am gigng mui, nhflng dang viet ciia chung, cac phu am kep, cac ban nguyen am Vdi phuong pbap danh cho cac em nhd nay, cd giao dge mlu cac am dd rdi bgc sinb bat chudc Kbdng cd phien am qude te, cung kbdng cd ly thuyet - O Idp va Idp 5, cac em dung ddng thdi sach giao khoa: "lei et ailleurs" (O day va noi khae) va "lei au Vietnam" (O noi day Viet Nam) Mdi tuan cac em cd tie't tie'ng Pbap Trong cud'n lei et ailleurs 4'annee, d phan "Chinh ta" vdi eau hoi "Vie't cac am the' nao?" eua mdi bai, cac tac gia gidi tbieu mot so am va cac dang viet ciia chung cac tfl Cud'n lei au Vietnam eua hai tac gia ngudi Viet bao gdm mot so 549 kie'n tbfle ve ngdn ngfl, toan, sinb vat, edng nghe, vat ly, dia ly va mdi trudng Cac tac gia kbdng gidi tbieu cac kien tbfle ve ngfl am - Tfl Idp de'n Idp 9, cac em van bgc vdi cac tap ciia lei et ailleurs Sach bd trg la cud'n "Litterature pratique du franfais" (Van bgc thue banh tie'ng Phap) Trong cac tap danh cho THCS nay, cac tac gia kbdng dua kie'n tbfle ve ngfl am nao nfla Tren Idp, bgc sinb ndi, ne'u cac em phat am sai tbi thay cd sua neu thdi gian cho phep Chuong trinb eua nam bgc kbdng quy dinh mot thdi gian nao dd cho mdn ngfl am - Cac em Idp 10, 11, 12 su dung SGK "Franfais 10', l l ^ 12^" Mdi tuan cac em cd tiet tie'ng Phap Trong ma'y bai dau eua cud'n FranQais 10% cac em cd dugc biet den phien am qude te' qua mot sd tfl dugc phien am nbung kbdng dugc bgc can than Tdm lai, cac em bgc sinb d he song ngfl dugc bgc tie'ng Phap cac em edn nhd tudi nen gap it kbd khan viec phat am dung tie'ng Phap Mot phan nfla la cac tac gia ciia sach giao khoa ma cac em sfl dung quan tam den phat am, dua vao sdm chuong trinb nhflng kie'n tbfle ngfl am co ban nhat Mot nguyen nban nfla la nhd cac giao vien day he dugc tuyen cbgn ky ludng va dao tao hang nam nen hg phat am tdt va deu cd nang luc su pham Cac giao vien rat quan tam den viec chfla Idi cho bgc sinb nbung vi thdi gian tren Idp kbdng cho phep nen vln cd cac em phat am sai mot sd am 2.2 d cac Idp tieng Phap ehuyen Cd he ehuyen tie'ng Phap: he nam va he nam Cac em he nam (4 nam THCS va nam THPT) cd sach giao khoa Tii'ng Phdp 6, Tii'ng Phdp 7, Tii'ng Phdp 8, Tii'ng Phdp 9, Tii'ng Phdp 10, Tii'ng Phdp 11, Tii'ng Phdp 12 Trong cac cud'n danh cho Idp va Idp 7, nhdm tac gia cd gidi tbieu cac am tieng Phap Cac thay cd cd hudng din cac em mua bang ve nba nghe de luyen am chfl tbly cd kbdng cd thdi gian de cho cac em nghe va luyen tren Idp (kbdng phai la bang ciia bd sach giao khoa) He nam cung cd cac cud'n Tii'ng Phdp 10, Tii'ng Phdp 11, Tie'ng Phdp 12 nbung nhdm tac gia khae bien soan tfl khoang 20 nam nay, da tai ban mot sd \in nbung ndi dung kbdng thay ddi 550 iioiig uu sacii nay, cm eo irong cud'n Tii'ng Phdp 10, cac tac gia gidi tbieu vdi cac em each phat am mot sd am kbd Vi du: am /y/ tfl salut Hge sinb nao phat am sai ndi tren Idp tbi cac My cd sfla Ndi dung eiia SGK la nhe so vdi cac Idp ehuyen nen cac giao vien deu tim them tai lieu bd trg d cac sach khae, nbung kbdng phai la cac tai lieu ve ngfl am Cac bgc sinb cd tfl tiet den tiet/tuSn theo trudng va theo tinh (bgc sinb ehuyen Phap d cac tinh va hge sinb ehuyen THPT Chu van An va Amsterdam cd tiet/tuln, cac em bgc sinb trudng THPT Chuyen Ngoai ngfl-DHNN-DHQG Ha Ndi cd den tiet/tuln) Qua ndi ehuyen vdi mot sd giao vien tieng Phap day d he ehuyen va nbieu bgc sinb eua mot vai tinh (ma chung tdi din doan ve thue tap), chung tdi thay: - Tat ea cac em deu tra Idi rang cac em dugc cung ca'p qua it kien tbfle ve ngfl am, thdi gian danh cho thay cd chfla Idi cung ra't it - Da sd cac em deu mong mudn dugc bgc nhflng kien tbfle ngfl am eo ban tfl Idp 10 2.3 cac Idp thir&ng THPT Cac Idp tie'ng Phap thudng d THPT su dung sach giao khoa Tii'ng Phdp 10, 11, 12 (he nam) Nbu cbiing tdi da trinb bay d phan tren, chi cud'n Tii'ng Phdp 10, cac tac gia mdi gidi tbieu mot sd am kbd Trong Tii'ng Phdp 11 va 12, khdng cd mot kien tbfle ngfl am nao dugc de cap tdi Mdi tuan cac em cd tie't tieng Pbap Mdi Idp cd khoang 45-50 bgc sinb nen cac em it dugc ndi tieng Phap va giao vien khdng the chfla dugc thudng xuyen Idi phat am eiia cac em Va lai, giao vien day be cd trinh khdng ddng deu nhau, cd nhflng giao vien phat am ehua dung mot sd am tie'ng Phap nen cung anh hudng de'n phat am eiia hge sinb Tinh hinh day ngCram b khoa Ngdn ngurva Van hoa Phap 3.1 d nam thu"nhat Sinb vien nam tbfl nha't eua khoa Phap la nhflng hge sinb ciia cac Idp song ngfl, cac Idp ehuyen va cac Idp thudng ciia mien Bae nude ta (tfl tinh Nghe An trd ra) Hau nbu ta't ea cac em da hoc he song ngfl va 551 nbieu em d be ehuyen (nha't la he nam) phat am tdt tie'ng Phap HSu bet cac sinb vien gap kbd khan phat am la nhflng bgc sinh cu eiia cac tinh le, cac Idp tieng Phap thudng Cac em Idn len d mot sd huyen thude Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Hai Phdng edn ndi nggng, khdng phan biet dugc /1 /, / n / Giao trinh eua cac em la phuong phap Panorama tap va tap 2^ Trong mdi bai, sau phin bai khoa, phan ngfl phap va tfl virng la phan phat am (chie'm ea trang gia'y) O tap 1, cac tac gia gidi tbieu cac am, cac cap am ddi lap va mot sd bai tap luyen cac am dd O tap 2, cac tac gia tie'p tuc gidi tbieu mot sd nguyen am va phu am kbd phat am, cd phuong tbfle ca'u am ddi lap nhau, cac phu am kep, Nhflng am dugc dua vao cac tfl, cac nhdm tfl, cac bai tho ngan de bgc sinb nghe va nhdc lai Cd mot sd bai tap luyen ve ngfl dieu, luyen phat am theo kieu Phap mot sd tfl gde nude ngoai, 3.2 d nam thu"hai Ma'y nam vfla qua bgc ky I, sinh vien nam tbfl Khoa Ngdn ngfl va Van boa Phap bgc theo giao trinh Nouvel Espaces Theo chung tdi, day la mot giao trinh kbd va vi the', cac giao vien d td Thue banh tie'ng cbgn chi nhflng bai phu hgp vdi trinh sinb vien, ciia ta't ea cac cbii diem ma phuong phap de cap de'n Ngoai ra, giao vien phai tim them nbieu tai lieu khae de day Trong hge ky 2, cac em bgc theo giao trinh ma cac thay cd khoa bien soan tfl gin 10 nam nay, cho ky nang: Nghe hieu I, Dien dat ndi I, Dge hieu I va Dien dat vie't I Ngoai ra, cac giao vien td edn tim them tai lieu bd trg Nbung tfl nam hge 2004-2005, bgc ky II, cac em bgc ky nang theo giao trinh cac thay cd td mdi bien soan Ta't ea cac giao trinh sfl dung cho nam tbfl khdng chfla dung kie'n tbfle ngfl am Khi cac em phat am sai, cac thay cd sfla bang each la thay cd phat am tfl dd, sinh vien nbac lai 3.3 d nam thurba Sinh vien nam tbfl dugc bgc mdn ngfl am d hge ky I, mdi tudn tie't, tdng edng la 30 tiet cho 15 tuan Cac em cd giao trinh hai th^y 552 giao eua Knoa Dien soan nam iyy7 Trong 30 tie't bgc dd, cac em dugc hge 11 mang kie'n tbfle ngfl am eo ban sau: 1- Ddi tugng eua ngfl am: ngdn ngfl va tie'ng ndi (langue et langage) 2-Ngfl am va giao due hge 3-Ngfl am va am bgc 4-Ngfl am va sinh ly bgc 5-He thd'ng nguyen am va phu am tie'ng Phap 6-Nhflng don vi ngdn ngfl eo ban 7- Phat am cac tfl rieng le va chudi Idi ndi (ortbophonie et ortboepie) 8Phat am am "E" 9- Cac phu am lap lai (consonnes geminees) 10Trgng am va ngfl dieu 11- Ndi van va luye'n am Cac va'n de tren dugc gidi tbieu mot each ly thuyet, cd vi du minh boa 52 trang gia'y kbd A4 va sau dd cd trang bai tap flng dung Trong trang cudi ciia giao trinb, cac tac gia gidi tbieu bang "He thd'ng ngfl am va phien am" 3.4 d nam thu-tu O nam cudi eua chuong trinh dai bgc, ve tie'ng Pbap, cac em bgc mot sd mdn ly thuyet va tiet thue banh tieng cho ky nang dge hieu va dien dat ndi Vi cac em cd tuan de ebuin bi va di thue tap su pham bdae thue tap phien dich nen cac em chi edn 23 tuan cho bgc tren Idp, tbi cudi nam va tbi tdt ngbiep Trong cac gid ndi, cac tbly cd cd chfla Idi ngfl am cho cac em nam nay, cac em kbdng hge mdn ngu am nfla Tdm lai, mdn ngfl am dude bat dau d nam tbfl nha't va dugc bgc tuong ddi bai ban d bgc ky I nam tbfl (ly thuyet + mot sd bai tap thue banh) Qua trao ddi vdi mot sd giao vien va sinh vien nam tbfl nha't, chung tdi dugc biet phan "phat am" mdi bai hge d Panorama va thudng kbdng dugc tie'n banh tren Idp Ly vi giao vien dugc phan edng day ph^n tfl vung thi day ludn phin "phat am", nbung phan tfl vung dai qua nen phan "phat am" bi bd qua, sinb vien tu xem d nba boac nghe bang d thu vien Thue te, it sinh vieh chu y den viec nghe bang de sfla am, de'n viec tu chfla am theo hudng dan eua cac sach ve ngfl am cd d thu vien khoa Nhu vay, ea nam bgc d dai hge, trfl nhflng gid ngfl am d bgc ky I nam tbfl 3, cac em thinh thoang dugc sfla am d tren Idp phat am sai nhflng gid dien dat ndi Phai ndi rang khdng phai th^y cd nao cung de y den viec sua Idi phat am cho hoc sinh va nbieu la thdi gian khdng cho phep 553 IVIot so de nghj 4.1 Vechwafng trinh va viec day ngOam dcac cap hoc Vi he thd'ng am vi eua tieng Viet va tieng Phap khae d nbieu diem nen ngudi Viet chung ta gap nbieu khd khan phat am tieng Pbap Qua quan sat va dieu tra ve nhflng Idi ngfl am eua sinh vien, dua vao tinh hinh day ngfl am d pbd thdng va d Khoa Ngdn ngfl va Van hda Phap bien nay, chung tdi xin cd mot sd de nghi nhu sau: Ban Giam hieu cac trudng pbd thdng nen tao dieu kien de giao vien cd the: - Danh nhflng gid tie'ng Phap eua tuan dau tien chuong trinh cac em bat dau bgc (Idp boac Idp 10) de gidi tbieu bang chfl cai ngfl am qude te' (API), gidi tbieu cac am tieng Pbap va each phien am Cd nhu vay, cac em mdi cd the phat am dung dugc boac ne'u em nao phat am sai tbi giao vien chfla de hon - De cac em bgc sinh dugc ndi tieng Phap nbieu bon nham phat bien Idi ngfl am ciia cac em va kip thdi chfla cac Idi dd Trong cac Idp chuyen va nhat la cac Idp song ngfl, hge sinh CO dieu kien dugc ndi va nghe nbieu ban cac Idp thudng Mdi Idp tie'ng Phap thudng d pbd thdng thudng cd tfl 45 den 50 em Trong tiet bgc, vdi sd bgc sinh Idp ddng nhu vay, ndi dung bai giang lai nbieu, giao vien kbd ma cd the ebo cac em nghe bang va ndi tieng Phap Va lai, ky tbi tuyen sinh vao dai bgc chi yen eau cac em bai thi viet (dge hieu, ngfl pbap va dien dat vie't), khdng thi ndi nen ea thay va trd deu nhang ky nang nghe va ndi Vao nam tbfl nha't dai bgc, nbieu em phat am sai tie'ng Phap va khdng ndi dugc nhflng eau don gian - Chung tdi de nghi nen dua vao day tuan dau d nam tbfl nha't ta't ea cac am tieng Phap, phien am qude te', trgng am, nhip dieu, am tie't, ngfl dieu, ndi van, luye'n am va trudng hgp "e" cam Cac em d nam da cd du trinh de tie'p thu nhflng kie'n tbfle co ban Nen cho bai tap luyen nbieu ban nfla Cd nbu vay, cac em mdi kip thdi tu sua dugc nhflng Idi ngfl am eua minh boac vdi su giup dd eua giao vien Trong sudt nam hge, giao vien nen danh thdi gian de day phan "phat am" sach giao khoa quy dinh {Panorama vd 2) va thudng xuyen chfla Idi ngfl am cho sinh vien 554 - i^guai miuiig vail uc agu am ma chung tdi vfla de nghi dua vao day d nam tbfl nhat, nhflng van de edn lai cud'n giao trinh "Ngfl am tie'ng Phap" ciia cac tac gia Trinh Cat va Nguyen Van Bich se day d hge ky nam tbfl III nhu bien Giao vien nen cho sinh vien lam them nbieu bai tap Chung tdi cung de nghi ta't ea cac giao vien day d khdi deu cd gang chfla Idi cho sinh vien vi cac em se la nhflng phien dich vien, nhflng giao vien tieng Phap - nhflng ngudi dao tao nhflng ngudi khae 4.2 Ve cong tac bdi dwdng giao vien Mudn bgc sinh phat am dung boac mudn chfla dugc nhflng Idi ngfl am eua cac em, giao vien chung ta phai nam vflng nhflng kien tbfle ngfl am eo ban, phai phat am ehuan, ndi dung trgng am, ngfl dieu, Thue te' cho thay, khdng phai tat ea cac giao vidn ddu lam dugc nhu vay, nhat la giao vien day d pbd thdng Dieu cung de hieu Sau tdt ngbiep dai hge, nbieu sinh vien ve cac trudng pbd thdng day Mot phan chuong trinh, giao trinh cho ca'p pbd thdng thien ve cac bai dge hieu, cac kien tbfle ngfl phap nen kha nang nghe, ndi, phat am eua giao vien yen dan theo thdi gian Cac giao vien khdng cd dip tie'p xuc vdi ngudi Phap, hau nhu khdng ndi tie'ng Phap tren Idp (giao vien day he tieng Phap thudng) Mot ly nfla la vi thiet bi nghe nhin nhu bang, dai, tivi, thie'u thdn Dieu dd khdng giup cac em luyen am tdt hon, luyen nghe ndi tdt hon va khdng gay hflng thu day va hge tie'ng Phap ddi vdi thSy cd va bgc sinh nhat la luc tie'ng Anh dang phat trien hon ra't nhieu so vdi cac tbfl tieng khae tfl nbieu nam Vi ta't ea cac ly tren, chung tdi cd mot sd de nghi sau: - Ban td chflc eiia cac dgt bdi dudng hang nam cho giao vien phd thdng nen danh tfl 1-2 eua dgt cho mdn ngfl am Chung tdi tin rang sau dgt bdi dudng, nhflng giao vien se luu y hon de'n phat am ciia minh va eiia hge sinh, den viec chfla Idi ngfl am - Bd va cac Sd GD va DT nen trang bi mot sd thiet bi day hoc nhu bang, dai, tivi, bang video cho cac trudng phd thdng Ban chu nhiem Khoa Ngdn ngfl va Van hda Phap cd gang tao dieu kien de cac giao vien day mdn ngu am cd th^ tap trung chfla Idi ngfl am cho cac em 555 sinb vien nam tbfl III, tbfl IV edn mac Idi (td chflc mdt dgt tfl 5-10 tie't cho mdi nhdm khoang 10 sinb vien) - Trong Hdi nghi khoa bgc eua Khoa hang nam, Ban chu nhiem nen ddng vien giao vien vie't cac bao cao ve ngfl am, nen lam cho toan the giao vien eua Khoa thay dugc tam quan trgng eua phat am dung va eua viec chfla Idi ngfl am ebo sinh vien - Cac giao vien day nam tbfl nhat trude bet phai la nhflng giao vien phat am dung tie'ng Pbap Ndi nhu the khdng cd nghia la giao vien day cac nam khae kbdng can phat am dung Chung ta deu biet, cac em bgc sinb d PTTH kbdng cd dieu kien de ndi va nghe tieng Phap Vao nam tbfl nha't dai bgc, da sd sinh vien la bgc sinh da theo he tieng Phap thudng Cac em can dugc bgc tieng Pbap vdi cac thay cd phat am dung, bie't each va thudng xuyen chfla Idi ngfl am Ke't iuan Nhu chung ta da biet, tieng Viet la mdt ngdn ngfl don lap (isolante), don am tiet edn tieng Pbap tbi uyen chuyen (flexible), da am tie't Nhflng su khae ve ngu am da gay nbieu kbd khan cho ngudi Viet bgc tie'ng Phap Cac Idi ngfl am la tat nbien, kbdng the tranh dugc nha't la mdi bgc tie'ng Pbap Qua dieu tra, chung toi thay ea d cac em sinb vien da hge gan 10 nam tie'ng Pbap vSn edn bi mdc Idi Vay tbi, cd phai cac Idi ngfl am la kbdng the sua dugc khdng? Theo chung tdi tbi cd the sfla dugc Cac em ehua phat am dung dugc, nbu chung tdi da dieu tra, vi nbieu ly khae Nbung mdt dieu rd rang la mdi bgc, nbieu em ehua dugc day phat am mdt each nghiem chinh Phan ngfl am sach giao khoa qua it, qua so sai Thdi gian danh cho giao vien day phat am cho cac em hau nhu kbdng cd Khi cac em phat am sai, cac thay cd lai khdng cd nbieu thdi gian de sfla cho cac em Ngay ea cac em da vao dai bgc, khdng phai luc nao, thay cd nao cung sfla am cho cac em Hon nfla, chinh cac em lai khdng cd gang tu sfla cho minh Tat ea nhflng dieu ehua lam dugc ay, theo chung tdi, can dugc xem xet ngbidm tuc va khae phue kip thdi Nhiem vu eua chung ta la dao tao nhflng giao vien, phien dich vien cd du kha nang, nhat la ve chuyen mdn, de boan nhiem vu eua hg sau 556 Tai lieu tham khao BLANCHET Alain et alii, 1987, Les techniques d'enquete en sciences soeiales: observer, interviewer, questionner, Dunod, Paris, 197 pages GIRARDET Jacky, SCHELLE-MERVELAY Joelle, TOUX Sylvie, 1986, II etait une petite grenouille, CLE International(8 livrres) GUIMBRETIERE Elisabeth, 1994, Phonetique et enseignement de I'oral, Didier/ Hatier, Paris, 95 pages(coll Didactique du francais) Nguyen Van Manh, Tran Trgng Cudng, 1997, lei au Vietnam 4', Hachette-Edicef Tran Hung et alii,1990, Tii'ng Phdp 10, Tii'ng Phdp 11, Tii'ng Phdp 12, Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi Trinb Cat va Nguyen Van Bich, Ngu dm tii'ng Phdp, Notes de cours, Universite nationale de Hanoi, 66 pages Truong Quang De et alii, 1993, 1994, 1995, Tiing Phap 6, Tii'ng Phdp 7, Tii'ng Phdp 8, Tii'ng Phdp 9, Tii'ng Phdp 10, Tii'ng Phdp 11, Tii'ng Phdp 12, Hacbette/ Didier, Paris et Nxb Giao due Ha Ndi 557 ... sau: 1- Ddi tugng eua ngfl am: ngdn ngfl va tie'ng ndi (langue et langage) 2-Ngfl am va giao due hge 3-Ngfl am va am bgc 4-Ngfl am va sinh ly bgc 5-He thd'ng nguyen am va phu am tie'ng Phap 6-Nhflng... vien phat am ehua dung mot sd am tie'ng Phap nen cung anh hudng de'n phat am eiia hge sinb Tinh hinh day ngCram b khoa Ngdn ngurva Van hoa Phap 3.1 d nam thu"nhat Sinb vien nam tbfl nha't eua khoa. .. ngdn ngfl eo ban 7- Phat am cac tfl rieng le va chudi Idi ndi (ortbophonie et ortboepie) 8Phat am am "E" 9- Cac phu am lap lai (consonnes geminees) 10Trgng am va ngfl dieu 1 1- Ndi van va luye'n