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LICH sir - VAN HOA A^ VE SO PHAN CUA NHO GIAO PGS.TS HO SI QUY Vien Thong tin KHXH N ho gido la mgt so' hiem hoi cdc hgc thuyet chinh tri - xd hgi co so'phan that dgc biet lich sd tii tiidng nhdn logi cdi nhieu dien dan vd diidng nhii dang CO xu hiidng tang len ciing vdi sif trdi day ciia "con sii td Trung Hoa" diicfng dgi Dgc biet d cho, trdi qua hdng nghin ndm, de'n nay, Nho gido vdn la mgt "hgc thuyet sdng"- cbn dang sdng, chd khong phdi chi diidc triCng bdy cdc "bdo tdng" nhiC khong it hgc thuyet khdc Tuy triCdng ton, nhiing so'phdn cda Nho gido lai "chdng he may mdn", ngiidc lai, vi the ciia Nho gido rdt thang trdm No thiidng bi ngifdi ddi vd cdc chinh the cdm quyen nhin nhgn khd phdc tgp Vd vay, uiec ddnh gid vai tro cda Nho gido cdc thdi dgi cdng luon dien theo nhdng khuon thiidc khdc nhau, vdi cdc thdi khdc biet nhau, vd thiCdng la dd'i lap Sang the ky XXI, Nho gido vdn gdy tranh cdi d sdc sdng vd tinh ldi hgi cua no Mdc dnh hicdng ciia vdn hoa Nho gido vd sdc thu hut ciia bdn thdn hgc thuyet Nho gido vdn phu thugc mgt cdch ddng nggi vdo nhdng quan diem the quyen Dieu ldm rdi them sii tranh Tdn tai hay khdng tdn tai? Vdi Nho giao, cau hdi dfldc dat each hdn 1000 nam, nam 213-212 TrCN Lflc dd, Nho giao phai chiu sfl dinh doat nghiet nga ve sfl sd'ng cdn ciia" minh chinh sach "Phdn thfl khanh Nho" eua nha Tdn Dfl cd nhflng nghien eflu van benh vflc hay bien minh cho ly it nhieu xac dang khien Tdn Thiiy Hoang "xud'ng tay", thi Nho giao cflng van phai ghi ten vao lieh sif nhfl mpt thfl triet hpc - cai tri cdn canh giac*" 48 I "Hpc thuyet an thit ngfldi" la ldi len an khdng the nang hdn ciia Ld Tan hdi ddu the ky XX dng danh thflc van hda Trung Hoa ve bd mat cua Nho giao*^' Luc dd, dfldi anh hfldng cua phong trao "Ngu Tfl", khdp Ddng A, Nho giao dfldc nhin nhan bang eon mat phe phan nghiem khdc nha't so sanh vdi van hda phfldng Tay Nhflng niu keo, NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009 Ve so phan cua Nho giao can trd cua Nho giao xa hdi hien dai dfldc phan tfch, phai ndi la, khd cd the sau sac hdn Nhflng tfldng Nho giao se vinh vien di vao lieh sii, nhflng khdng O Trung Qud'c dai luc, cd che menh lenh - hanh chfnh, Khdng tfl van tdn tai nhfl mdt thflc the chfnh tri den mflc bi dem phe phan cflng vdi Lam Bflu cud'i nhflng nam 60 (the ky XX) thdi "Cach mang van hda" Vdi sfl kien nay, mdt ldn nfla eac di san van tfl Nho giao lai bi mat mat Md Khdng tn d Khflc Phu cung suyt bi quat len''^' - '^• Nhflng d cae xa hpi Nho giao khac Dai Loan va Hdng Kdng, Han Qud'c va Singapore, Nho giao chang nhflng khdng mat di vi the cua minh nhflng thap nien cdng nghiep hda, ma ngflpc lai cdn dfldc danh gia la nhan td' van hda tfch cflc, gdp phdn lam nen nhflng cen hd mdi (NICs/NIEs)'^' d Ddng A Cac gia tri can cu, hieu hgc, cgng dong, trdch nhiem, gia dinh da dfldc nhieu hpc gia Deng va Tay Cdi la nhflng phdm chat td't dep ma cac nfldc NICs biet ke thfla va tri tfl truyen thd'ng van hda Nho giao Tfl day, xu hfldng danh gia tfch cflc, tham chf de cao Nho giao lai dfldc hdi phuc bdt ddu tfl cudi nhflng nam 80 (the kyXX) ;.,, ,.;,,„ ,:„; Vdi ngfldi Viet Nam, mac dfl anh hfldng eua Nho giao vdn cdn gay nhieu tranh cai, nhflng PGS Phan Ngpc cflng da cd mdt nhan xet dang chfl y: "Tam thflc la cai khdng cdn hpc cflng biet Viet kieu hdu nhfl khdng biet gi tdi Nho giao, ngoai mieng da kich Nho giao kich het, nhflng hp vdn vfldn len tfl nhflng dia vi NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009 thap kem nhat de trd nhflng ngfldi lam chu kmh te, khda hpc ky thuat chinh nhd truyen thd'ng ham hpc ma Khdng tfl de xfldng Sd' ngeai kieu d cae nfldc het sflc ddng dao, nhflng ngoai cac nfldc theo van hda nay, ehi thdy cd ngfldi Do Thai la sanh dfldc vdi hp ma thdi"'' Bflde sang the ky XXI, nen kinh te Trung Qud'c van gifl dfldc td'e dp tang trfldng cad va mdt ldn manh, d Trung Qud'c dai luc, viec de cae Khdng tfl va Nhd hpc ddt nhien trd thdi thflpng Cac hpc gia phfldng Tay nhan thay dfldng nhfl Trung Qud'c mud'n lap ddy nhflng thieu hut va nhflng kheang trdng ve y thflc he Cd nhflng nghien eflu cdn ndi rang Trung Qud'c cd y dd chuyen y thflc he tfl Marx sang Khdng"" O nfldc, Trung Qud'c chfl trfldng xay dflng met "xa hdi hai hda", ddy manh tuyen truyen, giang day va quang ba cac trfldc tac va an phdm binh luan ve Khdng tfl ; van hda tieu dflng cflng dua lam dung nhflng bieu tfldng Nhd giad nfldc ngoai, Trung Qud'c xfle tien xay dflng cac "Hpc vien Khdng tfl" Hpc vien kieu dflpc xay dflng ddu tien tai Seoul vao nam 2004 Den nay, da cd hdn 80 tru sd xuat hien va hoat ddng d gdn 40 qudc gia Tai Viet Nam, thang 42009, Thu tfldng Chfnh phu cflng da cd chfl trfldng cho phep thf diem lap met Hpc vien Khdng tfl tai Viet Nam Nhfl vay, thdng qua sd' phan khdng gian ddn cua minh lich sfl, Nho giao vdi tinh each la mdt hpc thuyet 49 HO SI QUY chfnh tri - xa hdi va ddng thdi la mdt kieu van hda eho sfl phat trien, tfl nd dang dat nhflng eau hdi dd'i vdi cac nha nghien eflu va cac nha hoat ddng chinh tri - xa hdi: - Phai chang eac gia tri Nho giao khdng den ndi tieu ciic va han che nhfl nhflng gi ma Ld Tan va phong trao "Ngfl Tfl" da tflng phe phan? Hoac phai chang khac vdi cac the ky da qua, Nho giao da cd dieu kien hdn de trd met hpc thuyet ed vi the tfch cflc hdn, vdi vai trd nhan van hdn? - Lieu Nhd giad ed the bfl dap dflpc nhflng thie'u hut ddi sd'ng tinh thdn xa hpi, dac biet nhflng thieu hut ve tfl tfldng, ma Trung Qud'c va dd da tflng ky vpng nhflng rdi lai ft nhieu that vpng d cac tdn giao, luan thuyet, gia tri cua t h e k y XX? - Vdi sfl trdi day cua da't nfldc Trung Qudc, phai chang Nho giao se trd bd mat tinh thdn cua Trung Hoa hien dai? Viec nha nfldc Trung Qud'c chfl trpng hdn den Nho giao cd lam cho Nho giao phat trien hdn? Cdng bang ma ndi nhflng cau hdi khdng ham chfla nhieu y tfldng dd'i vdi ngfldi ben ngoai, nhflng hinh nhfl lai la ndi day dflt thfldng nhat ciia gidi ly luan Trung Qud'c Chang han, Giao sfl Canh Hai Phong, Dai hpc Tham Quyen, than phien rdng, d Trung Qud'c Nho giao thfldng bi coi la tieu cUc, ldi thdi nhieu ldm cflng chi cd chut ft "y nghia tien bd" Cach nhin dd da lam cho "dao dflc Nho gia" mat cua xa hdi "ngay cang trd nen nhdt 50 nhat" va "xa la vdi ddi sd'ng thflc te^' Nguyen nhan cua tinh hinh, theo GS Canh Hai Phong, la anh hfldng cua Hd Thfch va Phflng Hflu Lan, nhflng ngfldi da xay dflng bp mdn "triet hpc Trung Qud'c" theo tieu chuan cua triet hpc phfldng Tay den mflc "cui minh theo ngfldi" Khi biet Nho giao dflpc danh gia cao d cac nfldc NICs chau A, GS Canh hai Phong cho biet, luc dd ngfldi Trung Qud'c dai luc mdi giat minh: "Tai hp khdng "loai" truyen thd'ng ngoai cupc, ma lai dfla vao dd de xay dflng hien dai hoa? Tai dao dflc Nho gia ma chiing ta coi nhfl gie rach lai trd ddng lflc thflc day sfl hai hoa xa hdi va ddi mdi van hoa, chfl khdng phai la chfldng ngai va ganh nang dd'i vdi sfl phat trien ciia cac khu vflc dd'"'' Hay chang han, Trdn Phong Lam cho rang: "Trfldc sfl tha hda va ldn xdn cua quan niem gia tri toan cdu, quan niem gia tri Ddng A cdn dam dfldng trach nhiem nang ne cua thdi dai la vflc day sfl bang hoai ciia tinh than loai ngfldi Nhan dan Ddng A chiem khoang mdt phdn ba nhan loai da tao cho loai ngfldi nhflng di san vd cflng quy gia mpi linh vflc, lam cho tfldng lai loai ngfldi tran ddy hy vpng Ddng A nhat dinh se bflde vao hang ngfl nhflng ngfldi quyet dinh sd phan chung cua loai ngfldi Neu thdi ky tdi day, van hda phfldng Tay khong tao dfldc mdt eudc Phuc hflng van nghe mdi thi hoan toan cd the se xuat hien mdt the ky mdi dd van hda phfldng Ddng se thd'ng linh trao Iflu van hda the gidi"'*" NGHIEN CUfU TRUNG Q\i6c so 8(96) - 2009 Ve so phan cua Nho giao De t h a y la, sfl p h u c sinh ldn n a y ciia Nho giao cd ly k i n h te - xa hdi chinh tri ciia nd Nhflng theo chflng tdi, ca mpi ly deu h a m chfla nguyen n h a n k h a c h q u a n , t a t yeu ben trong, thi dd'i vdi ngfldi nghien eflu, cai gi dang phuc sinh cflng can p h a i dfldc n h a n dang cho ro- Trong thflc te, cai thflc sfl phuc sinh t r o n g bd'i c a n h k i n h te thi thfldng, toan cdu hda va sfl ddi t h a y n h a n h chdng cua T r u n g Qud'c ed phai la Nho gido? H a y vdn hoa Nho gido? Hay chi la nhflng hien tUcfng vdn hoa - xd ,'i6i cd mdu sdc Nho gido? Xin dfldc Iflu y rang, d cac xa hdi cd truyen thd'ng Nho giao, tfl r a t sdm, gifla Nho giao va v a n hda Nho giao, van cd mpt k h o a n g each r a t ldn Hien tfldng khdng chi dien d Viet N a m , H a n Qud'c hay d N h a t Bdn - nhflng nfldc ma Nhe giao chi la thfl van hda ngeai sinh ma cd d T r u n g Qud'c, gifla ddng ddo nhflng ngfldi theo van hda Nho gia, chi cd rat ft ngfldi thflc sfl la n h a N h e hay am hieu Nho hpc Trong xa hdi nay, k h o a n g each di n h i e n la mdt rdng hdn: Ngfldi ta van cd the dfldc coi la m a n g v a n hda Nho giao, dfl chi vdi nhflng m a n h vun vd tfl tfldng, nhflng tin dieu chdp va ve dao dflc, nhflng chi ddn phi he thd'ng ve nhdn, nghia, le, tri, tin , lai chdng may hieu biet ve Nho hpc Day la dicu r a t cd y nghia cdn phdi xem xet vi the cua Nho giao sfl p h a t trien d t h e ky XXI Trong mdt tai lieu cdng bd n a m 2005, chflng tdi da khdo sat nhflng nghien eflu cua hpc gia tieu bieu'^' va ngoai nfldc ve gia tri Nho giao NGHIEN ClJfU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009 Khi p h a n loai gia tri theo tieu chf dugc nhieu ngiCdi ddnh gid Id co thd hgng cao bdng xe'p hgng gid tri, cac gia tri Nho giao h a n g ddu d cac nfldc c h a u A dflde hpc gia n a y ghi n h a n la: 1/ Hieu hpc, de cao giao due; 2/ Can cfl, yeu lao dpng; 3/ T r a c h n h i e m cdng ddng; va 4/ Tdn trpng gia dinh, huyet tdc (xin khdng p h a n tfch t h e m ve nhflng gia tri nay) O day, chflng tdi chi mud'n bd s u n g rang, ve can ban, nhflng gia tri thudc van hda Nho giao hdn la thudc ve ban t h a n Nho giao Tuy nhien, van hda Nho giad cflng la mpt the gidi da dang vdi nhieu hien tUdng thudc nhflng t r i n h dp sau ndng khac n h a u p h d n a n h ban chat cfla Nho giao Neu h o a t ddng chfnh cfla met sd' Hpc vien Khdng tfl chi la day tieng Hea va td chflc cac tour du lich thi cai dfldc gpi la "van hda Nho giao" d day mdi chi la san p h a m thfl cap cfla van hda Nhd giad, cdn each r a t xa b a n t h a n N h e giad Viec sdn xuat bd phim nhfla "Khdng Tfl" hai tap dang dfldc quay tai Ha Bde vdi chi phi len tdi 22 trieu USD lai la met sdn p h d m thfl cap khac cua "van hda Nho giao", cflng chfla chac da dat tdi "trinh dp Nho giao" cao hdn T r e n thflc te', p h d n ldn nhflng san p h a m van hda Nho giao d a n g phd bien t r a n lan thi trfldng thdi toan cdu hda mdi chi la cac sdn phdm cua van hda tieu dflng, p h d n k h d n g can ban phdn thfl you, p h d n cd the du n h a p va cap n h a t dflpc mflc dp sau sac hdn, sfl t h a m n h a p cfla hpc t h u y e t Nho giao cdn phdi b a n g sfl linh hdi chiem nghiem va thflc h a n h cac gia tri lam ngfldi ben 51 HO SI QUY c a n h sfl am tfldng (d mflc dp n h a t dinh) vi t h e cua m i n h mdt each tfl n h i e n cac trfldc tac k i n h dien K h d n g M a n h ddi sd'ng Chflng la s a n p h a m eua bdn Nhfl vay, vdi tfnh each la tdng hda theo l a n g le t r o n g ddi sd'ng Va dd vay, mdi la cai cdn, chflng se p h a t h u y t a c d u n g theo cac gia tri sdng, vdn hda ldm ngiidi nhdn sinh quan Nho gido t h a n ddi sd'ng, dflpc bao tdn va tri p h d n a n h sau sdc b a n c h a t cua Nho giao quy l u a t t a t n h i e n ciia ddi sd'ng Dl nhien t r o n g thiie te, k h d n g m a y hpc Sd' p h a n cua N h o giao t r o n g t h e ky t h u y e t d a t tdi t r i n h dp t h a m n h a p s a u XXI, ve can b a n , ddi sd'ng xa hdi quy sdc nhfl the N g a y nay, nhflng bfle thfl dinh./ phap ve Nhdn, Nghia, Le, Tri, Tin, !\J nhflng q u a n a n h i e u Sdn Ddng, nhflng van mieu kieu Nho giao x u a t h i e n n g a y cang n h i e u ca d t r o n g va ngoai T r u n g Qud'c Nhflng v a n h d a l a m ngfldi kieu Nho giao v a n k h a xa la vdi t h a n h n i e n phfldng Tay, t h a m chf cflng k h d n g k e m phdn xa la vdi ea t h a n h nien T r u n g Qudc va Viet N a m t h e h e 8X, 9X III KET LUAN T r u n g Qud'c n g a y nay, ddi sd'ng t i n h thdn xa hdi d a n g cd n h u cdu ve mdt hpc t h u y e t du s a u sac, cd ngudn gd'e b a n dia, phfl hpp hdn vdi t i n h t h d n trdi day eua van m i n h T r u n g H o a de t h a y the, lap chd thieu h u t hoae lam cdng cu gidi quyet nhflng v a n de thupc k h u vflc tfl tfldng - t i n h t h d n Nhflng n e u dd la ly chfnh dang, thi chfnh d a n g den m a y cflng vdn chfla p h a i la n g u y e n n h a n k h a c h q u a n de Nho giao phuc sinh, tiep tuc p h a t t r i e n va p h a t h u y tac d u n g nhfl la mdt n h a n t d b e n cua sfl p h a t trien cae xa hdi A Ddng the ky Cflng nhfl nhflng t h a p nien trfldc d Dai Loan, H a n Qudc, Singapore h a y Hdng Kdng, Nho giao va v a n hda Nho giao h i e n vdn gifl vai trd va 52 CHU THICH: (1) "Do't sach chon Nho" Xem them: Dot sdch chdn Nho - tgi ddu phdi d Tdn Thuy Hodng Hy Van dich tfl China.com http: 11 www vietimes vietnamnet vn/vn/ nhi etkevanhoa 154581 index, viet (2) "Lich sfl khong de nien dai, co dieu trang nao cung e6 may chfl "nhan nghia dao dflc" viet lung tung tf met Tran troc khong ngu dUde, danh cam doe ky mai den khuya mdi thay tfl dau ehi euoi, d gifla cae hang, la ba chfl an thit ngUdi" Lo Tan Nhdt ky ngUdi dien http:/ /www.wattpad.com/ 74187-Nh-J-k-ng-i-i-n-L-T-n (3) Xem them: Ham Chau Suy tU d Khdc Phu http:11www.vietbao.vn I van-hoa Isuytu-o-khuc-phu/40120418/181/ (4) NICs - goi ddy du la "Cac nUdc eong nghiep hda mdi" (Newly Industrialized Countries) NIEs - "Cae nen kinh te cong nghiep hoa mdi" (Newly Industrialized Economies).// Xem them: Ho Si Quy Rdng, hd Ddng A vd nhUng bdi hgc ve nhdn td vdn hda vd ngUdi T/e Nghien cUu Trung Qudc So 3/2009 (5) Phan Ngoe Khdng hgc, quan he ciia nd vdi thdi dgi mdi Sach "Mgt so' vdn de ve vdn hda vd phdt trien d Viet Nam, Ldo vd Campuchia" Nxb.KHXH Ha Noi, 1999 tr.149-150 NGHIEN CU'U TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009 Ve so phan cua Nho giao (6) Daniel A Bell From Marx to Confucius: Changing Discourses on China's Political Future Dissent Spring 2007 // James Reynolds Trung Hoa cdng sdn tim lai dgo Khdng BBC 23/3/2009 _Nguyln Hai Hoanh Ve trao lUu phuc hdi Nho gido d Trung Qudc Eastern Culture 2/12/2007 // Nguyen Hai Hien tUOng Vu Dan vd ccfn sdt Qud'c hgc Eastern Culture 11/7/2007 http://dongtac.net/spip.php7article813 (7) Xem: Jing Haifeng Lai suy nghi ve dgo dUc Nho gia bdi cdnh todn cdu hda Trong sach: "NhUng van de mui nhgn nghien cUu triet hgc dUOng dgi Nxb.KHXH Ha Noi, 2008 tr.70, 71-79, BU (8) Xem: Chen Fenglin Guanyu Dongya Jiazhiguan de jidian sikao "Waiguo wenti yanjiu" 1998n., d.4q., d.47-50y (9) Mahathir Mohamad, Davis Hitchcock, Tommy Koh, Francis Fukuyama, Dan Waters, Richard Robison, Chen Fenglin, Phan Ngoc Xem: Ho Si Quy Ve gid tri vd gid tri chdu A The Value and Asian Values Nxb.CTQG Ha Noi, 2005, tai ban 2006 tr.120-172 , , TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bell, Daniel A From Marx to Confucius: Changing Discourses on China's Political Future Dissent Spring 2007 Chang, Gordon Years of Reform Do Hu Xiaoping's wisdom? December 16, 17, 18, 19 G China After 30 and Wen have Deng (Forbes magazine - 2008) Ham Chau Suy tU d Khuc Phu http://www.vietbao.vn/van-hoa/suy-tu-okhuc-phu/40120418/181/ Chen, Fenglin Guanyu Dongya Jiazhiguan de jidian sikao "Waiguo wenti yanjiu" 1998n., d.4q., d.47-50y Tran Van Doan Khung hodng cdc gid tri Nho gido T/c Nghien eflu Con ngUdi So 2/2003 NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 8(96) - 2009 Dot sdch chdn Nho - tdi ddu phdi d Tdn Thuy Hodng Hy Van dich tfl China.com.http:/ / www vietimes vietnamnet vn/vn/ nhietkevanhoa / 5458 /index, viet Jing, Haifeng Lai suy nghl ve dgo dUc Nho gia bdi cdnli todn cdu hda Trong sach: "NhUng udn de mdi nhgn nghien cUu triet hgc dUOng dgi" Nxb.KHXH Ha Noi, 2008 Nguyen Hai Hien tUOng Vu Dan ud cdn sdt Qudc /ipc Eastern Culture 11/7/2007 http:/ /dongtac.net/spip.php?article813 Nguyen Hai Hoanh Ve trao lUu phuc hoi Nho giao d Trung Quo'c Eastern Culture 2/12/2007 10 Phan Ngoc Khdng hgc, quan he cua nd vdi thdi dgi mdi Sach "Mgt so'vdn de ve vdn hda ud phdt trien d Viet Nam, Ldo vd Campuchia" Nxb.KHXH Ha Noi, 1999 • 11 Pel, Minxin & Jonathan Anderson The Color of China (National Interest, March/Apnl 2009) 12 Pei, Minxin The dark side of China's rise (Foreign Policy, March/April 2006) WWW carnegieendowmenl org/ 13 The dark side of China's {Foreign Policy, March/April 2006) rise 14 Ho Si Quy Ve gid tri vd gid tri chdu A The Value and Asian Values Nxb CTQG Ha Noi, 2005, tai ban 2006 15 Ho Si Quy Rdng, hd Ddng A vd nhUng bdi hgc ve nhdn to' vdn hda vd ngiidi T/c Nghien cUu Trung Qudc So' 3/2009 16 Lo Tan Nhgt ky ngiidi http://www.wattpad.com/74187-Nh-t-k-ngi-i-n-L-T-n dien 17 James Reynolds Trung Hoa cgng sdn tim Igi dgo Khdng BBC 23/3/2009 http:/ /www.bbc.co.uk/Vietnamese/world/2 009 /OS/ 090323 _china_confucianism shtml 18 James Reynolds Trung Hoa cgng sdn tim lai dgo Khdng BBC 23/3/2009 53 ... la Nho gido? H a y vdn hoa Nho gido? Hay chi la nhflng hien tUcfng vdn hoa - xd ,'i6i cd mdu sdc Nho gido? Xin dfldc Iflu y rang, d cac xa hdi cd truyen thd'ng Nho giao, tfl r a t sdm, gifla Nho. .. n Qudc, Singapore h a y Hdng Kdng, Nho giao va v a n hda Nho giao h i e n vdn gifl vai trd va 52 CHU THICH: (1) "Do't sach chon Nho" Xem them: Dot sdch chdn Nho - tgi ddu phdi d Tdn Thuy Hodng... da't nfldc Trung Qudc, phai chang Nho giao se trd bd mat tinh thdn cua Trung Hoa hien dai? Viec nha nfldc Trung Qud'c chfl trpng hdn den Nho giao cd lam cho Nho giao phat trien hdn? Cdng bang
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