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Hội sử dụng phần mềm CAD/CAM/CAE-CNC HaUI Sư Phạm Kỹ Thuật Hưng Yên Khoa Cơ Khí 1 GIÁO TRÌNH MASTERCAM Hội sử dụng phần mềm CAD/CAM/CAE-CNC HaUI Sư Phạm Kỹ Thuật Hưng Yên Khoa Cơ Khí 2 Mục Lục Phần I: 4 CƠ SỞ VẼ VÀ THIẾT KẾ TRÊN MASTERCAM 4 1- Sử dụng thanh công cụ autoCursor. . 4 2- Sử dụng phím nóng. . 4 3- Công cụ lựa chọn đối tượng . 5 4- Thanh công cụ lệnh thiết đặt thuộc tính. 6 5- Thiết đặt cao độ Z. . 7 6- Làm việc với chế độ 2D và 3D. . 8 7- Thiết đặt các mặt phẳng (mặt phẳng vẽ/mặt phẳng NC) , các khung nhìn quan sát và các hệ tọa độ . 8 Phần II: THIẾT KẾ 9 I. Các lệnh vẽ 2D. 9 1- Tạo điểm. . 9 2- Lệnh Line. 9 3- Tạo cung tròn và đường tròn 10 II. Các lệnh tạo bề mặt. . 12 1. Lệnh phóng (tạo bề mặt Ruled hoặc lofted) 12 2. Lệnh revolved. 12 3. Tạo các bề mặt swept. 13 4. Tạo bề mặt Net. 13 5. Tạo bề mặt Fence. . 14 6. Lệnh vê mép bề mặt. 14 7. Lệnh cắt xén bề mặt. 15 8. Tạo bề mặt từ một biên dạng phẳng kín . 16 9. Vá lỗ bề mặt. 16 10. Loại bỏ các lỗ đã đục trên bề mặt. 17 11. Cắt xén bề mặt. 17 12. Tạo bề mặt Blend. 17 13. Tạo góc vê blend giữa 3 mặt. 18 III. Làm việc với các lệnh tạo khối. . 19 1- Lệnh đùn khối - Extrude. . 19 2- Lệnh tạo khối tròn xoay – Revolve. 20 3- Lệnh tạo khối theo đường dẫn – Sweep. . 20 4- Lệnh tạo khối theo các biên dạng khác nhau – Loft. . 21 5- Lệnh về tròn góc - Fillet: 21 6- Lệnh vát góc - Chamfer. 22 7- Lệnh tạo chi tiết dạng vỏ - Solid Shell. 22 Hội sử dụng phần mềm CAD/CAM/CAE-CNC HaUI Sư Phạm Kỹ Thuật Hưng Yên Khoa Cơ Khí 3 8- Lệnh cắt khối - Solid trim. . 23 9- Lệnh tạo mặt nghiêng khối - Draft solid faces. 23 10- Các lệnh logíc về cộng, trừ, hòa khối. . 24 11- Lệnh Solid layout. 24 12- Làm việc với menu quản lý khối: 26 IV. Biên tập vẽ: 27 13- Biên tập các kích thước. . 27 14- Làm việc với lớp: Two and a Bud 59(2):56-63, 2012 RESEARCH PAPER Modelling and quantifying tea productivity in Northeast India *Rishiraj Dutta I, t A (Alfred) Stein, HE.M.A (Eric) Smaling, :j:Rajiv Mohan Bhagat and :j:Mridul Hazarika * Alumni, Faculty of lTC, University ofTwente, The Netherlands tFaculty of lTC, University ofTwente, The Netherlands HRoyal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands :~Tea Research Association, Jorhat - 785008, Assam, India ABSTRACT In India, the tea industry plays a leading role as a foreign exchange earner and a source oflivelihood to over a million people Therefore maintaining the productivity and quality oftea is a national concern Well-managed tea plantations can remain in production for up to 100 years However, it has been observed that the peak production period occurs between 20 and 40 years To gain a better understanding of some of the factors affecting tea agro-ecosystems in India and to suggest improvements, this study was carried out using data from several tea estates in Northeast India By integrating G x Ex M factors, and yield simulation through CUPPA Tea model, the study tried to identify different factors affecting tea yield and its causes for decline Such methods provide the means for the future monitoring of tea plantations Further, the CUPPA tea model was parameterized to better represent G, E and M conditions in Northeast India This allowed observed and predicted yields ofmixed tea to match reasonably well, showing that it was worth further developing CUPPA Tea forthe Indian situation The model was most sensitive to photoperiod and changes in optimum temperature for shoot growth and extension However, further calibrations and validations require a sharp genotype focus and future simulations should be done based on individual cultivars The study further showed that strategic decisions should be given careful considerations at the estate, section and plant levels and that plantation managers should be given adequate knowledge to handle such technologies efficiently to improve the productivity from their land and to optimize plantation input costs Such issues would then go a long way to arrive at a complete revival ofthe tea sector in Northeast India INTRODUCTION Tea production can be studied by understanding the effects of (i) Genotype (G), (ii) Environment (E), and (iii) Management (M) factors Kropff and Stru ik (2003) identi fied two major approaches to study G ??E ??M interactions, i.e., the use of traditional statistical approaches for analyzing large datasets of multi-Iocational trials, and the use of simulation approaches to study the performance of different genotypes with different physiological, morphological, and phenological traits in response to environmental and management factors Kamau (2008) observed that significant differences in the mean tea yield in Kenya were mainly due to differences in management practices, use of tea genotypes, and age of the plantations Research in Kenya revealed that tea production was influenced by seasonal weather conditions (E) in both clonal and seedling plantations (Othieno et aI., 1992; Kamau et aI., 2003) Tea favors low pH soils (Othieno, 1992) Tea research in Kenya took place on soils with pI! ranging Tea is indigenous to India and is an important beverage Average tea production in India has increased from 850 million kg during the years 2000 - 2003 to 980 million kg between 2004 and 2007, covering an area of523,000 (Tea Statistics Annual Report, 2007a) Domestic consumption of tea in India was 802 million kg with a per capita consumption of 70 I g head-l in 2008 (Tea Statistics, Tea Board ofIndia, 2008) The region-wise average yield of tea in India in 2008 was 1597 kg ha-I for North India and 2062 kg ha-I for South India Tea industry in India also employs a large labour force with Tea Board of India statistics showing an estimated number of 1.3 million labourers employed during 2007 There are numerous tea estates in Northeast India which are owned by either the private companies or by government entities Tea estates in India generally range in size from 100 to 500 I Corresponding author' dutla 13191@itc.nl 56 MATERIALS AND METHODS between 3.5 and 4.7, which was below pH values in natural forest soils (Kamau, 2008) Tea grown on soils generally seem to have a high organic matter and nutrient content as compared to other soils (Solomon et af., 2002; Hartemink, 2003; Tchienkoua and Zech, 2004; De Costa et af., 2005) Study area In Northeastern India, tea occurs in three major regions: Assam (Upper Assam and South Bank), Terai and Dooars As concerns management (M), Kamau (2008) found that nitrogen (N) has a positive effect on tea production, but related to plant age and genotype N fertilizers applications in tea plantations results in improved productivity per unit area under good management in commercial tea plantations with the rates ranging from 100 kg N ha-1 yr-1 in India and Kenya (Bonheure and Willson, 1992) to 1200 kg N ...KRONE facts How VoIP & Active Managed Networks Increase Productivity and Save You Money The Way to the Future! 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A converged VoIP - data Trade Reforms and Crisis in India Trade Reforms and Crisis in India ’ ’ s s Plantation Agriculture: Plantation Agriculture: Reflections on Tea and Rubber Plantation Sectors Reflections on Tea and Rubber Plantation Sectors P K Viswanathan, Amita Shah P K Viswanathan, Amita Shah Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Gujarat Institute of Development Research, Ahmedabad, India Ahmedabad, India Outline Outline ¾ ¾ Context of the study Context of the study ¾ ¾ Objectives, data and methods Objectives, data and methods ¾ ¾ Growth in plantation sectors: India Growth in plantation sectors: India vs vs major countries major countries ¾ ¾ Trade reforms and impacts on two plantation sectors Trade reforms and impacts on two plantation sectors ¾ ¾ Policy perspectives: revamping plantation sectors Policy perspectives: revamping plantation sectors ¾ ¾ In the backdrop of the In the backdrop of the ‘ ‘ crisis crisis ’ ’ affecting India affecting India ’ ’ s plantation sector in recent s plantation sector in recent years years ¾ ¾ Triggering factors of the Triggering factors of the ‘ ‘ crisis crisis ’ ’ – – both exogenous and endogenous both exogenous and endogenous ¾ ¾ Exogenous: Asian financial crisis, casualties of the changing ex Exogenous: Asian financial crisis, casualties of the changing ex ternal trade ternal trade regimes in the post regimes in the post - - WTO scenario: removal of trade barriers enabling easy WTO scenario: removal of trade barriers enabling easy market access through NAMA (level playing field with windows of market access through NAMA (level playing field with windows of opportunities opportunities … … for whom? ) for whom? ) ¾ ¾ Endogenous: Endogenous: ‘ ‘ crisis crisis ’ ’ opens up an array of issues, challenges and internal opens up an array of issues, challenges and internal contradictions in the sectors contradictions in the sectors … … needing thorough revamping and needing thorough revamping and interventions interventions ¾ ¾ Little empirical evidence as Little empirical evidence as ‘ ‘ how the crisis spread far and wide and with what how the crisis spread far and wide and with what micro level implications on the plantation sector and its sustai micro level implications on the plantation sector and its sustai nable future nable future ’ ’ I. The study I. The study I. Backdrop I. Backdrop ¾ India’s plantation sector, viz. tea, coffee, natural rubber, cashew and spices, though is insignificant in the country’s agri. trade (<5%), has pivotal role in the regional contexts: coffee, rubber & spices concentration in the South; tea concentrated in the North, NE and Southern regions ¾ Turmoil in the plantation sector means collapse of the regional economies… ¾ Loss of profitability/ viability to the corporate/ private sector plantation entities…affecting future investments and sustainability… ¾ Questions on survival of the smallholder producers and plantation labour communities…. affecting livelihoods of small producers (rubber & tea) and plantation dependent workforce (tea and rubber) and households ¾ Collapse in the growth dynamism evinced by the plantation sectors since the colonial times… I. Backdrop (contd ) I. Backdrop (contd ) ¾ ¾ Plantation production system emerged under colonial patronage (E Plantation production LBNL-41843 India’s Pulp and Paper Industry: Productivity and Energy Efficiency Katja Schumacher and Jayant Sathaye Environmental Energy Technologies Division July 1999 This work was supported by the Environmental Science Division, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER), Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. ERNEST ORLANDO LAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY Disclaimer This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. While this document is believed to contain correct information, neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor The Regents of the University of California, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by its trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof, or The Regents of the University of California. Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is an equal opportunity employer. LBNL-41843 India’s Pulp and Paper Industry: Productivity and Energy Efficiency Katja Schumacher * and Jayant Sathaye Energy Analysis Program Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 * Fax: (510) 486-6996, Email: KBSchumacher@lbl.gov July 1999 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Joyashree Roy, Ernst Worrell, Puran Mongia, and Marta Khrushch for their valuable assistance and comments on previous drafts of this paper. This work was supported by the Environmental Science Division, Office of Biological and Environmental Research (OBER), Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098. iii Abstract Historical estimates of productivity growth in India’s pulp and paper sector vary from indicating an improvement to a decline in the sector’s productivity. The variance may be traced to the time period of study, source of data for analysis, and type of indices and econometric specifications used for reporting productivity growth. We derive both statistical and econometric estimates of productivity growth for this sector. Our results show that productivity declined over the observed period from 1973-74 to 1993-94 by 1.1% p.a. Using a translog specification the econometric analysis reveals that technical progress in India’s pulp and paper sector has been biased towards the use of energy and material, while it has been capital and labor saving. The decline in productivity was caused largely by the protection afforded by high tariffs on imported paper products and other policies, which allowed inefficient, small plants to enter the market and flourish. Will these trends continue into the future, particularly where energy use is concerned? We examine the current changes in structure and energy efficiency undergoing in the sector. Our analysis shows that with liberalization of the sector, and tighter environmental controls, the industry is moving towards higher efficiency and productivity. However, the analysis also shows as these Unit 29. -ing and -ed + Clauses Xét ví dụ sau: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Cảm thấy mệt, tôi đi ngủ sớm.) Trong câu này: I went to bed early là mệnh đề chính (main clause) Feeling tired là -ing clause. Chúng ta dùng -ing clause trong các trường hợp như sau: Khi nói đến hai điều xảy ra đồng thời chúng ta có thể dùng -ing cho một trong hai động từ diễn tả hai hành động đó. Ví dụ: She was sitting in a chair reading a book. (Cô ta đang ngồi trên ghế đọc sách.) I ran out of the house shouting. (Tôi chạy ra khỏi nhà hét lên.) Chúng ta cũng có thể dùng -ing clause khi một hành động xảy ra trong suốt một hành động khác. Dùng -ing cho hành động dài hơn. Trong trường hợp này -ing đã thay thế cho từ nối while (trong khi) hoặc when (khi). Ví dụ: Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (= while he was playing tennis) (Jim đau tay khi chơi tennis) I cut myself shaving. (= while I was shaving) (Tôi cắt phải mình khi đang cạo râu.) Cũng có thể dùng -ing khi có mặt while hoặc when. Ví dụ: Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. Be careful when crossing the road. (Hãy cẩn thận lúc băng qua đường) Khi một hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác ta có thể dùng having + past participle cho hành động xảy ra trước. Ví dụ: Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner. (Đã tìm thấy một khách sạn, họ tìm chỗ để ăn tối) Having finished our work, we went home. (Đã làm xong công việc, chúng tôi về nhà) Cũng có thể dùng after (sau khi) với -ing trong trường hợp này. Ví dụ: After finishing our work, we went home. (Sau khi làm xong việc, chúng tôi về nhà.) Nếu hành động sau xảy ra tức thì ngay sau hành động đầu có thể dùng đơn giản mệnh đề -ing không nhất thiết phải dùng having. Ví dụ: Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. (Lấy chìa khóa ra khỏi túi, anh ta mở cửa.) Cấu trúc này thường được dùng nhất là trong văn viết tiếng Anh. -ing clause còn được dùng để giải thích thêm một điều gì cho mệnh đề chính. Ví dụ: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired.) (Cảm thấy mệt, tôi đi ngủ sớm.) (= bởi vì tôi thấy mệt) Having already seen the film twice, I don’t want to go to the cinema (Đã xem bộ phim hai lần rồi tôi không muốn đi xem phim.) Cấu trúc này thường dùng trong văn viết hơn là văn nói. -ing clause còn được dùng với tính cách như một mệnh đề quan hệ trong câu. Ví dụ: Do you know the girl talking to Tom? (Anh có biết cô gái đang nói chuyện với Tom không?) Chúng ta dùng -ing clause như thế này trong trường hợp nói ai đang làm gì (is doing or was doing) trong một thời điểm riêng biệt. Xem kỹ các ví dụ sau: I was woken by a bell ringing. (Tôi bị đánh thức bởi một tiếng chuông reo.) Who was that man standing outside? (Gã đàn ông đang đứng ở ngoài đó là ai vậy?) Can you hear someone singing? (Anh có nghe ai đang hát không?) Như vậy -ing clause chỉ đóng vai trò mệnh đề quan hệ khi mệnh đề này chỉ một hành động đang tiếp diễn. Khi nói đến đồ vật, chúng ta cũng có thể dùng -ing clause cho các đặc điểm nổi bật của nó, điều mà lúc nào cũng vậy chứ không phải trong một thời điểm riêng biệt nào đó. Trong trường hợp này không nên dịch là đang… Ví dụ: The road joining the two villages is very narrow. (Con đường nối hai làng rất hẹp.) I live in a room overlooking the garden. (Tôi sống trong một căn phòng trông xuống vườn.) -ED CLAUSES -ed clause cũng dùng như -ing clause nhưng nó có nghĩa passive (bị động). Động từ dùng trong mệnh đề này là ở dạng Past Participle. Ví dụ: The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (Người đàn ông bị thương trong tai nạn được đưa tới bệnh viện.) None of the people invited to the party can come. (Không có ai được mời dự tiệc đến được cả.) The money stolen in that day was never found. (Số tiền bị mất trong ngày hôm đó ... between tea yield and G, E, M parameters as well as the use of a tea production model Neither ongoing field studies on tea growth and production nor simulation models describing tea growth and production... P.O.(1992) Tea aroma In K.C Willson and M.N Clifford (Eds.) Tea: Cultivation to consumption Chapman and Hall, London: 603-47 62 Seurei, P (1996) Tea improvement in Kenya: A review Tea, 17:76-81 Tea. .. Ethiopian highlands Geoderma, 105:21-48 Tea Statistics Annual Report: Production of tea in India (2007b) Tea Board ofIndia, Calcutta Tea Statistics: Production oftea in India (2008) Tea Soard ofIndia,