CHAPTER 38 Pesticide Residues in Food and Cancer Risk: A Critical Analysis Lois Swirsky Gold, Thomas H. Slone, Bruce N. Ames University of California, Berkeley Neela B. Manley Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 38.1 INTRODUCTION Possible cancer hazards from pesticide residues in food have been much discussed and hotly debated in the scientific lit- erature, the popular press, the political arena, and the courts. Consumer opinion surveys indicate that much of the U.S. pub- lic believes that pesticide residues in food are a serious cancer hazard (Opinion Research Corporation, 1990). In contrast, epi- demiologic studies indicate that the major preventable risk factors for cancer are smoking, dietary imbalances, endogenous hormones, and inflammation (e.g., from chronic infections). Other important factors include intense sun exposure, lack of physical activity, and excess alcohol consumption (Ames et al., 1995). The types of cancer deaths that have decreased since 1950 are primarily stomach, cervical, uterine, and colorectal. Overall cancer death rates in the United States (excluding lung cancer) have declined 19% since 1950 (Ries et al., 2000). The types that have increased are primarily lung cancer [87% is due to smoking, as are 31% of all cancer deaths in the United States (American Cancer Society, 2000)], melanoma (probably due to sunburns), and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. If lung cancer is in- cluded, mortality rates have increased over time, but recently have declined (Ries et al., 2000). Thus, epidemiological studies do not support the idea that synthetic pesticide residues are important for human cancer. Al- though some epidemiologic studies find an association between cancer and low levels of some industrial pollutants, the stud- ies often have weak or inconsistent results, rely on ecological correlations or indirect exposure assessments, use small sam- ple sizes, and do not control for confounding factors such as composition of the diet, which is a potentially important con- founding factor. Outside the workplace, the levels of exposure to synthetic pollutants or pesticide residues are low and rarely seem toxicologically plausible as a causal factor when com- pared to the wide variety of naturally occurring chemicals to which all people are exposed (Ames et al., 1987, 1990a; Gold et al., 1992). Whereas public perceptions tend to identify chem- icals as being only synthetic and only synthetic chemicals as being toxic, every natural chemical is also toxic at some dose, and the vast proportion of chemicals to which humans are ex- posed are naturally occurring (see Section 38.2). There is, however, a paradox in the public concern about possible cancer hazards from pesticide residues in food and the lack of public understanding of the substantial evidence indi- cating that high consumption of the foods that contain pesticide residues—fruits and vegetables—has a protective effect against many types of cancer. A review of about 200 epidemiological studies reported a consistent association between low consump- tion of fruits and vegetables and cancer incidence at many target sites (Block et al., 1992; Hill et al., 1994; Steinmetz and Potter, 1991). The quarter of the population with the lowest dietary intake of fruits and vegetables has roughly twice the cancer rate for many types of cancer (lung, larynx, oral cavity, esopha- gus, stomach, colon and rectum, bladder, pancreas, cervix, and ovary) compared to the quarter with the highest consumption of those foods. The protective effect of consuming fruits WIDER Working Paper series All WIDER Working Papers are available as PDF downloads from our website Hard copies are mailed to libraries in developing countries and regions that not have generally accessible internet connections Hard copies are also produced and mailed free-of-charge on request July WP/2013/068 Rachel M Gisselquist July WP/2013/067 July WP/2013/066 June WP/2013/065 Charles Fant and Udaya Bhaskar Gunturu Lynda Pickbourn and Lộonce Ndikumana Sam Jones June WP/2013/064 Steven E Finkel June WP/2013/063 Frauke de Weijer June WP/2013/062 Andy Sumner May WP/2013/061 Joachim von Braun May WP/2013/060 May WP/2013/059 May WP/2013/058 May WP/2013/057 May WP/2013/056 May WP/2013/055 Karl Pauw and James Thurlow Yongfu Huang and M G Quibria Blessing M Chiripanhura and Miguel Niủo-Zarazỳa Yongfu Huang and M G Quibria Yongfu Huang and M G Quibria H-Holger Rogner May WP/2013/054 Unai Pascual, Eneko Garmendia, Jacob Phelps, Elena Ojea Evaluating governance indexes: Critical and less critical questions Characterizing wind power resource reliability in southern Africa Impact of sectoral allocation of foreign aid on gender equity and human development Class size versus class composition: What matters for learning in East Africa? The impact of adult civic education programmes in developing democracies A capable state in Afghanistan: A building without a foundation? Global poverty, aid, and middle-income countries: Are the country classifications moribund or is global poverty in the process of nationalizing? International co-operation for agricultural development and food and nutrition security: New institutional arrangements for related public goods Prioritizing rural investments in Africa: A hybrid evaluation approach applied to Uganda The global partnership for inclusive growth The impacts of the food, fuel and financial crises on households in Nigeria: A retrospective approach for research enquiry The global partnership for sustainable development Green growth: theory and evidence The effectiveness of foreign aid for sustainable energy Leveraging global climate finance for sustainable forests: Opportunities and conditions for successful foreign aid to the forestry sector May WP/2013/053 May WP/2013/052 May May WP/2013/051 WP/2013/050 Channing Arndt, M Azhar Hussain, Vincenzo Salvucci, Finn Tarp and Lars P ỉsterdal Wisdom Akpalu, Isaac Dasmani and Ametefee K Normanyo Jun Li Derrill D Watson II May WP/2013/049 Stefan Leiderer Apr Apr WP/2013/048 WP/2013/047 Sandrine Kablan Jikun Huang Apr WP/2013/046 Apr WP/2013/045 Apr WP/2013/044 Zexian Chen and Jingjing He Sam Jones and Finn Tarp J Tyler Dickovick Apr WP/2013/043 Nilima Gulrajani Apr WP/2013/042 Apr WP/2013/041 Apr WP/2013/040 Apr WP/2013/039 Apr WP/2013/038 Apr WP/2013/037 Mar WP/2013/036 Mar WP/2013/035 Mar WP/2013/034 Mar WP/2013/033 Channing Arndt and James Thurlow Paul S Chinowsky, Amy E Schweikert, Niko L Strzepek, and Kenneth Strzepek C Adam Schlosser and Kenneth Strzepek Charles Fant, Yohannes Gebretsadik, and Kenneth Strzepek Jikun Huang, Jun Yang, and Scott Rozelle Virgulino Nhate, Claudio Massingarela and Vincenzo Salvucci Kerry A Emanuel, Sai Ravela, Lindsay C Ludwig and Caroleen Verly Nguyen Manh Hai and Theodore Talbot Kavery Ganguly and Ashok Gulati Gordon C Rausser, and Harry de Gorter Advancing small area estimation Optimum fisheries management under climate variability: Evidence from artisanal marine fishing in Ghana Foreign aid, urbanization and green cities Political economy synthesis: The food policy crisis Donor coordination for effective government policies? Implementation of the new aid effectiveness agenda in health and education in Zambia Foreign aid, green cities and buildings Financing sustainable agriculture under climate change with a specific focus on foreign aid Foreign aid for climate change related capacity building Jobs and welfare in Mozambique Foreign aid and decentralization: Policies for autonomy and programming for responsiveness The challenge fund aid modality: Assessing the potential for tackling gender challenges in development Climate uncertainty and economic development: Evaluating the case of Mozambique to 2050 Infrastructure and climate change: Impacts and adaptations for the Zambezi River Valley Regional climate change of the greater Zambezi River Basin: A hybrid assessment Impact of climate change on crops, irrigation and hydropower in the Zambezi River Basin The political economy of food pricing policy in China The political economy of food price policy: Country case study of Mozambique Assessing the risk of cyclone-induced storm surge and sea level rise in Mozambique James E Neumann; The political economy of food price policy: The case of rice prices in Vietnam The political economy of food price policy: The case study of India US policy contributions to agricultural commodity price fluctuations, 200612 Mar WP/2013/032 Mar WP/2013/031 Mar WP/2013/030 Mar WP/2013/029 Mar WP/2013/028 Mar WP/2013/027 Mar ...The predominant protein arginine methyltransferase PRMT1 is critical for zebrafish convergence and extension during gastrulation Yun-Jung Tsai 1 , Huichin Pan 1,2 , Chuan-Mao Hung 1 , Po-Tsun Hou 1 , Yi-Chen Li 1 , Yu-Jen Lee 3 , Yi-Ting Shen 1,4 , Trang-Tiau Wu 4,5 and Chuan Li 1,2 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 2 Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan 3 Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 4 Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan 5 School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Introduction Protein arginine methylation is a post-translational modification involved in various cellular functions, such as signal transduction, protein subcellular locali- zation, transcriptional regulation, protein–protein interactions and DNA repair [1]. At least 11 protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) genes have been identified in the mammalian system that catalyze the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to the side-chain x-guanido nitrogens of arginine residues in protein substrates. The activity can be further divided into types I and II, depending on the catalyses of formation of asymmetric di-x-N,N- methylarginines or symmetric di-x-N,N¢-methylargi- nine residues respectively [2,3]. Keywords convergence and extension; gastrulation; PRMT1; protein arginine methylation; zebrafish Correspondence C. Li, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan Fax: +886 4 23248187 Tel: +886 4 24730022 11807 E-mail: cli@csmu.edu.tw (Received 27 August 2010, revised 19 December 2010, accepted 5 January 2011) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08006.x Protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT)1 is the predominant type I methyltransferase in mammals. In the present study, we used zebrafish (Danio rerio) as the model system to elucidate PRMT1 expression and function during embryogenesis. Zebrafish prmt1 transcripts were detected from the zygote period to the early larva stage. Knockdown of prmt1 by antisense morpholino oligo (AMO) resulted in delayed growth, shortened body-length, curled tails and cardiac edema. PRMT1 protein level, type I protein arginine methyltransferase activity, specific asymmetric protein argi- nine methylation and histone H4 R3 methylation all decreased in the AMO-injected morphants. The morphants showed defective convergence and extension and the abnormalities were more severe at the posterior than the anterior parts. Cell migration defects suggested by the phenotypes were not only observed in the morphant embryos, but also in a cellular prmt1 small-interfering RNA knockdown model. Rescue of the phenotypes by co-injection of wild-type but not catalytic defective prmt1 mRNA con- firmed the specificity of the AMO and the requirement of methyltransferase activity in early development. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate a direct link of early development with protein arginine methylation catalyzed by PRMT1. Abbreviations AdoMet, S-adenosylmethionine; AMO, antisense morpholino oligo; C ⁄ E, convergence ⁄ extension; hpf, hours post-fertilization; NR, nuclear receptor; PRMT, protein arginine methyltransferase; r, rhombomere; Sam68, Src-associated substrate during mitosis with a molecular mass of 68 kDa; siRNA, small-interfering RNA; STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; WISH, whole-mount Dodd-Frank Act CFPB Interchange QM/QRM Preemption Municipal Advisor Swaps FDIC Assessments FDIC Cap Removed Capital-limits SLHC OTS/OCC Volcker Rule State-AGs Risk-Retention UDAAP “Abusive” Standard Litigation Mortgage Servicing changes Mortgage Secondary market decline Safe Harbor? TAG TBTF Non-Bank Regulation $250,000 Coverage Complex New Data Collection New Record Keeping New Mortgage Disclosures Ambiguous Overlapping 6000 + Pages 400 new rules Uncertainty Unintended Consequences Credit Constraint Price Controls Costs Consolidation Agency Authority Changes Compliance-costs Increased Liquidation Authority RESPA/TILA Margin requirements Claw Backs Know Before You Owe Proprietary Trading Basel Credit Exposure Appraisal Reform Pay-to-Play Restrictions Lender Liability SCRA OFR FDIC Mortgage Originator Restrictions “Ride-along” CFPB Exams Escrow Account Requirements Restrictions New Margin Requirements Credit Rating Restrictions FDIC Revenue-Raiser HOEPA Changes Credit Decline Resolution Authority FDIC New OCC Prot Disclosures Margins Requirements Loan Loan Originator Change Dodd-Frank and Community Banks Your Guide to 12 Critical Issues Dodd-Frank and Community Banks: Your Guide to 12 Critical Issues ABA prepared this guide, which highlights 12 of the most important Dodd-Frank issues that will see action in 2012, to help community bankers prepare for, respond to and manage regulatory pronouncements that could have a signicant impact on their institutions. Each issue page includes sections on why it matters, what to watch out for and—most important of all—how bankers can get involved to inuence the outcome. A list of ABA resources that can help bankers track and analyze the issues and tackle some of the compliance challenges associated with them is also included, in addition to a listing of staff issue experts for all Dodd- Frank issues. As always, ABA encourages bankers with questions or concerns to contact the issue expert on staff, as indicated on each issue page. Keep abreast of the latest developments for these 12 issues and all of the other Dodd-Frank changes through ABA’s Dodd-Frank Tracker, the industry’s leading resource on this legislation. We are especially grateful to six community bankers for their review and comments on this guide: Rheo A. Brouillard President and CEO, Savings Institute Bank and Trust Company, Willimantic, Connecticut $955M Ken Burgess President and CEO, FirstCapital Bank of Texas, Midland, Texas $593M Leonel E. Castillo President and CEO, American Bank of Commerce, Provo, Utah $53M William B. Grant Chairman and CEO, First United Bank & Trust, Oakland, Maryland $1.4B Keith E. Pollek President and CEO, Fox River State Bank, Burlington, Wisconsin $92M Laurie Stewart President and CEO, Sound Community Bank, Seattle, Washington $340M About American Bankers Association The American Bankers Association represents banks of all sizes and charters and is the voice for the nation’s $13 trillion banking industry and its two million employees. The majority of ABA’s members are banks with less than $165 million in assets. ABA’s extensive resources enhance the success of the nation’s banks and strengthen America’s economy and communities. © 2012 American Bankers Association, Washington, D.C. Please call 1-800-BANKERS if you have any questions about this resource, ABA membership or would like to copy or license any part of this publication. This publication is designed to provide accurate information on the subject addressed. It is provided with the understanding that neither the authors, contributors nor the Hindawi Publishing Corporation EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking Volume 2011, Article ID 807684, 17 pages doi:10.1155/2011/807684 Research Article A Family of Key Agreement Mechanisms for Mission Critical Communications for Secure Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Mesh Internetworking Ioannis G. Askoxylakis, 1, 2 Theo Tryfonas, 2 John May, 2 Vasilios Siris, 1 and Apostolos Trag anitis 1 1 Foundation for Reserach and Technology-Hellas, Institute of Computer Science, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Greece 2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Queen’s Building University Walk, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TR, UK Correspondence should be addressed to Ioannis G. Askoxylakis, asko@ics.forth.gr Received 30 June 2010; Accepted 17 September 2010 Academic Editor: Christos Verikoukis Copyright © 2011 Ioannis G. Askoxylakis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the orig inal work is properly cited. Future wireless networks like mobile ad hoc networks and wireless mesh networks are expected to play important role in demanding communications such as mission critical communications. MANETs are ideal for emergency cases where the communication infrastructure has been completely destroyed and there is a need for quick set up of communications among the rescue/emergency workers. In such emergency scenarios wireless mesh networks may be employed in a later phase for providing advanced communications and services acting as a backbone network in the affected area. Internetworking of both types of future networks will provide a broad range of mission critical applications. While offering many advantages, such as flexibilit y, easy of deployment and low cost, MANETs and mesh networks face important security and resilience threats, especially for such demanding applications. We introduce a family of key agreement methods based on weak to strong authentication associated with several multiparty contributory key establishment methods. We examine the attributes of each key establishment method and how each method can be better applied in different scenarios. The proposed protocols support seamlessly both types of networks and consider system and application requirements such as efficient and secure internetworking, dynamicity of network topologies and support of thin clients. 1. Introduction Consider a disaster situation, such as an earthquake, a flood, or a terrorist attack, where the commercial network infrastructure is destroyed or out of order. The objective of the rescue workers is to set up quickly, efficiently, and easily a wireless network among them in order to help in a coordinated way the affected population. Their goal is to interconnect all their computing and communication devices, in a way that will enable them to share all necessary information securely, in a way that they could be sure that possible “high tech” terrorists/attackers in their range will not be able to disrupt or intercept the rescue efforts. In real disaster scenarios, emergency response does not take place all at once. We usually observe an escalation in the presence of several groups of rescue workers and prioritized escalation The Craft of Scientific Presentations Critical Steps to Succeed and Critical Errors to Avoid Michael Alley With 41 Illustrations Michael Alley Mechanical Engineering Department Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA alley@vt.edu Cover photographs: (Top): Richard Feynman, Nobel prize winner in physics, lecturing on quantum mechanics (courtesy of the Archives, California Institute of Technology, photo 1.10-118). In this photo, Feynman demonstrates the value of communicating with gestures. Gestures and other aspects of delivery are discussed in Chapter 5. (Bottom left): Lightning demonstration at the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany (courtesy of the Deutsches Museum). In this demonstration, a lightning bolt strikes a church that is not well grounded. Because the church is not well grounded, a second stroke occurs between the church and a nearby house. Demon- strations and other visual aids are discussed in Chapter 4. (Bottom right): Poster presentation of capstone design projects at Pennsylvania State University (courtesy of the Learning Factory, Pennsylvania State University, 2001). The design of posters is discussed in Appendix B. Color versions of all slides in this book can be found at the following Web site: http://www.me.vt.edu/writing/ Ancillary information for this book can be found through the publisher’s Web site: http://www.springer-ny.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alley, Michael. The craft of scientific presentations : critical steps to succeed and critical errors to avoid / Michael Alley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 0-387-95555-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Communications in science. 2. Communication of technical information. 3. Lectures and lecturing. I. Title. Q223.A38 2003 808´.0665—dc21 2002030237 ISBN 0-387-95555-0 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2003 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dis- similar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 987654321 SPIN 10887446 Typesetting: Photocomposed copy produced using PageMaker 6.5 files for the PC, prepared by the author. www.springer-ny.com Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg A member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH ◆ For two women of science— Peggy White Alley and Karen Ann Thole ◆ Preface On March 21, 1949, I attended a lecture given by Linus Pauling That talk was the best talk by anyone ... education coverage and quality Andrew Shepherd and Aid and poverty: Why does aid not address Sylvia Bishop poverty (much)? Stephany Griffith-Jones The European Investment Bank: Lessons for and Judith... Fidrmuc, and Gộrard Roland Basudeb GuhaKhasnobis, and K S James Luc Christiaensen, Lionel Demery, and Jesper Kuhl Luc Christiaensen, Lei Pan, and Sangui Wang Sameeksha Desai, Zoltan Acs, and Utz... 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