Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly

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Telemark University College Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics Faculty of Technology, Postboks 203, Kjølnes ring 56, N-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway. Tel: +47 35 57 50 00 Fax: +47 35 57 54 01 Introduction to Visual Studio and C# HANS-PETTER HALVORSEN, 2012.08.17 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Visual Studio 5 1.2 C# . 6 1.3 .NET Framework 6 1.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) . 7 2 Visual Studio . 8 2.1 Introduction . Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly By: OpenStaxCollege Competing Brands? The laundry detergent market is one that is characterized neither as perfect competition nor monopoly (Credit: modification of work by Pixel Drip/Flickr Creative Commons) The Temptation to Defy the Law 1/3 Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Laundry detergent and bags of ice—products of industries that seem pretty mundane, maybe even boring Hardly! Both have been the center of clandestine meetings and secret deals worthy of a spy novel In France, between 1997 and 2004, the top four laundry detergent producers (Proctor & Gamble, Henkel, Unilever, and ColgatePalmolive) controlled about 90 percent of the French soap market Officials from the soap firms were meeting secretly, in out-of-the-way, small cafés around Paris Their goals: Stamp out competition and set prices Around the same time, the top five Midwest ice makers (Home City Ice, Lang Ice, Tinley Ice, Sisler’s Dairy, and Products of Ohio) had similar goals in mind when they secretly agreed to divide up the bagged ice market If both groups could meet their goals, it would enable each to act as though they were a single firm—in essence, a monopoly—and enjoy monopoly-size profits The problem? In many parts of the world, including the European Union and the United States, it is illegal for firms to divide up markets and set prices collaboratively These two cases provide examples of markets that are characterized neither as perfect competition nor monopoly Instead, these firms are competing in market structures that lie between the extremes of monopoly and perfect competition How they behave? Why they exist? We will revisit this case later, to find out what happened Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly In this chapter, you will learn about: • Monopolistic Competition • Oligopoly Perfect competition and monopoly are at opposite ends of the competition spectrum A perfectly competitive market has many firms selling identical products, who all act as price takers in the face of the competition If you recall, price takers are firms that have no market power They simply have to take the market price as given Monopoly arises when a single firm sells a product for which there are no close substitutes Microsoft, for instance, has been considered a monopoly because of its domination of the operating systems market What about the vast majority of real world firms and organizations that fall between these extremes, firms that could be described as imperfectly competitive? What determines their behavior? They have more influence over the price they charge than perfectly competitive firms, but not as much as a monopoly would What will they do? 2/3 Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly One type of imperfectly competitive market is called monopolistic competition Monopolistically competitive markets feature a large number of competing firms, but the products that they sell are not identical Consider, as an example, the Mall of America in Minnesota, the largest shopping mall in the United States In 2010, the Mall of America had 24 stores that sold women’s “ready-to-wear” clothing (like Ann Taylor and Coldwater Creek), another 50 stores that sold clothing for both men and women (like Banana Republic, J Crew, and Nordstrom’s), plus 14 more stores that sold women’s specialty clothing (like Motherhood Maternity and Victoria’s Secret) Most of the markets that consumers encounter at the retail level are monopolistically competitive The other type of imperfectly competitive market is oligopoly Oligopolistic markets are those dominated by a small number of firms Commercial aircraft provides a good example: Boeing and Airbus each produce slightly less than 50% of the large commercial aircraft in the world Another example is the U.S soft drink industry, which is dominated by Coca-Cola and Pepsi Oligopolies are characterized by high barriers to entry with firms choosing output, pricing, and other decisions strategically based on the decisions of the other firms in the market In this chapter, we first explore how monopolistically competitive firms will choose their profit-maximizing level of output We will then discuss oligopolistic firms, which face two conflicting temptations: to collaborate as if they were a single monopoly, or to individually compete to gain profits by expanding output levels and cutting prices Oligopolistic markets and firms can also take on elements of monopoly and of perfect competition 3/3 Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques by Arnold S. Berger ISBN: 1578200733 CMP Books © 2002 (237 pages) An easy-to-understand guidebook for those embarking upon an embedded processor development project. Table of Contents Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Preface Introduction Chapter 1 - The Embedded Design Life Cycle Chapter 2 - The Selection Process Chapter 3 - The Partitioning Decision Chapter 4 - The Development Environment Chapter 5 - Special Software Techniques Chapter 6 - A Basic Toolset Chapter 7 - BDM, JTAG, and Nexus Chapter 8 - The ICE — An Integrated Solution Chapter 9 - Testing Chapter 10 - The Future Index List of Figures List of Tables List of Listings List of Sidebars TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Arnold Berger CMP Books CMP Media LLC 1601 West 23rd Street, Suite 200 Lawrence, Kansas 66046 USA www.cmpbooks.com Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where CMP Books is aware of a trademark claim, the product name appears in initial capital letters, in all capital letters, or in accordance with the vendor’s capitalization preference. Readers should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information on trademarks and trademark registrations. All trademarks and registered trademarks in this book are the property of their respective holders. Copyright © 2002 by CMP Books, except where noted otherwise. Published by CMP Books, CMP Media LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher; with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. The programs in this book are presented for instructional value. The programs have been carefully tested, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties and does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information herein and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The publisher assumes no liability for damages resulting from the use of the information in this book or for any infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties that would result from the use of this information. Developmental Editor: Robert Ward Editors: Matt McDonald, Julie McNamee, Rita Sooby, and Catherine Janzen Layout Production: Justin Fulmer, Rita Sooby, and Michelle O’Neal Managing Editor: Michelle O’Neal Cover Art Design: Robert Ward Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by: Publishers Group West 1700 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 1-800-788-3123 www.pgw.com ISBN: 1-57820-073-3 This book is dedicated to Shirley Berger. Preface Why write a book about designing embedded systems? Because my experiences working in the industry and, more recently, working with students have convinced me that there is a need for such a book. For example, a few years ago, I was the Development Tools Marketing Manager for a semiconductor manufacturer. I was speaking with the Software Development Tools Manager at our major account. My job was to help convince the customer that they should be using our RISC processor in their laser printers. Since I owned the tool chain issues, I had to address his specific issues before we could convince him that we had the appropriate support for his design team. Since we didn’t Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Radar Library, turn to the back of this book. Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design Pekka Eskelinen Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Eskelinen, Pekka Introduction to RF equipment and system design.—(Artech House radar library) 1. Radio—Equipment and supplies 2. Wireless communications systems—Design and con - struction 3. Radio frequency I. Title 621.3’84 ISBN 1-58053-665-4 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ - ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-665-4 10987654321 . Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.2 What the Reader Should Already Know 3 1.3 Style of Approach 5 1.4 Goals in System Design 7 1.5 The Spirit of System Design 7 1.6 Reliability and Availability 9 1.7 Effects of User Profile 10 1.8 Project Working 11 References 12 CHAPTER 2 Available Parameters 15 2.1 Standardization and Regulations 15 2.2 Frequency 16 2.3 Power 22 2.4 NF 24 2.5 RF Transmission Lines 25 2.6 Geographical Topology 28 2.7 Modulation 29 2.8 Effects of the Baseband Signal 31 2.9 Signal Processing 32 2.10 Nonelectrical Factors 33 References 36 CHAPTER 3 Systems Problems Involving Wave-Propagation Mechanisms 37 3.1 Propagation Models in Brief with Reference to System Design 38 3.2 Means to Counter Adverse Conditions (Stationary and Nonstationary) 42 3.2.1 Attenuation 42 vii 3.2.2 Scattering 46 3.2.3 Multipath Problems 48 3.2.4 Interference Issues 51 3.3 Examples 51 3.3.1 Unexpected Ionospheric Disturbances at HFs 51 3.3.2 Interference Problems in Microwave Links 54 3.3.3 Reception of Weak Geostationary Satellite Signals 59 References 60 CHAPTER 4 Circuits and Components for System Evaluations and Design 63 4.1 Standard or Custom Design? 63 4.2 Passive Modules 64 4.2.1 Terminations 64 4.2.2 Attenuators 65 4.2.3 Power Dividers and Combiners 66 4.2.4 Filters 66 4.2.5 Directional Couplers 70 4.2.6 Isolators 71 4.3 Active Modules 71 4.3.1 Detectors 72 4.3.2 Switches 74 4.3.3 Mixers 76 4.3.4 Amplifiers 79 4.3.5 Oscillators 83 4.3.6 Modulators and Demodulators 87 4.3.7 Upconverters/Downconverters 90 4.3.8 Power Supplies 90 4.4 Mechanics 91 4.5 Purchasing Modules for Equipment Development 93 References 94 CHAPTER 5 Antennas and Associated Hardware 97 5.1 Antenna Selection Criteria 98 5.2 Some Antenna Types 103 5.2.1 Individual Antenna Elements 104 5.2.2 Antenna Arrays 113 5.2.3 Vehicle-Mounted Arrays 128 5.3 Antennas as Mechanical Elements 134 5.3.1 Antenna Mounting on Test Vehicles 134 5.3.2 A Tracking System for a 3-m Reflector Antenna 137 5.4 RF Transmission Lines 140 5.4.1 Coaxial Cables 141 5.4.2 Waveguides 146 5.5 Connectors 147 5.5.1 General Performance Requirements 148 viii Contents Contents Overview 1 Introduction to Exchange 2000 2 Introduction to the Web Storage System 11 Developmental Features of the Web Storage System 16 Lab A: Accessing and Viewing Data in the Web Storage System 25 Managing Exchange 2000 32 Lab B: Creating a Public Folder, a Public Store, and a Virtual Directory 38 Review 43 Module 1: Introduction to Exchange 2000 and the Web Storage System Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companies, products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only means of access is electronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.  2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Active Directory, ActiveX, FrontPage, Hotmail, JScript, MSN, Outlook, PowerPoint, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Window Media, Visual InterDev, Visual Studio, Win32, Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Project Lead: Samantha Smith Instructional Designers: Sangeeta Garg (NIIT (USA) Inc.), Marilyn McCune Instructional Software Design Engineer: William Rebozo Subject Matter Experts: Jayme Bowers (ECMS Inc.), John Christian (ECMS Inc.), Robert Ginsburg (ECMS Inc.), Frederick Volking (ECMS Inc Technical Contributors: Thomas Rizzo, Brent Ingraham, Navin Kachroo, Robert Brown, Alex Hopmann, Jim Reitz Graphic Artist: Kirsten Larson (S&T Consulting) Editing Manager: Lynette Skinner Editors: Kelly Baker, Nancy Finch Copy Editor: Ed McKillop (S&T Consulting) Production Manager: Miracle Davis Print Coordinator: Marlene Lambert (Online Training Solutions, Inc.) Online Production Coordinator: Jenny Boe Test Manager: Eric R. Myers Creative Director, Media/Sim Services: David Mahlmann Web Development Lead: Lisa Pease CD Build Specialist: Eric Wagoner Localization Manager: Rick Terek Operations Coordinator: John Williams Manufacturing Support: Laura King; Kathy Hershey Lead Product Manager, Release Management: Bo Galford Program Manager, Knowledge Management: Josh Barnhill Lead Product Manager, Knowledge Management: Janet Wilson Group Manager, Courseware Infrastructure: David Bramble Director, Developer Training: Juan Fernando Rivera General Manager: Robert Stewart Module 1: Introduction to Exchange 2000 and the Web Storage System iii Instructor Notes This module provides students with an introduction to Microsoft ® Exchange 2000 Server and Microsoft Web Storage System, including the features and functionality of each. The module discusses Web Storage System support for application Contents Overview 1 Introducing Data Warehousing 2 Defining OLAP Solutions 11 Understanding Data Warehouse Design 18 Understanding OLAP Models 24 Applying OLAP Cubes 32 Review 40 Module 1: Introduction to Data Warehousing and OLAP BETA MATERIALS FOR MICROSOFT CERTIFIED TRAINER PREPARATION PURPOSES ONLY Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companies, products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only means of access is electronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.  2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, BackOffice, MS-DOS, Windows, Windows NT, <plus other appropriate product names or titles. Replace this example list with list of trademarks provided by copy editor. Microsoft is listed first, followed by all other Microsoft trademarks in alphabetical order. > are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries. <This is where mention of specific, contractually obligated to, third party trademarks, which are added by the Copy Editor> The names of companies, products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Module 1: Introduction to Data Warehousing and OLAP i BETA MATERIALS FOR MICROSOFT CERTIFIED TRAINER PREPARATION PURPOSES ONLY Instructor Notes This module introduces students to data warehousing and online analytical processing (OLAP)—their uses, essential concepts, terminology, and architecture. The module describes the value of deriving business information from raw operational data, and the process of using defined types of business analysis to drive decision support systems. The module introduces data warehouses and OLAP systems and describes the differences between relational data marts and OLAP cubes. Finally, the module introduces OLAP technology. Students will learn the fundamentals of dimensions, members, and cubes. The materials also explore methods for visualizing multidimensional databases. After completing this module, students will be able to: ! Describe characteristics, goals, and applications of a data warehouse. ! Understand the need of and use for OLAP solutions. ! Describe data warehouse design. ! Understand the reasons for implementing OLAP models and describe their components. ! Visualize a multidimensional database. Materials and Preparation This section lists the required materials and preparation tasks that you need to teach this module. Required Materials To teach this module, you need the following ... extremes of monopoly and perfect competition How they behave? Why they exist? We will revisit this case later, to find out what happened Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly In this... would What will they do? 2/3 Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly One type of imperfectly competitive market is called monopolistic competition Monopolistically competitive.. .Introduction to Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly Laundry detergent and bags of ice—products of industries that seem pretty mundane,