Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves

Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất...

Telemark University College Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics Faculty of Technology, Postboks 203, Kjølnes ring 56, N-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway. Tel: +47 35 57 50 00 Fax: +47 35 57 54 01 Introduction to Visual Studio and C# HANS-PETTER HALVORSEN, 2012.08.17 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Visual Studio 5 1.2 C# . 6 1.3 .NET Framework 6 1.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) . 7 2 Visual Studio . 8 2.1 Introduction . Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves Bởi: OpenStaxCollege There are at least four types of waves in this picture—only the water waves are evident There are also sound waves, light waves, and waves on the guitar strings (credit: John Norton) What an ocean buoy, a child in a swing, the cone inside a speaker, a guitar, atoms in a crystal, the motion of chest cavities, and the beating of hearts all have in common? They all oscillate—-that is, they move back and forth between two points Many systems oscillate, and they have certain characteristics in common All oscillations involve force 1/2 Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves and energy You push a child in a swing to get the motion started The energy of atoms vibrating in a crystal can be increased with heat You put energy into a guitar string when you pluck it Some oscillations create waves A guitar creates sound waves You can make water waves in a swimming pool by slapping the water with your hand You can no doubt think of other types of waves Some, such as water waves, are visible Some, such as sound waves, are not But every wave is a disturbance that moves from its source and carries energy Other examples of waves include earthquakes and visible light Even subatomic particles, such as electrons, can behave like waves By studying oscillatory motion and waves, we shall find that a small number of underlying principles describe all of them and that wave phenomena are more common than you have ever imagined We begin by studying the type of force that underlies the simplest oscillations and waves We will then expand our exploration of oscillatory motion and waves to include concepts such as simple harmonic motion, uniform circular motion, and damped harmonic motion Finally, we will explore what happens when two or more waves share the same space, in the phenomena known as superposition and interference 2/2 Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques by Arnold S. Berger ISBN: 1578200733 CMP Books © 2002 (237 pages) An easy-to-understand guidebook for those embarking upon an embedded processor development project. Table of Contents Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Preface Introduction Chapter 1 - The Embedded Design Life Cycle Chapter 2 - The Selection Process Chapter 3 - The Partitioning Decision Chapter 4 - The Development Environment Chapter 5 - Special Software Techniques Chapter 6 - A Basic Toolset Chapter 7 - BDM, JTAG, and Nexus Chapter 8 - The ICE — An Integrated Solution Chapter 9 - Testing Chapter 10 - The Future Index List of Figures List of Tables List of Listings List of Sidebars TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Arnold Berger CMP Books CMP Media LLC 1601 West 23rd Street, Suite 200 Lawrence, Kansas 66046 USA www.cmpbooks.com Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where CMP Books is aware of a trademark claim, the product name appears in initial capital letters, in all capital letters, or in accordance with the vendor’s capitalization preference. Readers should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information on trademarks and trademark registrations. All trademarks and registered trademarks in this book are the property of their respective holders. Copyright © 2002 by CMP Books, except where noted otherwise. Published by CMP Books, CMP Media LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher; with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. The programs in this book are presented for instructional value. The programs have been carefully tested, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties and does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information herein and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The publisher assumes no liability for damages resulting from the use of the information in this book or for any infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties that would result from the use of this information. Developmental Editor: Robert Ward Editors: Matt McDonald, Julie McNamee, Rita Sooby, and Catherine Janzen Layout Production: Justin Fulmer, Rita Sooby, and Michelle O’Neal Managing Editor: Michelle O’Neal Cover Art Design: Robert Ward Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by: Publishers Group West 1700 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 1-800-788-3123 www.pgw.com ISBN: 1-57820-073-3 This book is dedicated to Shirley Berger. Preface Why write a book about designing embedded systems? Because my experiences working in the industry and, more recently, working with students have convinced me that there is a need for such a book. For example, a few years ago, I was the Development Tools Marketing Manager for a semiconductor manufacturer. I was speaking with the Software Development Tools Manager at our major account. My job was to help convince the customer that they should be using our RISC processor in their laser printers. Since I owned the tool chain issues, I had to address his specific issues before we could convince him that we had the appropriate support for his design team. Since we didn’t Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Radar Library, turn to the back of this book. Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design Pekka Eskelinen Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Eskelinen, Pekka Introduction to RF equipment and system design.—(Artech House radar library) 1. Radio—Equipment and supplies 2. Wireless communications systems—Design and con - struction 3. Radio frequency I. Title 621.3’84 ISBN 1-58053-665-4 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ - ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-665-4 10987654321 . Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.2 What the Reader Should Already Know 3 1.3 Style of Approach 5 1.4 Goals in System Design 7 1.5 The Spirit of System Design 7 1.6 Reliability and Availability 9 1.7 Effects of User Profile 10 1.8 Project Working 11 References 12 CHAPTER 2 Available Parameters 15 2.1 Standardization and Regulations 15 2.2 Frequency 16 2.3 Power 22 2.4 NF 24 2.5 RF Transmission Lines 25 2.6 Geographical Topology 28 2.7 Modulation 29 2.8 Effects of the Baseband Signal 31 2.9 Signal Processing 32 2.10 Nonelectrical Factors 33 References 36 CHAPTER 3 Systems Problems Involving Wave-Propagation Mechanisms 37 3.1 Propagation Models in Brief with Reference to System Design 38 3.2 Means to Counter Adverse Conditions (Stationary and Nonstationary) 42 3.2.1 Attenuation 42 vii 3.2.2 Scattering 46 3.2.3 Multipath Problems 48 3.2.4 Interference Issues 51 3.3 Examples 51 3.3.1 Unexpected Ionospheric Disturbances at HFs 51 3.3.2 Interference Problems in Microwave Links 54 3.3.3 Reception of Weak Geostationary Satellite Signals 59 References 60 CHAPTER 4 Circuits and Components for System Evaluations and Design 63 4.1 Standard or Custom Design? 63 4.2 Passive Modules 64 4.2.1 Terminations 64 4.2.2 Attenuators 65 4.2.3 Power Dividers and Combiners 66 4.2.4 Filters 66 4.2.5 Directional Couplers 70 4.2.6 Isolators 71 4.3 Active Modules 71 4.3.1 Detectors 72 4.3.2 Switches 74 4.3.3 Mixers 76 4.3.4 Amplifiers 79 4.3.5 Oscillators 83 4.3.6 Modulators and Demodulators 87 4.3.7 Upconverters/Downconverters 90 4.3.8 Power Supplies 90 4.4 Mechanics 91 4.5 Purchasing Modules for Equipment Development 93 References 94 CHAPTER 5 Antennas and Associated Hardware 97 5.1 Antenna Selection Criteria 98 5.2 Some Antenna Types 103 5.2.1 Individual Antenna Elements 104 5.2.2 Antenna Arrays 113 5.2.3 Vehicle-Mounted Arrays 128 5.3 Antennas as Mechanical Elements 134 5.3.1 Antenna Mounting on Test Vehicles 134 5.3.2 A Tracking System for a 3-m Reflector Antenna 137 5.4 RF Transmission Lines 140 5.4.1 Coaxial Cables 141 5.4.2 Waveguides 146 5.5 Connectors 147 5.5.1 General Performance Requirements 148 viii Contents Contents Overview 1 Introduction to Exchange 2000 2 Introduction to the Web Storage System 11 Developmental Features of the Web Storage System 16 Lab A: Accessing and Viewing Data in the Web Storage System 25 Managing Exchange 2000 32 Lab B: Creating a Public Folder, a Public Store, and a Virtual Directory 38 Review 43 Module 1: Introduction to Exchange 2000 and the Web Storage System Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companies, products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only means of access is electronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.  2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Active Directory, ActiveX, FrontPage, Hotmail, JScript, MSN, Outlook, PowerPoint, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Window Media, Visual InterDev, Visual Studio, Win32, Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Project Lead: Samantha Smith Instructional Designers: Sangeeta Garg (NIIT (USA) Inc.), Marilyn McCune Instructional Software Design Engineer: William Rebozo Subject Matter Experts: Jayme Bowers (ECMS Inc.), John Christian (ECMS Inc.), Robert Ginsburg (ECMS Inc.), Frederick Volking (ECMS Inc Technical Contributors: Thomas Rizzo, Brent Ingraham, Navin Kachroo, Robert Brown, Alex Hopmann, Jim Reitz Graphic Artist: Kirsten Larson (S&T Consulting) Editing Manager: Lynette Skinner Editors: Kelly Baker, Nancy Finch Copy Editor: Ed McKillop (S&T Consulting) Production Manager: Miracle Davis Print Coordinator: Marlene Lambert (Online Training Solutions, Inc.) Online Production Coordinator: Jenny Boe Test Manager: Eric R. Myers Creative Director, Media/Sim Services: David Mahlmann Web Development Lead: Lisa Pease CD Build Specialist: Eric Wagoner Localization Manager: Rick Terek Operations Coordinator: John Williams Manufacturing Support: Laura King; Kathy Hershey Lead Product Manager, Release Management: Bo Galford Program Manager, Knowledge Management: Josh Barnhill Lead Product Manager, Knowledge Management: Janet Wilson Group Manager, Courseware Infrastructure: David Bramble Director, Developer Training: Juan Fernando Rivera General Manager: Robert Stewart Module 1: Introduction to Exchange 2000 and the Web Storage System iii Instructor Notes This module provides students with an introduction to Microsoft ® Exchange 2000 Server and Microsoft Web Storage System, including the features and functionality of each. The module discusses Web Storage System support for application Telemark University College Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics Faculty of Technology, Postboks 203, Kjølnes ring 56, N-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway. Tel: +47 35 57 50 00 Fax: +47 35 57 54 01 Introduction to Visual Studio and C# HANS-PETTER HALVORSEN, 2012.08.17 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Visual Studio 5 1.2 C# . 6 1.3 .NET Framework 6 1.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) . 7 2 Visual Studio . 8 2.1 Introduction . Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The mention of a tornado conjures up images of raw destructive power Tornadoes blow houses away as if they were made of paper and have been known to pierce tree trunks with pieces of straw They descend from clouds in funnel-like shapes that spin violently, particularly at the bottom where they are most narrow, producing winds as high as 500 km/h (credit: Daphne Zaras, U.S National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) 1/2 Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum Why tornadoes spin at all? And why tornados spin so rapidly? The answer is that air masses that produce tornadoes are themselves rotating, and when the radii of the air masses decrease, their rate of rotation increases An ice skater increases her spin in an exactly analogous manner as seen in [link] The skater starts her rotation with outstretched limbs and increases her spin by pulling them in toward her body The same physics describes the exhilarating spin of a skater and the wrenching force of a tornado Clearly, force, energy, and power are associated with rotational motion These and other aspects of rotational motion are covered in this chapter We shall see that all important aspects of rotational motion either have already been defined for linear motion or have exact analogs in linear motion First, we look at angular acceleration—the rotational analog of linear acceleration This figure skater increases her rate of spin by pulling her arms and her extended leg closer to her axis of rotation (credit: Luu, Wikimedia Commons) 2/2 Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques by Arnold S. Berger ISBN: 1578200733 CMP Books © 2002 (237 pages) An easy-to-understand guidebook for those embarking upon an embedded processor development project. Table of Contents Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Preface Introduction Chapter 1 - The Embedded Design Life Cycle Chapter 2 - The Selection Process Chapter 3 - The Partitioning Decision Chapter 4 - The Development Environment Chapter 5 - Special Software Techniques Chapter 6 - A Basic Toolset Chapter 7 - BDM, JTAG, and Nexus Chapter 8 - The ICE — An Integrated Solution Chapter 9 - Testing Chapter 10 - The Future Index List of Figures List of Tables List of Listings List of Sidebars TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Arnold Berger CMP Books CMP Media LLC 1601 West 23rd Street, Suite 200 Lawrence, Kansas 66046 USA www.cmpbooks.com Designations used by companies to .. .Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves and energy You push a child in a swing to get the motion started The energy of atoms vibrating in a crystal can be... of oscillatory motion and waves to include concepts such as simple harmonic motion, uniform circular motion, and damped harmonic motion Finally, we will explore what happens when two or more waves. .. examples of waves include earthquakes and visible light Even subatomic particles, such as electrons, can behave like waves By studying oscillatory motion and waves, we shall find that a small number