Introduction to Demand and Supply

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes Slide 6- 3Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyOverview6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O6.3 Character I/O6.4 Inheritance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley6.1Streams and Basic File I/O Slide 6- 5Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyI/O StreamsI/O refers to program input and outputInput is delivered to your program via a stream objectInput can be fromThe keyboardA fileOutput is delivered to the output device via a streamobjectOutput can be to The screenA file Slide 6- 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyObjectsObjects are special variables thatHave their own special-purpose functionsSet C++ apart from earlier programming languages Slide 6- 7Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyStreams and Basic File I/OFiles for I/O are the same type of files used tostore programsA stream is a flow of data.Input stream: Data flows into the programIf input stream flows from keyboard, the program willaccept data from the keyboardIf input stream flows from a file, the program will acceptdata from the fileOutput stream: Data flows out of the programTo the screenTo a file Slide 6- 8Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesleycin And cout StreamscinInput stream connected to the keyboardcout Output stream connected to the screencin and cout defined in the iostream libraryUse include directive: #include <iostream>You can declare your own streams to use with files. Slide 6- 9Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyWhy Use Files?Files allow you to store data permanently!Data output to a file lasts after the program endsAn input file can be used over and overNo typing of data again and again for testingCreate a data file or read an output file at yourconvenienceFiles allow you to deal with larger data sets Slide 6- 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyFile I/OReading from a fileTaking input from a fileDone from beginning to the end (for now)No backing up to read something again (OK to start over)Just as done from the keyboardWriting to a fileSending output to a fileDone from beginning to end (for now)No backing up to write something again( OK to start over)Just as done to the screen [...]... only to the stream named in the call Slide 6- 3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Overview 6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 6.3 Character I/O 6.4 Inheritance Slide 6- 45 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Manipulators  A manipulator is a function called Introduction to Demand and Supply Introduction to Demand and Supply By: OpenStaxCollege Farmer’s Market Organic vegetables and fruits that are grown and sold within a specific geographical region should, in theory, cost less than conventional produce because the transportation costs are less That is not, however, usually the case (Credit: modification of work by Natalie Maynor/Flickr Creative Commons) Why Can We Not Get Enough of Organic? Organic food is increasingly popular, not just in the United States, but worldwide At one time, consumers had to go to specialty stores or farmer’s markets to find organic 1/3 Introduction to Demand and Supply produce Now it is available in most grocery stores In short, organic is part of the mainstream Ever wonder why organic food costs more than conventional food? Why, say, does an organic Fuji apple cost $1.99 a pound, while its conventional counterpart costs $1.49 a pound? The same price relationship is true for just about every organic product on the market If many organic foods are locally grown, would they not take less time to get to market and therefore be cheaper? What are the forces that keep those prices from coming down? Turns out those forces have a lot to with this chapter’s topic: demand and supply Introduction to Demand and Supply In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium in Markets for Goods and Services Shifts in Demand and Supply for Goods and Services Changes in Equilibrium Price and Quantity: The Four-Step Process Price Ceilings and Price Floors An auction bidder pays thousands of dollars for a dress Whitney Houston wore A collector spends a small fortune for a few drawings by John Lennon People usually react to purchases like these in two ways: their jaw drops because they think these are high prices to pay for such goods or they think these are rare, desirable items and the amount paid seems right Visit this website to read a list of bizarre items that have been purchased for their ties to celebrities These examples represent an interesting facet of demand and supply When economists talk about prices, they are less interested in making judgments than in gaining a practical understanding of what determines prices and why prices change Consider a price most of us contend with weekly: that of a gallon of gas Why was the average price of gasoline in the United States $3.40 per gallon in January 2012? Why did the price for gasoline rise to $3.93 per gallon only months later, by April 2012? To explain these price movements, economists focus on the determinants of what gasoline buyers are willing to pay and what gasoline sellers are willing to accept 2/3 Introduction to Demand and Supply As it turns out, the price of gasoline in June of any given year is nearly always higher than the price in January of that same year; over recent decades, gasoline prices in midsummer have averaged about 10 cents per gallon more than their midwinter low The likely reason is that people drive more in the summer, and are also willing to pay more for gas However, in 2009, gasoline prices rose by more than the average winterto-summer rise, which suggests that other factors were at work during those six months This chapter introduces the economic model of demand and supply—one of the most powerful models in all of economics The discussion here begins by examining how demand and supply determine the price and the quantity sold in markets for goods and services, and how changes in demand and supply lead to changes in prices and quantities 3/3 This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Law and RegulationText and MaterialsIn recent years, regulation has emerged as one of the most distinct and importantfields of study in the social sciences, both for policy-makers and for scholarswho require a theoretical framework that can be applied to any social sector.This timely textbook provides a conceptual map of the field and an accessible andcritical introduction to the subject. 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The Law in Context SeriesEditors: William Twining (University College London) and Christopher McCrudden(Lincoln College, Oxford)Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement tobroaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarlybooks that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and eco-nomic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series particularly aims to publishscholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bear on new and existing areas oflaw taught in universities. A contextual approach involves treating legal subjects broadly,using materials from other social sciences, and from any other discipline that helpsto explain the operation in practice of the subject under discussion. It is hoped thatthis orientation is at once more stimulating and more realistic than the bare expositionof legal rules. 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The unique feature of .NET is the ___________supp ort that it provides [0.5] a) Multi-platform b) Multi-language 3. .NET is a whole new platform centered around the Intranet [0.5] a) True b) False 4. A program in .NET is first compiled by the language specific compiler into __________________ [1.0] a) Common Language c) Intermediate Language b) Runtime Language d) Visual Basic 5. What is the role of the CLR (Select all that apply) [2.0] a) Manages memory c) Compiles program into machine code b) Compiles program to a .exe file d) Compile once and run on any CPU & OS that supports the runtime. 6. Microsoft .NET is primarily made up of the following three components. [2.0] a) Visual Studio .NET c) 3 rd party .NET services b) Microsoft .NET products and services d) .NET platform itself 7. Select the two core technologies on which the .NET platform is based. [2.5] a) XML c) Internet Protocols b) WML d) Internet computing 8. Microsoft .NET allows developers to develop applications using different languages, which run on the Unix platform [0.5] a) True b) False 9. The .NET platform is built on Internet Protocols such as _______ and _______ [1.0] a) TCP /IP c) SOAP b) IP d) HTTP 10. The .NET platform is built on the following features of the Windows 2000 server family.(Select all that apply) [1.5] a) Reliability c) Scalability b) Security d) Manageability 11. Select the core .NET Enterprise Servers [2.5] a) Commerce Server 2000 c) Apple Server b) Exchange 2000 Server d) Visual .Net Server 12. Core Microsoft .NET building block services [2.0] a) Calendar c) Dynamic delivery b) Dynamic Service d) Notification 13. _______ service allows users to handle their own rules for handling messages and notifications. [1.5] a) Notification b) Personalization 14. Select the service, which allows users to maintain their schedules thus facilitating timely and manageable interactions with other users. [1.5] a) Dynamic Service c) Notification b) Personalization d) Calendar 15. ________ allows developers and business analysts work together to define and modify business processes shared between applications. [1.0] a) Orchestration c) Common Language Runtime b) Web Service d) .Net Framework 16. Microsoft .Net was formerly known as __________ [0.5] a) NGUS c) NGWS b) MGWS d) NWGS 17. C# allows _______ use of native pointers. [0.5] a) Private c) Public b) Complete d) Restricted 18. What is the correct syntax for comment entries in C# [1.0] a) // … // c) /** … **/ b) /*… */ d) / … / 19. The public keyword can be ignored for the Main function in C#. [1.0] a) True b) False 20. A C# program can have only one using directive [0.5] a) True b) False 21. The WriteLine method is a part of the ______ class [1.0] a) System c) Console b) System.Output d) Console.System 22. C# is considered as a modern replacement for the language/s like: (Choose all that apply) [0.5] a) Java c) C++ b) C d) VB 23. C# is a ____________language. [0.5] a) purely Procedure-Oriented c) Procedure-Oriented and Object-Oriented b) partially Procedure-Oriented d) purely Object-Oriented 24. Manual memory management needs to be done in C# [0.5] a) True b) False 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Portals and Portlets T HIS BOOK IS FOR SOFTWARE developers and designers who develop Java applica- tions for portals. We cover version 1.0 of the Java portlet API, also known as Java Specification Request (JSR) 168. Portlets are the individual components that pro- vide content for a portal. Portals aggregate one or more portlets into web pages, which are usually personalized or customized for individual users or groups of users. Some portals also support mobile devices and voice support. Before the release of this portlet API, each portal had a different API for develop- ing portlets. Most Java portal vendors will support the JSR 168 standard in addition to their existing proprietary API. If you develop your portlets to the new portlet API standard, you can deploy them on any JSR 168-compatible server, just as any com- patible servlet container can deploy servlets. You may use the open source portal server Apache Pluto to run the portlets we write in this book. You are able to deploy your portlets on any other portals that support the standard, because none of the portlets will use any proprietary features. We use several open source software components to provide additional functionality beyond the portlet API. Some of the problems we provide solutions for in later chapters are person- alization, portal deployment, Single Sign-On (SSO), content syndication, and the porting of an existing application into a portal infrastructure. In this chapter, we discuss portals, information architecture, and background on the portlet API. Providing a Solution with Portals Usually, the decision to build a portal environment is made at a high level within an organization after users become frustrated with using applications that are not integrated and are not immediately visible. Other times, a project involving an extranet for suppliers and customers gets started, and the easiest way to aggregate security for all of these new users is through a portal’s SSO feature. In this book, we do not discuss the business case for a portal within an organization. We wrote this book for developers and architects who have chosen to use a portal server that implements the Java portlet API and need to solve technical problems. 2840ch01.qxd 7/13/04 12:43 PM Page 1 Download at Boykma.Com Chapter 1 2 From a technical perspective, a portal provides a solution for aggregating con- tent and applications from various systems for presentation to the end user. The users do not need to know how the content or functionality is provided; they just want to enjoy the benefits of a single web site and all of its services. Typically, a portal has an integrated user interface and an SSO approach for security. The software developer’s job is to take all of the systems that provide these services and add interfaces to them to work with the portal. Portlets are the individual compo- nents displayed in the portal. Prior to the introduction of the standardized portlet API, portlets had to be custom-developed for each portal server because the API was different for each server. The leading portal vendors joined to create a standard to promote portal technology. Inside the Java Community Process (JCP), the name of the standard for the first version of the Java portlet API is JSR 168. Future versions of the portlet API will have different JSR numbers. One of the problems for the designer or architect in charge of the portal proj- ect is that the existing systems do not always separate cleanly into presentation and business logic layers. Also, consider portal security and personalization when ... Introduction to Demand and Supply In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • Demand, Supply, and Equilibrium in Markets for Goods and Services Shifts in Demand and Supply for Goods and Services... time to get to market and therefore be cheaper? What are the forces that keep those prices from coming down? Turns out those forces have a lot to with this chapter’s topic: demand and supply Introduction. .. the economic model of demand and supply one of the most powerful models in all of economics The discussion here begins by examining how demand and supply determine the price and the quantity sold