Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy

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Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes Slide 6- 3Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyOverview6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O6.3 Character I/O6.4 Inheritance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley6.1Streams and Basic File I/O Slide 6- 5Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyI/O StreamsI/O refers to program input and outputInput is delivered to your program via a stream objectInput can be fromThe keyboardA fileOutput is delivered to the output device via a streamobjectOutput can be to The screenA file Slide 6- 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyObjectsObjects are special variables thatHave their own special-purpose functionsSet C++ apart from earlier programming languages Slide 6- 7Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyStreams and Basic File I/OFiles for I/O are the same type of files used tostore programsA stream is a flow of data.Input stream: Data flows into the programIf input stream flows from keyboard, the program willaccept data from the keyboardIf input stream flows from a file, the program will acceptdata from the fileOutput stream: Data flows out of the programTo the screenTo a file Slide 6- 8Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesleycin And cout StreamscinInput stream connected to the keyboardcout Output stream connected to the screencin and cout defined in the iostream libraryUse include directive: #include <iostream>You can declare your own streams to use with files. Slide 6- 9Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyWhy Use Files?Files allow you to store data permanently!Data output to a file lasts after the program endsAn input file can be used over and overNo typing of data again and again for testingCreate a data file or read an output file at yourconvenienceFiles allow you to deal with larger data sets Slide 6- 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyFile I/OReading from a fileTaking input from a fileDone from beginning to the end (for now)No backing up to read something again (OK to start over)Just as done from the keyboardWriting to a fileSending output to a fileDone from beginning to end (for now)No backing up to write something again( OK to start over)Just as done to the screen [...]... only to the stream named in the call Slide 6- 3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Overview 6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 6.3 Character I/O 6.4 Inheritance Slide 6- 45 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Manipulators  A manipulator is a function called Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy By: OpenStaxCollege Oligopoly versus Competitors in the Marketplace Large corporations, such as the natural gas producer Kinder Morgan, can bring economies of scale to the marketplace Will that benefit consumers? Or is more competition better for consumers? (Credit: modification of work by Derrick Coetzee/Flickr Creative Commons) More than Cooking, Heating, and Cooling If you live in the United States, there is a slightly better than 50–50 chance your home is heated and cooled using natural gas You may even use natural gas for cooking However, those uses are not the primary uses of natural gas in the U.S In 2012, according to the U.S Energy Information Administration, home heating, cooling, and cooking accounted for just 18% of natural gas usage What accounts for the rest? The greatest uses for natural gas are the generation of electric power (39%) and in industry (30%) Together these three uses for natural gas touch many areas of our lives, so why would there be any opposition to a merger of two natural gas firms? After all, a merger could mean increased efficiencies and reduced costs to people like you and me 1/3 Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy In October 2011, Kinder Morgan and El Paso Corporation, two natural gas firms, announced they were merging The announcement stated the combined firm would link “nearly every major production region with markets,” cut costs by “eliminating duplication in pipelines and other assets,” and that “the savings could be passed on to consumers.” The objection? The $21.1 billion deal would give Kinder Morgan control of more than 80,000 miles of pipeline, making the new firm the third largest energy producer in North America As the third largest energy producer, policymakers and the public wondered whether the cost savings really would be passed on to consumers, or would the merger give Kinder Morgan a strong oligopoly position in the natural gas marketplace? That brings us to the central question this chapter poses: What should the balance be between corporate size and a larger number of competitors in a marketplace? We will also consider what role the government should play in this balancing act Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • Corporate Mergers Regulating Anticompetitive Behavior Regulating Natural Monopolies The Great Deregulation Experiment The previous chapters on the theory of the firm identified three important lessons: First, that competition, by providing consumers with lower prices and a variety of innovative products, is a good thing; second, that large-scale production can dramatically lower average costs; and third, that markets in the real world are rarely perfectly competitive As a consequence, government policymakers must determine how much to intervene to balance the potential benefits of large-scale production against the potential loss of competition that can occur when businesses grow in size, especially through mergers For example, in 2006, AT&T and BellSouth, two telecommunications companies, wished to merge into a single firm In the year before the merger, AT&T was the 121st largest company in the country when ranked by sales, with $44 billion in revenues and 190,000 employees BellSouth was the 314th largest company in the country, with $21 billion in revenues and 63,000 employees The two companies argued that the merger would benefit consumers, who would be able to purchase better telecommunications services at a cheaper price because the newly created firm would be able to produce more efficiently by taking advantage of economies of scale and eliminating duplicate investments However, a number of 2/3 Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy activist groups like the Consumer Federation of America and Public Knowledge expressed fears that the merger would reduce competition and lead to higher prices for consumers for decades to come In December 2006, the federal government allowed the merger to proceed By 2009, the new post-merger AT&T was the eighth largest company by revenues in the United States, and by that measure the largest telecommunications company in the world Economists have spent – and will still spend – years trying to determine whether the merger of AT&T and BellSouth, as well as other smaller mergers of telecommunications companies at about this same time, helped consumers, hurt them, or did not make much difference This chapter discusses public policy issues about competition How can economists and governments determine when mergers of large companies like AT&T and BellSouth should be allowed and when they should be blocked? The government also plays a role in policing anticompetitive behavior other than mergers, like prohibiting certain kinds of contracts that might restrict competition In the case of natural monopoly, however, trying to preserve competition probably ... This page intentionally left blank An Introduction to Law and RegulationText and MaterialsIn recent years, regulation has emerged as one of the most distinct and importantfields of study in the social sciences, both for policy-makers and for scholarswho require a theoretical framework that can be applied to any social sector.This timely textbook provides a conceptual map of the field and an accessible andcritical introduction to the subject. Morgan and Yeung set out a diverse andstimulating selection of materials and give them context with a compre-hensive and critical commentary. 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The unique feature of .NET is the ___________supp ort that it provides [0.5] a) Multi-platform b) Multi-language 3. .NET is a whole new platform centered around the Intranet [0.5] a) True b) False 4. A program in .NET is first compiled by the language specific compiler into __________________ [1.0] a) Common Language c) Intermediate Language b) Runtime Language d) Visual Basic 5. What is the role of the CLR (Select all that apply) [2.0] a) Manages memory c) Compiles program into machine code b) Compiles program to a .exe file d) Compile once and run on any CPU & OS that supports the runtime. 6. Microsoft .NET is primarily made up of the following three components. [2.0] a) Visual Studio .NET c) 3 rd party .NET services b) Microsoft .NET products and services d) .NET platform itself 7. Select the two core technologies on which the .NET platform is based. [2.5] a) XML c) Internet Protocols b) WML d) Internet computing 8. Microsoft .NET allows developers to develop applications using different languages, which run on the Unix platform [0.5] a) True b) False 9. The .NET platform is built on Internet Protocols such as _______ and _______ [1.0] a) TCP /IP c) SOAP b) IP d) HTTP 10. The .NET platform is built on the following features of the Windows 2000 server family.(Select all that apply) [1.5] a) Reliability c) Scalability b) Security d) Manageability 11. Select the core .NET Enterprise Servers [2.5] a) Commerce Server 2000 c) Apple Server b) Exchange 2000 Server d) Visual .Net Server 12. Core Microsoft .NET building block services [2.0] a) Calendar c) Dynamic delivery b) Dynamic Service d) Notification 13. _______ service allows users to handle their own rules for handling messages and notifications. [1.5] a) Notification b) Personalization 14. Select the service, which allows users to maintain their schedules thus facilitating timely and manageable interactions with other users. [1.5] a) Dynamic Service c) Notification b) Personalization d) Calendar 15. ________ allows developers and business analysts work together to define and modify business processes shared between applications. [1.0] a) Orchestration c) Common Language Runtime b) Web Service d) .Net Framework 16. Microsoft .Net was formerly known as __________ [0.5] a) NGUS c) NGWS b) MGWS d) NWGS 17. C# allows _______ use of native pointers. [0.5] a) Private c) Public b) Complete d) Restricted 18. What is the correct syntax for comment entries in C# [1.0] a) // … // c) /** … **/ b) /*… */ d) / … / 19. The public keyword can be ignored for the Main function in C#. [1.0] a) True b) False 20. A C# program can have only one using directive [0.5] a) True b) False 21. The WriteLine method is a part of the ______ class [1.0] a) System c) Console b) System.Output d) Console.System 22. C# is considered as a modern replacement for the language/s like: (Choose all that apply) [0.5] a) Java c) C++ b) C d) VB 23. C# is a ____________language. [0.5] a) purely Procedure-Oriented c) Procedure-Oriented and Object-Oriented b) partially Procedure-Oriented d) purely Object-Oriented 24. Manual memory management needs to be done in C# [0.5] a) True b) False 1 CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Portals and Portlets T HIS BOOK IS FOR SOFTWARE developers and designers who develop Java applica- tions for portals. We cover version 1.0 of the Java portlet API, also known as Java Specification Request (JSR) 168. Portlets are the individual components that pro- vide content for a portal. Portals aggregate one or more portlets into web pages, which are usually personalized or customized for individual users or groups of users. Some portals also support mobile devices and voice support. Before the release of this portlet API, each portal had a different API for develop- ing portlets. Most Java portal vendors will support the JSR 168 standard in addition to their existing proprietary API. If you develop your portlets to the new portlet API standard, you can deploy them on any JSR 168-compatible server, just as any com- patible servlet container can deploy servlets. You may use the open source portal server Apache Pluto to run the portlets we write in this book. You are able to deploy your portlets on any other portals that support the standard, because none of the portlets will use any proprietary features. We use several open source software components to provide additional functionality beyond the portlet API. Some of the problems we provide solutions for in later chapters are person- alization, portal deployment, Single Sign-On (SSO), content syndication, and the porting of an existing application into a portal infrastructure. In this chapter, we discuss portals, information architecture, and background on the portlet API. Providing a Solution with Portals Usually, the decision to build a portal environment is made at a high level within an organization after users become frustrated with using applications that are not integrated and are not immediately visible. Other times, a project involving an extranet for suppliers and customers gets started, and the easiest way to aggregate security for all of these new users is through a portal’s SSO feature. In this book, we do not discuss the business case for a portal within an organization. We wrote this book for developers and architects who have chosen to use a portal server that implements the Java portlet API and need to solve technical problems. 2840ch01.qxd 7/13/04 12:43 PM Page 1 Download at Boykma.Com Chapter 1 2 From a technical perspective, a portal provides a solution for aggregating con- tent and applications from various systems for presentation to the end user. The users do not need to know how the content or functionality is provided; they just want to enjoy the benefits of a single web site and all of its services. Typically, a portal has an integrated user interface and an SSO approach for security. The software developer’s job is to take all of the systems that provide these services and add interfaces to them to work with the portal. Portlets are the individual compo- nents displayed in the portal. Prior to the introduction of the standardized portlet API, portlets had to be custom-developed for each portal server because the API was different for each server. The leading portal vendors joined to create a standard to promote portal technology. Inside the Java Community Process (JCP), the name of the standard for the first version of the Java portlet API is JSR 168. Future versions of the portlet API will have different JSR numbers. One of the problems for the designer or architect in charge of the portal proj- ect is that the existing systems do not always separate cleanly into presentation and business logic layers. Also, consider portal security and personalization when ... 2/3 Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy activist groups like the Consumer Federation of America and Public Knowledge expressed fears that the merger would reduce competition and lead to. . .Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy In October 2011, Kinder Morgan and El Paso Corporation, two natural gas firms, announced... will also consider what role the government should play in this balancing act Introduction to Monopoly and Antitrust Policy In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • Corporate Mergers Regulating