Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy

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Telemark University College Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics Faculty of Technology, Postboks 203, Kjølnes ring 56, N-3901 Porsgrunn, Norway. Tel: +47 35 57 50 00 Fax: +47 35 57 54 01 Introduction to Visual Studio and C# HANS-PETTER HALVORSEN, 2012.08.17 2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Visual Studio 5 1.2 C# . 6 1.3 .NET Framework 6 1.4 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) . 7 2 Visual Studio . 8 2.1 Introduction . Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy By: OpenStaxCollege Shut Downs and Parks Yellowstone National Park is one of the many national parks forced to close down during the government shut down in October 2013 (Credit: modification of work by “daveynin”/flickr Creative Commons) No Yellowstone Park? So you had trekked all the way to see Yellowstone National Park in the beautiful month of October 2013, only to find it… closed Closed! Why? 1/3 Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy For two weeks in October 2013, the U.S federal government shut down Many federal services, like the national parks, closed and 800,000 federal employees were furloughed Tourists were shocked and so was the rest of the world: Congress and the President could not agree on a budget Inside the Capitol, Republicans and Democrats argued about spending priorities and whether to increase the national debt limit Each year’s budget, which is over $3 trillion of spending, must be approved by Congress and signed by the President Tied to the budget debate was the issue of increasing the debt ceiling—how high the national debt of the U.S government can be The House of Representatives refused to sign on to the bills to fund the government unless they included provisions to stop or change the Affordable Health Care Act (more colloquially known as Obamacare) As the days ticked by, the United States came very close to defaulting on its debt Why does the federal budget create such intense debates? What would happen if the United States actually defaulted on its debt? In this chapter, we will examine the federal budget, taxation, and fiscal policy We will also look at the annual federal budget deficits and the national debt Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy In this chapter, you will learn about: • • • • • • • Government Spending Taxation Federal Deficits and the National Debt Using Fiscal Policy to Fight Recessions, Unemployment, and Inflation Automatic Stabilizers Practical Problems with Discretionary Fiscal Policy The Question of a Balanced Budget All levels of government—federal, state, and local—have budgets that show how much revenue the government expects to receive in taxes and other income and how the government plans to spend it Budgets, however, can shift dramatically within a few years, as policy decisions and unexpected events shake up earlier tax and spending plans In this chapter, we revisit fiscal policy, which was first covered in Welcome to Economics! Fiscal policy is one of two policy tools for fine tuning the economy (the other is monetary policy) While monetary policy is made by policymakers at the Federal Reserve, fiscal policy is made by Congress and the President The discussion of fiscal policy focuses on how federal government taxing and spending affects aggregate demand All government spending and taxes affect the economy, but 2/3 Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy fiscal policy focuses strictly on the policies of the federal government We begin with an overview of U.S government spending and taxes We then discuss fiscal policy from a short-run perspective; that is, how government uses tax and spending policies to address recession, unemployment, and inflation; how periods of recession and growth affect government budgets; and the merits of balanced budget proposals 3/3 Embedded Systems Design: An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques by Arnold S. Berger ISBN: 1578200733 CMP Books © 2002 (237 pages) An easy-to-understand guidebook for those embarking upon an embedded processor development project. Table of Contents Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Preface Introduction Chapter 1 - The Embedded Design Life Cycle Chapter 2 - The Selection Process Chapter 3 - The Partitioning Decision Chapter 4 - The Development Environment Chapter 5 - Special Software Techniques Chapter 6 - A Basic Toolset Chapter 7 - BDM, JTAG, and Nexus Chapter 8 - The ICE — An Integrated Solution Chapter 9 - Testing Chapter 10 - The Future Index List of Figures List of Tables List of Listings List of Sidebars TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® Embedded Systems Design—An Introduction to Processes, Tools, and Techniques Arnold Berger CMP Books CMP Media LLC 1601 West 23rd Street, Suite 200 Lawrence, Kansas 66046 USA www.cmpbooks.com Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. In all instances where CMP Books is aware of a trademark claim, the product name appears in initial capital letters, in all capital letters, or in accordance with the vendor’s capitalization preference. Readers should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information on trademarks and trademark registrations. All trademarks and registered trademarks in this book are the property of their respective holders. Copyright © 2002 by CMP Books, except where noted otherwise. Published by CMP Books, CMP Media LLC. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher; with the exception that the program listings may be entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication. The programs in this book are presented for instructional value. The programs have been carefully tested, but are not guaranteed for any particular purpose. The publisher does not offer any warranties and does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information herein and is not responsible for any errors or omissions. The publisher assumes no liability for damages resulting from the use of the information in this book or for any infringement of the intellectual property rights of third parties that would result from the use of this information. Developmental Editor: Robert Ward Editors: Matt McDonald, Julie McNamee, Rita Sooby, and Catherine Janzen Layout Production: Justin Fulmer, Rita Sooby, and Michelle O’Neal Managing Editor: Michelle O’Neal Cover Art Design: Robert Ward Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by: Publishers Group West 1700 Fourth Street Berkeley, CA 94710 1-800-788-3123 www.pgw.com ISBN: 1-57820-073-3 This book is dedicated to Shirley Berger. Preface Why write a book about designing embedded systems? Because my experiences working in the industry and, more recently, working with students have convinced me that there is a need for such a book. For example, a few years ago, I was the Development Tools Marketing Manager for a semiconductor manufacturer. I was speaking with the Software Development Tools Manager at our major account. My job was to help convince the customer that they should be using our RISC processor in their laser printers. Since I owned the tool chain issues, I had to address his specific issues before we could convince him that we had the appropriate support for his design team. Since we didn’t Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design For a listing of recent titles in the Artech House Radar Library, turn to the back of this book. Introduction to RF Equipment and System Design Pekka Eskelinen Artech House, Inc. Boston • London www.artechhouse.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record of this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Eskelinen, Pekka Introduction to RF equipment and system design.—(Artech House radar library) 1. Radio—Equipment and supplies 2. Wireless communications systems—Design and con - struction 3. Radio frequency I. Title 621.3’84 ISBN 1-58053-665-4 Cover design by Igor Valdman © 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC. 685 Canton Street Norwood, MA 02062 All rights reserved. Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, includ - ing photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa - tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade - mark or service mark. International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-665-4 10987654321 . Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xi CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Definitions 1 1.2 What the Reader Should Already Know 3 1.3 Style of Approach 5 1.4 Goals in System Design 7 1.5 The Spirit of System Design 7 1.6 Reliability and Availability 9 1.7 Effects of User Profile 10 1.8 Project Working 11 References 12 CHAPTER 2 Available Parameters 15 2.1 Standardization and Regulations 15 2.2 Frequency 16 2.3 Power 22 2.4 NF 24 2.5 RF Transmission Lines 25 2.6 Geographical Topology 28 2.7 Modulation 29 2.8 Effects of the Baseband Signal 31 2.9 Signal Processing 32 2.10 Nonelectrical Factors 33 References 36 CHAPTER 3 Systems Problems Involving Wave-Propagation Mechanisms 37 3.1 Propagation Models in Brief with Reference to System Design 38 3.2 Means to Counter Adverse Conditions (Stationary and Nonstationary) 42 3.2.1 Attenuation 42 vii 3.2.2 Scattering 46 3.2.3 Multipath Problems 48 3.2.4 Interference Issues 51 3.3 Examples 51 3.3.1 Unexpected Ionospheric Disturbances at HFs 51 3.3.2 Interference Problems in Microwave Links 54 3.3.3 Reception of Weak Geostationary Satellite Signals 59 References 60 CHAPTER 4 Circuits and Components for System Evaluations and Design 63 4.1 Standard or Custom Design? 63 4.2 Passive Modules 64 4.2.1 Terminations 64 4.2.2 Attenuators 65 4.2.3 Power Dividers and Combiners 66 4.2.4 Filters 66 4.2.5 Directional Couplers 70 4.2.6 Isolators 71 4.3 Active Modules 71 4.3.1 Detectors 72 4.3.2 Switches 74 4.3.3 Mixers 76 4.3.4 Amplifiers 79 4.3.5 Oscillators 83 4.3.6 Modulators and Demodulators 87 4.3.7 Upconverters/Downconverters 90 4.3.8 Power Supplies 90 4.4 Mechanics 91 4.5 Purchasing Modules for Equipment Development 93 References 94 CHAPTER 5 Antennas and Associated Hardware 97 5.1 Antenna Selection Criteria 98 5.2 Some Antenna Types 103 5.2.1 Individual Antenna Elements 104 5.2.2 Antenna Arrays 113 5.2.3 Vehicle-Mounted Arrays 128 5.3 Antennas as Mechanical Elements 134 5.3.1 Antenna Mounting on Test Vehicles 134 5.3.2 A Tracking System for a 3-m Reflector Antenna 137 5.4 RF Transmission Lines 140 5.4.1 Coaxial Cables 141 5.4.2 Waveguides 146 5.5 Connectors 147 5.5.1 General Performance Requirements 148 viii Contents Contents Overview 1 Introduction to Exchange 2000 2 Introduction to the Web Storage System 11 Developmental Features of the Web Storage System 16 Lab A: Accessing and Viewing Data in the Web Storage System 25 Managing Exchange 2000 32 Lab B: Creating a Public Folder, a Public Store, and a Virtual Directory 38 Review 43 Module 1: Introduction to Exchange 2000 and the Web Storage System Information in this document is subject to change without notice. The names of companies, products, people, characters, and/or data mentioned herein are fictitious and are in no way intended to represent any real individual, company, product, or event, unless otherwise noted. Complying with all applicable copyright laws is the responsibility of the user. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Microsoft Corporation. If, however, your only means of access is electronic, permission to print one copy is hereby granted. Microsoft may have patents, patent applications, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property rights covering subject matter in this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license agreement from Microsoft, the furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents, trademarks, copyrights, or other intellectual property.  2000 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Active Directory, ActiveX, FrontPage, Hotmail, JScript, MSN, Outlook, PowerPoint, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Window Media, Visual InterDev, Visual Studio, Win32, Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and/or other countries. Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective owners. Project Lead: Samantha Smith Instructional Designers: Sangeeta Garg (NIIT (USA) Inc.), Marilyn McCune Instructional Software Design Engineer: William Rebozo Subject Matter Experts: Jayme Bowers (ECMS Inc.), John Christian (ECMS Inc.), Robert Ginsburg (ECMS Inc.), Frederick Volking (ECMS Inc Technical Contributors: Thomas Rizzo, Brent Ingraham, Navin Kachroo, Robert Brown, Alex Hopmann, Jim Reitz Graphic Artist: Kirsten Larson (S&T Consulting) Editing Manager: Lynette Skinner Editors: Kelly Baker, Nancy Finch Copy Editor: Ed McKillop (S&T Consulting) Production Manager: Miracle Davis Print Coordinator: Marlene Lambert (Online Training Solutions, Inc.) Online Production Coordinator: Jenny Boe Test Manager: Eric R. Myers Creative Director, Media/Sim Services: David Mahlmann Web Development Lead: Lisa Pease CD Build Specialist: Eric Wagoner Localization Manager: Rick Terek Operations Coordinator: John Williams Manufacturing Support: Laura King; Kathy Hershey Lead Product Manager, Release Management: Bo Galford Program Manager, Knowledge Management: Josh Barnhill Lead Product Manager, Knowledge Management: Janet Wilson Group Manager, Courseware Infrastructure: David Bramble Director, Developer Training: Juan Fernando Rivera General Manager: Robert Stewart Module 1: Introduction to Exchange 2000 and the Web Storage System iii Instructor Notes This module provides students with an introduction to Microsoft ® Exchange 2000 Server and Microsoft Web Storage System, including the features and functionality of each. The module discusses Web Storage System support for application Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyChapter 6I/O Streams as an Introduction to Objects and Classes Slide 6- 3Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyOverview6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O6.3 Character I/O6.4 Inheritance Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley6.1Streams and Basic File I/O Slide 6- 5Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyI/O StreamsI/O refers to program input and outputInput is delivered to your program via a stream objectInput can be fromThe keyboardA fileOutput is delivered to the output device via a streamobjectOutput can be to The screenA file Slide 6- 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyObjectsObjects are special variables thatHave their own special-purpose functionsSet C++ apart from earlier programming languages Slide 6- 7Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyStreams and Basic File I/OFiles for I/O are the same type of files used tostore programsA stream is a flow of data.Input stream: Data flows into the programIf input stream flows from keyboard, the program willaccept data from the keyboardIf input stream flows from a file, the program will acceptdata from the fileOutput stream: Data flows out of the programTo the screenTo a file Slide 6- 8Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesleycin And cout StreamscinInput stream connected to the keyboardcout Output stream connected to the screencin and cout defined in the iostream libraryUse include directive: #include <iostream>You can declare your own streams to use with files. Slide 6- 9Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyWhy Use Files?Files allow you to store data permanently!Data output to a file lasts after the program endsAn input file can be used over and overNo typing of data again and again for testingCreate a data file or read an output file at yourconvenienceFiles allow you to deal with larger data sets Slide 6- 10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-WesleyFile I/OReading from a fileTaking input from a fileDone from beginning to the end (for now)No backing up to read something again (OK to start over)Just as done from the keyboardWriting to a fileSending output to a fileDone from beginning to end (for now)No backing up to write something again( OK to start over)Just as done to the screen [...]... only to the stream named in the call Slide 6- 3 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Overview 6.1 Streams and Basic File I/O 6.2 Tools for Stream I/O 6.3 Character I/O 6.4 Inheritance Slide 6- 45 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Manipulators  A manipulator is a function called Introduction to Government and Politics Introduction to Government and Politics Bởi: OpenStaxCollege 1/3 Introduction to Government and Politics Members of Britain’s royal family still captivate audiences around the world, but they have limited involvement in the day-to-day operations of their country’s government (Photo courtesy of HerryLawford/flickr) Dubbed the “wedding of the century” by journalists, dignitaries, and commoners alike, the April 29, 2011, nuptials of Prince William and Catherine Middleton ignited a media frenzy months before the ceremony even took place Thousands of journalists reported on the ... aggregate demand All government spending and taxes affect the economy, but 2/3 Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy fiscal policy focuses strictly on the policies of the federal government. .. federal budget, taxation, and fiscal policy We will also look at the annual federal budget deficits and the national debt Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy In this chapter, you.. .Introduction to Government Budgets and Fiscal Policy For two weeks in October 2013, the U.S federal government shut down Many federal services, like the national parks, closed and 800,000