Theories of Self Development

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1ABSTRACT The Mckinnon-Shaw Hypothesis: Thirty Years on: A Review of Recent Developments in Financial Liberalization Theory by Dr Firdu Gemech and Professor John Struthers University of Paisley The Mckinnon-Shaw Hypothesis, in its’ various forms, is now thirty years old. Over that period literally hundreds of empirical studies have been completed examining the hypothesis in many different contexts. Initially, the hypothesis focused on the effects of so-called “Financial Repression” (low or negative real interest rates) on savings and investment levels in developing countries. In more recent times, researchers have extended the debate to consider other effects of financial repression on: economic growth; financial crises and poverty (for example the effects of overvalued exchange rates). Currently, significant research is being conducted on the potentially destabilizing effects of financial liberalization (the converse of financial repression) on global financial markets. This paper attempts to survey the literature on the Mckinnon-Shaw Hypothesis and tries to draw out some of the recurrent themes of this literature. The paper also highlights the continuing relevance of the original hypothesis to on-going debates concerned with the effects of financial liberalization. CONTACT Dr Firdu Gemech 00 44 141 848 3393;firdu.gemech@paisley.ac.uk Professor John Struthers 00 44 141 848 3364; john.struthers@paisley.ac.uk Division of Economics and Enterprise Paisley Business School University of Paisley Paisley PA1 2 BE Scotland * Paper presented at Development Studies Association (DSA) Annual Conference on “Globalisation and Development”, Glasgow, Scotland, September 2003 2 An Overview of Recent Developments in Financial Liberalization Theory The literature on Financial Liberalization policies in developing countries has a long pedigree. This literature commenced with the seminal work of Mckinnon and Shaw in 1973 which focused on Financial Repression (see below) and the need for developing economies to allow real interests rates (along with other financial indicators) to be determined by market forces. Though originally focusing on interest rates, the Financial Repression approach also incorporated the adverse affects of high reserve ratios and government directed credit programmes, which together contributed to low savings, credit rationing and low investment. In later years, the literature can be classified into: First Generation approaches (represented by the work of Krugman (1979); Second Generation approaches (Obstfeld, 1996) ; and Third Generation approaches again represented by the work of Krugman (1998;1999) In this evolving literature, it is possible to detect a clear lineage stemming from the original Mckinnon-Shaw contribution, albeit one which represents an increasingly sophisticated theoretical and empirical development of the original hypothesis. This paper will trace the development of this body of thought as well as highlight possible further theoretical developments. It will also highlight some of the future directions that this research might take and the potential policy implications therein. I. Theoretical Underpinnings 1. Liberalization as a catalyst for higher saving, (McKinnon-Shaw) McKinnon Theories of Self Development Theories of Self Development Bởi: OpenStaxCollege When we are born, we have a genetic makeup and biological traits However, who we are as human beings develops through social interaction Many scholars, both in the fields of psychology and in sociology, have described the process of self development as a precursor to understanding how that “self” becomes socialized Psychological Perspectives on Self-Development Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was one of the most influential modern scientists to put forth a theory about how people develop a sense of self He believed that personality and sexual development were closely linked, and he divided the maturation process into psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital He posited that people’s self development is closely linked to early stages of development, like breastfeeding, toilet training, and sexual awareness (Freud 1905) According to Freud, failure to properly engage in or disengage from a specific stage results in emotional and psychological consequences throughout adulthood An adult with an oral fixation may indulge in overeating or binge drinking An anal fixation may produce a neat freak (hence the term “anal retentive”), while a person stuck in the phallic stage may be promiscuous or emotionally immature Although no solid empirical evidence supports Freud’s theory, his ideas continue to contribute to the work of scholars in a variety of disciplines Sociology or Psychology: What’s the Difference? You might be wondering: if sociologists and psychologists are both interested in people and their behavior, how are these two disciplines different? What they agree on, and where their ideas diverge? The answers are complicated, but the distinction is important to scholars in both fields As a general difference, we might say that while both disciplines are interested in human behavior, psychologists are focused on how the mind influences that behavior, while sociologists study the role of society in shaping behavior Psychologists are interested in people’s mental development and how their minds process their world Sociologists are more likely to focus on how different aspects of society contribute to an individual’s 1/8 Theories of Self Development relationship with his world Another way to think of the difference is that psychologists tend to look inward (mental health, emotional processes), while sociologists tend to look outward (social institutions, cultural norms, interactions with others) to understand human behavior Emile Durkheim (1958–1917) was the first to make this distinction in research, when he attributed differences in suicide rates among people to social causes (religious differences) rather than to psychological causes (like their mental wellbeing) (Durkheim 1897) Today, we see this same distinction For example, a sociologist studying how a couple gets to the point of their first kiss on a date might focus her research on cultural norms for dating, social patterns of sexual activity over time, or how this process is different for seniors than for teens A psychologist would more likely be interested in the person’s earliest sexual awareness or the mental processing of sexual desire Sometimes sociologists and psychologists have collaborated to increase knowledge In recent decades, however, their fields have become more clearly separated as sociologists increasingly focus on large societal issues and patterns, while psychologists remain honed in on the human mind Both disciplines make valuable contributions through different approaches that provide us with different types of useful insights Psychologist Erik Erikson (1902–1994) created a theory of personality development based, in part, on the work of Freud However, Erikson believed the personality continued to change over time and was never truly finished His theory includes eight stages of development, beginning with birth and ending with death According to Erikson, people move through these stages throughout their lives In contrast to Freud’s focus on psychosexual stages and basic human urges, Erikson’s view of self development gave credit to more social aspects, like the way we negotiate between our own base desires and what is socially accepted (Erikson 1982) Jean Piaget (1896–1980) was a psychologist who specialized in child development, focusing specifically on the role of social interactions in their development He recognized that the development of self evolved through a negotiation between the world as it exists in one’s mind and the world that exists as it is experienced socially (Piaget 1954) All three of these thinkers have contributed to our modern understanding of self development Sociological Theories of Self Development One of the pioneering contributors to sociological perspectives was Charles Cooley (1864–1929) He asserted that people’s self understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how others view them—a ...TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements .iAbstract .iiList of Abbreviations iiiList of Charts and Tables .ivINTRODUCTION .1I. Rationale .1II. The significance of the study .2III. Aims of the study .2IV. Research questions .3V. Scope of the study .3VI. Methodology of the study .3VII. Design of the study .4CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW 51.1. The concept of software, outsourcing, and software outsourcing .51.1.1. Software definition 51.1.2. Outsourcing concept .51.1.3. History of software outsourcing 71.1.4. Types 71.1.5. Advantages of software outsourcing .9 1.1.6. Disadvantages and concerns 111.2. Software Outsourcing industry in the world, India and China .111.2.1. In the world .111.2.2. In India and China .12CHAPTER TWO: SOFTWARE OUTSOURCING INDUSTRY IN VIET NAM .152.1. Overview 152.1.1. The introduction of Software outsourcing to Vietnam 152.1.2. Key players .162.1.3. Principal services .182.1.4. Markets for Vietnam software outsourcing industry .182.1.5. Achievements 192.1.6. Main objectives .21 2.2. Prospects of Vietnam software outsourcing 222.2.1. Appealing factors 222.2.2. Highly appreciated by the big software outsourcing service providers .302.2.3. Increasing government support 322.3. Situation .332.4. Opportunities 362.5. Challenges .40CHAPTER : A CASE STUDY OF FPT SOFTWARE .433.1. FPT software in general 433.1.1. Formation and main services 433.1.2. Vision .433.1.3. Strong business results 443.2. Businesses 463.2.1. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) service .463.2.2. Web Meister (WM) 483.3.3 FPT.iHRP 483.3. Success factors .493.4. Direction and challenges .53CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS 564.1. Strong commitment of the government .574.1.1. Financial support 574.1.2. Promotion .584.1.3. Legal and BioMed Central Open Access Page 1 of 9 (page number not for citation purposes) Implementation Science Study protocol Using theories of behaviour to understand transfusion prescribing in three clinical contexts in two countries: Development work for an implementation trial Jill J Francis* 1 , Alan Tinmouth 2,3 , Simon J Stanworth 4 , Jeremy M Grimshaw 2 , Marie Johnston 5 , Chris Hyde 4 , Charlotte Stockton 6 , Jamie C Brehaut 7 , Dean Fergusson 2 and Martin P Eccles 8 Address: 1 Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, UK, 2 Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, 3 Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada, 4 NHS Blood & Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK, 5 Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK, 6 Centre for Medical Statistics and Health Evaluation, University of Liverpool, UK, 7 Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada and 8 Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK Email: Jill J Francis* - j.francis@abdn.ac.uk; Alan Tinmouth - Atinmouth@Ottawahospital.on.ca; Simon J Stanworth - simon.stanworth@nhsbt.nhs.uk; Jeremy M Grimshaw - jgrimshaw@ohri.ca; Marie Johnston - m.johnston@abdn.ac.uk; Chris Hyde - Christopher.Hyde@nbs.nhs.uk; Charlotte Stockton - c.stockton@liv.ac.uk; Jamie C Brehaut - jbrehaut@ohri.ca; Dean Fergusson - dafergusson@ohri.ca; Martin P Eccles - Martin.Eccles@newcastle.ac.uk * Corresponding author Abstract Background: Blood transfusion is an essential part of healthcare and can improve patient outcomes. However, like most therapies, it is also associated with significant clinical risks. In addition, there is some evidence of overuse. Understanding the potential barriers and enablers to reduced prescribing of blood products will facilitate the selection of intervention components likely to be effective, thereby reducing the number of costly trials evaluating different implementation strategies. Using a theoretical basis to understand behaviours targeted for change will contribute to a 'basic science' relating to determinants of professional behaviour and how these inform the selection of techniques for changing behaviour. However, it is not clear which theories of behaviour are relevant to clinicians' transfusing behaviour. The aim of this study is to use a theoretical domains framework to identify relevant theories, and to use these theories to identify factors that predict the decision to transfuse. Methods: The study involves two steps: interview study and questionnaire study. Using a previously identified framework, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with clinicians to elicit their views about which factors are associated with waiting and further monitoring the patient rather than transfusing red blood cells. Interviews will cover the following theoretical domains: knowledge; skills; social/professional role and identity; beliefs about capabilities; beliefs about consequences; motivation and goals; memory, attention, and decision processes; environmental context and resources; social influences; emotion; behavioural regulation; nature of the behaviour. The interviews will take place independently in Canada and the UK and involve two groups of physicians in each country (UK: adult and neonatal intensive care physicians; Canada: intensive care physicians and orthopaedic surgeons). We will: analyse interview transcript content to select Published: 24 October 2009 Implementation Science 2009, 4:70 doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-70 Received: 12 March 2009 Accepted: 24 October 2009 This article is available from: http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/70 © 2009 Francis et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution BioMed Central Open Access Page 1 of 9 (page number not for citation purposes) Implementation Science Study protocol Using theories of behaviour to understand transfusion prescribing in three clinical contexts in two countries: Development work for an implementation trial Jill J Francis* 1 , Alan Tinmouth 2,3 , Simon J Stanworth 4 , Jeremy M Grimshaw 2 , Marie Johnston 5 , Chris Hyde 4 , Charlotte Stockton 6 , Jamie C Brehaut 7 , Dean Fergusson 2 and Martin P Eccles 8 Address: 1 Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, UK, 2 Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada, 3 Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Canada, 4 NHS Blood & Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK, 5 Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, UK, 6 Centre for Medical Statistics and Health Evaluation, University of Liverpool, UK, 7 Clinical Epidemiology Programme, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada and 8 Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, UK Email: Jill J Francis* - j.francis@abdn.ac.uk; Alan Tinmouth - Atinmouth@Ottawahospital.on.ca; Simon J Stanworth - simon.stanworth@nhsbt.nhs.uk; Jeremy M Grimshaw - jgrimshaw@ohri.ca; Marie Johnston - m.johnston@abdn.ac.uk; Chris Hyde - Christopher.Hyde@nbs.nhs.uk; Charlotte Stockton - c.stockton@liv.ac.uk; Jamie C Brehaut - jbrehaut@ohri.ca; Dean Fergusson - dafergusson@ohri.ca; Martin P Eccles - Martin.Eccles@newcastle.ac.uk * Corresponding author Abstract Background: Blood transfusion is an essential part of healthcare and can improve patient outcomes. However, like most therapies, it is also associated with significant clinical risks. In addition, there is some evidence of overuse. Understanding the potential barriers and enablers to reduced prescribing of blood products will facilitate the selection of intervention components likely to be effective, thereby reducing the number of costly trials evaluating different implementation strategies. Using a theoretical basis to understand behaviours targeted for change will contribute to a 'basic science' relating to determinants of professional behaviour and how these inform the selection of techniques for changing behaviour. However, it is not clear which theories of behaviour are relevant to clinicians' transfusing behaviour. The aim of this study is to use a theoretical domains framework to identify relevant theories, and to use these theories to identify factors that predict the decision to transfuse. Methods: The study involves two steps: interview study and questionnaire study. Using a previously identified framework, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with clinicians to elicit their views about which factors are associated with waiting and further monitoring the patient rather than transfusing red blood cells. Interviews will cover the following theoretical domains: knowledge; skills; social/professional role and identity; beliefs about capabilities; beliefs about consequences; motivation and goals; memory, attention, and decision processes; environmental context and resources; social influences; emotion; behavioural regulation; nature of the behaviour. The interviews will take place independently in Canada and the UK and involve two groups of physicians in each country (UK: adult and neonatal intensive care physicians; Canada: intensive care physicians and orthopaedic surgeons). We will: analyse interview transcript content to select Published: 24 October 2009 Implementation Science 2009, 4:70 doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-70 Received: 12 March 2009 Accepted: 24 October 2009 This article is available from: http://www.implementationscience.com/content/4/1/70 © 2009 Francis et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-ASSEMBLY TEMPLATING METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE OF POROUS CORE-SHELL NANOCOMPOSITES WANG DANPING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2010 DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-ASSEMBLY TEMPLATING METHODS FOR ARCHITECTURE OF POROUS CORE-SHELL NANOCOMPOSITES WANG DANPING (B.Sc, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL AND BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERISTY OF SINGAPORE 2010 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS On publication of this thesis, I would like to express my heart-felt thanks to a number of people. Without their help, this thesis would never have been possible. First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Zeng Hua Chun for his guidance and support throughout the thesis project. It has been a truly memorable and educative experience of conducting Ph.D study in his group. His high integrity and dedication in scientific research has a profound influence in me. His broad knowledge and innovative ideas are of great value for my research. His incredible patience and unconditional encouragement have provided me with a free and vivid research environment to try out new things. I am also very grateful for his generous help during my difficult moments. I also have had the great luck of working with a number of diligent and knowledgeable colleagues in our group. I would like to express my warm thanks to Dr. Chang Yu, Dr. Li Jing, Dr. Zhang Yu Xin, Dr. Yao Ke Xin, Dr. Pang Mao Lin, Dr. Xiong Sheng Lin, Dou Jian, Liu Ming Hui, Li Cheng Chao, Li Xuan Qi, Li Zheng, Yec Christopher Cheung and Wentalia Widjajanti for their useful discussions, assistance and encouragement in my research work. Sincere thanks also go to all the staff in the General Office, especially Ms. Khoh Leng Khim, Sandy for her kind help in lab administration and BET analysis. For technical i support, I would like to thank Mr. Chia Phai Ann, Dr. Yuan Ze Liang, Mr. Mao Ning, Mr. Liu Zhi Cheng, Ms. Sam Fam Hwee Koong and Ms. Lee Chai Keng. I highly acknowledge the generosity of National University of Singapore for providing the research scholarship and rich resources throughout my Ph.D candidature. Special thanks to my family especially my parents for their unconditional love, support, encouragement and understanding during the past 27 years. I also owe my deep thanks to my friends both in Singapore and China for their selfless support and suggestion. ii CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………. i CONTENT…………………………………………………………………… . iii SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………. vii PUBLICATION RELATED TO THE THESIS……………………………… . ix SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS………………………………………… x LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………… . xii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………. xiii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION………………………………………………. 1.1 Overview………………………………………………………………… 1.2 Objectives and Scope………………………………………………………. 1.3 Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………. 1.4 References…………………………………………………………………. 1 CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………… 2.1 Overview of Nanomaterial, Nanostructure and Nanocomposites…………. 2.2 Synthesis and Organization of Core-shell Nanostructures………………… 2.2.1 Direct Coating………………………………………………………… 2.2.2 Self-assembly in Core-shell Structure Fabrication……………………. 2.3 Ostwald Ripening and Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Reaction…………… 2.3.1 Ostwald Ripening…………………………………………………… . 2.3.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Reaction………………………………… 2.4 Brief Introduction to Each Component Material………………………… . 2.4.1 TiO2 and Photocatalysis……………………………………………… 2.4.2 Polyaniline (PAN)…………………………………………………… . 2.4.3 SiO2-based Materials………………………………………………… 2.4.4 Au and Its Catalytic Applications…………………………………… . 2.5 References………………………………………………………………… 7 9 14 24 24 26 27 28 30 35 39 42 CHAPTER CHARACTERIZATION METHODS……………………… . 68 iii 3.1 Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Small-angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)………………………………………… . 3.2 ... socially (Piaget 1954) All three of these thinkers have contributed to our modern understanding of self development Sociological Theories of Self Development One of the pioneering contributors... that people’s self understanding is constructed, in part, by their perception of how others view them—a process termed “the looking glass self (Cooley 1902) 2/8 Theories of Self Development Later,... 2011) Summary Psychological theories of self development have been broadened by sociologists who explicitly study the role of society and social interaction in self development Charles Cooley