Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation

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Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.2, No.2, 2004 - 37 - DEVELOPMENT OF THE OZONIZER AND OZONATION TECHNOLOGY FOR WATERWORKS IN JAPAN Hiroshi HOSHIKAWA*, Takayuki MORIOKA*, Shigeru HATSUMATA* * Fuji Electric Systems Co., Ltd., 11-2 Osaki 1-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0032、Japan ABSTRACT Advanced water treatment facilities are used widely, mainly to remove taste and odor and to reduce trihalomethane generation. Each such facility consists of an ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) process and has made the achievement in wateworks (Sato, 2002). To make these facilities more efficient, a large number of researchers were taken to make the ozonizer more efficient and to enhance treatment technology. The ozonizer was reduced in the discharge gap using oxygen, and thus increasing ozone concentrations to 300 g/Nm 3 . However, to avoid incomplete combustion and ensure safety, ozone concentrations must be within 150 g/Nm 3 (Ishioka, 2002; Mizutani et al.,1999). The present report also demonstrates that ozonation technology is effective in removing taste and odor and in reducing trihalomethane ( Morioka et al., 1993; Morioka, 2001); and that bromate information can be suppressed by keeping concentrations of dissolved ozone to no more than 0.1 mg/L ( Kato et al 2002). To spread and establish ozonation more widely, basic research with demonstrative plants must be conducted with regard to ozonation techniques that are capable of handling raw water from waterworks. KEYWORDS Ozonation; ozonizer; Silent discharge method; Biological activated carbon(BAC); Trihalomethane; Bromate INTRODUCTION Waterworks sources in the largest cities are highly contaminated, and advanced water treatment facilities have been introduced, with favorable results, to remove taste and odor and to reduce trihalomethane that cannot be treated with conventional techniques of water purification. Advanced water treatment facilities consist mainly of ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment. Ozone has powerful oxidation capability, and is thus able to treat both of them. However, for highly efficient treatment, it is important to increase ozone generation efficiency and to cause necessary and sufficient oxidation reactions in ozone contact basins. Following the introduction of ozonation, new challenges have appeared such as information of bromate by ozonation and inactivation of cryptosporidium. These must also be solved. The present report addresses these issues, together with techniques to solve those Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.2, No.2, 2004 - 38 - problems, and classifies them into ozonizer (which is the key hardware in advanced water treatment facilities) and ozonation techniques. The report then describes the recent status of each of the issues. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INCREASING OZONE CONCENTRATION Ozone generation Method and scale of use Table 1 summarizes the ozone generation method and their scales of use. Table 1. Processes for ozone generation and their scales of use Item UV irradiation Electrolysis Silent discharge Utility ＜0.1kg/h 〇 〇 〇 Laboratory Pool 0.1～1kg/h 〇 〇 Wastewater Night soil 1kg/h＜ 〇 Drinking water Sewage water Ozone can be produced by ultraviolet irradiation, electrolysis, and silent discharge methods. The appropriate method is selected Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation Bởi: OpenStaxCollege In a developing embryo,the heart has developed enough by day 21 post-fertilization to begin beating Circulation patterns are clearly established by the fourth week of embryonic life It is critical to the survival of the developing human that the circulatory system forms early to supply the growing tissue with nutrients and gases, and to remove waste products Blood cells and vessel production in structures outside the embryo proper called the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk begin about 15 to 16 days following fertilization Development of these circulatory elements within the embryo itself begins approximately days later You will learn more about the formation and function of these early structures when you study the chapter on development During those first few weeks, blood vessels begin to form from the embryonic mesoderm The precursor cells are known as hemangioblasts These in turn differentiate into angioblasts, which give rise to the blood vessels and pluripotent stem cells, which differentiate into the formed elements of blood (Seek additional content for more detail on fetal development and circulation.) Together, these cells form masses known as blood islands scattered throughout the embryonic disc Spaces appear on the blood islands that develop into vessel lumens The endothelial lining of the vessels arise from the angioblasts within these islands Surrounding mesenchymal cells give rise to the smooth muscle and connective tissue layers of the vessels While the vessels are developing, the pluripotent stem cells begin to form the blood Vascular tubes also develop on the blood islands, and they eventually connect to one another as well as to the developing, tubular heart Thus, the developmental pattern, rather than beginning from the formation of one central vessel and spreading outward, occurs in many regions simultaneously with vessels later joining together This angiogenesis—the creation of new blood vessels from existing ones—continues as needed throughout life as we grow and develop Blood vessel development often follows the same pattern as nerve development and travels to the same target tissues and organs This occurs because the many factors directing growth of nerves also stimulate blood vessels to follow a similar pattern 1/5 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation Whether a given vessel develops into an artery or a vein is dependent upon local concentrations of signaling proteins As the embryo grows within the mother’s uterus, its requirements for nutrients and gas exchange also grow The placenta—a circulatory organ unique to pregnancy—develops jointly from the embryo and uterine wall structures to fill this need Emerging from the placenta is the umbilical vein, which carries oxygen-rich blood from the mother to the fetal inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus to the heart that pumps it into fetal circulation Two umbilical arteries carry oxygen-depleted fetal blood, including wastes and carbon dioxide, to the placenta Remnants of the umbilical arteries remain in the adult (Seek additional content for more information on the role of the placenta in fetal circulation.) There are three major shunts—alternate paths for blood flow—found in the circulatory system of the fetus Two of these shunts divert blood from the pulmonary to the systemic circuit, whereas the third connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava The first two shunts are critical during fetal life, when the lungs are compressed, filled with amniotic fluid, and nonfunctional, and gas exchange is provided by the placenta These shunts close shortly after birth, however, when the newborn begins to breathe The third shunt persists a bit longer but becomes nonfunctional once the umbilical cord is severed The three shunts are as follows ([link]): • The foramen ovale is an opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium A valve associated with this opening prevents backflow of blood during the fetal period As the newborn begins to breathe and blood pressure in the atria increases, this shunt closes The fossa ovalis remains in the interatrial septum after birth, marking the location of the former foramen ovale • The ductus arteriosus is a short, muscular vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta Most of the blood pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk is thereby diverted into the aorta Only enough blood reaches the fetal lungs to maintain the developing lung tissue When the newborn takes the first breath, pressure within the lungs drops dramatically, and both the lungs and the pulmonary vessels expand As the amount of oxygen increases, the smooth muscles in the wall of the ductus arteriosus constrict, sealing off the passage Eventually, the muscular and endothelial components of the ductus arteriosus ... EUROPEAN UNION MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND ESTATE CROPS FOREST FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL PROJECT KANWIL KEHUTANAN DAN PERKEBUNAN, PALEMBANG THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF TREE CROPS AND THE PREVENTION OF VEGETATION FIRES IN SOUTH SUMATRA, INDONESIA JUNGLE RUBBER Anne Gouyon August 1999 Cover photograph : Ivan Anderson. Painting of a rubber tapper on the wall of a house of a merchant latex buyer in Prabumulih, South Sumatra Province. Cover design, Ferdinand Lubis. Acknowledgement. The help of Ibu Sesilia in laying out the text of the report is much appreciated. Produced through bilateral co-operation between GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA EUROPEAN UNION MINISTRY OF FORESTRY AND ESTATE CROPS EUROPEAN COMMISSION Natural Resources International Limited BCEOM CIRAD-Foret Scot Conseil Financing Memorandum B7-5041/1/1992/12 (ALA/92/42) Contract Number IDN/B7-5041/92/644-01 This report was prepared with financial assistance from the Commission of the European Communities. The views expressed herein are those of the project and do not represent any official view of the Commission. This is one of a series of reports prepared during 1999 by the Forest Fire Prevention and Control Project. Together they cover the field-level prevention, detection and control of vegetation fires in Sumatra. Titles are: Vegetation fires in Indonesia: operating procedures for the NOAA-GIS station in Palembang, Sumatra. I.P. Anderson, I.D. Imanda and Muhnandar. Vegetation fires in Indonesia: the interpretation of NOAA-derived hot-spot data. I.P. Anderson, I.D. Imanda and Muhnandar. Vegetation fires in Sumatra,Indonesia: the presentation and distribution of NOAA-derived data. I.P. Anderson, I.D. Imanda and Muhnandar. Vegetation fires in Indonesia: the fire history of the Sumatra provinces 1996-1998 as a predictor of future areas at risk. I.P. Anderson, M.R. Bowen, I.D. Imanda and Muhnadar. Vegetation fires in Sumatra, Indonesia: a first look at vegetation indices and fire danger in relation to fire occurrence. I.P. Anderson, I.D. Imanda and Muhnandar. The training of forest firefighters in Indonesia. M.V.J. Nicolas and G.S. Beebe (Joint publication with GTZ). Fire management in the logging concessions and plantation forests of Indonesia. M.V.J. Nicolas and G.S. Beebe (Joint publication with GTZ). A field-level approach to coastal peat and coal-seam fires in South Sumatra province, Indonesia. M.V.J. Nicolas and M.R. Bowen. Environmental education - with special reference to fire prevention - in primary schools in the province of South Sumatra, Indonesia. With, ‘Desa Ilalang’, a story for hildren in Bahasa Indonesia. M. Idris, S. Porte, J.M. Bompard, F. Agustono (illustrator) and staff of FFPCP and Kanwil Kehutanan dan Perkebunan, Palembang, in collaboration with Kanwil Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Tk I, South Sumatra. Land management in South Sumatra Province, Indonesia: fanning the flames. The institutional causes of vegetation fires. J.M. Bompard and P. Guizol. The ~ ~ STD*AWS PRGVT-ENGL 1777 E 07842b5 0539375 45T LI American Welding Society @ The Practical Reference Guide for Visual Inspection of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Piping Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` STDmAWS PRGVT-ENGL 1999 0784265 051937b 396 E THE PRACTICAL REFERENCE GUIDE for Visual Inspection of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Piping WELDING INSPECTION MANAGEMENT- Ted V. Weber Principal Consultant Weber & Associates This publication is designed to provide information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is made available with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon the information contained in this document should not be undertaken without an independent verification of its application for a particular use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from use of this publication. This document is not a consensus standard. Users should refer to the applicable standards for their particular application. American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126 Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` STD-AWS PRGVT-ENGL 1999 W 0784265 0539377 222 AUTHOR NOTES Visual inspection (VT) is one of the more important inspection methods used to ensure the quality of both new fabrication, as well as equipment and piping after some period of service. It is used in all industries, and should be considered as the basic inspection method prior to the selection of any other inspection method. A phrase that puts VT in the proper perspective follows: “lt has been shown repeatedly that an efective program of visual inspection, conducted by properly trained personnel, will result in the discovery of the vast majority of those defects which would otherwise be discovered later by some more expensive nondestructive test method.” Note the emphasis on proper training; without such training, the inspector often only looks at things without actually inspecting them, and critical discontinuities are often overlooked. It is to that end, the training of vi- sual inspectors, that this Guide was prepared. Proper visual inspection requires inspector training in many disciplines and the training should be a continuous, ongoing process. New technologies useful to visual in- spection are continuing to be developed, and these must be incorporated into the overall inspection efforts to optimize results. It was once stated that, “lnspectors must have been haEfcrazy to have selected inspection as a lifetime career!” While many of us may agree with that statement in part, most would agree that inspection is a very challenging and catisQing career path, and we remain quite proud to be called inspectors. Ted V. Weber Hendersonville, Tennessee Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http: ~ ~ STD*AWS PRGVT-ENGL 1777 E 07842b5 0539375 45T LI American Welding Society @ The Practical Reference Guide for Visual Inspection of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Piping Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` STDmAWS PRGVT-ENGL 1999 0784265 051937b 396 E THE PRACTICAL REFERENCE GUIDE for Visual Inspection of Pressure Vessels and Pressure Piping WELDING INSPECTION MANAGEMENT- Ted V. Weber Principal Consultant Weber & Associates This publication is designed to provide information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is made available with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in the rendering of professional advice. Reliance upon the information contained in this document should not be undertaken without an independent verification of its application for a particular use. The publisher is not responsible for loss or damage resulting from use of this publication. This document is not a consensus standard. Users should refer to the applicable standards for their particular application. American Welding Society 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126 Copyright American Welding Society Provided by IHS under license with AWS Not for Resale No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS ``,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,` STD-AWS PRGVT-ENGL 1999 W 0784265 0539377 222 AUTHOR NOTES Visual inspection (VT) is one of the more important inspection methods used to ensure the quality of both new fabrication, as well as equipment and piping after some period of service. It is used in all industries, and should be considered as the basic inspection method prior to the selection of any other inspection method. A phrase that puts VT in the proper perspective follows: “lt has been shown repeatedly that an efective program of visual inspection, conducted by properly trained personnel, will result in the discovery of the vast majority of those defects which would otherwise be discovered later by some more expensive nondestructive test method.” Note the emphasis on proper training; without such training, the inspector often only looks at things without actually inspecting them, and critical discontinuities are often overlooked. It is to that end, the training of vi- sual inspectors, that this Guide was prepared. Proper visual inspection requires inspector training in many disciplines and the training should be a continuous, ongoing process. New technologies useful to visual in- spection are continuing to be developed, and these must be incorporated into the overall inspection efforts to optimize results. It was once stated that, “lnspectors must have been haEfcrazy to have selected inspection as a lifetime career!” While many of us may agree with that statement in part, most would agree that inspection is a very challenging and catisQing career path, and we remain quite proud to be called inspectors. Ted V. Weber Hendersonville, Tennessee Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of specific clients, is granted by the American Welding Society (AWS) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http: MINIREVIEW Tec family kinases: Itk signaling and the development of NKT ab and cd T cells Qian Qi 1,2 , Arun Kumar Kannan 1,2,3 and Avery August 1,2 1 Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology & Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA 2 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA 3 Immunology & Infectious Disease Graduate Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA Introduction Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases which includes Rlk and Tec, and is important for effective signaling through the T-cell receptor (TCR) [1,2]. There are additional Tec family kinases that signal from other receptors and have essential functions in other cell types, and these are reviewed in the accompanying minireviews [3]. In the absence of Itk, there are severe defects in activation of key signaling components including phospholipase C (PLC)c, which results in reduced influx of Ca 2+ , and defective activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ⁄ mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK ⁄ MAPK), with resultant reduction in the activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor for activated T cells (NFAT), nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFjB) and activator protein-1 [4]. A number of studies have examined the Keywords development; ERK; Id3; Interleukin-4; PLC; PLZF; SLP-76; signaling; T-bet; T cell receptor Correspondence A. August, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, C5 171 VMC, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401, USA Fax: +1 607 253 3384 Tel: +1 607 253 3400 E-mail: averyaugust@cornell.edu Note Q. Qi and A. K. Kannan contributed equally to this work (Received 31 August 2010, revised 28 October 2010, accepted 25 February 2011) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08074.x The Tec family tyrosine kinase interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is predominantly expressed in T cells and has been shown to be critical for the development, function and differentiation of conventional ab T cells. However, less is known about its role in nonconventional T cells such as NKT and cd T cells. In this minireview, we discuss evidence for a role for Itk in the development of invariant NKT ab cells, as well as a smaller pop- ulation NKT-like cd T cells. We discuss how these cells take what could be the same signaling pathway regulated by Itk, and interpret it to give differ- ent outcomes with regards to development and function. Abbreviations DN, double negative; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; Id3, inhibitor of DNA binding 3; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; i NKT, invariant natural killer T cells; Itk, interlukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; NFAT, nuclear factor for activated T cells; NFjB, nuclear factor kappa-light chain enhancer of activated B cells; NK, natural killer cells; PLC, phospholipase C; PLZF, promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein; SAP, signaling lymphocyte activating molecule-associated protein; SLP-76, Src homology 2-domain containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa; TCR, T-cell receptor. 1970 FEBS Journal 278 (2011) 1970–1979 ª 2011 The Authors Journal compilation ª 2011 FEBS role of Itk in T-cell development. In the absence of Itk, there is a partial block in the development of ... ductus venosus closes 2/5 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation slowly during the first weeks of infancy and degenerates to become the ligamentum venosum Fetal Shunts The foramen... fetus are the foramen ovale and ductus 3/5 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation arteriosus, which divert blood from the pulmonary to the systemic circuit, and the ductus venosus, which... growth of new blood vessels They can impede the growth of tumors by limiting their blood supply and therefore their access to gas and nutrient exchange Explain the location and importance of the