Theoretical Perspectives

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RESEARC H Open AccessIraqi health system in kurdistan region: medicalprofessionals’ perspectives on challenges andpriorities for improvementNazar P Shabila1*, Namir G Al-Tawil1, Rebaz Tahir2, Falah H Shwani2, Abubakir M Saleh1, Tariq S Al-Hadithi1AbstractBackground: The views of medical professionals on efficiency of health system and needs for any changes arevery critical and constitute a cornerstone for any health system improvement. This is particularly relevant to IraqiKurdistan case as the events of the last few decades have significantly devastated the national Iraqi health systemwhile the necessity for adopting a new health care system is increasingly recognized since 2004. This study aims toexamine the regional health system in Iraqi Kurdistan from medical professionals’ perspectives and try to define itsproblems and priorities for improvement.Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 250 medicalprofessionals in Erbil governorate. The questionnaire included four items; rating of the quality of services andavailability of resources in the health institutions, view on different aspects of the health system, the perceivedpriority needs for health system improvement and gender and professional characteristics of the respondents.Results: The response rate to the survey was 83.6%. A high proportion of respondents rated the different aspectsof services and resources in the health institutions as weak or very weak including the availability of the requiredquantity and quality of medicines (68.7%), the availability of sufficient medical equipment and investigation tools(68.7%), and the quality of offered services (65.3%). Around 72% of respondents had a rather negative view on theoverall health system. The weak role of medical research, the weak role of professional associations in controllingthe system and the inefficient health education were identified as important problems in the current health system(87.9%, 87.1% and 84.9%, respectively). The priority needs of health system improvement included adoption ofsocial insurance for medical care of the poor (82%), enhancing the role of family medicine (77.2%), adopting healthinsurance system (76.1%) and periodic scientific evaluation of physicians and other health staff (69.8%).Conclusion: Medical professionals were generally unsatisfied with the different aspects of the health system inIraqi Kurdistan region. A number of problems and different priority needs for health system improvement havebeen recognized that require to be studied in more details.BackgroundThe major objective of a country’s health system is toassure the health of the general public through offeringgood quality and prompt services according to theneeds of the population [1]. The health system needs togo through a process of continuous changes andimprovement in order to be able to cope with differentchanges in the health and population environments andto appropriately respond to different challenges andneeds [2].The history of formal health care system in Iraq beganin early 1920s, but the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH)was established in 1952 and its organizational structurewas formalized in 1959. This organizational structurehas changed little since its establishment [3,4]. Thehealth care Theoretical Perspectives Theoretical Perspectives Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Sociologists develop theories to explain social occurrences such as protest rallies (Photo courtesy of voanews.com/Wikimedia Commons) Sociologists study social events, interactions, and patterns They then develop theories to explain why these occur and what can result from them In sociology, a theory is a way to explain different aspects of social interactions and to create testable propositions about society (Allan 2006) For example, early in the development of sociology, Émile Durkheim was interested in explaining the social phenomenon of suicide He gathered data on large groups of people in Europe who had ended their lives When he analyzed the data, he found that suicide rates differed among groups with different religious affiliations For example, the data showed that Protestants were more likely to commit suicide than Catholics To explain this, Durkheim developed the concept of social solidarity Social solidarity described the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, or religion Durkheim combined these concepts with the data he analyzed to propose a theory that explained the religion-based differences in suicide rates He suggested that differences in social solidarity between the two groups corresponded to the differences in suicide rates 1/12 Theoretical Perspectives Although some have disagreed with his methods and his conclusions, Durkheim's work shows the importance of theory in sociology Proposing theories supported by data gives sociologists a way to explain social patterns and to posit cause-and-effect relationships in social situations Theories vary in scope depending on the scale of the issues they are meant to explain Grand theories, also described as macro-level, are attempts to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change These theories tend to be abstract and can be difficult if not impossible to test empirically Micro-level theories are at the other end of the scale and cover very specific relationships between individuals or small groups They are dependent on their context and are more concrete This means they are more scientifically testable An example of a micro-theory would be a theory to explain why middle-class teenage girls text to communicate instead of making telephone calls A sociologist might develop a hypothesis that the reason they this is because they think texting is silent and therefore more private A sociologist might then conduct interviews or design a survey to test this hypothesis If there is enough supportive data, a hypothesis can become a theory Sociological theory is constantly evolving and should never be considered complete Classic sociological theories are still considered important and current, but new sociological theories build upon the work of their predecessors and add to them (Calhoun 2002) In sociology, a few theories provide broad perspectives that help to explain many different aspects of social life These theories are so prominent that many consider them paradigms Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them Three of these paradigms have come to dominate sociological thinking because they provide useful explanations: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism Sociological Theories or PerspectivesDifferent sociological perspectives enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful lenses Sociological Paradigm Level of Analysis Focus Structural Functionalism Macro or mid How each part of society functions together to contribute to the whole Conflict Theory Macro How inequalities contribute to social differences and perpetuate differences in power 2/12 Theoretical Perspectives Sociological Paradigm Level of Analysis Focus Symbolic Interactionism Micro One-to-one interactions and communications Functionalism Functionalism, also called structural functional theory, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society It is the oldest of the main theories of sociology In fact, its origins began before sociology emerged as a formal discipline It grew out of the writings of English philosopher and biologist Herbert Spencer (1820–1903) who likened society to a human body He argued that just as the various organs in the body work together to keep the entire system functioning and regulated, the various parts of society work together to keep the entire society functioning and regulated (Spencer 1898) By parts of society, Spencer was referring to such social institutions as the economy, political systems, healthcare, education, media, and religion Spencer continued the analogy by pointing out that societies evolve just as the ... LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING IN TAM GIANG LAGOON, VIETNAM. TUONG PHI LAI A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science (Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture) Submitted to: Norwegian University of Life Sciences Department of International Environment and Development Studies June, 2005 ii The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture” (MNRSA), “Development Studies” and other Master programmes. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Tuong Phi Lai, June 2005 E-mail: tuongphilai@yahoo.com Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.umb.no/noragric Formatted: French (France) Formatted: English (U.S.) iii DECLARATION I, Tuong Phi Lai, do hereby declare to the Senate of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, that this dissertation is entirely the product of my own original research work, unless where it is acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted to any other University or academic institution for award of any degree. ------------------------- ------------------ MENTAL DISORDERS - THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVES Edited by Robert Woolfolk and Lesley Allen Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46217 Edited by Robert Woolfolk and Lesley Allen Contributors Lawrence Lam, Mohamed Dammak, Mary Jane Ditton, Sharon Lawn, Jeanette Walsh, Anne Barbara, Margaret Springgay, Patricia Sutton, Gregory Garvey, Afusat Busari, Rajkumar Kamatchi, Ashok Kumar Jainer, Bettahalasoor Somashekar, Marek Marzanski, Arabinda Narayan Chowdhury, Apu Chakraborty, Maria Lambri, Lance Patrick, Lara Del Col, Michela Gatta, Paolo Testa, Lara Dal Zotto, Andrea Spoto, Pier Antonio Battistella Battistella, Maxim De Sauma, John Matthews, Robert Woolfolk, Lesley Allen, Narong Maneeton, Benchalak Maneeton, Ewa Wojtyna, Agnieszka Wiszniewicz, Crístia Rosineiri Gonçalves Lopes Corrêa, Adeyi Adoga, Obindo J. Taiwo, Maja Rus Makovec, Velko S. Rus, Karin Sernec Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published January, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, Edited by Robert Woolfolk and Lesley Allen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0919-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Prevalence and Risk Factors 1 Mohamed Dammak Chapter 2 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach for Suicidal Thinking and Behaviors in Depression 23 John D. Matthews Chapter 3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the Management of Conduct Disorder Among Adolescents 45 Afusat Olanike Busari Chapter 4 Anxiolytics Use in the Families with (Non)dependent Member: Relation to Dependence Indicators, Self and Family Perceptions Including Social Neuroscience Perspective 65 Maja Rus-Makovec, Karin Sernec and Velko S. Rus Chapter 5 Management of Delirium 85 Narong Maneeton and Benchalak Maneeton Chapter 6 Racism and Mental Illness in the UK 119 Apu Chakraborty, Lance Patrick and Maria Lambri Chapter 7 Rethinking Dissociation in an Age of Virtual Worlds 157 Gregory Patrick Garvey Chapter 8 Somatic Symptom Disorder 173 Lesley A. Allen and Robert L. Woolfolk Chapter 9 The Bond We Share: Experiences of Caring for a Person with Mental and Physical Health Conditions 199 Sharon Lawn, Jeannette Walsh, Anne Barbara, Margaret Springgay and Patricia Sutton Chapter 10 Working on Adolescent’s Motivation to Improve the Outcome Within a Multimodal Treatment 231 Gatta [...]... [100] Lieberman and colleagues [101] measured time to remission over three successive psychotic episodes and found that the time to reach remission more than tripled be‐ tween the first and third episode 9 10 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives Moreover, the absence of a significant and rapid reduction of symptoms during the first days of neuroleptic treatment (3 to 7 days) [60], the... [99] Finally, understanding the mechanism by which duration of untreated psychosis influences prognosis may lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and to improved current treatment strategies [97] 11 12 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives 4.8.2 Cognitive deficits Cognitive impairment has emerged as an important new target in schizophrenia therapeutics... schizophrenia In E Mash & R Bark‐ ley (Eds.), Assessment of childhood disorders (4th ed., New York: Guilford Press., 526-550 17 18 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives [52] Brickman, A M, Buchsbaum, M S, Shihabuddin, L, Byne, W, Newmark, R E, Brand, J, et al Thalamus size and outcome in schizophrenia Schizophrenia Research (2004) , 71, 473-484 [53] Cuesta, M J, Peralta, V, & De Leon, J Schizophrenic... outcome schizophrenia: clinical and neuroimaging aspects Int Rev Psychiatry (2007) Aug;, 19(4), 345-57 19 20 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives [78] Davis, K L, Buchsbaum, M S, Shihabuddin, L, Spiegel-cohen, J, Metzger, M, Frecska, E, et al Ventricular enlargement in poor-outcome schizophrenia Biological Psychia‐ try (1998) , 43, 783-793 [79] Ho, B C, Andreasen, N C, Nopoulos, P,... for understanding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia J Clin Psychiatry (1996) suppl 9): 5-9 21 22 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives [102] Robinson, D G, & Woerner, M G Alvir JMJ, Geisler S, Koreen A, Sheitman B et al P redictors of treatment response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffec‐ tive disorder Am J Psychiatry (1999) , 156, 544-549 [103] Andreasen, N... the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 24 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives and process new information When activated, maladaptive core beliefs mold new information to fit the current maladaptive core belief,... treatment, and thus he recognized that he did not screen TRS in all potentially patients in need to Clozapine, such as outpatients 3.2.2 Criteria of TRS 3.2.2.1 Chronic hospitalization In Vanelle’s study [10], which is based on the Dencker and May criteria [5] to define the TRS, the need of continuous hospital stay was an essential criterion of resistance Such highly 3 4 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical. .. [35] and a history of substance abuse [67-70] were associated with poor response to treatment 7 8 Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives 4.3 Risk factors associated with cognitive deficits Several literature reviews have summarized the evidence for associations between functional outcome and cognitive deficits [71-73] These reviews have regarded ranks of functional outcome measures,... Acknowledgements I offer my thanks to Karim Tabbane, Hatem Dammak and Mohamed Triki for their valuable assistance in the elaboration of MENTAL DISORDERS - THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVES Edited by Robert Woolfolk and Lesley Allen Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/46217 Edited by Robert Woolfolk and Lesley Allen Contributors Lawrence Lam, Mohamed Dammak, Mary Jane Ditton, Sharon Lawn, Jeanette Walsh, Anne Barbara, Margaret Springgay, Patricia Sutton, Gregory Garvey, Afusat Busari, Rajkumar Kamatchi, Ashok Kumar Jainer, Bettahalasoor Somashekar, Marek Marzanski, Arabinda Narayan Chowdhury, Apu Chakraborty, Maria Lambri, Lance Patrick, Lara Del Col, Michela Gatta, Paolo Testa, Lara Dal Zotto, Andrea Spoto, Pier Antonio Battistella Battistella, Maxim De Sauma, John Matthews, Robert Woolfolk, Lesley Allen, Narong Maneeton, Benchalak Maneeton, Ewa Wojtyna, Agnieszka Wiszniewicz, Crístia Rosineiri Gonçalves Lopes Corrêa, Adeyi Adoga, Obindo J. Taiwo, Maja Rus Makovec, Velko S. Rus, Karin Sernec Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published January, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Mental Disorders - Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, Edited by Robert Woolfolk and Lesley Allen p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0919-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Chapter 1 Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: Prevalence and Risk Factors 1 Mohamed Dammak Chapter 2 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach for Suicidal Thinking and Behaviors in Depression 23 John D. Matthews Chapter 3 Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in the Management of Conduct Disorder Among Adolescents 45 Afusat Olanike Busari Chapter 4 Anxiolytics Use in the Families with (Non)dependent Member: Relation to Dependence Indicators, Self and Family Perceptions Including Social Neuroscience Perspective 65 Maja Rus-Makovec, Karin Sernec and Velko S. Rus Chapter 5 Management of Delirium 85 Narong Maneeton and Benchalak Maneeton Chapter 6 Racism and Mental Illness in the UK 119 Apu Chakraborty, Lance Patrick and Maria Lambri Chapter 7 Rethinking Dissociation in an Age of Virtual Worlds 157 Gregory Patrick Garvey Chapter 8 Somatic Symptom Disorder 173 Lesley A. Allen and Robert L. Woolfolk Chapter 9 The Bond We Share: Experiences of Caring for a Person with Mental and Physical Health Conditions 199 Sharon Lawn, Jeannette Walsh, Anne Barbara, Margaret .. .Theoretical Perspectives Although some have disagreed with his methods and his conclusions, Durkheim's... provide broad perspectives that help to explain many different aspects of social life These theories are so prominent that many consider them paradigms Paradigms are philosophical and theoretical. .. functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism Sociological Theories or PerspectivesDifferent sociological perspectives enable sociologists to view social issues through a variety of useful