Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology

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RESEARC H Open AccessIraqi health system in kurdistan region: medicalprofessionals’ perspectives on challenges andpriorities for improvementNazar P Shabila1*, Namir G Al-Tawil1, Rebaz Tahir2, Falah H Shwani2, Abubakir M Saleh1, Tariq S Al-Hadithi1AbstractBackground: The views of medical professionals on efficiency of health system and needs for any changes arevery critical and constitute a cornerstone for any health system improvement. This is particularly relevant to IraqiKurdistan case as the events of the last few decades have significantly devastated the national Iraqi health systemwhile the necessity for adopting a new health care system is increasingly recognized since 2004. This study aims toexamine the regional health system in Iraqi Kurdistan from medical professionals’ perspectives and try to define itsproblems and priorities for improvement.Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 250 medicalprofessionals in Erbil governorate. The questionnaire included four items; rating of the quality of services andavailability of resources in the health institutions, view on different aspects of the health system, the perceivedpriority needs for health system improvement and gender and professional characteristics of the respondents.Results: The response rate to the survey was 83.6%. A high proportion of respondents rated the different aspectsof services and resources in the health institutions as weak or very weak including the availability of the requiredquantity and quality of medicines (68.7%), the availability of sufficient medical equipment and investigation tools(68.7%), and the quality of offered services (65.3%). Around 72% of respondents had a rather negative view on theoverall health system. The weak role of medical research, the weak role of professional associations in controllingthe system and the inefficient health education were identified as important problems in the current health system(87.9%, 87.1% and 84.9%, respectively). The priority needs of health system improvement included adoption ofsocial insurance for medical care of the poor (82%), enhancing the role of family medicine (77.2%), adopting healthinsurance system (76.1%) and periodic scientific evaluation of physicians and other health staff (69.8%).Conclusion: Medical professionals were generally unsatisfied with the different aspects of the health system inIraqi Kurdistan region. A number of problems and different priority needs for health system improvement havebeen recognized that require to be studied in more details.BackgroundThe major objective of a country’s health system is toassure the health of the general public through offeringgood quality and prompt services according to theneeds of the population [1]. The health system needs togo through a process of continuous changes andimprovement in order to be able to cope with differentchanges in the health and population environments andto appropriately respond to different challenges andneeds [2].The history of formal health care system in Iraq beganin early 1920s, but the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH)was established in 1952 and its organizational structurewas formalized in 1959. This organizational structurehas changed little since its establishment [3,4]. Thehealth care Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology Bởi: OpenStaxCollege It is difficult to conceive of any one theory or theoretical perspective that can explain the variety of ways that people interact with technology and the media Technology runs the gamut from the match you strike to light a candle all the way up to sophisticated nuclear power plants that might power the factory where that candle, was made Media could refer to the television you watch, the ads wrapping the bus you take to work or school, or the magazines you flip through in a waiting room, not to mention all the forms of new media, including Twitter, Facebook, blogs, YouTube, and the like Are media and technology critical to the forward march of humanity? Are they pernicious capitalist tools that lead to the exploitation of workers worldwide? Are they the magic bullet the world has been waiting for to level the playing field and raise the world’s poor out of extreme poverty? Choose any opinion and you will find studies and scholars that agree with you––and those who disagree Functionalism Because functionalism focuses on how media and technology contribute to the smooth functioning of society, a good place to begin understanding this perspective is to write a list of functions you perceive media and technology to perform Your list might include the ability to find information on the internet, television’s entertainment value, or how advertising and product placement contribute to social norms 1/11 Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology Commercial Function TV commercials can carry significant cultural currency For some, the ads during the Super Bowl are more water cooler-worthy than the game itself (Photo courtesy of Dennis Yang/flickr) As you might guess, with nearly every U.S household possessing a television, and the 250 billion hours of television watched annually by Americans, companies that wish to connect with consumers find television an irresistible platform to promote their goods and services (Nielsen 2012) Television advertising is a highly functional way to meet a market demographic where it lives Sponsors can use the sophisticated data gathered by network and cable television companies regarding their viewers and target their advertising accordingly Whether you are watching cartoons on Nick Jr or a cooking show on Telemundo, chances are advertisers have a plan to reach you And it certainly doesn’t stop with television Commercial advertising precedes movies in theaters and shows up on and inside of public transportation, as well as on the sides of building and roadways Major corporations such as Coca-Cola bring their advertising into public schools, sponsoring sports fields or tournaments, as well as filling the halls and cafeterias of those schools with vending machines hawking their goods With the rising concerns about childhood obesity and attendant diseases, the era of soda machines in schools may be numbered But not to worry Coca-Cola’s filtered tap water, Dasani, and its juice products will remain standards in many schools 2/11 Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology Entertainment Function An obvious manifest function of media is its entertainment value Most people, when asked why they watch television or go to the movies, would answer that they enjoy it And the numbers certainly illustrate that While 2012 Nielsen research shows a slight reduction of U.S homes with televisions, the reach of television is still vast And the amount of time spent watching is equally large Clearly, enjoyment is paramount On the technology side, as well, there is a clear entertainment factor to the use of new innovations From online gaming to chatting with friends on Facebook, technology offers new and more exciting ways for people to entertain themselves Social Norm Functions Even while the media is selling us goods and entertaining us, it also serves to socialize us, helping us pass along norms, values, and beliefs to the next generation In fact, we are socialized and resocialized by media throughout our life course All forms of media teach us what is good and desirable, how we should speak, how we should behave, and how we should react to events Media also provide us with cultural touchstones during events of national significance How many of your older relatives can recall watching the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger on television? How many of those reading this textbook followed the events of September 11 or Hurricane Katrina on the television or internet? But debate exists over the extent and impact of media socialization One recent study (Krahe et al 2011) demonstrated that violent media content does have a desensitizing affect and is correlated with aggressive thoughts Another group of scholars (Gentile, Mathieson, and Crick 2011) found that among children exposure to media violence led to an increase in both physical and relational aggression Yet, a ...[...]... DDT It is just one of the many battlegrounds in humanity’s long fight against malaria 14 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS CHAPTER 1 Understanding Malaria VIEWPOINT 1 An Overview of Malaria Carol A Turkington and Rebecca J Frey Photo on previous page The female Anopheles gambiae feeds on human blood Mosquitoes use the blood for egg production, but it may also carry the malaria infection.  (Sinclair... fected person and then passes the infection on to the next human it bites It is also possible to spread malaria via contaminated needles or in blood transfusions This is why all blood donors are carefully screened with questionnaires for possible exposure to malaria Complementary Roles Played by Humans and Mosquitoes in the Malaria Infection Cycle Malaria It is possible to contract malaria in non-endemic... analysis PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS 21 Malaria Anyone who becomes ill with chills and fever after being in an area where malaria exists must see a doctor and mention their recent travel to endemic areas A person with the above symptoms who has been in a high-risk area should insist on a blood test for malaria The doctor may believe the symptoms are just the common flu virus Malaria is often... falciparum malaria in Africa, South Africa, India, and southeast Asia are now resistant to chloroquine In Thailand and Cambodia, there are strains of falciparum malaria that have some resistance to almost all known drugs A patient with falciparum malaria needs to be hospitalized and given antimalarial drugs in different com22 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS Understanding Malaria binations and doses... air conditioned hotels on tourist itineraries in urban or resort areas are at lower risk than backpackers, missionaries, and Peace Corps volunteers Some people in western cities where malaria does not usually exist may acquire the infection from a mosquito carried onto a jet This is called airport or runway malaria PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS 25 VIEWPOINT 2 Malaria Is One of the Oldest and. .. means of controlling malaria Travelers to high-risk areas should use insect repellant containing DEET for exposed skin Because DEET is toxic in large amounts, children should not use a concen24 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS Understanding Malaria tration higher than 35% DEET should not be inhaled It should not be rubbed onto the eye area, on any broken or irritated skin, or on children’s hands It... eludes researchers For National Geographic reporter Finkel, writing about malaria had a personal dimension: Finkel himself contracted the illness while traveling in northern Thailand in 2002 SOURCE:  Michael Finkel, “Stopping a Global Killer,” National Geographic, July 2007 Reproduced by permission 26 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS Understanding Malaria W e live on a malarious planet It may... thousands of Allied forces contracted malaria in the South Pacific and the Allies responded by spraying the region with DDT to combat the high rates of infection among the troops So it was with these successes in mind that WHO began its seemingly monumental task of coordinating a global malaria campaign One of the early target countries was the island nation of Borneo in Indonesia, which had 10 PERSPECTIVES. .. insecticide-treated bed net Prevalence of respiratory symptoms and cases suspicious for tuberculosis among public health clinic patients in Afghanistan, 2005–2006: Perspectives on recognition and referral of tuberculosis cases Yolanda Barbera ´ Lainez 1 , Catherine S. Todd 2 , Ahmadullah Ahmadzai 1 , Shannon C. Doocy 3 and Gilbert Burnham 3 1 International Rescue Committee, Kabul, Afghanistan 2 Division of International Health & Cross-Cultural Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, USA 3 Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA Summary objectives To assess diagnosis and management of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among patients with respiratory complaints attending Comprehensive Health Centers (CHCs) in Afghanistan. methods Consecutive consenting patients presenting with respiratory complaints at 24 health centres in eight provinces were enrolled between November 2005 and February 2006. Demographics, health histories, clinic provider and study representative exam findings and diagnoses, and diagnostic test results were recorded. Correlates of TB-suggestive symptoms (defined as cough >2 weeks and ⁄ or haemoptysis) were assessed by logistic regression. results There were 1401 participants; 24.6% (n = 345) were children (age 17 or under). The TB-suggestive symptoms of cough >2 weeks and ⁄ or haemoptysis were reported by 407 (31.3%) and 44(3.3%), respectively, with 39 participants reporting both symptoms. Of 413 participants reporting TB-suggestive symptoms, only 178 (43%) were diagnosed as having suspected TB; 22.0% received no clinical diagnosis. Suspected TB was significantly associated with having a household member residing in a refugee camp within the last 2 years (OR = 6.0; 95% CI: 4.1–8.7), seven or more people sleeping in the same room (OR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4–2.6) and cooking with a wood fire in the sleeping room (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2–2.2) in univariate analysis. conclusions Diagnostic sensitivity by the health worker for possible cases of pulmonary TB was low, as 22% of persons with suspected tuberculosis received no diagnosis. Further, some common ⁄ chronic respiratory ailments were under-diagnosed. There is great need for improved practical training and continuing education in pulmonary disease diagnosis for clinical health workers. keywords Afghanistan, tuberculosis, respiratory symptoms, cough, sputum smear accuracy Introduction Globally, respiratory disease accounts for 19% of deaths, many avoidable through risk behaviour reduction and prompt diagnosis and treatment (WHO 2000). Among nine developing countries surveyed, respiratory problems comprised 18% of presenting complaints in primary health clinics (WHO 2004). Most reflect acute respiratory infec- tions, responsible for 25% of infectious disease deaths in developing settings (Scherpbier et al. 1998). Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of infectious disease mortality globally, with 80% of cases concentrated in 22 low-income countries (Corbett et al. 2003, World Health Organization 2004). Diagnosis of pulmonary TB is a multi-step process, requiring clinical acumen and diagnostic procedures. Criteria for TB-suggestive cases (productive cough >2 weeks and ⁄ or haemoptysis) may be non-specific and result in diagnostic delay by either providers or patients in initiating appropriate investigations (Ward et al. RESEARC H Open AccessIraqi health system in kurdistan region: medicalprofessionals’ perspectives on challenges andpriorities for improvementNazar P Shabila1*, Namir G Al-Tawil1, Rebaz Tahir2, Falah H Shwani2, Abubakir M Saleh1, Tariq S Al-Hadithi1AbstractBackground: The views of medical professionals on efficiency of health system and needs for any changes arevery critical and constitute a cornerstone for any health system improvement. This is particularly relevant to IraqiKurdistan case as the events of the last few decades have significantly devastated the national Iraqi health systemwhile the necessity for adopting a new health care system is increasingly recognized since 2004. This study aims toexamine the regional health system in Iraqi Kurdistan from medical professionals’ perspectives and try to define itsproblems and priorities for improvement.Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 250 medicalprofessionals in Erbil governorate. The questionnaire included four items; rating of the quality of services andavailability of resources in the health institutions, view on different aspects of the health system, the perceivedpriority needs for health system improvement and gender and professional characteristics of the respondents.Results: The response rate to the survey was 83.6%. A high proportion of respondents rated the different aspectsof services and resources in the health institutions as weak or very weak including the availability of the requiredquantity and quality of medicines (68.7%), the availability of sufficient medical equipment and investigation tools(68.7%), and the quality of offered services (65.3%). Around 72% of respondents had a rather negative view on theoverall health system. The weak role of medical research, the weak role of professional associations in controllingthe system and the inefficient health education were identified as important problems in the current health system(87.9%, 87.1% and 84.9%, respectively). The priority needs of health system improvement included adoption ofsocial insurance for medical care of the poor (82%), enhancing the role of family medicine (77.2%), adopting healthinsurance system (76.1%) and periodic scientific evaluation of physicians and other health staff (69.8%).Conclusion: Medical professionals were generally unsatisfied with the different aspects of the health system inIraqi Kurdistan region. A number of problems and different priority needs for health system improvement havebeen recognized that require to be studied in more details.BackgroundThe major objective of a country’s health system is toassure the health of the general public through offeringgood quality and prompt services according to theneeds of the population [1]. The health system needs togo through a process of continuous changes andimprovement in order to be able to cope with differentchanges in the health and population environments andto appropriately respond to different challenges andneeds [2].The history of formal health care system in Iraq beganin early 1920s, but the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH)was established in 1952 and its organizational structurewas formalized in 1959. This organizational structurehas changed little since its establishment [3,4]. Thehealth care Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Each of the three major theoretical perspectives approaches the topics of health, illness, and medicine differently You may prefer just one of the theories that follow, or you may find that combining theories and perspectives provides a fuller picture of how we experience health and wellness Functionalism According to the functionalist perspective, health is vital to the stability of the society, and therefore sickness is a sanctioned form of deviance Talcott Parsons (1951) was the first to discuss this in terms of the sick role: patterns of expectations that RESEARC H Open AccessIraqi health system in kurdistan region: medicalprofessionals’ perspectives on challenges andpriorities for improvementNazar P Shabila1*, Namir G Al-Tawil1, Rebaz Tahir2, Falah H Shwani2, Abubakir M Saleh1, Tariq S Al-Hadithi1AbstractBackground: The views of medical professionals on efficiency of health system and needs for any changes arevery critical and constitute a cornerstone for any health system improvement. This is particularly relevant to IraqiKurdistan case as the events of the last few decades have significantly devastated the national Iraqi health systemwhile the necessity for adopting a new health care system is increasingly recognized since 2004. This study aims toexamine the regional health system in Iraqi Kurdistan from medical professionals’ perspectives and try to define itsproblems and priorities for improvement.Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 250 medicalprofessionals in Erbil governorate. The questionnaire included four items; rating of the quality of services andavailability of resources in the health institutions, view on different aspects of the health system, the perceivedpriority needs for health system improvement and gender and professional characteristics of the respondents.Results: The response rate to the survey was 83.6%. A high proportion of respondents rated the different aspectsof services and resources in the health institutions as weak or very weak including the availability of the requiredquantity and quality of medicines (68.7%), the availability of sufficient medical equipment and investigation tools(68.7%), and the quality of offered services (65.3%). Around 72% of respondents had a rather negative view on theoverall health system. The weak role of medical research, the weak role of professional associations in controllingthe system and the inefficient health education were identified as important problems in the current health system(87.9%, 87.1% and 84.9%, respectively). The priority needs of health system improvement included adoption ofsocial insurance for medical care of the poor (82%), enhancing the role of family medicine (77.2%), adopting healthinsurance system (76.1%) and periodic scientific evaluation of physicians and other health staff (69.8%).Conclusion: Medical professionals were generally unsatisfied with the different aspects of the health system inIraqi Kurdistan region. A number of problems and different priority needs for health system improvement havebeen recognized that require to be studied in more details.BackgroundThe major objective of a country’s health system is toassure the health of the general public through offeringgood quality and prompt services according to theneeds of the population [1]. The health system needs togo through a process of continuous changes andimprovement in order to be able to cope with differentchanges in the health and population environments andto appropriately respond to different challenges andneeds [2].The history of formal health care system in Iraq beganin early 1920s, but the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH)was established in 1952 and its organizational structurewas formalized in 1959. This organizational structurehas changed little since its establishment [3,4]. Thehealth care Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power Bởi: OpenStaxCollege French sociologist Emile Durkheim, often called the Father of Sociology, viewed government as interdependent with other parts of society (Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons) Sociologists rely on organizational frameworks or paradigms to make sense of their study of sociology; already there are ... 8/11 Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology B When it comes to media and technology, a functionalist would focus on: the symbols created and reproduced by the media the association of technology. .. Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology Summary There are myriad theories about how society, technology, and media will progress Functionalism sees the contribution that technology and media. .. Felber, and Anja Berger 2011 “Desensitization to Media Violence: Links With Habitual Media Violence 10/11 Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology Exposure, Aggressive Cognitions, and Aggressive