Theoretical Perspectives on Education

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RESEARC H Open AccessIraqi health system in kurdistan region: medicalprofessionals’ perspectives on challenges andpriorities for improvementNazar P Shabila1*, Namir G Al-Tawil1, Rebaz Tahir2, Falah H Shwani2, Abubakir M Saleh1, Tariq S Al-Hadithi1AbstractBackground: The views of medical professionals on efficiency of health system and needs for any changes arevery critical and constitute a cornerstone for any health system improvement. This is particularly relevant to IraqiKurdistan case as the events of the last few decades have significantly devastated the national Iraqi health systemwhile the necessity for adopting a new health care system is increasingly recognized since 2004. This study aims toexamine the regional health system in Iraqi Kurdistan from medical professionals’ perspectives and try to define itsproblems and priorities for improvement.Methods: A survey questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of 250 medicalprofessionals in Erbil governorate. The questionnaire included four items; rating of the quality of services andavailability of resources in the health institutions, view on different aspects of the health system, the perceivedpriority needs for health system improvement and gender and professional characteristics of the respondents.Results: The response rate to the survey was 83.6%. A high proportion of respondents rated the different aspectsof services and resources in the health institutions as weak or very weak including the availability of the requiredquantity and quality of medicines (68.7%), the availability of sufficient medical equipment and investigation tools(68.7%), and the quality of offered services (65.3%). Around 72% of respondents had a rather negative view on theoverall health system. The weak role of medical research, the weak role of professional associations in controllingthe system and the inefficient health education were identified as important problems in the current health system(87.9%, 87.1% and 84.9%, respectively). The priority needs of health system improvement included adoption ofsocial insurance for medical care of the poor (82%), enhancing the role of family medicine (77.2%), adopting healthinsurance system (76.1%) and periodic scientific evaluation of physicians and other health staff (69.8%).Conclusion: Medical professionals were generally unsatisfied with the different aspects of the health system inIraqi Kurdistan region. A number of problems and different priority needs for health system improvement havebeen recognized that require to be studied in more details.BackgroundThe major objective of a country’s health system is toassure the health of the general public through offeringgood quality and prompt services according to theneeds of the population [1]. The health system needs togo through a process of continuous changes andimprovement in order to be able to cope with differentchanges in the health and population environments andto appropriately respond to different challenges andneeds [2].The history of formal health care system in Iraq beganin early 1920s, but the Iraqi Ministry of Health (MoH)was established in 1952 and its organizational structurewas formalized in 1959. This organizational structurehas changed little since its establishment [3,4]. Thehealth care Theoretical Perspectives on Education Theoretical Perspectives on Education Bởi: OpenStaxCollege While it is clear that education plays an integral role in individuals’ lives as well as society as a whole, sociologists view that role from many diverse points of view Functionalists believe that education equips people to perform different functional roles in society Conflict theorists view education as a means of widening the gap in social inequality Feminist theorists point to evidence that sexism in education continues to prevent women from achieving a full measure of social equality Symbolic interactionists study the dynamics of the classroom, the interactions between students and teachers, and how those affect everyday life In this section, you will learn about each of these perspectives Functionalism Functionalists view education as one of the more important social institutions in a society They contend that education contributes two kinds of functions: manifest (or primary) functions, which are the intended and visible functions of education; and latent (or secondary) functions, which are the hidden and unintended functions Manifest Functions There are several major manifest functions associated with education The first is socialization Beginning in preschool and kindergarten, students are taught to practice various societal roles The French sociologist Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), who established the academic discipline of sociology, characterized schools as “socialization agencies that teach children how to get along with others and prepare them for adult economic roles” (Durkheim 1898) Indeed, it seems that schools have taken on this responsibility in full This socialization also involves learning the rules and norms of the society as a whole In the early days of compulsory education, students learned the dominant culture Today, since the culture of the United States is increasingly diverse, students may learn a variety of cultural norms, not only that of the dominant culture 1/12 Theoretical Perspectives on Education School systems in the United States also transmit the core values of the nation through manifest functions like social control One of the roles of schools is to teach students conformity to law and respect for authority Obviously, such respect, given to teachers and administrators, will help a student navigate the school environment This function also prepares students to enter the workplace and the world at large, where they will continue to be subject to people who have authority over them Fulfillment of this function rests primarily with classroom teachers and instructors who are with students all day The teacher’s authority in the classroom is a way in which education fulfills the manifest functions of social control (Photo courtesy of Tulane Public Relations/flickr) Education also provides one of the major methods used by people for upward social mobility This function is referred to as social placement College and graduate schools are viewed as vehicles for moving students closer to the careers that will give them the financial freedom and security they seek As a result, college students are often more motivated to study areas that they believe will be advantageous on the social ladder A student might value business courses over a class in Victorian poetry because she sees business class as a stronger vehicle for financial success Latent Functions Education also fulfills latent functions As you well know, much goes on in a school that has little to with formal education For example, you might notice an attractive fellow student when he gives a particularly interesting answer in class—catching up with him and making a date speaks to the latent function of courtship fulfilled by exposure to a peer group in the educational setting The educational setting introduces students to social networks that might last for years and can help people find jobs after their schooling is complete Of course, with social media such as Facebook and LinkedIn, these networks are easier than ever to maintain Another latent function is the ability to work with others in small groups, a skill that is transferable to a workplace and that might not be learned in a homeschool setting 2/12 Theoretical Perspectives on Education The educational system, especially as experienced on university campuses, has traditionally provided a place for students to learn about various social issues There is ample opportunity for social and political advocacy, as well as the ability to develop tolerance to the many views represented on campus In 2011, the Occupy Wall Street movement swept across college campuses all over the United States, leading to demonstrations in which diverse groups of students were unified with the purpose of changing the political climate of the country Manifest and Latent Functions of EducationAccording to functionalist theory, education contributes both manifest and latent functions Manifest ... LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF SHRIMP FARMING IN TAM GIANG LAGOON, VIETNAM. TUONG PHI LAI A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Science (Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture) Submitted to: Norwegian University of Life Sciences Department of International Environment and Development Studies June, 2005 ii The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master programme “Management of Natural Resources and Sustainable Agriculture” (MNRSA), “Development Studies” and other Master programmes. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Tuong Phi Lai, June 2005 E-mail: tuongphilai@yahoo.com Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.umb.no/noragric Formatted: French (France) Formatted: English (U.S.) iii DECLARATION I, Tuong Phi Lai, do hereby declare to the Senate of the Norwegian University of Life Sciences, that this dissertation is entirely the product of my own original research work, unless where it is acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted to any other University or academic institution for award of any degree. ------------------------- ------------------ While the core principles of governance are the same throughout the world, the Asian model places particular emphasis on trust and relationships. This paper discusses the key differences between the western and Asian approaches to help business leaders explore the best aspects of both. Global perspectives on governance: lessons from east and west Conclusions 1. The corporate governance model that’s familiar in Asia, Africa and most developing nations places strong emphasis on trust and relationships. This can be beneficial for stakeholders: the typical pattern of ownership in businesses means that there can be a longer-term view of an organisation’s success compared with that in a western company. But the system is potentially vulnerable to corruption and cronyism. It can also be difficult to implement basic control procedures. 2. The prestige of what can be broadly termed the western governance model has diminished in the aftermath of the financial crisis. This model has driven globalisation and has emphasised a combination of legislation and standards as well as transparency, with a focus on developing appropriate structures, processes and frameworks. This is widely understood and helps to create a level playing field. But major financial failures over the past two years, such as that of Lehman Brothers, have shown that there are limits to what can be done to tighten checks and balances. A new emphasis on the behavioural aspects of governance is overdue. 3. Both models have their strengths and it is important to understand the benefits and drawbacks of each. CIMA’s model of boardroom leadership is useful in illustrating the importance of both behavioural and structural issues in achieving good governance. One particular area where both western and Asian models remain unduly weak is in creating a culture that allows people in authority to be challenged constructively. 4. The key indicator of good governance in an organisation is that it’s sustainable in the long-term. There should be confidence that the business model will deliver this, using appropriate risk mitigation, and that performance indicators and incentives will reinforce the desired culture and behaviour. 5. Management information that’s relevant, accurate and up-to-date is a crucial success factor for all organisations worldwide. Professionally qualified management accountants, bound by a code of ethics, have a vital role in providing and demonstrating the long-term strategic value of high-quality management information. Contents Introduction 1 The significance of individual relationships in Asia 2 Benefits of trust 5 Balancing the two models 6 1. Case study: Satyam Computer Services 8 2. Case study: Banyan Tree Holdings 9 3. Case study: Toyota 9 4. Case study: Tata Group 10 References and other relevant CIMA publications 11 About CIMA CIMA, the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants, founded in 1919, is the world’s leading and largest professional body of management accountants, with 172,000 members and students operating in 168 countries, working at the heart of business. CIMA members and students work in industry, commerce and not-for-profit organisations. CIMA works closely with employers and sponsors leading-edge research, constantly updating its qualification, professional experience requirements and continuing professional development to ensure that it remains the employers’ choice when recruiting financially trained business leaders. About the authors Victor Smart is CIMA’s head of profile and communications and Gillian Lees is CIMA’s enterprise governance specialist. Other CIMA contributors include Naomi Smith (London), Larry Zhang (Shanghai) and Damian Yip (Hong Kong). We also thank the [...]... DDT It is just one of the many battlegrounds in humanity’s long fight against malaria 14 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS CHAPTER 1 Understanding Malaria VIEWPOINT 1 An Overview of Malaria Carol A Turkington and Rebecca J Frey Photo on previous page The female Anopheles gambiae feeds on human blood Mosquitoes use the blood for egg production, but it may also carry the malaria infection.  (Sinclair... fected person and then passes the infection on to the next human it bites It is also possible to spread malaria via contaminated needles or in blood transfusions This is why all blood donors are carefully screened with questionnaires for possible exposure to malaria Complementary Roles Played by Humans and Mosquitoes in the Malaria Infection Cycle Malaria It is possible to contract malaria in non-endemic... analysis PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS 21 Malaria Anyone who becomes ill with chills and fever after being in an area where malaria exists must see a doctor and mention their recent travel to endemic areas A person with the above symptoms who has been in a high-risk area should insist on a blood test for malaria The doctor may believe the symptoms are just the common flu virus Malaria is often... falciparum malaria in Africa, South Africa, India, and southeast Asia are now resistant to chloroquine In Thailand and Cambodia, there are strains of falciparum malaria that have some resistance to almost all known drugs A patient with falciparum malaria needs to be hospitalized and given antimalarial drugs in different com22 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS Understanding Malaria binations and doses... air conditioned hotels on tourist itineraries in urban or resort areas are at lower risk than backpackers, missionaries, and Peace Corps volunteers Some people in western cities where malaria does not usually exist may acquire the infection from a mosquito carried onto a jet This is called airport or runway malaria PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS 25 VIEWPOINT 2 Malaria Is One of the Oldest and. .. means of controlling malaria Travelers to high-risk areas should use insect repellant containing DEET for exposed skin Because DEET is toxic in large amounts, children should not use a concen24 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS Understanding Malaria tration higher than 35% DEET should not be inhaled It should not be rubbed onto the eye area, on any broken or irritated skin, or on children’s hands It... eludes researchers For National Geographic reporter Finkel, writing about malaria had a personal dimension: Finkel himself contracted the illness while traveling in northern Thailand in 2002 SOURCE:  Michael Finkel, “Stopping a Global Killer,” National Geographic, July 2007 Reproduced by permission 26 PERSPECTIVES ON DISEASES AND DISORDERS Understanding Malaria W e live on a malarious planet It may... thousands of Allied forces contracted malaria in the South Pacific and the Allies responded by spraying the region with DDT to combat the high rates of infection among the troops So it was with these successes in mind that WHO began its seemingly monumental task of coordinating a global malaria campaign One of the early target countries was the island nation of Borneo in Indonesia, which had 10 PERSPECTIVES. .. insecticide-treated bed net Practical Perspectives on Science Education Practical Perspectives on Science Education A useful compilation of articles on science education—based upon 55 years of teaching experience—that offers numerous proven teaching tips that will be valuable to science educators by Marvin Druger Managing Editor Susan Ernst American Society of Agronomy, Inc 677 S Segoe Road, Madison, WI 53711 www.agronomy.org 2010 Copyright © 2010 by the American Society of Agronomy, Inc ALL RIGHTS RESERVED UNDER THE U.S COPYRIGHT LAW OF 1976 (P.L 94-553) Any and all uses beyond the “fair use” provision of the law require written permission from the publisher and/or author(s); not applicable to contributions prepared by officers or employees of the U.S Government as a part of their official business ISBN: 978-0-89118-174-3 American Society of Agronomy, Inc 677 S Segoe Road, Madison, Wisconsin 53711 USA Printed in the United States of America Contents Section 1: Perspectives In General A Realistic Perspective on Science Education Our Mission in Education 13 It All Depends: A Perspective on Science Teaching at All Levels 17 The Status of College Science Teaching 21 Reform in Undergraduate Science Education 27 Are Standards the Answer? 31 Teaching Versus Research—An Ongoing Issue at the College Level 35 The Concept of Creative Scholarship 39 Teacher Education and Leadership: Keys to the Future of Science Education 43 Take Me to Your Leader: A Perspective on University Administrators 45 A Study of the Role of Research Scientists in K–12 Science Education 49 Grant-Free Projects in Science Education 59 The Concept of FYST: An Association for First-Year Teachers 63 A Summer Biology Program for High-Ability Students 67 What’s Next in Science Education? 75 Section 2: Perspectives In The Classroom Some Thoughts on College Teaching 83 Inner Guidelines for Undergraduate Teaching 87 Education for Life: A Perspective on Teaching Introductory College Science 91 Development of Specialists for Teaching Introductory College Science Courses 95 Humanizing the Introductory College Biology Course 99 Creating a Motivational Learning Environment in Large, Introductory Science Courses 107 Being There: A Perspective on Class Attendance 113 A Perspective on Exams and Grading: Some Tricks of the Trade 117 Decorum in the Large Lecture Class 121 Improving Our Teaching: Practice Makes Perfect 125 20 Practical Tips for College Science Teachers: How to Get Off to a Good Start 129 Lessons from Teaching Failures 135 Preface & Acknowledgments Promoting learning and a desire to learn are challenges for all teachers The process is unimaginably complex, especially in science and mathematics I have taught science for 55 years, mainly introductory biology at Syracuse University One day, I was thinking about the goals of education Suddenly, the overall mission of teaching came to me I was so excited that I wrote an essay in less than an hour, and it is published in this book That broad mission is to provide meaningful, motivational experiences that enrich the lives of students and help them identify their unique traits and where they fit in life Each part of this mission can be elaborated upon, but this ... cultural innovation social control social placement socialization Answer 8/12 Theoretical Perspectives on Education C Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the... into how we understand education Functionalists view education as an important social institution that contributes both manifest and latent functions Functionalists see education as serving the needs... Functions of EducationAccording to functionalist theory, education contributes both manifest and latent functions Manifest Functions: Openly stated functions with intended goals Latent Functions: