Assessing coral bleaching and diseases in the ninh hai coastal waters of ninh thuan province under impacts of el nino in 2016

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY THAI MINH QUANG ASSESSING CORAL BLEACHING AND DISEASES IN THE NINH HAI COASTAL WATERS OF NINH THUAN PROVINCE UNDER IMPACTS OF EL NINO IN 2016 MASTER THESIS KHANH HOA – 2017 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY THAI MINH QUANG ASSESSING CORAL BLEACHING AND DISEASES IN THE NINH HAI COASTAL WATERS OF NINH THUAN PROVINCE UNDER IMPACTS OF EL NINO IN 2016 MASTER THESIS Major: Marine Ecosystem Management and Climate Change Topic allocation Decision: 772/QD-ĐHNT date 20/9/2016 Decision on establishing the Committee: 461/QD-ĐHNT date 16/05/2017 Defense date: 01/06/2017 Supervisors: Assoc Prof Vo Si Tuan Prof Sigurd Stefansson Prof Henrik Glenner Chairman: Assoc Prof Ngo Dang Nghia Faculty of Graduate Studies: KHANH HOA – 2017 UNDERTAKING I undertake that the thesis entitled: “Assessing coral bleaching and diseases in the Ninh Hai coastal waters of Ninh Thuan province under impacts of El Nino in 2016” is my own work The work has not been presented elsewhere for assessment until the time this thesis is submitted Khanh Hoa, April 28, 2017 Thai Minh Quang i ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express the deepest appreciation to the Institute of Oceanography, Nha Trang University and Nui Chua Nation Park for helping and giving best conditions I finish my thesis My special thanks go to Assoc Prof Dr Vo Si Tuan, Prof Henrik Glenner and Prof Sigurd Stefansson for the continuous support of my master study and research, for this patience, motivation, enthusiasm, immense knowledge and suggestions for completing the report A very special gratitude goes out to all down at Department of marine living resource - Institute of Oceanography for helping and providing the funding for the work With a special mention of Mr Phan Kim Hoang, Mr Hua Thai Tuyen and Mr Mai Xuan Dat for helping in field survey and collected data I would like to thank the NORHED project has provided a high quality master program “Marine Ecosystem Management and Climate Change” And finally, last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents, my wife and my young sister for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis Thanks for all your help! Khanh Hoa, April 28, 2017 Thai Minh Quang ii TABLE OF CONTENTS UNDERTAKING .i ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii ABTRACT viii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION CHAPTER REVIEW 2.1 Coral reef 2.2 Ninh Hai coral reefs 2.3 Coral bleaching phenomenon 2.4 El Nino .4 2.5 Forecast of Bleaching Alert Area 2.6 Coral bleaching in Vietnam .5 2.7 Coral diseases .6 CHAPTER MATERIAL AND METHOD 3.1 Research subjects .8 3.2 Second data and information .8 3.2.1 Sea surface temperature data 3.2.2 Coral cover data 3.3 Location and time study .8 3.4 Data collection 3.4.1 For environmental parameter 3.4.2 For biological parameter 3.4.2.1 Experimental setting 3.4.2.2 Measure techniques 10 3.5 Data analysis 11 3.5.1 Assessment of change coral cover during 2007-2016 11 3.5.2 Assessment ratio of coral bleaching and coral damage 12 3.5.3 Assessment coral disease 12 CHAPTER RESULT AND DISCUSSION 13 4.1 Sea surface temperature (SST) during April and August 2016 .13 iii 4.2 Long-term changes in hard corals during 2007-2016 at three reef sites monitoring 14 4.3 Assessment of coral bleaching and coral disease in 2016 under the influence of El Nino 16 4.3.1 Assessment of coral bleaching .16 4.3.1.1 Ratio of coral bleaching on the benthic substrate .16 4.3.1.2 Coral bleaching response index .18 4.3.1.3 Difference of coral bleaching between 2010 and 2016 19 4.3.2 The status of coral disease in Ninh Hai reefs .20 4.4 Resilience of scleractinian corals after bleaching events in 2016 20 4.5 Comparison the level bleaching among coral reef of Vietnam in 2016 .22 CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .24 LIST OF REFERENCES 25 APPENDICES .28 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric SST: Sea Surface Temperature ONI: Oceanic Niño Index BI: Bleaching index HC: Hard coral SC: Soft coral SP: Sponges RKC: Recent killed corals DCA: Dead coral with algae SW: Seaweeds CA: Coralline algae TA: Turf algae RC: Rock (RC) RB: Coral rubble SD: Sand SI: Silt/clay OT: Others v LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Reef sites monitoring Table 4.1: Mean coral cover (%) at Hang Rai (HR), Mui Thi (MT) My Hoa (MH)16 Table 4.2: The change mean cover of some common genus coral 18 Table 4.3: Coral bleaching response index in three sites reef .19 Table 4.4: The rate (%) of common genus coral were bleached in 2010 and 2016 20 Table 4.5: Ratio of coral disease on the reef 20 Table 4.6: The extent of coral damage in three sites .21 Table 4.7: Mean substrate composition on the reef in some Vietnam reefs 22 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Limiting area for analysis SST data in CWS Figure 3.2: Reef sites monitoring Figure 3.3: A transect line of 100 m long for surveys of benthos 10 Figure 3.4: A transect line of 100 m long for coral bleaching and coral disease 11 Figure 4.1: Sea surface temperature data analyzed from satellite 13 Figure 4.2: Sea surface temperature during May to August 2016 .14 Figure 4.3: The trend of hard coral cover from 2007 to 2016 .15 Figure 4.4: Mean percent cover (%) in June 2016 on the reefs 15 Figure 4.5: Percent coral cover on reef slope (Deep) 17 Figure 4.6: Percent coral cover on reef flat (Shallow) 17 Figure 4.7: Vertical transects of the reef with large reef flat at My Hoa (a) and incipient reefs at Bai Nho (b) and Hang Rai (c) 17 Figure 4.8: Genus Acropora and Montipora were bleached in May 2016 21 Figure 4.9: Genus Acropora and Montipora were bleached in August 2016 21 Figure 4.10: Percent change in coral and macroalgae in Ninh Hai reefs 22 vii ABTRACT Coral reefs are one of the highly biodiversity ecosystems distributed in shallow tropical sea waters and an important role in fisheries, shoreline protection and human social economic development However, world coral reefs are facing environmental recession due to the effects of climate change and human activity Climate change is the change of environmental factors that can cause negative or positive impacts on coral reef ecosystems Recent studies show that climate change has increased the frequency of El Niño activity which result increase sea surface temperature and is the main cause make the coral bleaching We are going to assess the reef status in Ninh Hai district at the bleaching time based on the forecast data of NOAA Coral Reef Watch for 2016 The primary objective of this study is to provide the basic understanding of coral bleaching, coral diseases and coral reef resilience of Ninh Hai coral reef during and after the El Niño phenomenon in 2016 Long term monitoring data of Ninh Hai coral reefs (Hang Rai, Mui Thi and My Hoa reef sites) was reviewed for assessment status and trend of coral reef during 2007 to 2016 Field trips were performed in May, June and August 2016 The parameters of coral reef component and number bleaching and disease colonies were recorded in reef flat and reef slope by SCUBA divers The result showed Ninh Hai reefs underwent a mass bleaching event as a result of an increasing anomaly of sea surface temperature under impacts of El Nino during in May to June 2016 Bleaching occurred most severely in My Hoa reef site (20.69-27.16% coral bleached), while in Hang Rai and Mui Thi suffers very little The coral genera Montipora and Acropora were most bleached However, the severity of coral bleaching mortality (217%) was low in August Ninh Hai coral reefs can resistant bleaching event (average coverage of 32-44% on the reef), which could be an activity of the season upwelling in this areas At present, the Ninh Hai coral reef is not impressed by diseases The ratio of coral bleaching in Ninh Thuan was higher than that in Con Dao and Nha Trang, but the lower than that in Phu Quoc Island The conservation of Ninh Hai coral reefs is very important to serve sources of coral larvae for other reefs in the South China Sea Keywords: El Nino, reefs, coral bleaching, coral disease, Ninh Hai, Vietnam viii LIST OF REFERENCES 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Alemu I, J.B & Clement, Y., 2014 Mass Coral Bleaching in 2010 in 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Publication No 11 40 Vo, S.T., Pernetta, J.C & Paterson, C.J., 2013 Status and trends in coastal habitats of the South China Sea Ocean and Coastal Management, 85(October 2016), pp.153–163 41 Wilkinson, C., 2008 Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008 Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008, pp.5–19 42 Work, T & Meteyer, C., 2014 To Understand Coral Disease, Look at Coral Cells EcoHealth, 11(4), pp.610–618 27 APPENDICES Appendices 1: SST (oC) in three sites reef monitoring Site Transect May June August Hang Rai Deep 30.5 23.5 27.1 Shallow 30.6 24.6 27.9 Deep 31.1 24.65 27.3 Shallow 31.6 25 27.5 Deep 30.7 23.05 27.6 Shallow 30.4 23.1 27.25 Mui Thi My Hhoa Appendices 2: Salinity (‰) in three sites reef monitoring Site Hang Rai Transect May June August Deep 34.4 34.3 34.4 34.4 34.4 34.4 34.7 34.7 34.8 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.7 34.6 34.6 34.8 34.5 34.6 Shallow Mui Thi Deep Shallow My Hhoa Deep Shallow 28 Appendices 3: Survey extents by CoastWatch Software V3.3.0 : Satellite image (SST) Upper-left Row, Col: 146, 578 Lower-right - Row, Col: 148, 580 - Lat, Lon: 12.0000 N, 109.0000 E - Lat, Lon: 11.0000 N, 110.0000 E Time Min Max Mean SD 4-Apr-16 27 28.3 27.683333 0.483391 7-Apr-16 27.2 28.6 27.916667 0.633772 11-Apr-16 28.1 29.1 28.65 0.388587 14-Apr-16 27.7 28.6 28.2 0.34641 18-Apr-16 28.2 28.9 28.55 0.273861 21-Apr-16 29 29.5 29.2 0.209762 25-Apr-16 29.2 30 29.616667 0.299444 28-Apr-16 29.8 30.4 30.116667 0.204124 2-May-16 29.9 30.5 30.2 0.236643 5-May-16 30.6 30.8 30.666667 0.08165 9-May-16 30.7 30.9 30.85 0.083666 12-May-16 30.6 31.1 30.916667 0.17224 16-May-16 30.9 31.2 31.016667 0.132916 23-May-16 30.4 30.8 30.7 0.154919 26-May-16 30.2 30.8 30.55 0.197484 30-May-16 29.2 30.3 29.933333 0.42269 2-Jun-16 28.6 30.1 29.65 0.568331 6-Jun-16 28.9 30.2 29.783333 0.487511 9-Jun-16 28.9 30.2 29.58333 0.491596 13-Jun-16 28.4 29.9 29.283333 0.670572 16-Jun-16 29 30.3 29.7 0.509902 20-Jun-16 30.1 30.5 30.3 0.189737 23-Jun-16 29.9 30.3 30.1333333 0.163299 27-Jun-16 29.5 30 29.816667 0.194079 30-Jun-16 29 19.6 29.333333 0.265832 4-Jul-16 28.8 29.8 29.283333 0.430891 7-Jul-16 28.3 29.1 28.8 0.32249 11-Jul-16 28.8 30 29.4 0.525357 14-Jul-16 28.4 29.8 29.166667 0.527889 18-Jul-16 29.2 29.8 29.533333 0.265832 21-Jul-16 29.6 29.9 29.733333 0.121106 25-Jul-16 30.3 30.4 30.366667 0.05164 28-Jul-16 30 30.4 30.25 0.13784 1-Aug-16 29.7 29.9 29.33333 0.08165 4-Aug-16 29.1 29.5 29.35 0.13784 8-Aug-16 28.8 29.6 29.233333 0.287518 11-Aug-16 28.2 29.1 28.716667 0.416733 15-Aug-16 27.4 29.2 28.366667 0.628225 18-Aug-16 27.4 28.6 27.866667 0.42269 22-Aug-16 27 28.5 27.9 0.609918 25-Aug-16 27.1 28.6 28.066667 0.568038 29-Aug-16 28.7 29.1 28.9 0.141421 29 Appendices 4: Mean of substrate composition (%) on the Ninh Hai reef from 2007-2016 Year Month 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 6 6 6 HC SC NIA OT SP DCA RB RC RKC SD Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE 36.88 3.08 0.83 0.29 0.83 0.73 0.94 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.31 1.01 45.42 1.94 0.52 0.26 9.27 1.56 38.23 3.25 0.10 0.10 2.60 0.79 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.14 0.00 0.00 8.85 2.62 44.38 2.55 0.31 0.17 5.10 1.50 37.50 2.64 0.10 0.10 3.33 1.10 0.63 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.44 2.00 39.90 2.81 0.42 0.25 9.69 1.51 35.31 3.37 0.52 0.26 3.75 0.98 0.21 0.14 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 5.31 1.85 38.23 3.07 7.60 1.85 8.96 3.61 44.79 3.07 0.21 0.14 2.29 0.69 0.94 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.65 1.90 35.94 1.77 1.25 0.43 5.94 1.28 35.52 1.89 0.31 0.17 12.81 1.70 1.67 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.02 1.25 37.71 2.09 0.31 0.17 3.65 0.78 42.92 2.53 0.10 0.10 4.58 1.41 0.73 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.58 0.82 36.67 2.50 0.31 0.31 10.10 1.82 55.00 3.86 0.10 0.10 2.08 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.62 4.90 1.30 27.81 3.50 1.98 0.62 7.40 1.67 45.10 3.93 0.00 0.00 8.75 2.09 1.56 0.67 0.00 0.00 1.98 0.66 5.42 1.46 26.35 3.36 2.50 1.18 8.33 2.51 40.94 3.37 0.00 0.00 8.75 1.36 0.73 0.46 0.00 0.00 2.29 0.71 4.48 1.14 32.50 3.81 2.40 1.46 7.92 2.18 40.31 3.50 0.10 0.10 15.00 3.55 0.83 0.47 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.39 5.10 1.36 27.60 3.48 0.94 0.56 9.06 2.33 30 Appendices 5: Mean of substrate composition (%) in three sites reef monitoring 2016 Site Hang Rai Month Mui Thị 8.000 My Hoa Value Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE Mean (%) SE BL 0.313 0.003 0.625 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.250 0.043 13.750 0.068 0.000 0.000 HC 43.438 0.025 34.375 0.034 44.063 0.018 37.188 0.106 37.188 0.080 32.188 0.081 43.125 0.047 36.875 0.051 44.688 0.062 SC 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.313 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 OT 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.438 0.018 1.563 0.012 1.875 0.013 1.250 0.007 0.625 0.006 0.625 0.004 CA 0.313 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.625 0.004 1.875 0.009 2.813 0.010 0.313 0.003 1.875 0.009 1.875 0.009 7.813 0.049 31 SW 3.750 0.013 2.188 0.010 1.250 0.008 4.688 0.040 4.063 0.014 3.438 0.019 7.500 0.026 9.063 0.027 5.000 0.019 TA 0.000 0.000 1.875 0.013 5.000 0.013 0.000 0.000 1.250 0.007 3.125 0.015 6.250 0.040 3.125 0.013 18.438 0.031 DCA 2.813 0.012 1.563 0.007 1.875 0.009 0.000 0.000 2.188 0.015 0.938 0.007 3.125 0.015 3.125 0.015 0.313 0.003 RB 3.750 0.027 3.750 0.027 4.063 0.024 7.500 0.032 5.000 0.019 5.625 0.027 5.000 0.014 4.688 0.013 5.625 0.023 RC 43.750 0.019 51.250 0.041 38.750 0.032 24.375 0.048 29.063 0.046 33.750 0.052 10.938 0.026 17.188 0.044 10.313 0.040 RKC 0.313 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.313 0.003 0.625 0.004 0.313 0.003 0.000 0.000 6.563 0.031 6.875 0.041 2.500 0.016 SD 1.563 0.007 4.375 0.019 4.063 0.008 20.313 0.053 16.563 0.050 18.438 0.054 3.125 0.015 2.813 0.013 4.688 0.021 Appendices 6: Mean of substrate composition (%) on reef slope and reef flat in three sites reef monitoring 2016 Site Mont Transect Hang Rai Mui Thị My Hoa Deep BL 0.625 HC 48.125 SC 0.000 CA 0.000 SW 4.375 TA 0.000 RKC 0.000 DCA 1.875 RB 1.250 RC 42.500 SD 1.250 OT 0.000 SE 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.019 0.007 0.034 0.007 0.000 Shallow 0.000 38.750 0.000 0.625 3.125 0.000 0.625 3.750 6.250 45.000 1.875 0.000 SE 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.006 0.019 0.000 0.006 0.016 0.054 0.023 0.012 0.000 Deep 1.250 40.000 0.000 0.000 3.750 0.000 0.000 0.625 1.250 50.000 3.125 0.000 SE 0.013 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.078 0.024 0.000 Shallow 0.000 28.750 0.000 0.000 0.625 3.750 0.000 2.500 6.250 52.500 5.625 0.000 SE 0.000 0.016 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.024 0.000 0.010 0.054 0.042 0.033 0.000 Deep 0.000 45.000 0.000 0.000 2.500 5.000 0.000 2.500 3.125 38.125 3.750 0.000 SE 0.000 0.027 0.000 0.000 0.014 0.018 0.000 0.018 0.006 0.063 0.013 0.000 Shallow 0.000 43.125 0.000 1.250 0.000 5.000 0.625 1.250 5.000 39.375 4.375 0.000 SE 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.023 0.006 0.007 0.050 0.028 0.012 0.000 Deep 0.000 12.500 0.000 3.125 8.125 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.125 29.375 31.250 2.500 SE 0.000 0.035 0.000 0.016 0.081 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.049 0.073 0.046 0.025 Shallow 0.000 61.875 0.000 0.625 1.250 0.000 1.250 0.000 1.875 19.375 9.375 4.375 SE 0.000 0.103 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.019 0.061 0.056 0.028 Deep 0.000 18.750 0.000 3.125 6.875 1.875 0.000 0.000 7.500 34.375 26.875 0.625 SE 0.000 0.039 0.000 0.019 0.019 0.012 0.000 0.000 0.031 0.076 0.057 0.006 Shallow 0.000 55.625 0.000 2.500 1.250 0.625 0.625 4.375 2.500 23.750 6.250 2.500 SE 0.000 0.073 0.000 0.010 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.026 0.018 0.046 0.038 0.025 Deep 0.000 15.000 0.000 0.625 3.125 2.500 0.000 0.625 10.625 37.500 28.750 1.250 SE 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.006 0.019 0.010 0.000 0.006 0.041 0.049 0.048 0.013 Shallow 0.000 49.375 0.625 0.000 3.750 3.750 0.000 1.250 0.625 30.000 8.125 2.500 SE 0.000 0.092 0.006 0.000 0.038 0.030 0.000 0.013 0.006 0.096 0.066 0.025 Deep 0.000 51.875 0.000 0.000 8.750 0.000 2.500 5.625 6.875 17.500 6.250 0.625 SE 0.000 0.059 0.000 0.000 0.041 0.000 0.014 0.024 0.021 0.010 0.022 0.006 Shallow 22.500 34.375 0.000 3.750 6.250 12.500 10.625 0.625 3.125 4.375 0.000 1.875 32 SE 0.018 0.041 0.000 0.013 0.036 0.070 0.057 0.006 0.016 0.012 0.000 0.012 Deep 0.000 47.500 0.000 0.625 6.250 2.500 0.000 3.750 5.625 28.125 5.625 0.000 SE 0.000 0.040 0.000 0.006 0.030 0.018 0.000 0.022 0.021 0.033 0.016 0.000 Shallow 27.500 26.250 0.000 3.125 11.875 3.750 13.750 2.500 3.750 6.250 0.000 1.250 SE 0.095 0.055 0.000 0.016 0.045 0.022 0.068 0.025 0.016 0.013 0.000 0.013 Deep 0.000 45.000 0.000 0.625 1.250 15.625 0.000 0.000 8.125 20.000 9.375 0.000 SE 0.000 0.087 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.044 0.000 0.000 0.041 0.034 0.026 0.000 Shallow 0.000 44.375 0.000 15.000 8.750 21.250 5.000 0.625 3.125 0.625 0.000 1.250 SE 0.000 0.101 0.000 0.087 0.026 0.046 0.027 0.006 0.016 0.006 0.000 0.007 33 Appendices 7: Mean of genus cover (%) on the reef in three sites monitoring 2016 Hang Rai Genus Mui Thị My Hoa 8 Mean 0.00 SE 0.000 Mean 0.00 SE 0.000 Mean 0.00 SE 0.000 Mean 0.31 SE 0.003 Mean 0.31 SE 0.003 Mean 0.31 SE 0.003 Mean 0.00 SE 0.000 Mean 0.00 SE 0.000 Mean 0.00 SE 0.000 24.69 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.63 0.31 0.030 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.004 0.003 18.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.025 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 22.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.63 0.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.004 10.31 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.049 0.000 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.005 9.69 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.63 0.63 0.035 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.004 0.004 9.38 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.043 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 21.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.051 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 18.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.041 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 18.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.068 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 HELI HYD LEPTAS LEPTORIA MONT PLAT 0.31 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.003 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.63 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003 0.006 0.000 0.31 0.00 1.25 0.63 0.00 0.31 0.003 0.000 0.007 0.004 0.000 0.003 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.31 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.25 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.75 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.068 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 POCILL POR PSAM STYLO SYM Total 0.31 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.009 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.31 1.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.31 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 1.25 0.00 0.94 0.31 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.005 0.003 0.00 1.56 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.000 0.008 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.00 1.56 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.000 0.008 0.003 0.003 0.000 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.31 0.022 22.50 0.025 27.81 0.035 15.31 0.044 15.31 0.042 13.13 0.040 33.75 0.026 33.44 0.052 18.75 0.068 ACANT ACR ASTREO CYPH ECHINO FAV FAVT 34 Appendices 8: Mean of genus bleaching cover (%) on the reef in three sites monitoring 2016 Hang Rai ID Genus Mean BL Mui Thi SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean My Hoa SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE BLACR 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 1.88 0.010 2.19 0.011 0.00 0.000 BLMONT 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 9.38 0.039 11.56 0.058 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.63 0.006 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 11.25 0.043 13.75 0.068 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 24.38 0.029 18.44 0.024 22.19 0.040 10.31 0.049 9.69 0.035 9.38 0.043 19.69 0.054 15.94 0.049 18.44 0.068 ASTREO 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 CYPH 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.63 0.004 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 ECHINO 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 FAV 0.63 0.004 0.31 0.003 0.94 0.005 0.00 0.000 0.63 0.004 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 FAVT 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.63 0.004 1.25 0.005 0.63 0.004 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 HELI 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 HYD 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 LEPTAS 0.94 0.005 0.31 0.003 1.25 0.007 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 LEPTORIA 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.63 0.004 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 13.75 0.030 12.81 0.035 16.25 0.026 21.88 0.085 21.88 0.086 19.06 0.083 22.50 0.044 19.38 0.031 25.94 0.066 PLAT 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 POCILL 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 POR 2.50 0.009 1.56 0.005 1.25 0.005 1.25 0.007 1.56 0.008 1.56 0.008 0.94 0.007 0.94 0.005 0.31 0.003 PSAM 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 STYLO 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.94 0.005 0.31 0.003 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 SYM 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.31 0.003 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 HC Total 43.44 0.025 34.38 0.034 44.06 0.018 37.19 0.106 37.19 0.080 32.19 0.081 43.13 0.047 36.88 0.051 44.69 0.062 THC=HC+BL 30.31 0.022 22.50 0.025 27.81 0.035 15.31 0.044 15.31 0.042 13.13 0.040 33.75 0.026 33.44 0.052 18.75 0.068 BL Total HC ACANT ACR MONT 35 Appendices 9: Mean of substrate composition (%) in some Vietnam coral reef 2016 Local Côn Đảo Cam Ranh Nha Phu Nha Trang Vân Phong Phú Quốc Ninh Thuận Th5 Ninh Thuận Th6 Ninh Thuận Th8 No Site 2 2 3 Index BL HC SC SP OT SW CA TA DCA RKC RB RC SD SI Mean 4.51 42.99 0.69 0.83 0.28 0.63 0.56 0.00 0.21 0.35 13.13 30.69 5.14 0.00 SD 5.66 18.11 2.20 2.07 1.00 1.39 1.48 0.00 0.92 1.71 14.35 17.23 4.74 0.00 SE 0.94 3.02 0.37 0.35 0.17 0.23 0.25 0.00 0.15 0.28 2.39 2.87 0.79 0.00 Mean 0.00 42.19 0.16 0.16 10.16 2.03 0.63 4.69 6.25 0.78 5.94 19.38 7.66 0.00 SD 0.00 19.41 0.63 0.63 19.95 2.09 1.44 5.76 9.31 1.51 7.90 12.93 6.22 0.00 SE 0.00 4.85 0.16 0.16 4.99 0.52 0.36 1.44 2.33 0.38 1.97 3.23 1.56 0.00 Mean 0.00 23.59 0.16 0.78 0.00 17.34 3.59 10.78 0.00 0.00 13.91 21.41 7.50 0.94 SD 0.00 17.63 0.63 1.51 0.00 17.38 6.52 12.41 0.00 0.00 12.58 17.37 5.85 2.21 SE 0.00 4.41 0.16 0.38 0.00 4.34 1.63 3.10 0.00 0.00 3.15 4.34 1.46 0.55 Mean 0.47 28.75 0.31 0.00 0.16 5.78 11.56 0.16 0.00 0.00 27.19 12.66 12.97 0.00 SD 1.88 30.71 1.25 0.00 0.63 10.44 18.14 0.63 0.00 0.00 20.69 12.02 13.05 0.00 SE 0.47 7.68 0.31 0.00 0.16 2.61 4.54 0.16 0.00 0.00 5.17 3.01 3.26 0.00 Mean 0.00 22.66 0.63 0.78 0.47 3.59 0.16 1.56 7.97 0.63 14.69 25.63 20.63 0.63 SD 0.00 19.61 1.71 1.76 1.36 3.87 0.63 4.37 12.82 2.50 13.99 14.22 12.70 1.71 SE 0.00 4.90 0.43 0.44 0.34 0.97 0.16 1.09 3.20 0.63 3.50 3.55 3.17 0.43 Mean 20.80 22.33 0.17 1.25 0.23 0.85 0.85 0.06 0.06 1.08 0.74 34.32 17.27 0.00 SD 16.36 14.59 0.64 1.98 0.91 1.70 2.41 0.38 0.38 3.07 2.78 16.83 17.49 0.00 SE 2.47 2.20 0.10 0.30 0.14 0.26 0.36 0.06 0.06 0.46 0.42 2.54 2.64 0.00 Mean 3.85 41.25 0.00 0.00 1.56 5.31 1.35 2.08 1.98 2.50 5.42 26.35 8.33 0.00 SD 8.63 18.77 0.00 0.00 3.28 7.85 2.21 6.94 3.30 5.76 7.13 16.45 12.31 0.00 SE 1.76 3.83 0.00 0.00 0.67 1.60 0.45 1.42 0.67 1.18 1.46 3.36 2.51 0.00 Mean 4.79 36.15 0.00 0.00 0.73 5.10 1.56 2.08 2.29 2.40 4.48 32.50 7.92 0.00 SD 12.49 15.72 0.00 0.00 2.27 5.83 2.42 3.19 3.53 7.17 5.56 18.66 10.67 0.00 SE 2.55 3.21 0.00 0.00 0.46 1.19 0.49 0.65 0.72 1.46 1.14 3.81 2.18 0.00 Mean 0.00 40.31 0.10 0.00 0.83 3.23 2.92 8.85 1.04 0.94 5.10 27.60 9.06 0.00 SD 0.00 17.17 0.51 0.00 2.29 4.69 8.39 9.06 1.94 2.74 6.65 17.03 11.42 0.00 SE 0.00 3.50 0.10 0.00 0.47 0.96 1.71 1.85 0.40 0.56 1.36 3.48 2.33 0.00 36 Appendices 10: The trend of mean substrate composition (%) in three sites reef monitoring from 2007-2016 Site Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Hang Rai 2013 2014 2016 Mui Thi 2007 Month Mean SE Mean THC 47.81 4.52 39.69 BL 0.00 0.00 0.00 HC 47.81 4.52 39.69 SC 0.63 0.41 0.31 SW 0.00 0.00 0.00 CA 0.00 0.00 0.00 NIA 0.31 0.31 0.63 TA 0.00 0.00 0.00 SP 0.00 0.00 0.31 OT 0.63 0.41 0.00 DCA 0.00 0.00 0.00 RB 2.81 1.53 0.63 RC 42.50 2.95 55.63 RKC 0.31 0.31 0.00 SD 5.00 2.22 2.81 SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean 2.52 44.38 6.08 42.81 2.69 59.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.52 44.38 6.08 42.81 2.69 59.38 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.94 0.66 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 1.88 0.63 1.25 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.41 3.44 2.06 0.00 0.00 1.25 2.49 45.63 4.81 50.31 2.77 35.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.66 2.50 1.00 3.44 1.56 3.44 1.76 1.56 SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean 4.06 37.50 2.67 47.19 4.05 44.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.06 37.50 2.67 47.19 4.05 44.38 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.66 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.00 3.75 1.06 1.56 0.66 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67 5.94 1.94 2.19 0.74 0.94 3.69 47.50 1.64 39.69 3.70 44.06 0.94 0.63 0.41 0.94 0.94 3.75 0.66 2.81 1.00 7.81 1.20 4.69 SE Mean5 SE Mean SE Mean8 SE Mean 2.49 0.00 2.49 0.00 0.31 0.46 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.46 3.06 1.16 2.61 43.75 0.31 43.44 0.00 3.75 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.81 3.75 43.75 0.31 1.56 2.63 0.31 2.54 0.00 1.25 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.20 2.71 1.95 0.31 0.66 35.00 0.63 34.38 0.00 2.19 0.00 0.00 1.88 0.00 0.00 1.56 3.75 51.25 0.00 4.38 3.47 0.63 3.40 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.00 0.00 0.66 2.71 4.12 0.00 1.93 44.06 0.00 44.06 0.00 1.25 0.63 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 1.88 4.06 38.75 0.31 4.06 1.76 30.63 0.00 0.00 1.76 30.63 0.00 0.63 0.82 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 2.19 1.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.91 0.00 2.36 6.56 3.20 43.13 0.31 0.63 0.81 15.00 5.82 0.00 5.82 0.41 0.00 0.00 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 1.83 3.46 0.41 3.06 SE 37 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 2007 2008 My Hoa 2009 2010 Mean SE Mean 25.31 6.33 35.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.31 6.33 35.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.44 1.56 4.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.63 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.75 6.14 16.56 42.81 3.79 33.44 0.00 0.00 0.94 8.75 3.98 10.00 SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean 3.34 23.44 6.51 40.31 5.14 32.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.34 23.44 6.51 40.31 5.14 32.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.75 2.26 2.50 1.25 1.88 0.63 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.41 1.25 0.82 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.41 12.19 4.66 9.38 3.33 9.38 4.25 34.06 6.03 37.81 3.11 37.81 0.66 9.38 3.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.42 17.81 10.25 9.06 2.59 6.25 SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean5 SE Mean6 SE Mean8 SE Mean SE Mean 3.94 35.00 2.59 47.50 6.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.94 35.00 2.59 47.50 6.03 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.31 0.31 0.94 0.66 1.06 1.25 0.47 1.56 0.94 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 1.40 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.74 6.88 1.23 6.56 2.59 2.73 43.75 3.47 31.25 3.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 1.57 11.88 4.00 11.56 3.44 37.19 0.00 37.19 0.00 4.69 1.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.44 0.00 7.50 24.38 0.63 20.31 10.61 0.00 10.61 0.00 3.99 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.76 0.00 3.24 4.79 0.41 5.33 37.19 0.00 37.19 0.00 4.06 2.81 0.00 1.25 0.00 1.56 2.19 5.00 29.06 0.31 16.56 7.95 0.00 7.95 0.00 1.41 1.00 0.00 0.67 0.00 1.24 1.45 1.89 4.58 0.31 5.02 32.19 0.00 32.19 0.31 3.44 0.31 0.00 3.13 0.00 1.88 0.94 5.63 33.75 - 18.44 8.11 32.19 3.70 49.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.11 32.19 3.70 49.69 0.31 1.25 0.67 0.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.75 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.32 0.94 0.66 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.70 6.56 1.76 7.19 5.20 50.63 3.23 34.69 0.63 0.63 0.94 5.43 7.81 1.45 3.75 SE Mean SE Mean 3.88 33.13 3.16 39.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.88 33.13 3.16 39.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.57 4.06 2.45 7.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.34 5.31 1.20 3.75 3.45 40.63 5.06 30.31 0.46 0.31 0.31 12.50 1.57 15.63 2.74 5.63 38 2011 2012 2013 2014 2016 SE Mean SE 5.58 34.69 1.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.58 34.69 1.37 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 1.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.56 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 15.31 3.15 4.10 35.00 2.63 2.67 1.25 0.67 1.88 7.19 2.14 Mean SE Mean SE Mean SE Mean5 SE Mean6 SE Mean8 SE 36.88 3.20 46.56 5.13 73.13 5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.88 3.20 46.56 5.13 73.13 5.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.31 8.44 1.83 3.75 1.95 0.31 0.31 5.63 1.48 4.69 1.92 0.63 0.41 0.63 0.41 0.63 0.41 0.00 0.00 5.00 1.25 0.63 0.41 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.69 1.86 1.88 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.19 1.86 8.75 1.77 4.69 1.73 7.19 2.52 27.81 2.29 26.56 3.57 8.13 2.49 0.31 0.31 0.00 0.00 1.88 1.23 1.88 1.03 10.63 3.74 5.94 2.26 54.38 11.25 43.13 0.00 7.50 1.88 0.00 6.25 0.00 1.25 3.13 5.00 10.94 6.56 3.13 3.37 4.33 4.69 0.00 2.59 0.91 0.00 4.01 0.00 0.67 1.48 1.42 2.59 3.13 1.55 50.63 13.75 36.88 0.00 9.06 1.88 0.00 3.13 0.00 0.63 3.13 4.69 17.19 6.88 2.81 4.00 6.81 5.10 0.00 2.71 0.91 0.00 1.32 0.00 0.63 1.55 1.29 4.44 4.08 1.29 44.69 0.00 44.69 0.00 5.00 7.81 0.00 18.44 0.00 0.63 0.31 5.63 10.31 2.50 4.69 6.17 0.00 6.17 0.00 1.89 4.85 0.00 3.13 0.00 0.41 0.31 2.25 3.99 1.57 2.14 39 ...MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY THAI MINH QUANG ASSESSING CORAL BLEACHING AND DISEASES IN THE NINH HAI COASTAL WATERS OF NINH THUAN PROVINCE UNDER IMPACTS OF EL NINO IN. .. and diseases in the Ninh Hai coastal waters of Ninh Thuan province under impacts of El Niño in 2016 , we are going to assess the reef status in Ninh Hai district at the bleaching time based on the. .. entitled: Assessing coral bleaching and diseases in the Ninh Hai coastal waters of Ninh Thuan province under impacts of El Nino in 2016 is my own work The work has not been presented elsewhere for