Meaning of LED Indicators and Status of Plain Text Messages
Control Buttons and Status
Technical Data
Nội dung
I. Adverbial before -clauses 735 It was a long time before all the cases had been unpacked. [These laws were then ratified, although] it was a long time before custom had obtained the vigor and effect of law. (www) [The stockpiling of treatment began and] it was a long time before enough had been stored. (www) The past perfect situations are obviously interpreted as t 0 -factual. If we want to do no more than represent the before-clause situation as not-yet-factual (i. e. put emphasis on the fact that the unpacking was not yet a fact at the relevant situation time) we have to use the conditional perfect (usually in combination with the conditional tense in the head clause): [John looked at the cases in despair.] It would still be a long time before all of them would have been unpacked. If the distance measured is not between the contextually given past orientation time and the end of the before-clause situation but between the orientation time and the beginning of the situation of the before-clause, there are three possible tense combinations: [Bill looked at the clock in despair. It was three-thirty. The car carrying his rescuers had left Inverness at two, so] it was still at least an hour before they would arrive. [Bill looked at the clock in despair. It was three-thirty. The car carrying his rescuers had left Inverness at two, so] it would still be at least an hour before they arrived. (Arrived is a relative past tense form.) [Bill looked at the clock in despair. It was three-thirty. The car carrying his rescuers had left Inverness at two, so] it would still be at least an hour before they would arrive. (indirect binding) The following are some attested examples: [There were no problems with that, but] there was still like an hour before the boat would be leaving, [so we walked around a bit, looked in the shops, ] (www) [It was well into dark and Murphy had deduced that] it would be still a few hours before someone in Four Corners was wise to Tanner’s absence. (www) It would be still more years, however, before we would see the Church of Finland come together in unity and commitment to make a disciple of their homeland. (www) 14.12 Counterfactual before-clauses 14.12.1 As noted in 14.6.6, a not-yet-factual before-clause can receive a t 0 - counterfactual interpretation from the pragmatics of the context. One possibil- ity is that it is the context following the sentence with the before-clause that imposes a counterfactual reading, as in 736 14. Adverbial before-clauses and after-clauses I saw her before she had seen me. [So I quickly turned into a side street and managed to escape unseen.] Another possibility is that the actualization of the before-clause situation is prevented by the actualization of the head clause situation: She burnt the letter before I had read it. In the latter case the past perfect in the nonstative before-clause could in prin- ciple be replaced by the past tense because the factual reading suggested by the past tense is anyhow pragmatically excluded. However, in sentences like the following the past tense is often judged unacceptable because it primarily sug- gests the nonsensical reading on which the before-clause situation did actualize: The letter was destroyed before I {had read / ? read} it. Before we {had gone / ?? went} far the car broke down. On the other hand, sentences like the following are quite common: The car broke down before we got very far. He died before I could tell him the news. 14.12.2 As noted in 14.6.14, a before-clause can receive a counterfactual read- ing from the use of the conditional perfect, provided before is preceded by a measure phrase: He died the day before he would have married Eileen. The measure phrase is necessary because it helps the hearer to identify the time when the counterfactual situation was expected to actualize. (This information cannot be conveyed by a time-specifying adverbial if the before-clause is in the conditional perfect: *He died before he 2 PI ILT-107-V.4 State: 12-2009 Application The ILT-107-V.4 is a multifunction monitoring device for insulation systems in conformity with DIN VDE 0100-710 (VDE 0100 T 710):2002-11 It is used for monitoring: the insulation resistance of a single- or three phase AC 230 V insulation system the insulation resistance of an AC 24 V insulation system (operating theatre lamps, or single-phase circuits) the load current of single- or three-phase transformers through converters (three-phase systems with optional device RCM-W8) and the temperature of the transformer (through a PTC or break contact) Monitoring of all measuring lines in conformity with DIN VDE 0100-710 (VDE 0100 T 710):2002-11 (section 710.531.3.1) is ensured In connection with optional equipment, an IFS-710-PSG (test signal generator) and at least one IFS710-W6 (insulation fault locator), the ILT-107-V.4 can be extended to an insulation fault locating system In addition to insulation monitoring this also enables the localisation of the faulty outgoing circuit The device is able to display the insulation resistance and the (fuse) designation of the faulty outgoing circuit The LED indicators and the fully integrated full-graphics display visualise all status and error messages The messages are stored with the time stamp in the history The user-friendly and intuitive menu-assisted operation enables parameterisation of the device All set operate values and control commands are saved in a non-volatile EEPROM Functions Insulation Monitoring 230 V The device monitors and measures the insulation resistance in single- or three-phase 230 V AC insulation systems Monitoring is realised on the basis of a patented pulse method AC insulation systems to be monitored may also have direct-voltage components It automatically adapts to the various system discharge capacities (to a maximum of µF) The response values can be parameterised through the menu within specified limits (50 to 500 kOhm) Insulation Monitoring 24 V The device monitors and measures the insulation resistance in single-phase 24 V AC insulation systems Monitoring is realised on the basis of a direct-voltage superposition method It is possible to monitor one or two independent circuits The response values can be parameterised through the menu within specified limits (100 to 500 kOhm) PI ILT-107-V.4 State: 12-2009 Load Current Monitoring Load current monitoring for single-phase transformers is accomplished through a special external current transformer type ILT-W This transformer is directly connected to the ILT-107-V.4 The transformer connection is permanently monitored The operate values for load current monitoring are set through the menu Recommended operate values for load current monitoring of single-phase IT systems are shown in Table on page With three-phase transformers the load current is measured with the RCM-W8, which in this case, in combination with appropriate transformers, is solely used for operating current measurement The detected current values are transmitted through the CAN-bus to the ILT-107-V.4, where they are evaluated and monitored If the RCM-W8 is used, the corresponding data sheets (technical documentation) must be observed Temperature Monitoring Temperature is measured through the PTC-thermistors or break contacts integrated in the transformer winding Several PTC-thermistors / break contacts in series connection can be connected to the device Fault Signals / Communication Interface Fault signals are submitted through both the LED display and the text display and through potentialfree contacts of an integrated signal relay They are stored in the non volatile message memory (history) with date and time Forwarding of current operation and error states to external peripheral device and the intrusion to the building services control system can be accomplished through the bus interface (CAN) When using e.g the signalling and testing combination BMTI 5, a visual and audible alarm is submitted by this device PI ILT-107-V.4 State: 12-2009 Connections Connection Diagram Figure 1: Connection diagram PI ILT-107-V.4 State: 12-2009 Pin Assignment L1 L2 KE PE1 PE2 OPL1 OPL2 k/l P1 / P2 G12 G11 G14 24 V + 24 V DI1+ DI1DI2+ DI2S1 CAN-Bus 1) 1) system to be monitored, AC 230 V, 50 Hz, 1) system to be monitored, AC 230 V, 50 Hz, 1) functional earthing for ISO measurement AC 230 V 1) functional earthing for ISO measurement AC 230 V 1) functional earthing for ISO measurement AC 24 V 1) system to be monitored, AC 24 V, 50 Hz, 1) system to be monitored, AC 24 V, 50 Hz, 1) transformer connection 1) PTC-sensor or break contact potential-free contact signal relay (fault signal) potential-free contact signal relay (fault signal) potential-free contact signal relay (fault signal) supply voltage 24 V DC (PELV) for ILT-107-V.4 supply voltage 24 V DC (PELV) for ILT-107-V.4 digital input, optional connection of external button “ISO-Test 230 V” digital input, GND digital input, optional connection of ...710 NONLINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Equating the functional coefficient of u to zero and taking into account (15.7.1.12), we obtain g =– 1 ϕ 2 (ϕ t x + ψ t ) 2 . (15.7.1.13) Substituting the expressions (15.7.1.12) and (15.7.1.13) into (15.7.1.11), we arrive at the relation ϕ 6 (au + uu + u 2 )+ϕ 2 (xϕ tt + ψ tt )u + 2ϕϕ tt u – ϕ –2 (ϕ t x + ψ t ) 2 tt + 6ϕ –4 ϕ 2 t (ϕ t x + ψ t ) 2 = 0. Let us perform the double differentiation of the expression in square brackets and then divide all terms by ϕ 6 . Excluding x with the help of the relation x =(z – ψ)/ϕ,weget au + uu +(u ) 2 + ϕ –5 (ϕ tt z + ϕψ tt – ψϕ tt )u + 2ϕ –5 ϕ tt u + ···= 0. (15.7.1.14) Let us require that the functional coefficient of u be a function of only one variable, z, i.e., ϕ –5 (ϕ tt z + ϕψ tt – ψϕ tt )=ϕ –5 ϕ tt z + ϕ –5 (ϕψ tt – ψϕ tt ) ≡ Az + B, where A and B are arbitrary constants. Hence, we obtain the following system of ordinary differential equations for the functions ϕ and ψ: ϕ tt = Aϕ 5 , ψ tt =(Aψ + B)ϕ 4 . (15.7.1.15) Let us eliminate the second and the third derivatives of the functions ϕ and ψ from (15.7.1.14). As a result, we arrive at the following ordinary differential equation for the function u(z): au + uu +(u ) 2 +(Az + B)u + 2Au – 2(Az + B) 2 = 0. (15.7.1.16) Formulas (15.7.1.1), (15.7.1.12), and (15.7.1.13), together with equations (15.7.1.15)–(15.7.1.16), describe an exact solution of the Boussinesq equation (15.7.1.10). 15.7.1-2. Description of the Clarkson–Kruskal direct method. 1 ◦ . The basic idea of the method is the following: for an equation with the unknown function w = w(x, t), an exact solution is sought in the form w(x, t)=f(x, t)u(z)+g(x, t), z = z(x, t). (15.7.1.17) The functions f(x, t), g(x, t), and z(x, t) are determined in the subsequent analysis, so that ultimately one obtains a single ordinary differential equation for the function u(z). 2 ◦ . Inserting (15.7.1.17) into a nonlinear partial differential equation with a quadratic or a power nonlinearity, we obtain Φ 1 (x, t)Π 1 [u]+Φ 2 (x, t)Π 2 [u]+···+ Φ m (x, t)Π m [u]=0.(15.7.1.18) Here, Π k [u] are differential forms that are the products of nonnegative integer powers of the function u and its derivatives u z , u zz ,etc.,andΦ k (x, t) depend on the functions f(x, t), g(x, t), and z(x, t) and their partial derivatives with respect to x and t. Suppose that the differential form Π 1 [u] contains the highest-order derivative with respect to z. Then the function Φ 1 (x, t) is used as a normalizing factor. This means that the following relations should hold: Φ k (x, t)=Γ k (z)Φ 1 (x, t), k = 1, , m,(15.7.1.19) where Γ k (z) are functions to be determined. 15.7. DIRECT METHOD OF SYMMETRY REDUCTIONS OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS 711 3 ◦ . The representation of a solution in the form (15.7.1.17) has “redundant” generality and the functions f , g, u,andz are ambiguously determined. In order to remove the ambiguity, we use the following three degrees of freedom in the determination of the above functions: (a)iff =f(x, t)hastheformf =f 0 (x, t)Ω(z), then we can take Ω ≡ 1, which corresponds to the replacement u(z) → u(z)/Ω(z); (b)ifg = g(x, t)hastheformg = g 0 (x, t)+f(x, t)Ω(z), then we can take Ω ≡ 0,which corresponds to the replacement u(z) → u(z)–Ω(z); (c)ifz = z(x, t) is determined by an equation of the form Ω(z)=h(x, y), where Ω(z)is any invertible function, then we can take Ω(z)=z, which corresponds to the replacement z → Ω –1 (z). 4 ◦ . Having determined the functions Γ k (z), we substitute (15.7.1.19) into (15.7.1.18) to obtain an ordinary differential equation for u(z), Π 1 [u]+Γ 2 (z)Π 2 [u]+···+ Γ m (z)Π m [u]=0.(15.7.1.20) Below we illustrate the main points of the Clarkson–Kruskal direct method by an example. Example 3. We seek a solution of the Boussinesq equation (15.7.1.10) in the form (15.7.1.17). We have afz 4 x u + a(6fz 2 x z xx + 4f x z 3 x )u + f 2 z 2 x uu + ···= 0. (15.7.1.21) Here, we INDEX OF TOPICS 1042 Electric Lighting Act (1882) (UK) 369–70 electric motors 355, 381–5 in domestic appliances 925, 927–8, 929, 931, 937 induction 383–4 linear 384–5 pole amplitude modulated 384 precursors see electromagnetic engines repulsion 384 synchronous 383 universal 383 variable speed control 384 electric power generation 41, 284, 356–62, 369–70, 371, 372, 381, 960 gas turbines 333, 338–40 nuclear 215 steam turbines 295–303, 385 wind 259–60 electric telegraph 357, 572, 574, 713–15, 964–5 railway signalling system 714, 965 wartime role 988–9 electric vehicles 378, 380, 458–9 trams 47, 959– 60 electric water heaters 920 electrical appliances 386 electrical measurement 373–7 electricity 41, 959–61 current 351–4 off-peak 372–3, 917 static 350–51; inverse square law 373 transmission 370–72 see also hydro- electric power electricity supply meters 376 electrification iron- and steel-making 176 railways 382, 584–5, 591–2, 594, 598, 599, 600 electrochemistry 352 electrodynamometer 374 electro-forming 419 electrolysis, applications of 105, 107–11, 112– 13, 114–19, 224–5, 352 electromagnetic engines 377–81 electrometer, torsion balance 373 electron, discovery 213 electron-beam welding 420 electronic clocks and watches 697 electronics 41–2, 428 electrophonetic telegraph 719 electroscope, gold leaf 373 electroslag refining (steel) 184 elements 187 elephant (weapon of war) 970–71 Encyclopédie (Diderot) 236 energy meters 376 English Improver, The (Blith) 774 engravings copper 674 photo-process 679 steel 678 wood 678 ENIAC 42, 702 Erie canal complex 510–11 Eros (statue) 108–9, 111 Eskimos, use of copper 48 etching 419 ethylene 212 ethylene glycol 212 Etruscans brass statuary 75 building and architecture 868, 873 wood-turning 389 excavators 471 Exeter Canal 476 Experienced Millwright, The 238 Explorer satellite 656 explosives 190, 223, 988 exponents 698 external combustion engines 341–2 facsimile transmission 743–4 factory system 28–9 water power in 240–42 fallowing 777–8 fan vault 876 Fantasia (motion picture) 723 farm traction 787–91 fastenings 852–3 feldspar 193 felt 807 ferries, ro-ro 550 ferro-vitreous construction 895–6 Fertile Crescent 13, 764 fertilizers 170, 223–4, 774–5 Festiniog Railway 565, 575, 606 fibre optics 199, 748 fibres, textile 804–808 see also man-made fibres fighter aircraft 632, 995, 998 rocket-propelled 634, 639 STOVL 640 filament lamp 41, 132–3, 365–9, 386–7, 914– 15, 959 filling stations 459–60 Filmorex system 751 filters, sintered metal 137 filtration beds (water) 953 finery 152, 155 Finow Canal 495, 497 fire 7–9 fire arrows 970 INDEX OF TOPICS 1043 fire drill 8 fire lighting see ignition firearms, mass production 30, 405–407, 983 fireplaces 916 fishing 9, 766 Fissero-Tartaro-Canalbianco Canal 501 flak jacket 1009 flamethrowers 993 flash locks 476, 494, 517 flax 806 hackling 806, 840 spinning 841 flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) 424–8 flight simulator 703 flint building material 856–7 mines 9 sickles 779–80 uses: in fire-making 7–8; in glass 196; in pottery 193 flint glass 197 flintlock guns 979 float glass 198 flood control 955–6 floor coverings 15, 904–906 floor polisher 927 floppy disk 707, 753 flour mill see corn mill flowline production 427 fluorescent lamps 387, 915 fluoridation of water 953 flushwork 857 Flying Bedstead (aircraft) 639 flying boats 627, 633 flying buttress 877–9 Flying Hamburger (train) 595 Flying Scotsman (locomotive) 606 flywheel 16 foam, furniture 907 fog signals 543 Fontinettes boat lift 487 food mixer 937 food preparation 936–7 see also cooking food preservation 796–801, 937–8 footwear 854 Ford cars Model A 37 Model T 413–14, 452 Forth and Clyde Canal 478 fortification 982 camps 970 cities 969 FORTRAN computer language 704 Fossa Carolina 494 Fossdyke Navigation 476 fountain pens 668–9 four-stroke cycle 322, 454 frame knitting 819–20 Franco-Prussian War 612, 734, 985 Franks 971–2 freeways see motorways friction welding 419 frigate 536 From the Earth to the Moon (Verne) 747 quartz crystals have been minedinBrazil, and smaller crystals are found in the United States—for example, in Arkansas and New York State (the “Herkimer dia- mond” deposits). However, Arkansas’ mining of lascas—nonelectronic-grade quartz that is used largely asfeedstock toculture (synthesize)high-grade quartz crystals for use in electronic and other applica- tions—ended in 1997, and cultured quartz crystals are now produced primarily in Asia. Primary Uses Cultured quartz crystals are used mainly in electron- ics. Lumbered (natural) quartz crystals cost twice as much per kilogram. The United States has about 7,000 kilograms of natural quartz stockpiles; the larger of these canbe usedto seed theculturing process. Sec- ondary uses are found in the gemstone industry. Technical Definition Quartz is sparingly soluble in water (6 parts per mil- lion) and exists in solution as silicic acid (formula H 4 SiO 4 ). Animals and plants take up the silicic acid, which can be incorporated in tissues. Description, Distribution, and Forms A striking example of quartz is the gradual petrifica- tion of trees, which occursas the silica redeposits in the wood. Grasses such as bullrushes have considerable sil- ica contentand were chewed as primitivetoothbrushes by earlysettlers in theUnited States. Cattle feeding on grass can develop silica deposits in the urinary tract that may be life-threatening. Amorphous silica is also found in sponges, sea cucum- bers, rice hulls, bamboo, and palm fronds. Diatoms build their exoskeletons of silica, and after their death an adsorbent mineral called diatomaceous earth (kieselguhr) re- mains. Crystalline quartz occurs rarely in the biosphere, but quartz crystals (100 nano- meters in size) have been found in the or- ganism Chlorochytridion tuberculatum. Solid quartz is not particularly toxic when swallowed, and the silica content of foods is easily tolerated, but quartz dust arising from mining activities is recognized as an inhalation hazard, the smallest parti- cles (less than 5 microns) of which are the most harmful. Inhaled dustcauses scarring and fibrosis in the lungs (silicosis), with gradual loss of function. The effects are worse in cigarette smokers. The lung lesions caused by silicosis can develop into cancer. Silicon is an essential nutrient in a variety of spe- cies, including chickens, beets, and presumably hu- mans. Silicon’s precise function is not known, but it appears to be involved in regulating the uptake of iron and aluminum. Until relatively recently, analyti- cal methods involving silicon depended on wet chem- ical methods, which tended to give high results, so early claims of silicon should essentiality be treated with skepticism. History Quartz has been known since prehistoric times, when flint arrowheads and spear tips were used in hunting and fighting. The alchemist and metallurgist Georgius Agricola used the term quartzum in his sixteenth cen- tury writings in which he latinized a central European term kwardy, meaning hard. In 1813, Jean-Baptiste Biot reported the existence of left- and right-handed (chiral) quartz crystals, while, in 1880, Pierre Curie and his brother Jacques Curie described quartz’s pi- ezoelectric property. Quartz crystals became impor- tant in radio equipment in World War II, leading to a shortage of suitable natural material and to the devel- opment of the hydrothermal process for manufactur- ing cultured crystals. Obtaining Quartz Quartz sand is abundant at the surface of the Earth and is easily collected by surface mining techniques. 988 • Quartz Global Resources Quartz crystals are used in electronics. (United States Department of Agri- culture) Large perfect crystals are rarer; they may occur un - derground or embedded in rock. Brazilian quartz is valued for the size and perfection of its crystals, which are mined without the use of explosives and are hand-sorted and graded. 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Green Load current O.K < setting (load) Yellow Load current too high > setting (load) Red flashing Connection fault current transformer or connection fault k/l Status of the ILT- 107- V.4 Green... in menu option “1.2 parameter lock” is equivalent to “Enabled” The parameterization mode is active Values in the menu can be changed and saved Table 2: Control buttons and status PI ILT- 107- V.4